Interethnic relations and national policy. Ethnic communities and interethnic relations

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Plan

• ethnic communities.
• Development of national relations in modern world.
• International conflicts.

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Workshop

Essay on the topic: “A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Like the individual, the nation is the goal of many efforts and sacrifices ”(J. Renan)

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INTER-ETNIC RELATIONS AND NATIONAL POLICY. SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON IN 11 CLASS. PROFILE LEVEL. SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH - TEACHER OF ILYINSKY SCHOOL. [email protected]

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Let's check ourselves! The student wrote out the most complex concepts and their definitions on separate cards. On the eve of the test in sociology, he could not find cards on which a number of concepts were written. Help him recover the lost records. Write down the concepts, the definitions of which are given below: 1) people's awareness of their belonging to a certain ethnic group, their unity and difference from other similar formations; 2) the ideals of a given ethnic community, which are one of the sources of motivation for its behavior;

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3) the historically established socio-economic and spiritual community of people that arises during the formation of capitalism, the strengthening of economic ties, the formation of an internal market; 4) a way of thinking peculiar to a given ethnic group, a state of mind, a predisposition to think and feel, act and perceive the world in a certain way;

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5) a person's belonging to a certain ethnic community; 6) a community of people that has historically developed in a certain territory, possessing common, relatively stable features of language, culture, and psyche; 7. elements of the socio-cultural heritage that have been preserved in a given ethnic community for a long time.

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Let's check ourselves! The student wrote out the most complex concepts and their definitions on separate cards. On the eve of the test in sociology, he could not find cards on which a number of concepts were written. Help him recover the lost records. Name the concepts, the definitions of which are given below: 1) Ethnic self-consciousness 2 Mentality; 3) Nation 4) Mentality; 5) Nationality 6) Nation 7) Tradition

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“When the power of the state and the nation is declared to be of greater value than a person, then, in principle, war has already been declared, everything has already been prepared for it spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” N.A. Berdyaev How right is the philosopher? Doesn't he paint a too pessimistic picture for us?

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Ethnology Ethnology is a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, personal interaction

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INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS - RELATIONS BETWEEN ETHNOIS (PEOPLES) COVERING ALL SPHERES OF LIFE INTEGRATION DIFFERENTIATION

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ALONG WITH THE TREND TO INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION, THERE ARE PROCESSES OF DIFFERENTIATION

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THERE ARE DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS. INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS ARE NOT GENERATED BY THE EXISTENCE OF ETHNOUS BUT THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY LIVE AND DEVELOP - EXAMPLE- HISTORICAL OFFENSES (POLAND, CHECHNYA)

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TERRITORIAL REASONS - STRUGGLE FOR CHANGE OF BORDERS, FOR ACCESSION TO ANOTHER ("RELATED" FROM THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW) STATE, FOR THE CREATION OF AN INDEPENDENT STATE EXAMPLES - KOSOVO, SOUTH OSSETIA, ABKHAZIA. ECONOMIC REASONS - THE STRUGGLE OF ETHNOUS FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF PROPERTY, MATERIAL RESOURCES - LAND, BODIES. EXAMPLE - SCOTLAND. SOCIAL REASONS - REQUIREMENTS OF CIVIL EQUALITY, EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW, IN EDUCATION, PAYMENT. EXAMPLE - THE STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN SPEAKERS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE. CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC REASONS - REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE, CULTURAL COMMONITY. EXAMPLE - THE BALTICS.

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THE IDEA OF NATIONAL EXCLUSIVENESS LEADS TO GENOCIDE - EXTERMINATION OF THE SO-CALLED INCOMPLETE PEOPLES: THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE. THE HOLOCAUST WAR IN THE BALKANS IN THE 90'S OF THE 20TH CENTURY,

In a multinational state integral part political relations are interethnic relations. The state establishes and regulates relations between nations and nationalities. The set of principles, norms, rules through which the management of national relations is carried out, constitutes a national policy. Each multinational country has its own national policy. At the same time, there are ways and methods, proven by historical experience, of solving the national question and optimizing national relations.

In the system of national relations, political aspects are key and decisive. Directly in the sphere of politics are such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, the equality of nations, the creation of conditions for the free development of national languages ​​and national cultures, the representation of national personnel in the power structure and some other issues. At the same time, the formation of a national idea, political attitudes, political behavior, political culture a noticeable impact is exerted by historically developing traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural living conditions habitats of nations, nationalities. In essence, all issues of interethnic relations acquire political significance and can be resolved at the political level. The most important expression of the essence of national relations is the national question.

national question these are, first of all, the relations of national inequality, the inequality of the levels of economic and cultural development of different nations, the lag of unequal and oppressed nations from the privileged, great-power nations. This is an atmosphere of national discord, enmity and suspicions on national grounds, naturally arising on the basis of inequality and the actual inequality of nations in access to economic and cultural values. The national question is not so much an ethnic problem as a socio-political one.

The national question always has a specific historical and social content, including a set of national problems at a certain stage in the development of a given country. The specific content of the national question reflects the features historical development country and its peoples, the specifics of their socio-economic and political structure, social class structure, national composition of the population, historical and national traditions and other factors. Moreover, with the solution of some problems, others arise, sometimes more complex, due to an increase in the level of development of the nations themselves. Therefore, there can be no complete and final solution of the national question in all aspects and social dimensions.

The national question in the former USSR was resolved in several aspects: national oppression and, to a certain extent, national inequality (economic and cultural) were eliminated, conditions were created for the economic, social and cultural progress of the former national outskirts. At the same time, serious mistakes and violations were made in the course of carrying out the national policy. Contradictions and conflict situations were generated by the very fact of joint residence in one union state of more than 130 nations, nationalities, national and ethnic groups. National formations significantly differed in ethno-social, ethno-cultural, ethno-demographic characteristics. These differences led to the difference in the interests and needs of the peoples, which gave rise to contradictions.

The collapse of the USSR caused numerous tensions and conflicts at different levels and in different regions of one sixth of the planet. Against the backdrop of a strengthening trend towards national self-determination, the rise of national self-consciousness, centrifugal, separatist aspirations of ethno-political forces appeared, putting their ambitions above the vital interests of peoples. The following can be considered the causes of interethnic conflicts on the territory of Russia: committed acts of injustice and lawlessness against certain peoples (for example, the resettlement of entire peoples); uneven economic, social and cultural development of the republics, national-cultural formations; the predominance of the sectoral principle of management, as a result of which national conditions and traditions, social and economic interests integrated development territories; the general socio-economic crisis that has engulfed the state; changes in the ethnic composition of the population of certain regions as a result of demographic and migration processes; the problem of relations between the indigenous and non-indigenous population of the regions; growth of national consciousness; underestimation of the national factor by power structures.

The search for mechanisms and ways to solve them is intensively conducted today in many areas. The conclusion of the Federal Treaty, the adoption of a new Constitution and a number of laws that directly or indirectly regulate relations between the subjects of the Federation, bilateral agreements on the division of powers, all this creates a legal basis not only for the development of interethnic relations, but also for the normal functioning of the entire social organism, the successful formation of a new federal statehood. The experience accumulated in this direction requires its timely and comprehensive analysis, taking into account the fact that interethnic relations are closely connected with all other types of social relations, and their content and forms of manifestation are determined by the general situation in the country.

"The role of women in the modern world" - Islam. Social discrimination of women. The role of women in the modern world. Mark on history. Ceiling. Women's Day. Position. The position of women in society. Focus on relationships between people. Women. A look at a woman.

"Sociology as a science" - Object and subject. Theories of the middle level of social institutions. Social. new science modeled natural sciences. Theories of the middle level. Natural. XX century Theories of the middle level. They study individual social institutions, communities, specialized social processes. Personal. main categories.

"Society and public relations" - Society and nature. Public relations Spheres of public life Society is a dynamic system Society and nature. Society is a dynamic system. The functions of society. What is a society? Society and public relations. spheres of public life. Society.

"Interaction in society" - Society and public relations. What is a society? Interaction between man and society. Think about how a person can relate to nature? Society. Subsystems. System social sciences. Society and nature. Society as a system.

The term "social institution". Attitudes and patterns of behavior. social institution. Prestige. Non-core social institutions. Need. The level of activity of the individual. fundamental needs. Choose the correct answer. Scientific turnover. Structural elements of the main institutions. Values. The institutionalization of the papacy.

"Discipline sociology" - Respondent. Methodology. Theoretical analysis. Theoretical section. empirical level. Working out the problem. Examples of experiments. observation. Experiment. Researcher. Definition of sociology. Questioning. Relationship between theory and methodology. Election integrity. sociological phenomena. Possibilities of modern sociological knowledge.

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Nations and interethnic relations Grade 10 Boikova V.Yu.

Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, there are from 2,500 to 5,000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundred of them are nations. In Russia, there are more than 100 ethnic groups, incl. about 30 nations

Ethnic community Ethnic groups are large groups people who have a common culture, language, psychological makeup, awareness of the indissolubility of historical destiny, awareness of their interests and goals, their unity and difference from other similar entities. Ethnic communities: tribes, nationalities and nations.

Ethnos (from Greek ἔθνος - people) - a group of people united common features: objective or subjective: language, culture, territory of residence, self-consciousness, etc. In Soviet and Russian ethnography, it is considered the main type of ethnic community.

Types of ethnic communities Genus A group of blood relatives descending along the same line (maternal or paternal) Tribe Set of genera related to each other common features culture, awareness of a common origin, common dialect, unity of religion, rituals Nationality A historically established community of people united by a common territory, language, psychological make-up, culture Nation PO RO KO

A nation is the historically highest form of an ethno-social community of people, characterized by the unity of territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, and ethnic identity. The unity of the territory should be understood as the compactness of the population of the nation

Signs of a nation speak and write in the same language, understandable (despite the dialects) to all members of the nation. their folklore, customs, traditions, mentality (special stereotypes of mindset), national life, etc., i.e. own culture. common history, historical memory(p. 186, read an excerpt) National identity of the individual community of economic life An important factor education and development of the nation is the state

Generality of the territory Prerequisite for the formation of an ethnos Condition joint activities When an ethnos has formed, this feature loses its meaning. Some ethnic groups in the conditions of the diaspora (dispersion) do not lose their identity

National self-consciousness is a reflection of the consciousness of the nation in the individual consciousness of its members, the assimilation by members of ideas about the place and role of their people in the world, about its historical experience. A person is aware of his national identity, his belonging to a particular nation, understands national interests Read and analyze paragraph 2, p. 187

About the differences main role and the formation of a tribe are played by consanguineous ties; nationality is characterized by a common territory. Nations are formed during the genesis of commodity-money relations

About the differences In the phenomenon of the nation, the ethnic (language, forms of material culture, folk art, traditions, customs, features of the mental make-up of people) and the social (the system of legal relations, political institutions, the economic sphere of social development, the dominant culture created by the professional intelligentsia) are synthesized. Ethnic - a certain frame of the nation, its "beginning", and the nation - is the totality of developed and accumulated by a specific ethnic or interethnic community in the course of its historical evolution. National - the result of the cultural and historical development of the people. Nation - a historical category, ethnos - timeless.

About the nation A nation is an ethnic or multi-ethnic socio-cultural unity that has a state or aspires to create it and is united by intensive social communication.

About the nation Within one nation, there can be different ethnic groups: retaining their own language and features of their original culture (Germans, French and Italians as part of a single Swiss nation), using two languages ​​- national and their own ethnic, and retaining certain household and psychological features(English, Scots, Welsh as part of Britain; part of the Irish, Hispanic, Jewish population of the United States, who simultaneously consider themselves representatives of the American nation and at the same time recognize themselves as a special ethnic community).

Inter-ethnic, civic nation A set of citizens of a particular state, where general civic qualities are in the foreground, but language, culture, traditions and customs are preserved Nation-state 2 points of view: Classical nation, a new qualitative state The end of the nation in the ethnic dimension

Concept of “ethnic minority” Members at a disadvantage due to discrimination from others Feeling of group solidarity, belonging to a single whole Usually physically or socially isolated from the rest of the community to some extent

Nationality Belonging to a nation and/or state

National interests It is necessary to preserve one's peculiarity, originality in the course of human history, the uniqueness of one's culture, language, strive for population growth, ensuring enough level economic development It is necessary psychologically not to isolate oneself from other nations and peoples, not to turn state borders into the iron curtain; enrich your culture with contacts, borrowing

Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 1) Natural-biological or racial-anthropological approach - recognizes inequality human races, cultural superiority of the Caucasian race. The imperfection of racial characteristics is the basis of the cultural backwardness of nations and nationalities. 2) Marxist theory - proclaims economic relations as main base nation formation. Recognizes the right of nations to self-determination up to secession, the idea of ​​their complete equality, proletarian internationalism.

Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 3) Sociocultural approach - considers ethnic communities as components social structure society, revealing their close relationship with social groups and various social institutions. Ethnic community is an important source of self-promotion and self-development.

Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 4) Passionary theory of ethnogenesis (origin, development of an ethnic group), created by L.N. Gumilev - considers ethnicity as a natural, biological, geographical phenomenon, as a result of the adaptation of a human group to natural climatic living conditions. The history of mankind is a chain of numerous ethnogenesis. The source of the emergence of a new ethnos is a passionary impulse. Passionarity is a certain characteristic of the behavior and natural properties of a person, due to the energy of the cosmos, the sun and natural radioactivity that affect society. Passionaries are especially energetic, gifted, talented people

Interethnic relations They include 2 varieties: 1. relations between different nationalities within one state; 2. relations between different nation-states. Forms of interethnic relations: Peaceful cooperation Ethnic conflict (from lat. conflictus - clash).

Ways of peaceful cooperation: 1) Ethnic mixing 2) Ethnic absorption (assimilation) 3) Creation multinational state

Ethnic mixing Different ethnic groups spontaneously mix among themselves over many generations and as a result form one nation. This usually happens through interethnic marriages. In this way, the Latin American peoples were formed: the traditions of the Spaniards, Portuguese, local Indians and African slaves were mixed into one whole.

Ethnic absorption (assimilation) is an almost complete dissolution of one people (sometimes several peoples) into another. History knows peaceful and military forms of assimilation. Modern America is an example of a peaceful path, and the ancient empires that conquered neighboring peoples, such as Assyria and Rome, serve as a model for a non-peaceful path. In one case, the invaders dissolved the conquered peoples in themselves, in the other, they themselves dissolved in them. In the violent scenario, the larger nation forbids others from using their native language in public life, get an education on it, closes book publishing houses and the media.

Creation of a multinational state This is the most civilized way of unification different peoples in which the rights and freedoms of every nationality and nation are respected. In such cases, several languages ​​are official, for example, in Belgium - French, Danish and German, in Switzerland - German, French and Italian. As a result, cultural pluralism is being formed (from Latin pluralis - plural).

Cultural pluralism Under cultural pluralism, no national minority loses its identity and does not dissolve into a common culture. It implies that representatives of one nationality voluntarily acquire the habits and traditions of another, while enriching their own culture. Cultural pluralism is an indicator of successful adaptation (adaptation) of a person to a foreign culture without abandoning one's own. Successful adaptation involves mastering the riches of another culture without compromising the values ​​of one's own.

The main trends in the development of nations Interethnic differentiation Separation, separation, confrontation of ethnic groups in different types Interethnic integration The process of uniting ethnic groups through different spheres of public life

Forms Interethnic differentiation self-isolation in general; protectionism in the economy; nationalism in various forms in politics and culture; religious fanaticism, extremism. Interethnic integration Economic and political unions (for example, the European Union (EU)) Transnational corporations (TNCs) International cultural and folk centers Interpenetration of religions, cultures, values ​​GLOBALIZATION Interethnic conflict

Globalization is historical process rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional borders are gradually erased, and humanity is turning into a single political system? What are the pros and cons of globalization

Interethnic conflict is one of the forms of relations between national communities, characterized by a state of mutual claims, open opposition of ethnic groups, peoples and nations to each other, which tends to increase contradictions up to armed clashes, open wars.

Different approaches to the causes of interethnic conflicts. social and structural changes of contacting ethnic groups, problems of their inequality in status, prestige, remuneration. behavioral mechanisms associated with fears for the fate of the group - not only for the loss of cultural identity, but also for the use of property, resources and the resulting aggression. the responsibility of the elites fighting for power and resources. The elites are responsible for creating the "image of the enemy", ideas about the compatibility or incompatibility of the values ​​of ethnic groups, the ideology of peace or enmity. features of peoples that prevent communication - the "messiahism" of Russians, the "inherited militancy" of Chechens, as well as the hierarchy of peoples with whom one can or cannot "deal with". the concept of "clash of civilizations" by the American researcher S. Huntington. It explains contemporary conflicts, in particular recent acts of international terrorism, confessional differences. In Islamic, Confucian, Buddhist and Orthodox cultures, the ideas of Western civilization - liberalism, equality, legality, human rights, the market, democracy, separation of church and state - do not seem to find a response. ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is a set of misconceptions (prejudices) of one nation in relation to another, indicating the superiority of the first. - this is confidence in the correctness of one's own culture, a tendency or tendency to reject the standards of another culture as wrong, low, unaesthetic. Therefore, many interethnic conflicts are called false, since they are based not on objective contradictions, but on a misunderstanding of the positions and goals of the other side, attributing hostile intentions to it, which gives rise to an inadequate sense of danger, threat.

Modern sociologists offer the following classification of the causes of interethnic conflicts - Socio-economic - inequality in living standards, different representation in prestigious professions, social strata, authorities. - Cultural and linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life. - Ethno-demographic - a rapid change in the ratio of the number of peoples in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth. - Environmental - quality deterioration environment as a result of its pollution or depletion natural resources due to use by members of a different ethnic group. - Extraterritorial - non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples. - Historical - past relationships between peoples (wars, the former ratio of domination-subordination, etc.). - Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population. - Cultural - from the peculiarities of everyday behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.

Types of interethnic conflicts - state-legal; - ethnoterritorial; - ethno-demographic; - socio-psychological.

For interethnic conflicts to appear, a certain shift in the habitual way of life and the destruction of the value system are necessary, which leads people to feelings of confusion and discomfort, doom, and even the loss of the meaning of life. In such cases, the ethnic factor comes to the fore in the regulation of intergroup relations in society as an older factor that performs the function of group survival. Its action is implemented as follows. When there is a threat to the existence of a group as an integral and independent subject of intergroup interaction, at the level of social perception of the situation, social identification occurs on the basis of origin, on the basis of blood; the mechanisms of socio-psychological protection are included in the form of processes of intra-group cohesion, intra-group favoritism, strengthening the unity of "we" and out-group discrimination and isolation from "them", "strangers". ? What can these processes lead to?

Nationalism (fr. nationalisme from lat. natio - people) - an ideology and politics that puts the interests of the nation above any other economic, social, political interests, the desire for national isolation, parochialism; distrust of other nations, often developing into interethnic hostility

Types of nationalism Ethnic - the struggle of the people for national liberation, the acquisition of their own statehood. Sovereign-state - the desire of nations to realize their national-state interests, often at the expense of small peoples. Household - a manifestation of national feelings, a hostile attitude towards foreigners, xenophobia (gr. xenos - alien and phobos - fear). Nationalism can develop into its extremely aggressive form - chauvinism

Chauvinism (fr. chauvinisme - the term comes from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, the literary hero of the comedy of the brothers I. and T. Cognard "The Tricolor Cockade", a supporter of the greatness of France in the spirit of the ideas of Napoleon Bonaparte) - a political and ideological system of views and actions, justifying the exclusivity of one or another nation, opposing its interests to the interests of other nations and peoples, introducing into the minds of people hostility, and often hatred for other peoples, which kindles enmity between people of different nationalities and religions, national extremism.

One of the manifestations of state nationalism is genocide. Genocide (from Latin genos - genus and caedere - to kill) - the deliberate and systematic destruction of certain groups of the population on racial, national or religious grounds, as well as the deliberate creation of living conditions designed for the complete or partial physical destruction of these groups. An example of genocide is the Holocaust - the mass destruction of the Jewish population by the Nazis during World War II.

Escalation (expansion, build-up, increase) of the conflict. Socio-psychological patterns: - a decrease in the volume of communication between the parties, an increase in disinformation, a tightening of the aggressiveness of terminology, an increase in the tendency to use the media as a weapon in the escalation of psychosis and confrontation among the general population; - distorted perception of information about each other; - the development of an attitude of hostility and suspicion, the consolidation of the image of an "insidious enemy" and its dehumanization, i.e., exclusion from the human race, which psychologically justifies any atrocities and cruelties against "non-humans" in achieving their goals; - the formation of an orientation towards victory in an interethnic conflict by forceful methods due to the defeat or destruction of the other side,

Legalization of the conflict - Cessation of violence - Organization of dialogue - Ensuring the participation of authorized representatives of each side in such a dialogue - Formulating the requirements and claims of each of the parties in categories subject to legal reformulation and legal assessment - Legal fixation of the results of each of the stages of negotiations - The most specific formulation of the terms of the final agreement giving it legitimacy through some form of ratification or popular approval

Settlement of the conflict By itself, the signing of any agreements does not guarantee the settlement of the conflict. The determining factor is the willingness of the parties to fulfill them. In socio-political terms, the ways to overcome interethnic conflicts lie: 1) through at least partial satisfaction of the requirements of the parties, 2) through lowering the relevance of the subject of the conflict for them

Ways to resolve interethnic problems - Recognition of interethnic problems and their solution by methods of national policy. - Awareness by all people of the unacceptability of violence, mastering the culture of interethnic relations, which requires the realization of the rights and freedoms of people of any nationality, respect for their identity, their national self-consciousness, excluding the slightest manifestation of national distrust, hostility. - The use of economic levers to normalize the ethno-political situation. - Creation in regions with mixed national composition cultural infrastructure population - national societies and centers, schools with a national-cultural component for teaching children to mother tongue and in the traditions of national culture. - Organization of effective international commissions, councils, other structures for the peaceful resolution of national disputes

Tasks 1 A) In the modern world, there are from 2500 to 5000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundred of them are called nations. (B) The European Union was formed in 1993 in order to bring nations closer together economically, culturally and politically. (C) Coordination of the interests of all peoples living in the country, providing a legal and material basis for their development on the principles of voluntary, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation is the main task of the national policy of any multinational state. (D) It is expedient to take into account ethno-national characteristics in the life of society within the limits of observance of human rights. Determine which provisions of the text are 1) factual in nature 2) the nature of value judgments

2 Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "ethnic community". Find and indicate the term "falling out" from this series and referring to another concept. clan, tribe, caste, nationality, nation

DZ paragraph 18 + answers to questions