Examples of oratory in various spheres of human life. Public Speaking: Effective and Cunning Techniques

Choosing a topic for a presentation is not as simple a task as it might seem at first glance. Sometimes it even seems that those - well, just a million. However, the choice can always be narrowed down. To choose the most suitable topic for a speech, you need to remember and know two things: who your listeners are and what they want to hear. Knowing this, choosing a topic for a speech will not be a problem. Yes, there are some subtleties - but we will tell you about them now.

Steps

Consider Your Goals

Remember what the speech is about. The reason for which you will give a speech largely determines not only its topic, but even its content. Reason - some kind of holiday? Or, say, a wake? Maybe a ceremony? Or is the performance planned at a corporate party? Be that as it may, here's what to remember about the occasion:

• If the occasion is an official event such as a funeral or a farewell ceremony, then the topic of the speech should be serious and appropriate to the occasion.
• If the occasion is something fun, like having to say a toast at a prom, then it makes sense to stock up on jokes and tales to make people laugh, and not talk about, say, your own passion for numismatics.
• If the occasion is a holiday, for example, a wedding, then the performance should combine humor, seriousness and a little bit of sentimentality.
• If the occasion is a work event, then you should stick to the topic related to work, and not move away from your personal impressions.

1. Remember what goal you are pursuing. Your goal should be closely related to the reason for speaking. Performances can be held to tell the audience about something, to convince them of something, or simply to cheer them up. A presentation can serve a variety of purposes. The most common targets are:

   • Informing. In this case, you need to stock up on facts and details related to the topic of your speech in order to show the audience something ordinary from a new side, or to tell them about something hitherto unknown.
   • Belief. In this case, you should work out rhetoric, learn how to correctly use metaphors and refer to experts in time. All this will allow you to convince listeners to take this or that action, beneficial or necessary for you.
   • Entertainment. Everything is simpler here - tell jokes, stories, funny cases from life and, even if you are trying to convey some serious moral to them, make them roll on the floor with laughter!
   • Celebration. If you are performing at a celebration in honor of some person or event, your goal is to show the audience what is so special about the hero of the occasion.

2. Don't forget about unwanted topics. The topic you choose for your speech should be relevant and relevant, and therefore you face a difficult task: get rid of all irrelevant topics. Cope with this task - and your performance, at least, will not lull anyone or offend anyone. Here are some things to keep in mind in this regard:

   • Do not choose complex topics that will be impossible to explain to the audience. If you choose a topic that cannot be explained clearly in a short period of time without resorting to visual aids, the attention of the listeners will be lost.
   • However, don't choose too much. simple themes, which the audience will understand in 2-3 minutes after the start of your speech. If your topic turns out to be so trivial that it can be explained in two sentences, you will again lose the attention of your listeners. But you don't need that at all! After all, your job is to intrigue your listeners.
   • Again, do not choose too controversial and sensitive topics. Abortions? Permission firearms? Patriarch's watch? In principle, if your task is to convince listeners of something related to these topics, then go ahead and choose controversial topics. However, many will refuse to listen and hear you.
   • And finally, do not choose topics that do not suit the mood of the listeners. Speakers at the festival are advised to refrain from talking about irrigation methods, and those who need to speak to colleagues in honor of the day “insert the name of your profession” should not talk about how grateful you are to your own parents.

   Consider Your Audience

   1. Think about what your average listener knows. To speak the same language with the audience, you need to clearly imagine that the average person from the audience knows about your topic. If you, for example, speak at a congress of writers, then you can afford to pour intricate terms from philology, stylistics and linguistics. It is clear that this will be redundant if you are speaking in front of, say, chess players.

      • If you are addressing listeners who already have an idea about the topic of your speech, then you should not waste your time and theirs explaining the basics and basics.

   2. Consider the education of your listeners. The principle, in general, is the same as in the previous paragraph. Are you performing in front of professionals? Speak in the language of terms and complex phrases. Do you speak to students? Do not crush children with intellect, speak so that you are understood.

      • Again, you can lose the attention of listeners both by talking about something extremely complex and incomprehensible, and about something that they have known for a long time.

   3. Think about the interests and needs of your listeners. What do they need to know? What will interest them? Put yourself in the listener's shoes and make a list of everything you might be interested in. You understand that the audience of teenagers will be interested in something completely different from the audience consisting of their parents.

      • And really, imagine that you are a listener like everyone else, and you are sitting in the hall, listening to your own speech. Let's say if the listeners are teenagers, then imagine that you are a teenager too. Try to look at the topic from this point of view. Are you bored? Do you not understand? It's time to draw conclusions.

   4. Think about the demographic aspect. Among other things, you should have an idea about the age, gender and nationality of your listeners. Roughly speaking, it makes no sense to crucify pensioners about the features of the latest fashion trends. On the other hand, it would be pointless to talk about pension savings in front of high school students.

      • If the hall is much more men, that is, it makes sense to choose a topic that is either gender-neutral or male-oriented.
      • The nationality of listeners can give a good clue when it comes to choosing a topic. If the most heterogeneous audience listens to you, then topics related to people's attitudes will fit. different nationalities. On the other hand, speaking to people of the same nationality, you should not count on the success of topics such as racial diversity, interracial marriages, discrimination against people of some nationality that is not represented among your listeners, or the selection of some other nationality.
      • Again, the background of the listeners is an important factor. A listener from Sochi may be extremely interested in one thing, but a listener from Oymyakon is completely different.

   5. Think about your relationship with your audience. Speaking in front of friends or family can be much more personal than speaking in front of a room full of strangers. Again, it's one thing to speak to superiors, it's quite another to speak to subordinates. Based on all this, change the tone and content of the speech.

   Consider your own interests and knowledge

   Choose a topic that interests you. If the fire of enthusiasm burns in your eyes when talking about something, you can be sure that the flame will spread to the listeners as well. In other words, the situation is advantageous from all sides: it will be easier for you to tell, it will be more interesting for the audience to listen to you.

   1. Choose a topic about which you know enough. If you are speaking at some professional event, it will be more than logical to choose a topic in which you are, if not an expert, then at least a very “advanced user”, and then your performance will sound at the proper level. However, even in less “professional” cases, you still need to talk about what you understand. You can even make a list of such topics for yourself!

      • Of course, it is not at all necessary to be an internationally recognized authority and luminary in order to effectively speak on a topic. You can take a topic with which you are simply familiar, and then do a little research and supplement this topic with the results.
      • When choosing a topic with which you are not very familiar, be sure that its further study will not be too difficult. You know, sometimes finding information can be very, very difficult.
   2. Of course, you can choose a topic on a more local scale - say, based on city news and magazines.
   3. Moreover, the topic of the speech should be relevant to the audience. Speaking to high school students, you can talk about entering the university, etc.

3. Choose a topic that resonates with your personal experience. If the occasion allows, then you can tell a case from own life relating to a particular memorable episode. The main thing is not to tell anything that would make the listeners feel uncomfortable, and watch yourself so as not to start talking too emotionally.

   • Remember that you can add something personal even to a seemingly completely unpredisposing topic. For example, speaking about your own career, it is quite possible to tell some Funny case from life.

4. Choose a topic that you can talk about. The topic for your speech should be such that you can speak clearly, clearly and convincingly. You need to work with the topic confidently, only then you can achieve your goals. In addition, listeners should trust you as an expert, as an authority on the issue that the topic of the speech concerns. Roughly speaking, if everyone knows that you are the only child in the family, then few will consider your words about how important it is when you have brothers or sisters to be convincing enough.

   • Whatever the topic, you must capture the minds of the listeners. How to do it? Through the words of speech, and only so. Your performance should be such that the audience, leaving the hall, takes with them A New Look to the problem, new thoughts, new opinions. If you can’t achieve this effect by speaking on the chosen topic, then it makes sense to choose something else.

Not always the topic of the speech is given to us by someone in advance. Often

have to speak to free theme, and then fuss-

raises the question: what topic to choose for a public speech?

What to tell the audience? When choosing a topic, it is very important to balance

between the interest of the subject matter for you and for the audience

First, of course, the topic must be interesting and meaningful.

For you. Do you know why the first performance is usually the most

successful and emotional? Because the speaker charges the audience

with his enthusiasm, passion and interest in the topic in which he only

recently figured out. Because the speaker conveys his delight

from the novelty of the material he had just learned.

Sincere interest in the topic cannot be imitated, depicted

or fake. Any audience can easily feel how

you are close and interested in what you yourself tell. Therefore, in-

Interest in the topic of the speech is a key success factor.

interestingly. At the same time, I understand that management training

one or the construction of distribution may be more in demand,

but I won't take them. Not because I'm lazy or don't need money.

I must burn with the topic of the training, it must be 100% mine, this

should be close to me. Otherwise, there will be no effect, you

the performance will not be bright and memorable and, as a result,

there will be no learning outcome.

Somehow from one of the specialists and trainers in public speaking

captivity, I heard that the listeners are a vessel that must be filled

a thread. If you really use metaphorical descriptions, then, in my opinion

look, the public is not a vessel, but rather a torch that needs to be

burn. And involvement in the topic, sincere interest in it, extensive knowledge on the topic are the very fire that can be used to

burn the feelings of the audience. Don't fill it up, better kindle it."

“What to do if the theme is predetermined, but it is clearly in-

Teresa does not cause? Friends, the answer to-

asks for itself. The only way is to interest

themselves, to find something new and unusual in the topic of the speech. You were given

topic "Control of the production of siphon-nails and spacers

whiter in conditions of poor visibility at the enterprise? hmm, sympathy

I do. Try to approach this issue a little wider than usual.

Look at the history of this issue, study innovative techno-

logy in this area, find funny stories, adventurous-

in production. In any topic you can find interesting and exciting

touching aspects.

If you have to speak with the same topic, like "La-

skovy May" with "White Roses", then constantly bring something new

into a performance. New facts and examples, fresh statistics, relevant

nye images. Even famous musicians speaking with the same

a hit for many years in a row, from concert to concert they change the arrangement

his hitch. Otherwise, you can go crazy.

Secondly, of course, the topic should be interesting for the audience as well.

torii. We perform for the audience, so its interests are primary.

It is listener prediction that will help determine which

choose a topic for a specific audience.

At the same time, remember that any topic can be turned in such a way

at once to satisfy the interests of a wide variety of audiences.

Questions of lifting the moratorium on the death penalty will be of interest

lawyers, judges and human rights activists in the first place. However

if we turn the topic into the mainstream of what each of us can become

victim of a miscarriage of justice, interest and attention to the topic will awaken

any person.

Thirdly, you need to think about the wording of the topic.

The title of the speech should be short, capacious, bright, figurative

nym, attracting attention and, of course, intriguing.

That is main reason Fear of public speaking in front of a large audience? How to learn to make fiery speeches and stop being afraid to speak in public?

Hello, friends! Alexander Berezhnov is in touch and I am glad to see you on the pages of our blog!

I know that I have already intrigued you with such a headline and all this will really be in the article.

And how does it relate to public speaking? - you ask.

I assure you, all these tricks are directly related to overcoming the fear of public speaking! Checked by my 7 year old practice.

Public performance- an interesting topic! Note that the title of the article is not "How to Learn to Speak in Public in an Hour (Day, Week)?" because it's actually impossible, it's all a painstaking and gradual process. Who in the subject - will confirm my words.

If you have read the previous articles, you probably noticed that they all have a practical focus. Here my friends and I share our experience and summarize the accumulated knowledge. They are obtained as a result of hard and regular work. And it is not just words.

1. My public speaking experience

In 2010, in the city of Stavropol, we created a club with like-minded people "charismatic speaker", which regularly held classes, invited interesting guests (politicians, businessmen, actors, TV presenters), went out into the "fields" and trained to speak in public, overcoming their fears and complexes.

Today our club has switched to a new format and with colleagues we also conduct trainings in public speaking in youth institutions of the city of Stavropol and Stavropol Territory. All this is done free of charge. Thus, everyone can improve their public speaking skills.

The topic of public speaking is very close to me. From the second grade, I began to perform on stage, studied vocals and choral singing, performed solo in the city of Stavropol and beyond as a performer of classical and patriotic songs.

Therefore, today I am not only not afraid to speak, but also love to do it very much, I teach these skills to others. He has spoken before several thousand people at city and regional events, held mass actions as a presenter, was a speaker at round tables various levels, held presentations of projects in different cities He gave interviews on TV and radio.

Many of my friends and acquaintances say:

“Don’t feed him with bread,” just let him speak!”

Indeed, public speaking is my passion! I have been doing this consciously and regularly for 7 years now.

Experiment

Before writing the article, I conducted a large survey among my friends and acquaintances (surveyed about 50 people). Among the respondents were people of both public and non-public professions.

I only asked them two questions:

1. “Do you like public speaking? (yes/no) and why?
2. What are you afraid of when speaking in public?

It turned out that most people are really afraid to perform. Among the main fears my friends identified:

• fear of appearing ridiculous in front of an audience;
• fear of losing the logic of the story;
• fear of letting your team down(if you are a trusted representative of such a team);
• fear of "talking too much" from excitement.

As a result of the survey, I found out that there is a direct relationship between the size of the audience, the level of the event and the status of the listeners present.

That is, the larger the audience, the more solid the event and the higher the status of the guests, the more difficult it is to perform in front of such an audience.

Public speaking is as much an art as writing music, writing poetry, carving wood, etc. I would even say that it is more difficult than the examples given, since psychology plays a huge role in public speaking, inner mood and personality of the speaker.

The topic of public speaking is very extensive, it includes a huge theoretical base dedicated to the posture of the speaker, appearance, the style of presenting the material, the art of speaking, facial expressions, gestures, the ability to hold the attention of the audience, and so on.

I am convinced that all this can only be learned through regular practice.

And in the article we will talk about the psychology of public speaking, and in particular about the fear that many people have at this moment and how to overcome it.

2. Why do most people experience overwhelming fear in public speaking? main reason

So, friends, before you do any business, you need to turn to the theory of this business.

In order to overcome fear in public speaking, you need to know why it occurs.

Fear is a defensive reaction of the body that helps us avoid fatal errors and threats to life. Moderate fear, or rather, slight excitement is a useful and necessary emotion at the time of our speech. It helps us concentrate better and not lose our train of thought. But excessive fear to the point of trembling in the knees is main adversary any speaker!

2.1. So what is the main cause of fear in public speaking?

It's all about our ancient instincts.

Since ancient times, people did everything together, that's how it was easier to survive. Together they hunted and escaped from wild animals. Together they defended themselves from the raids of other tribes. That is, it was not accepted and even dangerous to separate from the team.

And any public speech is, first of all, an expression of one's individuality, most often one's own point of view. Here you just need to stand out from the crowd and be "not like everyone else."

For most people this is very difficult to do.

3. Public installation “Be like everyone else! Don't stand out!"

Since early childhood we were taught to be obedient and humble, doing the will of adults: parents, educators, teachers.

Remember yourself in kindergarten... This is the same secure institution as a school, institute, army and even a prison. Here we went for a walk, for lunch, and attended other collective events. Still, after all, a person is a herd animal and feels uncomfortable alone. And most importantly, it can develop only in society.

Surely you remember famous fairy tale about the boy "Mowgli", who grew up among the animals. But few people know that modern mankind knows dozens of such examples. This is especially true for India. There, children were lost in the jungle and brought up in animal packs. Wolves and other animals replaced their parents.

Even after they were found by civilized people, such children could never become people in the modern sense. They did not speak, but howled at the moon and ran on all fours. Therefore, it is psychologically very difficult for many of us to accept the very essence of public speaking, especially if we were brought up in an environment of "non-public" people.

Another interesting fact.

Scientists have proven that at the time of public speaking, many people release the same amount of adrenaline as when skydiving.

Fear of public speaking has been found to be second fear after the main thing - the fear of death, and for some it even comes first!

3.1. How can we overcome this ancient instinct?

Friends, the easiest way to do this is simply to realize that modern world changed, new "rules of the game" appeared. Public speaking, and leadership itself, has become very important element modern people. These qualities are especially pronounced in those who have great ambitions and want to achieve a lot in life.

Friends, remember!

People are afraid to speak in public because of the fear of criticism, i.e. if you are afraid to speak in public - this is a signal, a kind of small call to the fact that you are highly dependent on the opinions of others and you have self-doubt.

This is very important to know. Since if we want to solve a problem, we clearly need to understand the cause of its occurrence. As a doctor, before treating a patient, he sends him for tests or conducts appropriate examinations in order to accurately diagnose.

So, we have established that the fear of public speaking is common to many people. It is a fact!

Have you ever thought that speaking in public is very useful? This trains your communication skills, erudition, allows you to develop the ability to correctly formulate thoughts and make them more consistent.

You have noticed that many professional speakers are far from poor people, and this is also no coincidence. Remember, we drew a parallel between fear of public speaking and self-doubt. I think everyone understands that in order to earn money you need to be a self-confident person. Otherwise, your success will be very unstable.

So, dear readers, we come to the most important thing!

4. Practical techniques and exercises to overcome the fear of public speaking. "Fast" and "slow" methods

There are basically two ways to solve this problem:

1. Slow;
2. Relatively fast (stressful).

Example

You can learn to swim slowly, that is, go to the pool, study with an instructor, wearing a special swimming vest. Then you will gradually, in a few weeks, learn to swim, and this will not affect your emotional state.

The second way is fast, but rather "stressful". I think you already guessed what he suggests.

A person who cannot swim is taken out in a boat to the middle of the lake and thrown out of it. In this situation, the "teachers" assume that the instinct of self-preservation will immediately force the poor fellow to act, and he will learn to swim in a couple of minutes.

Of course, extremes are not always good, but their dosed use clearly helps in life.

How can such an example be projected to overcome the fear of public speaking?- you ask. But this is already interesting.

So, let's move on to the practical part:

4.1. "Slow Way"

I will summarize it in three main principles:

Principle #1: Familiar audience and interesting topic

I suggest starting small. This is how great things begin. Gather at home a few of your friends - like-minded people. You must be doing something together. Whether it's sports, computer games or work.

Agree with them that on the day of the meeting you will present them with a very interesting information. Prepare yourself and do it as if you are in front of a large hall and hundreds of people are watching you. Give it your all, don't give yourself any favors!

I also train from time to time. This keeps you in shape. When your friends, acquaintances or relatives look at you, then there is nothing to be afraid of, especially if you speak on a topic that is interesting to you. In this case, your performance will certainly be very worthy.

Principle number 2. Don't compare yourself to others, develop your own personality

I'm sure you've noticed that every good speaker has his own way of speaking. Just remember our Russian comedians: Evgeny Petrosyan, Vladimir Vinokur, Maxim Galkin, Viktor Koklyushkin, Elena Vorobey. Politicians: Vladimir Putin, Vladimir Zhirinovsky. TV presenters and actors: Vladimir Solovyov, Tina Kandelaki, Vladimir Pozner.

All of them are loved by the audience, but each has its own unique image, which is inherent only to them, thanks to their charisma.

Find yourself, your unique image. The view of your friends from the outside will help you with this. Ask them what style do you perform best in? How do they perceive you? And based on this analysis and your own feeling, develop your style of presentation public speech.

Principle number 3. Practice!

Participate in performances, discussions, take the initiative wherever there is an opportunity to speak publicly. If you have time and desire, find like-minded people and create a discussion club. At first, it can be placed at home, and later transferred to the base of your work, study or public organization.

And now we will get rid of fear by stressful methods ...

4.2. "Quick Way"

As I already wrote, there are certain technologies that allow you to quickly get rid of the main problem - the critical perception of others. To do this, you need to increase your stress resistance through certain exercises.

The logic here is very simple: if you can withstand a strong critical assessment of people (necessarily strangers!), Then you can speak in public and not worry about it for sure!

Go!

Exercise number 1. "Cleanliness is the key to health"

You dress up as a cleaner (cleaning lady), take a bucket of water, a rag and a mop, go to the nearest bus stop public transport, preferably on a weekend, so that there are fewer people on the buses.

Then get on the bus, and saying: "Cleanliness is the key to health", start washing it with your accessories. =) At the same time, you are talking with puzzled passengers and the driver. After driving 5-6 stops, you get off, paying the fare, and repeat this exercise 5 more times. I advise you not to start this exercise alone, as it will be quite embarrassing for you to do it alone.

Exercise number 2.

Surely in the summer on the streets of your city you can find points selling ice cream. Usually this is a refrigerator, next to it there is an umbrella from the sun and a girl (rarely a guy) sells ice cream. Your task is to approach the girl and offer your help in selling her ice cream. Tell us a little about yourself, say that you are undergoing training and this is part of your task.

Compose a quatrain about the company that owns the outlet, then start inviting people passing by with it.

Your the main task- increase sales at the time of your active actions! Do this for 20 minutes. Repeat the exercise 3 times a day at different points.

Exercise number 3. "With a pacifier in the mall"

Buy a regular baby pacifier, put it in your mouth, and go on a field trip to the nearest mall. It can also be a market or similar crowded place. Approach different outlets with the air of an interested buyer. It is best if there are several other passers-by nearby. Stand with a pacifier in your mouth in line for groceries. When it's time to buy, look at the seller without removing the pacifier from your mouth, place an order.

Put the groceries in your bag and move on as if nothing had happened. Watch the reactions of others...

Exercise number 4.

Take the laundry detergent box and pour it into another container. Clean the box thoroughly. After that, pour powdered sugar into the box (crushed granulated sugar), take a spoon and head to the cafe. It is best if there will be many visitors. Right in front of them, take out a box of laundry detergent with powdered sugar and start eating it with a spoon right in front of people and cafe staff.

Walk around the establishment with a demonstrative view. If you are asked questions, answer them, and at the end of the answer, offer to try your delicious powder.

I myself personally went through the first two exercises, and went through tougher ones, which I won’t write about. I think you get the point.

A lot more can be done based on these exercises. It all depends on your imagination and moral readiness.

I will say that it is best to alternate these methods.

That is, you first give yourself a shake-up, and then speak publicly several times in a row, but already having greater stress resistance. Your level is rising and how in computer games, starting from the first level, in the process of gaining experience, it increases.

I know that many will say, but where do you get the courage for such exercises. Friends, but you wanted to go fast, and for everything fast you need to pay something, in this case, stress. But I assure you that nothing bad will happen to you, and panic fear in public speaking, it will turn into only a slight excitement, which will only help you.

Please take the survey:

5. Video of the most disastrous public performance...

Finally, I present to your attention the video with the most disastrous public speaking in front of the camera. I'm sure you will like it :)

Meet! Petr Polyachkin- speaker of the 21st century! (4:34)

Educational: development of the concept of “public speaking”, the formation of the ability to build oral public speaking;

Developing: development oral speech, the ability to highlight the main thing, to compare;

AT hospital: education of a culture of speech, moral qualities of a person, mutual assistance when working in groups.

I. Organizing time. Introduction by the teacher.

II. Vocabulary dictation followed by self-examination.

Exercise. Write down the words and orally explain their meanings. Check what you have written (self-check).

D and sku ss and I, a oud and thorium, about speaker, eloquence, uh m about rationality, public and cystic.

What do these words have in common? Do they correspond to the topic “Communication”, “Speech”?

Pick up words with the same root for the word “publicism” (public, public).

III. Questions session. Text analysis (checking homework).

What is the purpose of the speaker (speaker)? (Influence the listener).

About mercy.

I got in trouble last year. He was walking down the street, slipped and fell ... He fell unsuccessfully, worse and nowhere: he broke his nose, his hand jumped out in his shoulder, hung like a whip. It was about seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.

With great difficulty he got up, wandered into the nearest entrance, tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Wherever there, I felt that I was in a state of shock, the pain was getting stronger and something had to be done quickly. And I can’t speak - my mouth is broken.

Decided to turn back home.

I was walking down the street, I think not staggering. I remember this path about four hundred meters well. There were many people on the street. A woman and a girl, some couple, an elderly woman, a man, young guys walked towards me, all of them at first looked at me with curiosity, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone on this path came up to me, asked what was the matter with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently, with unaccountable attention, a heightened expectation of help ...

The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me, bypass me. We have to get home. So no one helped.

Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems to be no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk - they saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - I fell, they hit me - why didn’t they help, didn’t at least ask what was the matter? So, to pass by, not to get involved, not to waste time, effort, “this does not concern me” has become a familiar feeling?

Remembering these people with bitterness, at first he was angry, accused, perplexed, then he began to remember himself. Something similar - the desire to move away, to evade, not to get involved - happened to me too. Incriminating myself, I understood how familiar this feeling became in our life, how it warmed up, imperceptibly took root.

I'm not going to announce the next complaints of damage to morals. The level of decline in our responsiveness, however, made me think. There are no personal culprits. Who to blame? I looked around and couldn't find any obvious reason.

Pondering, he recalled the time at the front, when in our hungry trench life it was impossible to walk past him at the sight of a wounded man. From your part, from the other - it was impossible for someone to turn away, pretend not to notice. They helped, dragged on themselves, bandaged, brought up ... Some people, perhaps, violated this law of front-line life, because there were deserters and crossbows. But we are not talking about them, we are now talking about the main life rules of that time.

I do not know the recipes for the manifestation of mutual understanding that we all need, but I am sure that only from our common understanding of the problem can some concrete solutions emerge. One person - me, for example - can only ring this alarm bell and ask that mercy warm our lives.

(According to D.A. Granin. From the essay “On Mercy”)

Questions to the text:

1) Name the topic and the main idea of ​​the text.

Finish recording the topic of the lesson: “Oral public speaking on a moral topic”.

IV. Student's message about the meaning of the words "morality", "moral".

IN AND. Dal in " explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language” explains the words “morality” and “moral” in this way:

Morality - moral teaching, moral teaching, rules for the will, conscience of a person.

Temper - character, constant aspirations of the will of man.

Moral - consonant with conscience, with the laws of truth, with the dignity of man; spiritual.

Morality and ethics are ethical categories.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that defines the boundary between good and evil, good and bad deeds.

V. Differentiated tasks (work in groups). Tasks vary in degree of difficulty. The teacher, knowing the preparation of students, can determine for himself which group will perform this or that task.

Task for the first group

1. Read the text.
2. Answer the question: how is the thesis different from the summary? Prove this with an example (you can use the materials of the read text).

B. Read the text.

About envy

If a heavyweight sets a new world record in weightlifting, do you envy him? How about a gymnast? And if the champion in diving from a tower into the water?

Start listing everything that you know and that you can envy: you will notice that the closer to your work, specialty, life, the stronger the proximity of envy. It's like in a game - cold, warm, even warmer, hot, burned!

On the last one, you found a thing hidden by other players while blindfolded. It's the same with envy. The closer the achievement of the other is to your specialty, to your interests, the more the burning danger of envy increases.

A terrible feeling, from which the one who envies suffers first of all.

Now you will understand how to get rid of the extremely painful feeling of envy: develop your own individual inclinations, your own uniqueness in the world around you, be yourself, and you will never be envious.

Envy develops primarily where you are a stranger to yourself.

Envy develops primarily where you do not distinguish yourself from others.

Envy means you haven't found yourself.

D.S. Likhachev.

Complete the following tasks for the text you have read:

1. Compose and write down the abstracts of the read text.
2. Determine what role the first paragraph plays in the text.
3. Prepare a message: "Speech topic - theses."

Tasks for the second group

A. Complete the following tasks.

1. Read the text.
2. Highlight in the text:

- (in red) advice given by D.S. Likhachev;

- (in blue) the reason.

3. Prepare short message on the topic: “Advice to a novice speaker” (in preparation, use the materials of the read text).

If you want to be a cultured and educated person, pay attention to your language. Speak correctly, accurately and economically.

Keep track of time. This is important to be understood.

The presentation must be interesting. If the speaker speaks enthusiastically, then the audience will feel it.

Try to make sure that your speech has one main idea. Then the listeners will guess what you want to convince them.

B. Read the text (D. Granin “On Mercy”). Complete the following tasks for the text you have read:

1. Highlight a fragment of the text, the content of which is related to moral and ethical issues.
2. Make and write an outline of this passage.
3. Compare this fragment with D. Granin's text "On Mercy".
4. Using the materials of this text and the work of D. Granin "On Mercy", prepare the theses of a public speech.

Task for the third group.

A. Complete the following tasks.

1. Read the topics of public speaking carefully.
2. Choose the topic that is closest to you, on which you can think of your own examples, use your own experience.
3. Read the entry options carefully. Determine which introduction is more relevant to the chosen topic.
4. Write down the plan (or theses) of your speech. When drawing up a plan, think about whether this item contributes to the disclosure of the topic.

Topics for public speaking

1. Kindness makes a person beautiful.

2. About love for "our smaller brothers".

3. Is being decent good or bad?

4. Can we be friends?

5. Why is an indifferent person dangerous?

6. About human greed.

7. On the need for a respectful attitude towards people.

8. "The path of mercy warms our lives!"

9. Is it good to be rich?

10. Qualities that I appreciate in a person.

Entry Options

b) Very often in our life we ​​are faced with situations, the way out of which puts a person before a choice: what to do? ..

c) Have you ever thought about...

VI. Discussion of the results of the work (analysis of the performance of groups), criteria for evaluating the performance.

1. Is the content relevant to the topic of the speech?

2. Is the statement logical?

4. Does the speaker keep the audience's attention?

5. Does the speaker's speech correspond to the literary norms of the language?

6. General assessment of the performance.

VII. Homework(each student receives a task).

Read the tips carefully. Underline the ones you would like to remember.

Choose one of the proposed topics for public speaking or come up with your own.

Work on the content of your public speech (ask yourself the question: does this thought, argument correspond to the topic of the speech?).

think it over interesting examples, facts from your own life, remember examples from works of art. All this will contribute to the fact that your speech will be listened to attentively.

After writing the introduction of your public speech, read it carefully again. Maybe you can offer something interesting?

Try to come up with an interesting conclusion. Your goal is to make your performance unforgettable.

Try to speak with your topic in front of your parents, grandparents (you can also speak in front of a mirror). All this will help you feel more confident.

Think about the intonation with which you will pronounce this or that phrase.

Remember that today you are performing in front of classmates, in front of those people with whom you have known for several years. And tomorrow you may find yourself in front of a completely strangers. And then your ability to speak expressively, emotionally, your ability to logically express your thoughts will help you.

And now you can get to work. Good luck!

Introduction

The specifics of the concept of public speaking

The main steps in preparing a public speech

The main stages of preparation

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Ancient rhetoric is of great importance in the preparation of public speeches (rhetorical canon). Even the Greeks noted that the speech of Dimosthenes was saturated with the oil of the night lamp, in the light of which he composed them.

Mastery oratory this is a very long and dynamic process that requires constant work on oneself and a lot of speaking practice (conversation, negotiations, speaking to a mass audience, participation in discussions, etc.). Based on this, important place in the activity of the speaker is daily preparation for the speech, in other words, the continuous process of work on improving his speech skills, systematic rhetorical self-education.

Today, the issue of public speaking is very acute. AT last years Professions where the main aspect is the sociability of a person have become very popular. Which explains the relevance of our chosen topic.

The purpose of my research is to consider and analyze the main aspects of preparing for a public speaking. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks, namely:

consider the specifics of the concept of public speaking

identify the main steps in the preparation of a public speech

consider the main stages of preparation

The structure of the work: the work consists of an introduction, three paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. The specifics of the concept of public speaking

Public speaking- is the communicative interaction of the speaker with the audience of listeners. Result oratory in front of the public largely depends on the effectiveness of the preparation and competence of the speaker in matters of the topic under discussion and the skill of public speaking.

Public speaking is nothing more than the public interaction of the candidate with the audience. The candidate should speak clearly, accessible and concisely, keeping in mind the following points from the audience

audience motivation (why did they come, or why were they invited)

candidate's competence

intellectual and age level of the audience

time allotted for the meeting

The information must go to a specific addressee, that is, the information must be of interest to the audience. Quite often, candidates stand "for themselves", completely ignoring the voters. Candidates look over the voters' heads, at the floor, out the window, to the side. As a result, contact with the audience is lost, which leads to poor results at the end of the meeting.

The candidate should pay special attention to the emphasis key points meetings. This may be an emphasis on a part of their election program, the date of the election, “lowering the status of competitors”, etc.

Things to keep in mind when presenting:

when entering the audience, greet the voters, always smile;

be confident, show confidence in your words. It is a demonstration of confidence that allows you to win over voters to your side.

the gaze must always be fixed on the voters. Looks cannot be avoided;

start talking only after establishing complete silence in the hall;

start your speech with a short greeting;

Speak clearly, but by no means monotonously, otherwise the voters will simply fall asleep;

closely monitor the reaction of voters;

if the voters are tired, start to speak more quietly, and then sharply raise your voice;

if voters liked your words, then focus on them;

do not pay attention to provocations;

never say that you are not competent in any matter. The voter expects from you that you will solve his problems, and you must promise him this;

at the end of the speech, do not forget to thank the voters and invite them to the elections.

2. Basic steps for preparing a public speech

Daily preparation includes activities such as:

The acquisition of new knowledge, the accumulation of information from various fields of science and technology, obtaining information from periodicals, radio and television broadcasts, reading scientific, journalistic, fiction. Constantly strive for new knowledge, expanding the scope of their interests.

Create your own archive.

Mastering the technique of speech

Increasing the culture of oral and writing.

Critical analysis of speeches

If we talk about the rules for preparing for a public speaking, we note the following:

To prepare the text of the speech, you need to clarify with the organizer the time limit allotted for your report. If there are no time limits, you still should not prepare a long speech. On average, count on 5 - 7 minutes, maximum - 10 minutes.

Make a plan.

Decide on the purpose of the report, its main idea. Then start planning your speech. The more detailed the plan is, the easier it will be to write the text itself. The main idea of ​​the report can be voiced both at the beginning of the speech and at the end. The choice depends on your personal preference. Remember, speech should be coherent, meaningful and capacious. It is also not recommended to overload the report professional terms. Exception - scientific conferences, in this case, terms are indispensable. It is recommended to use numerical indicators, but moderately, their number depends on the task.

Rehearse the speech.

Focus on the audience. If you are an economist and you are speaking to your colleagues, of course, revealing the essence of technical terms will be inappropriate. In the case of a report for people of other professions, on the contrary, it is very helpful. After preparing the text, reread it, correct it. Check by the clock how many minutes it takes to read the report. Adjust it for the amount of time you need.

Practicing a speech. Let's move on to voice training. Read the prepared text several times, adhering to your usual manner of communication. Then practice at the mirror, looking at the plan of the report. Ask close people to give you time and play the role of your audience.

Fashion style. After training, proceed to the selection of clothes. First of all, the outfit must match the format of the meeting. If this scientific forum Preference should be given to clothes of a classic cut. Are you going to give a lesson to the students? Then your choice is casual wear in soothing tones. The main rule: the outfit should not attract excessive attention of the audience, otherwise it will distract from the essence of the report. Therefore, avoid red shoes, original jewelry, dresses of all colors of the rainbow at the same time, if you do not want the audience to discuss and look at your outfit instead of being interested in the report.

It is very important to clearly articulate for yourself what you like in a speech, a speaker, and what causes a negative reaction, what actions, techniques, words contribute to the success of the speaker, and which do not. The speaker must acquire both theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of oratory. It is important to understand the stages of a speaker’s activity, how to prepare for a meeting with a listener, how to build an oratory, what audience management techniques can be used. Everyday preparation enhances professional level speaker.

.Main stages of preparation

All stages can be grouped into three groups in relation to the moment of speech.

Figure 1. Main stages of preparation for public speaking.

In the pre-communicative phase (in the phase before the performance), two initial stages are distinguished:

Determining the topic and purpose of the speech

Am I really interested in the topic and can it be interesting for me

Is this topic important to the audience?

Assessment of the state of the audience and the situation as a whole

The work at these stages is in the nature of taking into account and evaluating objective data: the topic and purpose of the speech are usually set, but the state of the audience and the situation are not chosen by the speaker.

Determining the topic of the speech.

The topic should be chosen carefully. If possible, then you need to focus on what is familiar and interesting to the speaker personally. Then it might be interesting and meaningful for others. Then, you need to try to narrow down the topics of the speech so that it is of the greatest interest. It is necessary to decide: whether to describe the subject, to clarify something about the subject, whether to challenge a certain point of view or state new version. Don't try to cram too much material into a limited amount of time. Shakespeare said: "Where there are few words, they have weight." If possible, it is necessary to think over a future speech for several days. During this time, many new ideas will appear. The main idea is the main thesis, which must be clearly formulated from the very beginning. Knowing the goal enhances attention. There can be several core ideas in a speech, but no more than three.

The core idea makes it possible to set a certain tone for the performance. For example, reports on scientific and technical topics can be delivered with an angry, reproachful intonation, the meaning of which consists in unspoken but implied expressions such as “If you don’t do this, you will regret it,” or “I can’t understand why you don’t do that.” so-and-so." This slightly irritated tone allows the presenter to communicate their message more effectively to the audience.

Possible intonation colors of speeches are as follows:

major;

nonchalant or humorous;

playful;

angry or reproachful;

solemn;

warning;

interrogative.

To formulate the main thesis means to answer the question, why talk (goal) and what to talk about (means to achieve the goal).

Requirements for the main thesis of the speech:

the phrase should state the main idea and correspond to the purpose of the speech;

the judgment should be short, clear, easily retained in short-term memory;

thought must be understood unambiguously, not to contain contradictions.

After preparing the speech plan, it is useful to check yourself with questions:

Who are my listeners (interested, uninterested)?

Are they prepared or not?

Does my presentation generate interest?

Do I know enough about the subject and do I have enough data?

Will I be able to finish my presentation within the allotted time?

Is my presentation appropriate to my level of knowledge and experience?

Assessment of the audience and setting

Ask yourself: "Who are my listeners?" If the answer is difficult, then it is better to imagine a group of two or three people to whom the speech is addressed and prepare a speech for them. Must be taken into account following characteristics audiences:

the level of education;

profession;

the purpose of people coming to the performance;

level of interest in the topic;

level of awareness in this issue;

It is advisable to talk to some people in the intended audience beforehand in order to get to know the audience better. The venue is very important factor successful performance. In order to feel confident, you need to come to the gym in advance and get comfortable. If a microphone is to be used, it must be adjusted.

Coding.

Evaluation of the topic, purpose and audience is the basis and background of the next stage of the pre-communicative phase - "coding", i.e. creating a message on this topic, with a given purpose, for a given audience and in accordance with a specific situation. This stage includes:

selection of materials;

compositional-logical design of speech;

use of factual material;

work on the language and style of speech.

Factual material and numerical data, to facilitate perception, it is better to demonstrate through tables and graphs, rather than abuse their reading. The easiest way is to make a presentation and put all the digital material there, refer to it in the course of the story, since the numbers rather tire the listeners than arouse interest.

The pre-communicative phase must necessarily end with a rehearsal of the performance. You can practice in front of relatives or friends, you can use audio and video recording tools to control the timing, the quality of the performance - in a word, look at yourself from the outside.

Substantive preparation:

analysis of the problem, situation

formation of goals, objectives, general approach to performance and

own position

preparation of speech and argumentation of conclusions

selection required documents and materials

Consider age and gender factors.

communication phase.

The communicative stage (during a speech) of a speech also involves the development of the speaker's ability to distribute attention, quickly switch from the material being presented to the audience and back. It is important to learn to imagine the train of thought of the listeners and the degree of perception of the material by them.

A speaker seeking to achieve success, a constructive result, needs to carefully prepare his speech. This training can be presented as: constituent parts:

preparation

demeanor

take into account established rituals and subordination

Thus, the actions of the speaker during the communicative phase of the speech include:

implementation of the norms of the culture of speech;

logical-compositional structuring of the speech text;

reaction to the actions of the audience

What mistakes are typical for speakers? What should not be allowed in your public speech?

Can't be abused foreign words, unfamiliar terms and concepts. This makes it difficult to understand your speech, making it cumbersome. In addition, it must be remembered that some of the listeners are not familiar with these words, and someone puts in them a different meaning that does not coincide with yours. Misinterpretation of concepts can lead to misunderstanding - a misinterpretation of your words as a whole.

The frequent use of unions is unacceptable. More M.V. Lomonosov remarked that "unions are like nails and glue, the fewer of them, the better."

Post-communicative phase

Post-communicative stage (questions after the speech). When analyzing an oral presentation, it is necessary to consider speech from three main positions:

completeness of the implementation of the plan

presentation logic

aesthetic expressiveness

What usually pays attention to the audience and each listener individually.

topic and purpose: whether it is interesting, whether it is too broad; How appropriate are the situations?

introduction: how interesting and non-standard; didn't it go too far; Is it clear and convincing?

the main part: is the plan and logic of the speech thought out; arouses "whether there is interest; whether there is excess material; whether the arguments and evidence are correct; whether there are enough arguments; whether there is too abstract material; whether all examples are expedient; convincing performance;

conclusion: is it sufficiently motivated; how clear and impressive; whether it meets the intended purpose.

Evaluation of the performance from the standpoint of compliance with the norms of the culture of speech and style:

is there any ambiguity; whether concreteness is sufficient, whether there is excessive abstraction;

whether the language is casual, suitable for the given audience and topic; whether there is a mixture of styles and how appropriate it is;

are there long sentences, intricate constructions; whether there is verbosity or excessive brevity;

whether speech stamps are used; how original the speech is in speech design, how bright the language is.

Assessment of the external appearance of the speaker:

appearance and mannerisms: whether the behavior is casual; whether there is confidence, a friendly tone; whether the speech is addressed to all; does he look at the audience;

posture: constrained or relaxed, theatrical or regal, stooped or straight, etc .; are there any unnecessary movements, etc .;

gestures: how appropriate; are there too many of them; how natural, meaningful, appropriate.

tempo: not too fast or too slow; whether the speech is jerky or slow; Are there enough pauses?

Articulation score:

How correct is the pronunciation of words?

how clear the articulation is.

These are approximate characteristics that will help you navigate when preparing for a speech and during a speech. Particular attention must be paid to correct pronunciation words, since the observance of orthoepic norms is one of the weak links of the linguistic and speech culture teacher.

public speaking speaker audience

Conclusion

Thus, we can note that mastering the art of oratory is a very long and dynamic process that requires constant work on oneself and a lot of speaking practice (conversation, negotiations, speaking in a mass audience, participating in discussions, etc.). Based on this, an important place in the activities of the speaker is occupied by daily preparation for a speech, in other words, a continuous process of working on improving his speech skills, systematic rhetorical self-education.

Today, the issue of public speaking is very acute. In recent years, professions have become very popular, where the main aspect is the sociability of a person. In the course of the study, we achieved our goal by solving such problems as: considering the specifics of the concept of public speaking, identifying the main actions of preparing a public speaking, considering the main stages of preparing a speech.

Our day-to-day preparation includes activities such as:

.The acquisition of new knowledge, the accumulation of information from various fields of science and technology.

.Create your own archive.

.Mastering the technique of speech.

.Improving the culture of oral and written speech.

.Critical analysis of speeches.

Three phases (stages) were classified as the main stages of preparation for public speaking: pre-communicative, communicative and post-communicative. And finally, they revealed the fact that daily training increases the professional level of the speaker.

List of used literature

1.Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric. Tutorial for universities, M., 2010, - 157 p.

.Andreev F.I. Rhetoric. Textbook for universities, M., 2009, - 10 pages.

.Kostromina E.A. Rhetoric. Tutorial. - NIMB. N. Novgorod:, 2006. - 57 pages

.Russian language and culture of speech. Textbook for universities., L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaev., 15th ed. Rostov N./D: Phoenix, 2006 - 36 p.

.http://www.33333.ru/public/publicexgipition.php

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.