Public speaking: types, features, rules, how to learn. How to choose an interesting topic for a speech

Many of you are wondering: How to choose a topic for a speech in the Oratory Club?

There are at least 2 ways:

The Public Speaking Club knows successful examples of speeches prepared in both ways. In any case, the topic of your speech should captivate you, inspire you and, of course, should be related to the art of public speaking, rhetoric, eloquence, communication in order to interest other members of the club.

Also, remember that people come to the Public Speaking Club to learn how to speak in public, to keep fit, to train and improve, so those presenters who provide an opportunity for everyone to speak are greeted with special gratitude.

The world of oratory is beautiful and multifaceted, and you can formulate countless topics of interest for speaking, studying, discussing, arguing.

We have prepared a hint to help you navigate.

5 main sections, each of which has a kaleidoscope of important subsections and fascinating topics:

1. Monitoring the state of the speaker
How not to worry during public speaking?
- speaker's energy

2. Sound (How do we speak?)
- The sound of speech (breathing, voice, speech rate, articulation, diction, intonation, etc.)

3. Video sequence (What do we show and how do we look?)
- Stage movement, gestures, demeanor, image
— How to use visual materials (projector, whiteboard, etc)

4. What are we talking about?
- Culture of speech + Style (we understand this very broadly: purity and literacy, beauty, expressiveness, creativity)
- Improvisation (both verbal and just a reaction to unforeseen circumstances. Here is humor and the ability to joke)
- The structure of the performance (Laws of composition)
– The content of the speech (Invention of ideas, topoi, laws of logic)
- Expressiveness of speech (lexical, syntactic, phonetic).
- Conciseness
— Logic

5. Interaction with the audience
- Attracting and controlling the attention of the audience
- Answering questions, managing a complex audience, neutralizing public terrorists
– Theory of the dispute (argumentation, etc.)
— Effective speech (how to make your speech effective, achieve the desired goal - to convince, induce to action)

Now the list of the most relevant topics for speeches in the Oratory Club is as follows:
1. Energy public speaking
2. Speed ​​of speech
3. The role of pauses in public speaking
4. The speaker's vocabulary is the key to success
5. Ways of inventing ideas for public speaking (Topos)
6. How to answer questions (including "difficult" ones)?
7. Storytelling
8. How to give compliments correctly

Not everyone can speak well. However, you can interest the public not only by mastering the art of rhetoric, but also by interesting topics. That is why in this article I want to consider before the public.

Speech rules

But still, you need to remember that it is best to follow certain rules of speech that will help ennoble the report and make it easy to understand. In this case, you must adhere to the following simple rules:

Well, it is worth remembering that you can not behave pompously. Simplicity, lack of monotony and the presence of pauses - that's the key to an interesting performance. And of course, a well-chosen interesting topic.

Theme and Audience

Initially, it is worth noting that an interesting topic for a speech can be any. And it will depend on the audience to which the speaker is speaking. If these are schoolchildren, you can talk about the latest achievements of science, if applicants - about the most popular professions, etc.

Nature and ecology

What is it, an interesting topic for speech? Why not touch on global issues and talk about the state of modern ecology? How scientists evaluate everything that happens on earth, what cataclysms and problems are caused by this or that human action.

Here you can find many different interesting topics:

• The problem of uncontrolled deforestation.
• Pollution of the transport environment.
• The most environmentally friendly mode of transport.
• Teaching energy from environmentally friendly sources.
• Water pollution.
• Reducing the world's supply of fresh water.

Economics and finance

An interesting topic for presentation may also concern the economic side. In this case, you can talk about many problems:

• The World Bank and its Problems.
• distribution of wealth.
• The banking system in the native state.
• State of the country's economy.
• Credit problem.

Social sphere

But still, it will be most interesting for people to listen to what is closest to them. Therefore, it is often easiest to find an interesting topic for a speech in this block. In this case, you can say:

• On the main categories of people requiring social protection.
• About social orphanhood.
• About the most important Here we can talk about drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking.
• Deviant behavior.
• The problem of organizing cultural leisure.

Work and employment

What other interesting topics are there to talk about? So, in school groups, you can talk about employment problems. In this case, you can choose the following topics for the report:

1. Choosing a profession: what should it be based on?
2. during employment.
3. The most demanded professions.
4. The highest and lowest paid professions.
5. Rules for writing a good resume.
6. How to successfully pass an interview and what you need to know for this?

Politics

What could be interesting topics for in the "Politics" section? Here you just need to look at the situation in the country on this moment. If elections are coming up, you can make a small overview of all parties. It is possible to analyze the work of the government and draw certain conclusions. Or do forecasting and tell your audience about your guesses. However, this requires a special and the presence of a certain amount useful information. And for a student, it's hard. It is best in this case to simply talk about the latest political news.

Free choice

If you need an interesting topic to speak on free theme Tell us what you know best. So, you can tell about your hobby. But not just to tell what it is. First you need to delve into history. Next, give a couple of words to historical or just famous personalities. Then just tell all the most interesting.

If you need a report on a free topic, you can talk:

1. About the main problems of the city (or educational institution).
2. On the upbringing of youth: novelties, differences from the classical model.
3. About what is missing
4. About the eternal problems of different generations.
5. About how to change, change yourself, your character.

Intimate questions

And the last block, which is no less necessary and important, is questions of sex. These are very interesting topics for speaking to an audience, which, unfortunately, in our society everyone tries not to touch. And in vain, because today the youth is very lacking in adequate sexual education. Here is a list of sample topics:

• About the first experience of sexual relations.
• Sex: what is it and when does a person need it?
• What are contraceptives, what are they?
• When and how can a girl get pregnant?
• What does it mean to be parents?
• When should you start having sex?

There are actually a lot of questions here. And we need to raise them. After all modern society Unfortunately, he does not have sufficient knowledge in this area.

Careful preparation is the key to the success of any speaker. The first step is to choose a theme. There are many interesting areas that you can tell the audience about. There is a category of questions that can be called eternal - this is God and religion, the relationship between soul and body, duty and the right to free will.

On the role of art in the modern world

One of the most interesting topics for presentation is art. It accompanies man throughout the history of civilization. Self-awareness was displayed by people in the form of making stone figures, in the features of various architectural monuments. The experiences of a person and his various qualities have been captured in paintings and sculpture for centuries. Domestic psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky wrote that "art is social in us." In the process of rethinking the information received, the artist has the opportunity to discover the mysteries of life, to take a fresh look at the world.

You can also choose other interesting topics for public speaking:

• Latest news in the field of culture and art.
• Features of work in this area.
• History of art.
• What will be the culture of the future.

Art and the new reality in which man lives

A report can also be prepared on the topic of how important art is in the modern world. It currently occupies special place in the life of society. For example, T. Chernigovskaya, professor at St. Petersburg State University, emphasizes that the role of art in modern reality cannot be overestimated. It is art today that has the function of saving humanity from the negative impact of new technologies. A person has become too addicted to gadgets, and nothing can be done about it. The virtuality of the surrounding world is increasing, and with it the number of mental disorders. This is serious danger, the researcher focuses on.

The problem of art in the modern world will be an interesting topic for presentation at school, especially in high school. The speech can be continued by describing the problem of information availability. Tatyana Vladimirovna also notes that the world has become transparent today. After all, almost everything can be known about a person - right down to who he had breakfast with and what brand of wine he bought yesterday. Under these conditions, the professor emphasizes, the only secret about a person remains the genome. However, even this information may soon become available - after all, the sequencing process will not be handled by the person at all. And this means that information about the genome will somehow remain in a certain database. The only thing that can help people in this new reality, according to the professor, is art.

The ratio of soul and body

An interesting topic for speech can also be the problem of the present of a philosophical nature chosen by the speaker - for example, the problem of the relationship between spirit, soul and body. It has interested scientists and philosophers since ancient times. For example, new era Aristotle discovered in this sense. The corporeal and the spiritual, according to the understanding of the philosopher, form a single inseparable reality between them. The soul is not a separate form - it does not "fly" somewhere outside the body, but, on the contrary, is a form of its organization. On the one hand, the soul is not a body, on the other hand, it cannot exist separately from it.

Interest on this issue is also represented by the position of Rene Descartes. According to the scientist, the soul and the body have a different nature. However, the scientist offers a new interpretation of their interaction for his time. Descartes was convinced that not only the soul can influence physical state person, but vice versa. The body also affects the emotional component. For the 17th century, this idea was quite radical.

The problem of the decline of spirituality

Pick up interesting topic to speak on a free topic is not such a difficult task as it might seem at first glance. Consideration of the issue of the relationship between spirit and flesh is one of the most entertaining topics. The speech can be continued with the fact that many people nowadays prefer to live, guided for the most part by the body. It is their master, but a person rarely remembers the spirit - most often because of fear. According to the highest plan of the individual, the spirit must occupy a dominant place, lead the body and emotions.

If a person is strong and strong-willed, then the mind and soul are his assistants, while the body can be figuratively represented as a child being brought up. For example, a person sets a goal - to improve health by reducing weight. On this path, temptations will constantly lie in wait for him. When he sees an advertisement for a delicious hamburger on a sign, he may resist the temptation. If such a person gathers his courage, waits for the opportunity to dine at home with porridge and salad, then by doing so he will be able to achieve two goals: immediate health benefits and strengthening his spirit.

Other questions for speaker's coverage

Quite a few various options interesting topics for presentation can be selected on this issue. For example, these:

• "How is the ratio of soul and body considered in religion?"
• "Development of views on this issue in psychological science".
• "What is more important for a person - the soul or the flesh?"

A matter of will and choice

The fulfillment of one's duty is inextricably linked with the volitional qualities of a person. If a person is faced with a dilemma - to act according to conscience or to take the path of least resistance, then here he will have to make strong-willed efforts in order to choose a more noble path. For example, such is the situation when during military operations it is necessary to fulfill the order of the commander and go on the offensive. It is very difficult to launch an attack, however, one must obey. A volitional action is one that is carried out under conditions of choice.

Questions of will and choice are an interesting topic for oratory. Philosophers and psychologists are divided in this area. Some believe that in similar situations the will of a person is manifested, as he makes a conscious choice. Others are convinced that as such there is no choice - and therefore it is necessary to mobilize all the will. Another example can be given in this respect. A drug addict needs to get rid of a terrible addiction. To do this, it will require remarkable strong-willed efforts from him. On the one hand, we can talk about his conscious choice in favor of life. But on the other hand, as such, he has no choice - he will either die or make every effort to overcome the terrible trap of addiction and start a new life.

Within the framework of this problem, the speaker can also choose for himself more specific interesting topics for his speech:

• "On the triumph of the will - examples heroic deeds".
• "Views on Free Will in Psychology and Philosophy".
• "Religion and Free Will".
• "Is it possible to become a strong-willed person?"
• "Does free will really exist?"

Work and employment

Also, for many, an interesting topic for speaking to an audience will be employment. After all, every person at least once in his life was looking for a job. For some, this was done quickly and without problems, for others the process was longer. Professional realization occupies one of the most important places in the life of an adult.

Options for work topics

An interesting topic for speaking to students will be the one that highlights the problems of employment. After all, very soon young people will have to face the realities of the labor market directly. The issue of employment, the opportunity to use the knowledge gained at the university is one of the most burning issues for a student. Interesting topics to speak to young people may include the following:

• "The main problems that can be encountered in employment and how to solve them."
• "Increasing professional skills after receiving a diploma of higher education".
• "Issues of Labor Law".
• "How to get a job in a foreign company?"
• "Rules for a Successful Interview"

Most important aspect any speech is its theme. It is often difficult to choose the exact topic of speech, since the choice of directions is very wide. Interesting topics for presentation can be found in all areas of knowledge - the main thing is that what is being discussed is understandable and close to the listener.

The main criterion by which you can determine the quality of a speech is its simplicity for the perception of the audience and fascination. This can be achieved in various ways.

Among them:

• use of intonation accents in speech - important points it is necessary to highlight with a voice or make pauses;
• lack of excitement, trembling in the voice;
• the presence of information only from reliable authoritative sources;
• introduction to speech elements artistic expressiveness(it is important, moreover, to preserve the information content of the presentation);
• rejection of excessive use of negations (particles “not”, “no”, etc.);
• the correct construction of the report - the most fascinating facts should be at the beginning, and the most important - at the end.

It is also important not to forget about a sense of humor - on any topic with jokes it will become colorful and interesting. At the same time, the main thing is not to overdo it with humorous inserts, otherwise the performance will not be taken seriously.

The key point for an interesting presentation is also the topic.

What is important when choosing a topic for a speech

Before choosing a narrow topic on the basis of which the report will be built, you need to take into account several important facts - without this, the speech will not be successful with the audience.

Reason for speaking

Not only the topic, but also information on it is selected depending on the occasion that caused the speech. It can be an official, solemn, celebratory or sad event. The message itself, like the topic, depends on the occasion of the meeting:

• if the event is business, the idea should not go beyond a specific working issue;
• if the occasion was a festive event, interesting topics for speech may be different, but they should always be emotional, sometimes humorous, and in some situations serious;
• if the event is mourning, the orientation should be completely official (its specific choice depends on the occasion of the meeting).

At fun events, the topic should be light and interesting, you can include various jokes and funny stories in your speech.

Purpose of speech

The subject of speech is inextricably linked with the purpose of the speech - you can strive to cheer up the audience, convey to it important facts or something to convince them. The main goals are:

1. belief;
2. entertainment;
3. informing.

Each goal requires its own facts and its own speech skills.

Unwanted topics

Even within the framework of an interesting and relevant topic, there may be facts that are better to be ignored. They may seem boring to the audience or become offensive to the listeners.

In connection with this, it is useful to refuse:

• incomprehensible or too simple topics, as this scatters attention;
• topics that are too sharp or resonant, as this may cause too violent a response from listeners;
• directions that do not correspond to the mood of the audience (that is, about the meeting).

The audience

It is important to imagine the image of your average listener in order to choose the right topic - you need to understand what this person is interested in, what he is fond of, what age, gender and what social stratum he belongs to. The topic must meet these criteria, otherwise it will not be perceived properly.

It is also important not to focus on too simple and well-known points that the listeners already have an idea about.

Lecturer and audience education has importance- in front of people of a certain profession it is better to operate with their special terms, and in front of children - to express themselves simply, ordinary and understandable.

The key point is the interests of the audience - it is important that the main issue of the speech is related to them. In order to feel the listeners, the speaker must put himself in their place - for example, imagine that he is a schoolboy if the report is addressed to children under 16-17 years old.

Then you need to pay attention to those points that interest this particular group of the population, and not the lecturer himself.

It is important to choose hot topic for listeners based on their demographics:

• it is better for older people to choose topics that are relevant to them (for example, about pensions), and for young people - those that will be clear and close to them (fashion, high technology);
• For a multinational audience, it is better to choose neutral but interesting topics for presentation or those topics that affect interethnic interaction. These topics will not be popular with listeners of the same nationality;
• for a purely female or male audience, it is better to choose female-oriented or male-oriented topics, respectively. Naturally, the context of the meeting must be taken into account.

It may also matter what city or country the listeners are from and in their report touch on topics that concern representatives of this area of ​​​​residence.

The audience can also be close to the speaker (usually relatives and friends), business (colleagues) or unfamiliar. The problem, as well as the content of the report, may change from this. With friends, communication is more personal, and with superiors or subordinates - exclusively business.

How to choose a good speech topic

Firstly, the chosen topic should be interesting to the speaker himself - otherwise he will not be able to reproduce it well and excitingly for the listeners. Even if the topic is specific and not very interesting, you need to narrow it down to those moments that somehow attract the speaker. Then it will be much easier to find contact with the audience.

Secondly, it is better if the lecturer knows the subject he is talking about very well (or you need to study it deeply in advance before speaking). Otherwise, an oratorical speech on any topic will not cause an answer even among those listeners who do not know anything about it, because they will feel that the lecturer is incompetent in the area he is talking about.

Even if a person does not know the topic very well initially, it is important that it is easy for him to study and understand it. This is usually best done if the direction of speech is related to professional activity or interests of the speaker.

The area of ​​conversation is not so important - it can be poetry, and theater, and politics. The lecturer should immediately plan what interesting things he can say to the audience on this topic.

It is better if you manage to find a middle ground - choose a topic in which the speaker understands and which is interesting to him at the same time.

Oratory on a topic that is relevant to everyone is always successful, especially if there are any controversial issues in this area.

To update your presentation, you can:

• watch news feeds or listen to the radio - this way you can find out about the latest news;
• turn to newspapers and magazines published in the city on social or political issues;
• learn about social status, age and interests of the public;
• view thematic sites and explore last news from there.

This will allow you to select information that is relevant to a specific audience. For example, future students can be told about entering universities or told funny story from student life, and expectant mothers - about newborns and the problems of education.

It is best to talk about things related to personal experience of a person - then he will be able to explain this more clearly with personal examples.

At the same time, it is important to follow the narrative and not say unnecessary facts or data that the audience does not need at the moment.

The most interesting topics of speeches

The specific topic is not so important, but it is important that the lecturer correctly presents it - then almost any direction will be fascinating and understandable for the listener.

The audience should get new thoughts and ideas about the issue, realize different positions from which to look at the problem.

You need to formulate the problem concisely, clearly and intriguingly. Topics that touch on memorable facts are always interesting:

• the lightest metal on Earth;
• what is the fortune of the richest man in the world;
• the largest flower
• the most unusual records from the Guinness Book of Records;
• the most expensive fruits in the world.

Interesting for people and topics based on unusual facts, for example:

• how to make jellyfish ice cream;
• how the world's most unusual war without weapons goes on;
• how rapidly technology advances.

Controversial interesting topics for public speaking have gained particular popularity, as they most often involve a discussion, for example:

• how to become self-confident;
• what to do with unreasonable criticism;
• Can alcohol addiction be overcome?
• how to get good fast physical form without diets.

For schoolchildren and students, there can be a lot of topics - they are limited only to the subject of the lesson. The following issues are always relevant:

• simple ways to preserve the ecology of the environment;
• mortality and fertility: what determines the ratio;
• Can unemployment be eliminated?
• how to speak beautifully and persuasively.

There are many general topics of interest to talk about:

• how to overcome laziness;
• what is not taught in school
• what is the secret of family happiness;
• How is human spirituality expressed?
• what is true love.

More suitable for the holidays simple themes that can be diluted with anecdotes, funny stories, jokes.

You can prepare an interesting oratory on a topic from any field. The main thing is to clearly define the target audience and shape the narrative in such a way that it is accessible and interesting to every listener.

Introduction

The specifics of the concept of public speaking

The main steps in preparing a public speech

The main stages of preparation

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Ancient rhetoric is of great importance in the preparation of public speeches (rhetorical canon). Even the Greeks noted that the speech of Dimosthenes was saturated with the oil of the night lamp, in the light of which he composed them.

Mastering the art of oratory is a very long and dynamic process that requires constant work on oneself and a lot of speaking practice (conversation, negotiations, speaking in a mass audience, participating in discussions, etc.). Based on this, important place in the activity of the speaker is daily preparation for the speech, in other words, the continuous process of work on improving his speech skills, systematic rhetorical self-education.

Today, the issue of public speaking is very acute. AT last years Professions where the main aspect is the sociability of a person have become very popular. Which explains the relevance of our chosen topic.

The purpose of my research is to consider and analyze the main aspects of preparing for a public speaking. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks, namely:

consider the specifics of the concept of public speaking

identify the main steps in the preparation of a public speech

consider the main stages of preparation

The structure of the work: the work consists of an introduction, three paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. The specifics of the concept of public speaking

Public speaking is a communicative interaction of a speaker with an audience of listeners. The result of an oratorical speech before the public largely depends on the effectiveness of the preparation and competence of the speaker in matters of the topic under discussion and the skill of public speaking.

Public speaking is nothing more than the public interaction of the candidate with the audience. The candidate should speak clearly, accessible and concisely, keeping in mind the following points from the audience

audience motivation (why did they come, or why were they invited)

candidate's competence

intellectual and age level of the audience

time allotted for the meeting

The information must go to a specific addressee, that is, the information must be of interest to the audience. Quite often, candidates stand "for themselves", completely ignoring the voters. Candidates look over the voters' heads, at the floor, out the window, to the side. As a result, contact with the audience is lost, which leads to poor results at the end of the meeting.

The candidate should pay special attention to the emphasis key points meetings. This may be an emphasis on a part of their election program, the date of the election, “lowering the status of competitors”, etc.

Things to keep in mind when presenting:

when entering the audience, greet the voters, always smile;

be confident, show confidence in your words. It is a demonstration of confidence that allows you to win over voters to your side.

the gaze must always be fixed on the voters. Looks cannot be avoided;

start talking only after establishing complete silence in the hall;

start your speech with a short greeting;

Speak clearly, but by no means monotonously, otherwise the voters will simply fall asleep;

closely monitor the reaction of voters;

if the voters are tired, start to speak more quietly, and then sharply raise your voice;

if voters liked your words, then focus on them;

do not pay attention to provocations;

never say that you are not competent in any matter. The voter expects from you that you will solve his problems, and you must promise him this;

at the end of the speech, do not forget to thank the voters and invite them to the elections.

2. Basic steps for preparing a public speech

Daily preparation includes activities such as:

The acquisition of new knowledge, the accumulation of information from various fields of science and technology, obtaining information from periodicals, radio and television broadcasts, reading scientific, journalistic, fiction. Constantly strive for new knowledge, expanding the scope of their interests.

Create your own archive.

Mastering the technique of speech

Increasing the culture of oral and writing.

Critical analysis of speeches

If we talk about the rules for preparing for a public speaking, we note the following:

To prepare the text of the speech, you need to clarify with the organizer the time limit allotted for your report. If there are no time limits, you still should not prepare a long speech. On average, count on 5 - 7 minutes, maximum - 10 minutes.

Make a plan.

Decide on the purpose of the report, its main idea. Then start planning your speech. The more detailed the plan is, the easier it will be to write the text itself. The main idea of ​​the report can be voiced both at the beginning of the speech and at the end. The choice depends on your personal preference. Remember, speech should be coherent, meaningful and capacious. It is also not recommended to overload the report professional terms. Exception - scientific conferences, in this case, terms are indispensable. It is recommended to use numerical indicators, but moderately, their number depends on the task.

Rehearse the speech.

Focus on the audience. If you are an economist and you are speaking to your colleagues, of course, revealing the essence of technical terms will be inappropriate. In the case of a report for people of other professions, on the contrary, it is very helpful. After preparing the text, reread it, correct it. Check by the clock how many minutes it takes to read the report. Adjust it for the amount of time you need.

Practicing a speech. Let's move on to voice training. Read the prepared text several times, adhering to your usual manner of communication. Then practice at the mirror, looking at the plan of the report. Ask close people to give you time and play the role of your audience.

Fashion style. After training, proceed to the selection of clothes. First of all, the outfit must match the format of the meeting. If this scientific forum Preference should be given to clothes of a classic cut. Are you going to give a lesson to the students? Then your choice is casual wear in soothing tones. The main rule: the outfit should not attract excessive attention of the audience, otherwise it will distract from the essence of the report. Therefore, avoid red shoes, original jewelry, dresses of all colors of the rainbow at the same time, if you do not want the audience to discuss and look at your outfit instead of being interested in the report.

It is very important to clearly articulate for yourself what you like in a speech, a speaker, and what causes a negative reaction, what actions, techniques, words contribute to the success of the speaker, and which do not. The speaker must acquire both theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of oratory. It is important to understand the stages of the speaker's activity, how to prepare for a meeting with the listener, how to build oratory What audience management techniques can be used. Everyday preparation enhances professional level speaker.

.Main stages of preparation

All stages can be grouped into three groups in relation to the moment of speech.

Figure 1. Main stages of preparation for public speaking.

In the pre-communicative phase (in the phase before the performance), two initial stages:

Determining the topic and purpose of the speech

Am I really interested in the topic and can it be interesting for me

Is this topic important to the audience?

Assessment of the state of the audience and the situation as a whole

The work at these stages is in the nature of taking into account and evaluating objective data: the topic and purpose of the speech are usually set, but the state of the audience and the situation are not chosen by the speaker.

Determining the topic of the speech.

The topic should be chosen carefully. If possible, then you need to focus on what is familiar and interesting to the speaker personally. Then it might be interesting and meaningful for others. Then, you need to try to narrow down the topics of the speech so that it is of the greatest interest. It is necessary to decide: whether to describe the subject, to clarify something about the subject, whether to challenge a certain point of view or state new version. Don't try to cram too much material into a limited amount of time. Shakespeare said: "Where there are few words, they have weight." If possible, it is necessary to think over a future speech for several days. During this time, many new ideas will appear. The main idea is the main thesis, which must be clearly formulated from the very beginning. Knowing the goal enhances focus. There can be several core ideas in a speech, but no more than three.

The core idea makes it possible to set a certain tone for the performance. For example, reports on scientific and technical topics can be delivered with an angry, reproachful intonation, the meaning of which consists in unspoken but implied expressions such as “If you don’t do this, you will regret it,” or “I can’t understand why you don’t do that.” so-and-so." This slightly irritated tone allows the presenter to communicate their message more effectively to the audience.

Possible intonation colors of speeches are as follows:

major;

nonchalant or humorous;

playful;

angry or reproachful;

solemn;

warning;

interrogative.

To formulate the main thesis means to answer the question, why talk (goal) and what to talk about (means to achieve the goal).

Requirements for the main thesis of the speech:

the phrase should state the main idea and correspond to the purpose of the speech;

the judgment should be short, clear, easily retained in short-term memory;

thought must be understood unambiguously, not to contain contradictions.

After preparing the speech plan, it is useful to check yourself with questions:

Who are my listeners (interested, uninterested)?

Are they prepared or not?

Does my presentation generate interest?

Do I know enough about the subject and do I have enough data?

Will I be able to finish my presentation within the allotted time?

Is my presentation appropriate to my level of knowledge and experience?

Assessment of the audience and setting

Ask yourself: "Who are my listeners?" If the answer is difficult, then it is better to imagine a group of two or three people to whom the speech is addressed and prepare a speech for them. Must be taken into account following characteristics audiences:

the level of education;

profession;

the purpose of people coming to the performance;

level of interest in the topic;

level of awareness in this issue;

It is advisable to talk to some people in the intended audience beforehand in order to get to know the audience better. The venue is very important factor successful performance. In order to feel confident, you need to come to the gym in advance and get comfortable. If a microphone is to be used, it must be adjusted.

Coding.

Evaluation of the topic, purpose and audience is the basis and background of the next stage of the pre-communicative phase - "coding", i.e. creating a message on this topic, with a given purpose, for a given audience and in accordance with a specific situation. This stage includes:

selection of materials;

compositional-logical design of speech;

use of factual material;

work on the language and style of speech.

Factual material and numerical data, to facilitate perception, it is better to demonstrate through tables and graphs, rather than abuse their reading. The easiest way is to make a presentation and put all the digital material there, refer to it in the course of the story, since the numbers rather tire the listeners than arouse interest.

The pre-communicative phase must necessarily end with a rehearsal of the performance. You can practice in front of relatives or friends, you can use audio and video recording tools to control the timing, the quality of the performance - in a word, look at yourself from the outside.

Substantive preparation:

analysis of the problem, situation

formation of goals, objectives, general approach to performance and

own position

preparation of speech and argumentation of conclusions

selection required documents and materials

Consider age and gender factors.

communication phase.

The communicative stage (during a speech) of a speech also involves the development of the speaker's ability to distribute attention, quickly switch from the material being presented to the audience and back. It is important to learn to imagine the train of thought of the listeners and the degree of perception of the material by them.

A speaker seeking to achieve success, a constructive result, needs to carefully prepare his speech. This training can be presented as: constituent parts:

preparation

demeanor

take into account established rituals and subordination

Thus, the actions of the speaker during the communicative phase of the speech include:

implementation of the norms of the culture of speech;

logical-compositional structuring of the speech text;

reaction to the actions of the audience

What mistakes are typical for speakers? What should not be allowed in your public speech?

Can't be abused foreign words, unfamiliar terms and concepts. This makes it difficult to understand your speech, making it cumbersome. In addition, it must be remembered that some of the listeners are not familiar with these words, and someone puts in them a different meaning that does not coincide with yours. Misinterpretation of concepts can lead to misunderstanding - a misinterpretation of your words as a whole.

The frequent use of unions is unacceptable. More M.V. Lomonosov remarked that "unions are like nails and glue, the fewer of them, the better."

Post-communicative phase

Post-communicative stage (questions after the speech). When analyzing an oral presentation, it is necessary to consider speech from three main positions:

completeness of the implementation of the plan

presentation logic

aesthetic expressiveness

What usually pays attention to the audience and each listener individually.

topic and purpose: whether it is interesting, whether it is too broad; How appropriate are the situations?

introduction: how interesting and non-standard; didn't it go too far; Is it clear and convincing?

the main part: is the plan and logic of the speech thought out; arouses "whether there is interest; whether there is excess material; whether the arguments and evidence are correct; whether there are enough arguments; whether there is too abstract material; whether all examples are expedient; convincing performance;

conclusion: is it sufficiently motivated; how clear and impressive; whether it meets the intended purpose.

Evaluation of the performance from the standpoint of compliance with the norms of the culture of speech and style:

is there any ambiguity; whether concreteness is sufficient, whether there is excessive abstraction;

whether the language is casual, suitable for the given audience and topic; whether there is a mixture of styles and how appropriate it is;

are there long sentences, intricate constructions; whether there is verbosity or excessive brevity;

whether speech stamps are used; how original the speech is in speech design, how bright the language is.

Assessment of the external appearance of the speaker:

appearance and mannerisms: whether the behavior is casual; whether there is confidence, a friendly tone; whether the speech is addressed to all; does he look at the audience;

posture: constrained or relaxed, theatrical or regal, stooped or straight, etc .; are there any unnecessary movements, etc .;

gestures: how appropriate; are there too many of them; how natural, meaningful, appropriate.

tempo: not too fast or too slow; whether the speech is jerky or slow; Are there enough pauses?

Articulation score:

How correct is the pronunciation of words?

how clear the articulation is.

These are approximate characteristics that will help you navigate when preparing for a speech and during a speech. Particular attention must be paid to correct pronunciation words, since the observance of orthoepic norms is one of the weak links of the linguistic and speech culture teacher.

public speaking speaker audience

Conclusion

Thus, we can note that mastering oratory is a very long and dynamic process that requires constant work on oneself and a lot of speaking practice (conversation, negotiations, speaking in a mass audience, participating in discussions, etc.). Based on this, an important place in the activities of the speaker is occupied by daily preparation for a speech, in other words, a continuous process of working on improving his speech skills, systematic rhetorical self-education.

Today, the issue of public speaking is very acute. In recent years, professions have become very popular, where the main aspect is the sociability of a person. In the course of the study, we achieved our goal by solving such problems as: considering the specifics of the concept of public speaking, identifying the main actions of preparing a public speaking, considering the main stages of preparing a speech.

Our day-to-day preparation includes activities such as:

.The acquisition of new knowledge, the accumulation of information from various fields of science and technology.

.Create your own archive.

.Mastering the technique of speech.

.Improving the culture of oral and written speech.

.Critical analysis of speeches.

Three phases (stages) were classified as the main stages of preparation for public speaking: pre-communicative, communicative and post-communicative. And finally, they revealed the fact that daily training increases the professional level of the speaker.

List of used literature

1.Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric. Tutorial for universities, M., 2010, - 157 p.

.Andreev F.I. Rhetoric. Textbook for universities, M., 2009, - 10 pages.

.Kostromina E.A. Rhetoric. Tutorial. - NIMB. N. Novgorod:, 2006. - 57 pages

.Russian language and culture of speech. Textbook for universities., L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaev., 15th ed. Rostov N./D: Phoenix, 2006 - 36 p.

.http://www.33333.ru/public/publicexgipition.php

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.