Stylistic features of speech. Stylistic features of oral public speech

Oral public speech is a functional variety of the literary language, related to the sphere of book speech. Her texts are consolidated, combined into a special functional variety, due, on the one hand, to the fact that group communication finds its verbal embodiment in them, which involves verbal communication within unstable social groups. In such groups, native speakers are united by some occupation, common work, transient interests, circumstances.

On the other hand, all texts of this functional variety are oral. In UPR, the same tasks and goals of social communication are implemented that are inherent in written styles - journalistic, scientific, official business. Accordingly, within the framework of the UPR, fragments are distinguished: political eloquence; academic eloquence; administrative and legal eloquence.

Obviously, these fragments of the UPR are correlated with journalistic, scientific, official business styles:

• * according to the main functional parameters - the tasks and goals of social communication;
• * according to the main linguo-stylistic categories and phenomena, principles and methods of combining, combining, using speech means, specific to the speech structure of each of the "written" styles.

Meanwhile, UPR is considered as an independent functional and stylistic formation, since, on the one hand, speech communication is carried out in its texts in the conditions of group communication. They are not read, but pronounced, finally created in the process of pronunciation.

Syntax of oral public speech

Simple sentences, as the study of the UNR syntax shows, make up 41.6% of the total representation of syntactic structures in oral scientific speech. For simple sentences characteristic of the actual use of the verb tense. If in written scientific speech the forms of the 2nd person and the pronoun you are practically not used, you as the most specific, a very small percentage of the forms of the 1st person singular, the forms of the 3rd person and the pronouns he, she, it are mainly used as the most abstract in meaning, then in the UNR all these forms (with the exception of the forms of the 2nd person singular and the pronoun you) are actively used. Forms of the 1st person in the position of the subject make up 53%.

SSP. Among the sentences of an open structure (that is, those that allow the connection of more than two predicative units), sentences with a closing conjunction and or a predominate.

Among the SSP of a closed structure in the UNR, the attention is drawn to the compositional-distributive sentences with the union and. The second part of such sentences serves to disseminate the content of the first.

SPP. In the UNR, sentences with attributive and explanatory clauses are most widely used. These two types of clauses make up 73.69% of all clauses.

In the UNR, there is a tendency to redundancy of speech in a complex sentence, which manifests itself in the repetition in the main and subordinate clauses of the subject expressed by the pronoun. Duplication of the same word is also observed in both parts of the SSP.

The dismemberment of syntactic constructions is associated with the desire to “feed” an irreversible oral speech stream in “portions” in order to facilitate both its formation and, most importantly, perception.

Along with intonational articulation, statements resort to some lexical means, for example, to the particle here.

The desire to facilitate the perception of the phrase, the text as a whole explains the limitations in the UPR of constructions with verbal nouns, which cannot be dispensed with in the UNR, and in the texts of administrative-legal eloquence, and often in political speech.

The UNR is characterized by a general tendency to reduce the volume of syntactic constructions in comparison with written speech.

Vocabulary of oral public speech

The UPR presents the main composition of lexical units and compound names (primarily terminological and nomenclature), relevant for the corresponding "written" styles.

Unlike written scientific and official business texts, the texts of the UPR (within the framework of oral scientific speech and especially political speech) widely involve emotionally colored lexical and phraseological units from both book and colloquial speech.

The use in UPR, including in oral scientific speech, of stylistically reduced, colloquial and at the same time bookish expressive colored lexical and phraseological units is explained by the factor of addressing the speaker's speech (he addresses a specific audience) and the function of influence, i.e. the desire of the speaker to give his speech maximum intelligibility to the audience and persuasiveness.

Among the expressive means used in oral texts, including the texts of the UNR, expressing an emotional-subjective assessment, there are lexico-phraseological units that express a positive and negative assessment.

These lexical units can equally belong to both book and colloquial speech.

The texts of the UNR also practice the metaphorical use of words.

The presence of speech metaphors and phraseological units, arising from the tendencies of oral communication towards a freer way of expression, sharply distinguishes the UNR from its book and written counterparts.

This use of words and metaphor in general is extremely relevant in the sphere of political eloquence.

cold war parade of sovereignties

So, the oral form determines the main functional and stylistic characteristics of the UPR, the features of the use of speech means in its texts, clearly correlated with the speech structure of "written" styles.

Definition of style

From the point of view of modern ideas about the structure of the science of language, stylistics could be included both in linguistic semantics (because it is associated with the expression of a certain class of meanings), and in linguistic pragmatics (since it involves the expression of a certain relation of the speaker to the statement; it is not without reason that some authors call pragmatic components expressive and/or stylistic meanings), and into the theory of speech influence (since stylistically determined choice is one of its tools), and into the general theory of linguistic variation. This, however, is not done due to the historical fact that stylistics is noticeably older than any of these disciplines: in the European philological tradition, ideas about language styles can be traced back to antiquity, and during the 18th century. they were formulated explicitly. Throughout the 19th century the idea of ​​stylistics as an independent branch of linguistics was formed, which became generally accepted in the first third of the 20th century, after the works of S. Balli and representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle.

Style is always an expression of the speaker's commitment to some formally expressible value. In the case of linguistic stylistics, this is a commitment to such a value category as the appropriateness of the chosen form of expression in a given communication situation - taking into account its subject, social context and mutual social status communicators (in a pub they speak differently than from a university department, a message to the nation is structured differently than a message to a beloved, they communicate with a representative of authority differently than with a dentist or subordinate, etc.). Language styles typify all this diversity and introduce into it some coarse, but also ordering articulation supported by tradition - which, in fact, is one of the functions of the language in general. It is significant that if the incorrectness of the statement is described as its falsity, and the incorrectness of the speech act as its failure (in the case of the speech act of the statement, expressing, in particular, in its falsity), then the stylistic incorrectness is described precisely as inappropriateness - such a style is inappropriate here, expressed, in particular, and in pragmatic failure.

A set of stylistically opposed variants of a linguistic expression is usually considered as describing the same extralinguistic content, but at the same time additionally reporting on the speaker’s attitude to the communicative situation, to the content of the statement, to the addressee, to himself (the practice of referring to the sphere of stylistics also the means of expression expressive components of meaning, see below), and finally, in the case of stylization of an utterance or, more often, a text to some value-colored tradition. At the same time, stylistic variants are considered in stylistics from the point of view of the mechanism of their formation, the scope of their use and the principles of selection, depending on the goals and conditions of speech communication.

Stylistic features

Stylistic roughness, inaccuracies, direct deviations from stylistic literary norms make up 20% to 25% of all recorded cases in our chronicle of errors. At first glance, it may seem that errors in style are not as linguistically gross as grammatical or lexical ones. Moreover, since they represent only a discrepancy between the functional-genre orientation of speech and do not directly affect the systemic laws of the language, they should be attributed more to violations of the canons of communication than to proper linguistic irregularities. Not without reason, when evaluating school essays they are not equated with grammatical errors, however, they have the same negative effect on listeners as the other types of errors we have considered. The fact is that stylistics covers the aesthetic and ethical qualities of speech, and they directly characterize the speaker. The thought that has become banal, but has not ceased to be true because of this, “style is a person,” fully corresponds to our position in assessing stylistic slovenliness, which leaves the same impression as the dirt under the nails of an interlocutor.

Repetitions affect the aesthetic sense of the listener.

The linguo-psychological mechanism of their occurrence has an unconscious basis: as a rule, one of the repeated units turns out to be two-word and has signs of a stable turnover, which is used by the speaker as a single, integral formation, as a separate word; let's compare: to have a meaning, to express readiness, active struggle, historical digression, upon closer examination, according to rumors, the pursuit of happiness, etc., so the speaker does not always hear the repetition he himself allowed. Obscentisms and simply “strong words” are deliberately inserted into public speech and serve as a weapon prohibited by the social contract, directed against real and potential opponents of the speaker and destroying the ethical and aesthetic expectations of listeners. Thus, as a stylistic error, we can only qualify repetition, while the public use of the fecal-genital lexicon should be attributed to immoral acts.

Among other deviations from the stylistic norms of the literary language, the most noticeable is the use of various kinds of jargon. The reason for the appearance of defective statements can be not only the inclusion of stylistically reduced elements in speech, i.e. jargon and vernacular, but also erroneous, often completely unnecessary and generated only by “neurosis of originality”, the desire to “speak beautifully”, the use of “high” - bookish and poetic - vocabulary or “fashionable” foreign words.

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Stylistics

Stylistic features conversational style speeches

High culture of speaking and writing, good knowledge and development of the native language flair, the ability to use it expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of colloquial speech style.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of this style of speech, to figure out how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the conversational style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the conversational style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilating new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must have a good command of it, i.e., have a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, that is, that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of the work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic accuracy, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon, the more accurately directed - the more victorious it is.

Stylistics (the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of the functioning of the language in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). Language stylistics explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of language functioning in various types speech, corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the emerging functional styles and the "norms" of selection and combination of linguistic means in them"1. At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

Functional style ¾ is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of ​​human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.

Chapter 1

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech - form speech activity, including the understanding of sounding speech and the implementation of speech statements in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means (telephone, etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, unlike written, is characterized by:

• redundancy (the presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);
• use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),
• economy of speech statements, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always conditioned by the speech situation. Distinguish:

• unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, presentation in the discussion) and prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);
• dialogical speech (a direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

· Literary colloquial style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and colloquial.
Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: “At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming one way or another the alienation of the language of writing, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special bookish language is dimmed, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between “how can be said" and "how to write".
The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages ​​- into functional styles. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within common system literary language, with its own set of units and rules for their combination with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, not pre-prepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
Spoken literary language is not codified: it certainly has certain norms (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker of a literary language from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone and are not fixed in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and, moreover, a very significant feature that distinguishes the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

· Conversational style

Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of a relaxed speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people who are in informal relationships: about art, spider, politics, sports, etc .; conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial-everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in the same areas. social activities. Conversational speech includes not only specific language tools, but also neutral, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. 3
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to codified language. (The language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is being done to preserve its norms, its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes integral part act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. characteristic feature colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. The most diverse groups of vocabulary, both thematically and stylistically, are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you, they say, but it’s all to no avail!”, “But where are you going? There is dirt!” and so on.

· vernacular

Colloquial words are typical for colloquial speech. They serve as characteristics of the phenomenon in the circle of domestic relations; do not go beyond the norms of literary word usage, but impart ease to speech. Colloquial speech is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary. The colloquial word is used in the literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a tone of playful, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms for words of neutral vocabulary. Vernacular is one of the forms of the national language, along with dialectal, slang speech and literary language: together with folk dialects and jargons, it constitutes an oral non-codified sphere of nationwide speech communication - the vernacular language; has a supra-dialectal character. Vernacular, unlike dialects and jargons, is a speech that is generally understandable for native speakers of the national language.

This is a variety of the Russian national language, the bearer of which is the uneducated and poorly educated urban population. This is the most peculiar subsystem of the Russian language, which has no direct analogues in other national languages. Vernacular differs from territorial dialects in that it is not localized within one or another geographical framework, and from the literary language (including colloquial speech, which is its variety) - not by its codification, but by its normativity, the mixed nature of the language means used. In terms of its functional role, in relation to the literary language, vernacular is an original speech sphere within each national language. Functionally opposed to the literary language, vernacular, like the literary language, is communicatively significant for all native speakers of the national language. Being a category universal for national languages, vernacular in each of them has specific features and its own special relationship with the literary language. In vernacular, units of all language levels are represented; against the background of the literary language, vernacular is revealed in the area of ​​stress, pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, word usage (“lay” instead of “put”, “back” in the sense of “again”). The originality of vernacular is especially clearly manifested in the use of elements of the literary language (cf. “they show on TV”), in the grammatical and phonetic design of the words of the general vocabulary (“slippers”, “after”, “here” instead of “slipper”, “after”, "here"). Common speech is characterized by expressively “reduced” evaluative words with a range of shades from familiarity to rudeness, which in the literary language have neutral synonyms (cf. "). In Russian, vernacular is a historically established speech system, the formation and development of which is closely connected with the formation of the Russian national language (the word "vernacular" itself was formed from the phrase "simple speech" used in the 16-17th centuries). When colloquial speech was formed and began to function within the framework of the Russian literary language, the boundaries of colloquial speech stabilized. Forms of correlation and interaction of vernacular with the literary language have developed, as a result of which literary vernacular has been formed, which serves as the boundary of the literary language with the colloquial language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, turns of speech, united by a bright expressive coloring of "decrease", rudeness, familiarity. The norm of their use is that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of socially speech characterization of characters, for a "reduced" characterization of persons, objects, events in an expressive sense. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language due to their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. Along with vernacular words, dialectisms and jargons, which have lost their local and socially limited attachment, are included in literary vernacular. Literary vernacular should also include words denoting realities that have no nominations in the literary language, for example, “greenery”. Litters in explanatory dictionaries "simple." and "reg." mean that the corresponding word or phraseological unit refers to literary vernacular. The composition of literary vernacular is mobile and constantly updated; many words and expressions have acquired the status of “colloquial” and even “bookish”, for example, “everything will work out”, “study”, “bow”, “time off”, “whiner”, “comb”. Separate phenomena appear in the composition of winged words, literary quotations (“They want to show their education”, “Casino once in this place”). In general literary speech, the term "vernacular" is often used as a designation for a single word or turnover of a "reduced" rough or rudely familiar coloring.

· Extralinguistic factors that determine the specifics of the conversational style of speech

facial expressions(Greek μιμιχοζ - imitator) - expressive facial muscle movements, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example, primates, often use facial expressions to express some feelings. Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness. Since ancient times, mankind has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of face reading was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, attaching importance to every bump, every redness or blanching of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of mimic muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, as their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced. Distinguish:

involuntary (reflex) everyday facial expressions;

Rice. 1 Children's facial expressions - involuntary

arbitrary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, consisting of conveying the state of mind of the character with expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining psychological characteristics, the physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, as well as speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another). The face is the most important characteristic the physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle of his face. Cortical control of the external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P.K. Anokhin notes, her adaptive features and role in human interaction. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its arbitrary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation of emotional reactions adequately to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, can create a "language" of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific mimic signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

• along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components;
• on the basis of its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
• in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a certain culture, expressions accepted in a social group, individual style of expression);
• in phenomenological terms ("topography of the mimic field"): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;
• in terms of those mental phenomena to which the given mimic signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of human perception of facial expressions surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.

Gesture(from lat. gestus- movement of the body) - some action or movement of the human body or part of it, which has a certain meaning or meaning, that is, it is a sign or symbol. Body language is rich in ways people express a wide variety of emotions and meanings, such as insults, hostility, friendliness, or approval towards others. Most people use gestures and body language in addition to words when speaking. Many gestures are used by people subconsciously.

It is believed that some ethnic groups use gestures more than others, and the culturally acceptable amount of gestures varies from one place to another. For example, the same gesture in Germany or the Scandinavian countries can be expressed with just a slight movement of the hand, while in Italy or Spain the same gesture can be expressed with a sweeping movement of the whole hand. Commonly used gestures include the action of pointing at something or someone (one of the few gestures whose meaning differs little between countries) and the use of the hands and body in sync with speech rhythms to emphasize certain words or phrases. Many outwardly similar gestures have different meanings in different countries. The same gesture may be harmless in one country and vulgar in another. In addition, even the same or similar gestures may differ slightly from country to country. For example, when a Russian counts something on his fingers, he usually bends his fingers inside his palm, while a typical American, on the contrary, unbends his fingers when counting. In the West, fingers splayed in the form of the Latin letter V mean victory (victory). But before the Second World War, fingers spread out in the form of a Latin V, thrown up over the interlocutor, meant a call to silence. In Italy, this is an offensive allusion to adultery. And in our country it is a “goat”, that is, an expression of a threat in a marginal environment. Gestures by nature and function can be divided into:

1) index;

2) pictorial;

3) symbolic;

4) emotional;

5) rhythmic;

6) mechanical. Demonstrative gestures specify the demonstrative pronouns that, that, that. Pictorial gestures are used when there are not enough words, when you want to “visually” demonstrate the shape of an object, its size, etc.

Symbolic gestures are conditional, they are associated with abstraction (for example, the bow of the artists before the audience after the performance). Emotional gestures serve as an expression of emotions and feelings. Rhythmic gestures reflect the rhythm of speech. These gestures emphasize slowing down, speeding up speech, and also highlight logical stress.

Chapter 2 Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing the communication of a small number of people who are nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) the personality of addressing, i.e., the individual address of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; more attention to the organization feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of speech communication, the partner’s position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluated;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) the situational nature of speech behavior - the direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions, inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional-individual perception by the speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, structural organization sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, opinions.

5) Uncertainty arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively considers this innuendo, tries to pick up its continuation himself, drawing for himself great amount options. In his head, there are many questions and many answers. In other words, the intrigue of a person makes the other person think and ask himself.

These features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative. emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the self-esteem of the speaker, his need to be heard, understood. conative function associated with the installation on the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects the needs of a person to achieve their goals, to influence other people; this function manifests itself in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.

As an illustration, let's cite a short excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "Boots", namely the scene of a discussion in a men's company about Sergey's purchase of women's boots.

«… - To whom is it?

- Wife.

It was just that everyone was silent.

- To whom? - asked Rasp

- Klavka.

-Well?

The boot went from hand to hand; everyone also kneaded the bootleg, clicked on the sole ...

- How many are there?

- Sixty five.

Everyone looked at Sergei with bewilderment. Sergei was a little taken aback.

- What are you, offhand?

Sergei took the boot from the Rasp.

- In! exclaimed Rasp. - Earring... gave! Why is she like this?

- Wear.

Sergey wanted to be calm and confident, but inside he shuddered ...

- She ordered to buy such boots?

- What did you say here? Bought and everything.

Where will she put them on? - cheerfully tortured Sergei. - Mud up to the knee, and he boots for sixty-five rubles.

- It's winter!

- And where are they in winter? ?

- Then it's on the city leg. Klavkina won’t fit in forever ... She has some size? This OK it - on nose only.

- What is she wearing? ?

- Fuck you! .. - completely angry. Sergey. - What are you worried about?

- Laughed

- Yes, it's a pity, Seryozha! You didn't find them, sixty-five rubles.

- I earned, and I spent where I wanted. Why bazaar something in vain?

- She probably told you to buy rubber ones?

- Rubber ... Sergey was angry with might and main ...

- How do these ... sit, whore, counting other people's money. Sergei got up. - There's nothing more to do, isn't there?

- Why are you in a bottle? Did a stupid thing, you were told. And you don't have to be so nervous...

- I'm not nervous. Why are you worried about me?! In, the survivor was found! If only he borrowed something or something..

- I'm worried because I can't calmly look at fools. I feel sorry for them.

- It's a pity - a bee in the ass. Pity him!

- A little bit more chiseling and went home ... "

The above passage not only vividly reproduces the features and techniques inherent in colloquial speech (among them - the constant change of positions of the speaker - the listener; personal interest and activity of the speakers; use incomplete sentences, short phrases, a large number of pronouns, everyday vocabulary, the absence of participles and participles, etc.), but the functions of speech in interpersonal communication are superbly manifested: in the process of its deployment, the conversation becomes more and more emotionally loaded, which forces the interlocutors to clarify their own attitude to the subject of conversation, to check the stability of one's own position and the positions occupied by others, thus speech turns out to be a factor in the personal self-determination of participants in conversational communication.

Conclusion

So, we learned that the colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc. We also found out that the main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.

The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), understatement, emotionality, immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality. , sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of linguistic units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Literature

1) Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Russian Cultural Fund. - M.: Az Ltd., 1992. - 960s.
2) Radugin A.A. Russian language and culture of speech. M.: INFRA - M., 2004. - 250s.
3) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 411 p.
4) Modern Russian literary language. Textbook / Ed. Lekant P.A. M.: UNITI - DANA, 2004. - 250s.

5) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. S. 246

6) Culture of oral speech. Intonation, pausing, tempo, rhythm.: Uch.pos-e/G. N. Ivanova - Ulyanova. - M.: FLINTA: Nauka-1998.-150s-193s.

7) Kazartseva O.M. Culture of speech communication: Theory and practice of teaching: textbook pos-e-2nd ed.-M.: Flint: Science-1999-496s.

8) Rhetoric. Reader practical. Muranov A.A.M.: Ross. teacher. Agency, - 1997 - 158s.

9) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / edited by prof. V. I. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2002-490s.

10) L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance for universities. Posts N/A. From "PHOENIX" 2001-160s.

The definition of style is given in the works: Vinogradov V.V. The results of the discussion of stylistics // VYa. 1955. No. 1. S. 73; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. S. 261; Sirotinina O.B. Stylistics as a science of the functioning of the language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982, p. 12; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. S. 49; and etc.

Objectivity of presentation is the main stylistic feature of scientific speech, which follows from the specifics of scientific knowledge, which seeks to establish scientific truth. Hence the presence in the text scientific works introductory words and phrases indicating the degree of reliability of the message. Thanks to such words, one or another fact can be presented as quite reliable (of course, of course, really), as supposed (apparently, it must be assumed), as possible (perhaps, probably). A prerequisite for the objectivity of a scientific text is an indication of what the source of the message is, who expressed this or that thought, to whom this or that expression specifically belongs. In the text, this condition is realized by quotations or special introductory words and phrases (according to the message, according to the information, according to the opinion, according to the data, etc.).

The stylistic features of scientific speech are semantic completeness, integrity and coherence. The most important means of expressing logical connections are special functional-syntactic means of communication, indicating the sequence of thought development, contradictory relationships, causal relationships, the transition from one thought to another, the result, the conclusion. Such words and phrases do not always decorate the syllable, but they allow you to follow the course of the author's reasoning. Appendix 8, Table 8 shows speech clichés that perform various speech functions, which are used in scientific works as a means of communication between sentences.

The style of written scientific speech is an impersonal monologue. Therefore, the presentation is usually conducted in the third person, since attention is focused on the content and logical sequence of the message, and not on the subject.

The form of the first person (“I”) and the form of the second person (“you”) of singular pronouns are not used at all. The author's "I", as it were, recedes into the background.

It has become an unwritten rule that the author of a scientific work speaks in plural and uses "we" instead of "I". It is believed that the expression of authorship as a formal collective lends more objectivity to the exposition. The expression of authorship through "we" allows you to reflect your opinion as the opinion of a certain group of people, scientific school or scientific field. Having become a fact of scientific speech, the pronoun “we” determined a number of new meanings and turns derived from them, in particular, with possessive pronoun like "in our opinion".

However, the injection of the pronoun "we" in the text makes an unpleasant impression. Therefore, one should try to resort to constructions that exclude the use of this pronoun. Such constructions are indefinitely personal sentences (for example: “First, information is collected for analysis, and then the analysis itself is carried out directly ...”). A form of presentation from a third person is also used (for example: “The author believes ...”). Similar the function is performed by sentences with a passive voice (for example: “An integrated approach to research has been developed ...”). Such a pledge eliminates the need to fix the subject of the action and thereby eliminates the need to introduce personal pronouns into the text of a scientific work.

In scientific speech, demonstrative pronouns “this”, “that”, “such” are very common. They not only concretize the subject, but also express the logical connections between the parts of the statement (for example: "These data serve as a sufficient basis for the conclusion ..."). The pronouns “something”, “something”, “something” are not used in the text of a scientific work due to the uncertainty of their meaning.

Qualities that determine the culture of scientific speech

The qualities that determine the culture of scientific speech are accuracy, clarity and brevity.

Semantic accuracy- one of the main conditions that ensure the scientific and practical value of the information contained in the text of a scientific work. An incorrectly chosen word can significantly distort the meaning of what is written, give the possibility of a double interpretation of a particular phrase, and give the entire text an undesirable tone.

The accuracy of scientific speech is determined not only by the purposeful choice of words and expressions, but also by the choice of grammatical constructions, which imply exact adherence to the rules of communication in the phrase. The ability to explain words in phrases in different ways creates ambiguity.

Often the accuracy is violated as a result of the synonymy of terms. Terms-synonyms in one statement should not be. It is not allowed to write “computer”, then “electronic computer (computer)”, or “monitor”, then “display”, or in one case use “RAM”, and in the other “randomaccessmemory (RAM)”.

The accuracy of the reported information is reduced by the penetration into scientific speech of colloquial and slang words from subject area, which are used instead of the corresponding terms.

Clarity - another necessary quality of scientific speech. Clarity is the ability to write in an accessible and understandable way.

Often the authors of scientific papers write "etc." in cases where they do not know how to continue the listing, or they enter the phrase “quite obviously” in the text when they cannot state the arguments. Turnovers "in a known way" or "by a special device" often indicate that the author in the first case does not know how, and in the second - which device.

The reason for the ambiguity of the statement may be the wrong order of words in the phrase. For example: "Four such machines serve several thousand people." In this phrase, the subject does not differ in form from the direct object, and therefore it is not clear who (or what) is the subject of the action: the automata or the people who serve them.

Accessibility and clarity are often referred to as simplicity. Simplicity of presentation contributes to the fact that the text of the report is easy to read, i.e. when the thoughts of its author are perceived without difficulty. However, one cannot equate simplicity and primitiveness. Simplicity should also not be confused with the general availability of scientific language. The main thing in the linguistic and stylistic design of the text of scientific works is that its content, in the form of its presentation, is accessible to the circle of readers for whom such works are intended.

Brevity- the third necessary and mandatory quality of scientific speech, which most of all determines its culture. The realization of this quality means the ability to avoid unnecessary repetitions, excessive detailing and "verbal garbage". Every word and expression should serve a purpose, which can be formulated as follows: not only as accurately as possible, but also briefly convey the essence of the matter. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from the text of a scientific work.

Verbosity, or speech redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of extra words. For example: “For this purpose, the company uses the available utility rooms” (if there are no rooms, then they cannot be used); “The audit found that the existing prices in many retail outlets in our city were significantly overestimated” (non-existent prices can neither be overestimated nor underestimated).

Extra words in a scientific work testify not only to the linguistic negligence of its author, but also often indicate a fuzzy idea of ​​​​the subject of speech or that he simply does not understand the exact meaning of a word borrowed from a foreign language. This is how combinations of the type appear: break interval, interior, overall dimensions, etc. .

The use of unnecessarily foreign words that duplicate Russian words and thereby unnecessarily complicate the statement can also be attributed to speech redundancy. For example:

extraordinary - special

ordinary - ordinary,

indifferent - indifferent

ignore - ignore

limit - restrict

approx., approx.

function - act

diversification - variety,

to determine - to determine

to test - to check, etc.

Incorrect or parallel use of foreign vocabulary leads to unnecessary repetitions, for example, “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept of “industrial”), “force construction at an accelerated pace” (“force” means “to conduct at an accelerated pace”), "to suffer a complete fiasco" ("a fiasco" is a "complete defeat").

Another kind of verbosity is tautology, i.e. repeating the same in other words. Many scientific papers are full of repetitions of words that are identical or close in meaning, for example, “in the month of August”, “schematic plan”, “five miners”, “seven pieces of transformers”, etc.

In the text of technical and economic scientific papers, it often becomes necessary to list technological operations in a certain sequence, labor practices, malfunctions of machines and mechanisms. In such cases, complex non-union sentences are usually used, the first part of which contains words with a generalizing meaning, and in the subsequent parts, the content of the first part is specified point by point. In this case, the headings of the enumeration are built in the same way, like homogeneous members with a generalizing word in ordinary texts. Meanwhile, violation of the uniformity of enumeration headings is a fairly common shortcoming in the language of many scientific works. Therefore, the uniformity of the construction of such rubrics should always be paid attention to.

Questions for self-control

1. What characterizes a scientific text?

2. What are the basic principles for the use of scientific terminology?

3. What is the characteristic feature of the language of written scientific speech?

4. Is it allowed to use imperative verbs in scientific speech?

5. What is the style of written scientific speech?

6. What are the style features of scientific speech?

7. List the main qualities that determine the culture of scientific speech?

8. What is speech redundancy (verbosity)?

Styles, distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language, are associated with a particular area and conditions of human activity. They differ in the system of language means. It is these means that form a certain stylistic coloring that distinguishes this style from all others. Official business style serves the scope of official business relations; its main function is informative (transfer of information); it is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard arrangement of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of compound words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, denominative prepositions, the predominance of direct word order, etc. scientific style serves the sphere of scientific knowledge; its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth; it is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary; the noun predominates in it, there are many abstract and material nouns, the syntax is logical, bookish, the phrase is distinguished by grammatical and logical completeness, etc. Journalistic style serves the sphere of socio-economic, socio-cultural and other public relations; its main functions are communication and influence; in this style all language means are used; it is characterized by economy of language means, conciseness and popularity of presentation with informative saturation; socio-political vocabulary, stylistically colored means, metaphors with evaluative meanings, colloquial and vernacular phraseological units and vocabulary are widely used; often part of the vocabulary is updated, acquires new semantic shades; means of expressive syntax, elements of colloquial speech, etc. are used. Fiction style has an impact and aesthetic function; it most fully and vividly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery; in this style, all the structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: the vocabulary in all its semantic richness, with all the direct and figurative meanings of words; grammatical structure with a complex and branched system morphological forms and syntactic types.

In the process of preparation and pronunciation, an internal contradiction constantly arises between book speech, since the performance is carefully prepared, and oral incarnation, which is influenced by colloquial speech, more precisely, the literary and colloquial substyle. Such performances are partly or completely original prepared improvisation (unless, of course, the speech is not readable) and an expression of spontaneous oral speech, with an improvisational, spontaneous manner of presentation. The very work on speech and with speech leads to a departure from strict bookishness. The degree of bookishness or colloquialism depends on the individual skills of the speaker.

4.3. Narration, description, reasoning. Them characteristics when used in oratory (monologic type of speech). Mixed types of oratory - alternation of functional and semantic types of speech.

Oratory is heterogeneous in its composition, since in the process of thinking a person tends to reflect various objectively existing connections between the phenomena of reality, between objects, events, individual judgments, which, in turn, finds expression in various functional and semantic types of speech: description, narration, reasoning (thinking). Monologic types of speech are built on the basis of reflecting mental diachronic, synchronous, cause-and-effect processes. Oratorical speech in this regard is a monologue narrative - information about developing actions, a monologue description - information about the simultaneous features of an object, a monologue reasoning - about cause-and-effect relationships. Sense types are present in speech depending on its type, purpose and the conceptual intent of the speaker, which determines the inclusion or non-inclusion of one or another semantic type into the general fabric of oratory; the change of these types is caused by the speaker's desire to more fully express his thought, reflect his position, help listeners perceive the speech and most effectively influence the audience, and also give the speech a dynamic character. At the same time, in various types of oratory there will be a different ratio of these types, because in reality they all mix, interact, and their isolation is very conditional.

Narration- this is a dynamic functional-semantic type of speech, expressing a message about actions or states developing in a temporal sequence and having specific language means. Narrative conveys changing actions or states that unfold over time. This type of speech, unlike the description, is dynamic, so time plans can constantly change in it.

Narration includes dynamically reflected situations of the external world, and this arrangement of a given type of utterance determines its position in speech. This type is resorted to if it is necessary to confirm the positions expressed by the speaker with specific examples or when analyzing some situations. The task of the speaker is to depict the sequence of events, to convey this sequence with the necessary accuracy.

Description- this is a stating speech, as a rule, giving a static picture, an idea of ​​the nature, composition, structure, properties, qualities of an object by listing both its essential and non-essential features at the moment.

Description can be of two types: static and dynamic. The first gives the object in statics, the signs of the object indicated in speech can denote its temporary or permanent properties, qualities and states. For example, a description of the scene in a judicial speech or a description of an object in a political speech. The description of the second type is less common; Thus, any experience in scientific speech usually appears in development, dynamics.

Descriptions are very diverse both in content and form. They can be, for example, figurative. The speaker, trying to inform the listeners of the necessary amount of information, gives not only detailed description object, but also its characteristics, assessment, recreating a certain picture, which brings speech closer to description in fiction.

In the description, as a rule, the forms of the present, past and future tenses are used. For judicial speech, the use of the past tense is most typical, for academic speech - the present.

reasoning(or reflection) is a type of speech in which objects or phenomena are examined, their internal features are revealed, certain provisions are proved. Reasoning is characterized by special logical relations between its constituent judgments, which form inferences or a chain of inferences on a topic, presented in a logically consistent form. This type of speech has a specific language structure, depending on logical basis reasoning and from the meaning of the statement, and is characterized by cause-and-effect relationships. It is associated with the transfer of content-conceptual information.

Reasoning allows you to involve listeners in the process of speech, which leads to the activation of their attention, causing interest in what is being reported.

So, the functional and semantic types of speech in a speech usually alternate, one way or another replacing each other, which creates a special compositional and stylistic dynamics. For example, in an academic lecture, reasoning may prevail, in a legal speech great place occupies description and narration.

As we can see, description, narration and reflection have constructive-stylistic and semantic differences that determine the use of these types in speech.

In a functional sense oratory regulated and systematized; the choice of one or another functional-semantic type depends on the object of speech and the purpose of the statement.