Types of editing. Applications Text Editing Logic
Let's consider the organization of the editing process and try to highlight the stages, content and sequence of the editor's work on the original. It should be remembered that such a division is rather conditional. The sequence considered in each case will depend on several factors:
the type and complexity of the original,
measures of preparedness
editor's experience
organization of the publishing process in a particular edition or publishing house.
Editing steps:
first, through, reading;
work on the structure (composition);
definition of a single style of text presentation;
work with the auxiliary and service parts of the publication;
heading work;
editorial revision (using different types editing).
Let's briefly review each of these stages.
1) First, through reading
At the preparatory stage of the editorial and publishing process (this was discussed in the previous lesson), the editor in in general terms could already form the first impression of the original, which he will need to prepare for printing. But before taking up a pen (or starting to edit on a computer screen), he must read the entire work fluently.
Practice confirms that novice editors often ignore this stage and undertake to edit the text immediately after reading the first paragraph. Over time, it may turn out that it was not necessary to spend time on this, since the entire edited part, in conjunction with other components of the text, will need to be reduced, or radically revised, or transferred to another place in the original. And the editor can come to such a conclusion only after he reads the entire work, evaluates it, and determines its strengths and weaknesses.
The method of the first reading may be different. It depends primarily on the experience of the editor. Experienced “sharks of the pen” have developed their own criteria for such reading: first, they pay attention to the content and structure of the work; further - a cursory review of most pages, selective reading of individual paragraphs in different parts of the original, finding out the eclecticism of the presentation of the text, repetitions, the number of logical, semantic or linguistic errors, etc. For beginners, this stage of work can stretch over time. But practice shows that this should not save time.
After the first reading, the author's shortcomings become apparent. First of all, this concerns the completeness of the original, i.e. the presence of all its constituent parts. Not made references to sections, unfinished individual paragraphs, incomplete illustrations, incomplete tables or diagrams - all this can become a serious obstacle to the work of the editor, compliance with the approved deadlines for the passage of the original at all stages of the editorial and publishing process.
Therefore, at this stage of editing, it is necessary to clarify, together with the author, the composition of the submitted original, identify the missing components, and make a decision: either postpone the work, or start editing, agreeing with the author on the deadlines for eliminating imperfections.
3) Work on the structure (composition) of the original
This is a crucial stage, on the implementation of which the quality of the content of the future edition will depend. First of all, we are talking about the structural organization of the entire text, the logical interconnection of all its parts, regardless of whether it is a journalistic work or a book edition. Of course, the book requires more attention from the editor.
An experienced and not indifferent editor, having received from the author a generally readable, but carefully unstructured original, will do a good job of making the future edition convenient for the reader to use. Especially when it comes to a textbook, manual, popular science publication or monograph. Of course, the structure of the publication will benefit when individual sections are divided into paragraphs, and those, in turn, into subparagraphs, but only an experienced editor can tell you how to correctly structure the publication in order to maintain the overall structure of the presentation and its proportionality.
Again, only the editor will be able to tell the author what is missing in this original. For example, there are not enough control questions and tasks after each topic; or the book would benefit from having an introduction by a well-known expert on the subject; or the illustrated material should be diversified, and not just portraits; or to the alphabetical index, one should also add a subject and a geographical one. And this series of editorial proposals for improving the structure of the publication can be continued.
4) Definition of a single style of text presentation
Holding on as a whole general requirements preparation for the newspaper, magazine and book market of printed products (broadcasting of radio and television programs), each editorial office or publishing house may have its own own style presentation of texts or programs. We are talking in particular about the forms of placement of the main, service or auxiliary texts, content, highlighting headings, completeness of the description of bibliographic references. There are a number of features in the presentation of some of the components of the text. So, for example, in a set of surnames, a number of publishing houses profess the European style - only full name and surname, others adhere to the old approach - either the use of initials, or the full spelling of names, patronymics and surnames. The same applies to numbers, especially in the names of centuries, years, as well as geographical names. The same criteria should be followed in the abbreviated spelling of individual words.
5) Working with the publishing apparatus
Availability and completeness in the future of the original layout of the auxiliary part of the publication (appendices, bibliographic descriptions, indexes, dictionaries, page footnotes, contents) also depends on the editor, his close cooperation with the author. These components of the text, as a rule, are edited after the completion of work on the main part of the original. But they can be in operation and in parallel. The same applies to the official part of the publication (title, extended title, columns, footers).
When processing the text of the main part, the editor must always remember that any changes made here should automatically be reflected in the service or auxiliary part. First of all, it concerns the content, the inscriptions on the headers and footers.
6) Work on headings
Many experienced editors can say without exaggeration that choosing the exact headline for a piece of journalism, or selecting and editing a whole set of headlines, is one of the most difficult steps in editing.
The greatest work on headings awaits the editor in a book, well-structured, edition. Because the names here are given to all subsections of the book (chapters, sections, paragraphs, etc.), and to all structural parts of the headings (auxiliary indexes, tables, illustrations, etc.). Headings perform several important functions in the text:
facilitate the work of the reader with the publication;
organize the reading process;
enable the reader to work meaningfully with the individual parts of the publication;
prepare the reader for the perception of a new, relatively complete, whole work;
provide convenience in the search for selective information;
Gives you the opportunity to deepen your understanding of the material.
In addition to the fact that the editor has to constantly keep the entire heading complex in sight, during editing he must also know the subordination of heading types and the features of their placement both on the page (column) and in relation to the text.
Editorial processing of headings is necessary not only to determine their hierarchy in the main part of the publication, but also to indicate their graphic reproduction on pages (or columns).
The main task of the editor at this stage is to achieve optimal correspondence of headings to the content of text fragments.
7) Editorial editing (using different types of editing)
Editorial editing is the last component of the editing stage, but not the last in terms of the severity of the work of the editor.
The editor begins to carry out the necessary corrections in the text after the first through reading. The essence of editing is that individual words, sentences, and even fragments of text, the editor can perform the following operations:
removal;
permutation;
abbreviations;
processing.
The main tasks of such editing are the elimination of inaccuracies, repetitions, the achievement of clarity of wording, logical presentation, linguistic and stylistic literacy.
During the revision phase, the editor must also keep in mind some publishing ethics rules that have been developed from the experience of many predecessors.
Let's highlight the main ones.
1. Avoid taste fixes. This is especially true for linguistic and stylistic corrections. While worrying about the simplicity and accessibility of the perception of the text, one should, however, take into account the peculiarities of the language and style of the author himself. When spelling requirements permit variability of words or phrases, the author's expressions should still be left, and not the version that the editor likes.
In Soviet times, there was a practice in some state publishing houses when the quality of the editor's work was determined by the number of corrections made to the author's original. The editor who processed the text the most was considered the best. Now that the publisher-author relationship has changed, this practice is considered unacceptable.
2. When processing entire fragments of the original, do not move away from the author's language means. It is advisable to immediately compare the corrected part with the previous and subsequent fragments of the author's text, if only the logic and motivation of the story can be traced.
Any corrections made during editing must be agreed with the author. It is necessary to avoid categorical judgments justifying the need for corrections. Throughout the entire period of work with the author, you need to maintain a respectful relationship.
Every day we read various texts - articles in newspapers and magazines, small notes, textbooks, manuals, books, documents. All this, after writing, is not immediately published or goes to print. Creation, editing - the stages of the appearance of the finished text. What is meant by the last term? What types of editing exist and what is their essence?
Concept of editing
"Editing" came from Latin. There is such a word as redactus in it. Its meaning is "put in order". In Russian, "editing" refers to multidimensional concepts. It has several meanings:
- Editing is primarily called the correction of the written text, the elimination of spelling, punctuation, stylistic errors. Also, this word is understood as a change in the design of the document (change of font, indents and other technical parameters of the text, division into columns).
- There is another definition. Editing is kind professional activity. In means mass media there are editors who are preparing for the publication of printed publications.
Types of editing and their definitions
Editing can be divided into 2 types. These are general, also called universal, and special. The first type of editing is understood as a complete system of the editor's work on the text. In the course of the correction, the written is improved, spelling and repetition of words are eliminated.
Special editing is the work on the text from any special side, for the evaluation and analysis of which there is not enough general knowledge. This work can be done by editors who are deep specialists in a particular field of knowledge to which the corrected text or document belongs. Special editing has a classification. It is subdivided into:
- literary;
- scientific;
- artistic and technical.
Literary editing
Literary editing is a process in which the literary form of the text or work being checked is analyzed, evaluated and improved. The editor does the following:
- corrects lexical errors;
- brings the style of the text to perfection;
- eliminates logical errors, improves the form of the text (breaks into paragraphs, chapters or combines fragments);
- shortens the text while maintaining the semantic content;
- checks the factual material (dates, names, citations, statistical values).
Scientific editing
A huge number of books, articles written on certain scientific topics(for example, medical). Often the authors are not specialists. Reputable publishing houses use the services of scientific editors. These people check the text from the scientific side, eliminate any inaccuracies, remove irrelevant and false information.
It should be noted that the names of scientific editors in books and journals are indicated on title page in accordance with the requirements of publishing standards. The note that a scientific editor was involved in the project serves as a guarantee of the high quality of the text, the veracity of the information presented.
Artistic and technical editing
Artistic editing in reputable publishing houses is performed by art editors. They are engaged in the design of the cover and the entire magazine, newspaper or book, the selection of images and color schemes. Thus, artistic editing is a process in which the design of the publication is developed, sketches, layouts, illustrations are created, analyzed and evaluated from an artistic and printing point of view.
There is also such a thing as technical editing. In the course of it, they correct technical specifications typing and layout, if necessary, change fonts, their sizes, indents, line spacing, add numbered and for ease of perception of information.
Modern editing capabilities
Almost all modern people can no longer imagine their lives without computers. This technique is available both in housing and in educational institutions, and in various organizations, companies. With the help of computers, a variety of texts are created: articles, abstracts, diplomas and documents. Developed great amount programs that open up wide possibilities for editing.
One of the famous computer programs- this is Microsoft Word. With it, you can not only type text, but also edit files, arrange them properly:
- remove spelling and (in the text they are underlined by default with red and green wavy lines);
- change the size of the margins, select the appropriate page settings (portrait or landscape orientation);
- add various underlines, highlight text in right places different colors, quickly insert markers and numbering;
- divide the text into columns, insert tables, charts, graphs, images, add footnotes, hyperlinks.
Quite often, in the process of work, users are faced with the need to edit. This format is common and popular. To edit such files created special programs. They allow users to delete unnecessary pages, highlight important points bright color, move text and graphic blocks. Editing "pdf" with the help of programs is very easy, because their interface is intuitive. All necessary tools are displayed in the programs on the panels.
In conclusion, it should be noted that editing is an important process of preparing texts. It can be carried out using various computer programs. They provide users with a wide range of options. With their help, plain text without formatting can be turned into a business report that is properly designed, or into a bright advertisement that attracts a resume.
Bibliography and book publishing statistics.
The Russian Book Chamber is a unique scientific bibliographic and bibliographic institution, a center for state bibliography, archival storage of publications, printing statistics, international standard printing numbering, scientific research in the field of book business. Accounting for printed materials produced is carried out on the basis of registration and processing of a free legal copy of each publication received by the Russian Book Chamber from publishing houses, publishing organizations, printing enterprises of all forms of ownership.
Bibliography is an area of scientific practical activities on the creation and use of bibliographic information to influence the consumption of printed works in society.
At present, the constantly updated general, alphabetical, subject, systematic and other catalogs of the Russian book chamber contain about 35 million bibliographic records issued in Russia in 1817. The main types of bibliographic indications include book annals, annals of periodicals and continuing publications, annals of art publications, annals of author's abstracts and dissertations, musical annals, cartographic annals, etc. State statistics of the press in the Russian Federation is conducted on the basis of output data.
Print statistics - a section of statistics that takes into account in general and in various sections quantitative indicators publishing activity in the country and establishes patterns of changes in the publishing industry in numerical terms. Information about press statistics is published in yearbooks.
The original is the original.
Original - a manuscript, drawing, drawing, from which polygraphic reproduction is made.
Original - the text from which the translation into other languages is carried out.
Industry standard 29.115-88 - originals by authors and text publishers. General technical requirements.
OST 29.106-90 - graphic originals for printing reproduction. General specifications.
Author's original text - the text part of the work, prepared by the author for transfer to the publishing house and subsequent editorial publishing processing. It serves as the basis for the production of a publishing text original.
Author's original illustrations - flat, graphic and photographic images intended for printing reproduction. When preparing a reissue, the author has the right to provide a sticker, strips with a large number changes are reprinted in their entirety. If the second edition is issued as a reprint, then the author submits 3 copies of the book, one of which he makes corrections with the help of proof marks. Reprinted editions (repeated editions) are non-typesetting editions, the strips of which are reproduced from the pages of the edition serving as the original layout.
Pictorial originals are:
through the image
1. dashed
2. halftone
1. black and white
2. colored
by appointment
1. illustrations
2. simple decorations
according to the degree of light reflection
1. transparent
2. opaque
on the technique of creation and the method of transferring content
1. photograph
2. drawing
5. chart
7. cartographic image
Requirements for a figurative original: it must be flat, with a smooth surface, free from defects that may interfere with its reproduction or distort it, free from spots, punctures, unnecessary inscriptions, folds, folds, cracks and dirt. Image details should be sharp. The graininess of the photo should be imperceptible. On the back of each opaque pictorial original, the author's surname, title, name of the publisher, type of original, its number, printing method are indicated. One of the most important requirements for the author's original is its completeness: the title page of the publication, the text original, the second copy of the text part of the original, the working table of contents, the author's original illustrations, text, captions for illustrations. Within the period allotted by the author's agreement for the approval of the manuscript, it is also reviewed. After receiving the reviewer's opinion, the editor prepares a proposal for the approval of the manuscript, the need for its revision or rejection. The author gets acquainted with the comments of the editor and the reviewer, who accepts or justifiably rejects them, the manuscript is finalized, after which it is returned to the publisher. The editor continues to work with the manuscript approved and accepted for publication.
Editing - component publishing process, the content of which is creative work editor together with the author on the manuscript of the work in order to improve its content and form, prepare for printing reproduction and release to the public. Editing steps:
1. preview of the manuscript, its editorial analysis
4. edit text
5. reading after typing the edited text
6. Reading and editing of proofs
7. signing the advance copy for release to the public
Types of editorial editing
1. proofreading - correction of technical errors in the preparation of reprints without revision, as well as official and documentary materials
2. reduction - correction in order to limit the text to a certain volume
3. processing - correction of ideological and semantic, factual, compositional, logical, stylistic, but without a radical transformation of the text
The method of editorial editing assumes the existence of a number of rules:
1. do not start editing without getting acquainted with the text as a whole, without identifying its general advantages, features and shortcomings
2. edit only after the reason for dissatisfaction with the text has been established and precisely determined
3. do not go beyond the permissible editorial intervention in the text
4. be limited to the minimum possible amendments
5. be critical of every edit you make
Editing technique.
1. edit directly in the text
2. write text legibly
3. Large inserts should be entered in the margins or on a separate page glued to the main page.
4. cross out the text to connect with an arrow the last word before the dash and the first one after it
5. in editing, use the signs used in the deletion
Simultaneously with the work on the text, the editor edits the author's original illustrations. Illustrations express content that is either impossible or difficult to convey in text form. As a result of the processes occurring during the preparation of the publishing original layout, editorial expenses arise. Part of the costs can be attributed to a specific publication. Costs that cannot be directly attributed to a particular publication are allocated according to accounting policy publishing houses.
Editing is the analysis, evaluation and improvement of the manuscript by the editor before publication. In the media sphere last years there is a lack of language. The old editors have gone, fuzzy requirements in the preparation of publications have begun to appear. This causes great damage to the quality distribution of information, and the culture of publications is declining. Editorial processing is an indispensable condition for the effectiveness and quality of information activities.
In the author's mind, information is presented in a collapsed form. It is not fully verbalized. In an effort to convey it, the author creates a text. But at the same time, he cannot always determine how clearly and accurately he conveyed his thoughts. There should be an intermediary between the author and the reader - the editor. He reads the text and with the so-called. the reader, revealing what is incomprehensible to him, and improves the text in his interests, and from the point of view. the author, delving into his intention.
Editing as a science began to take shape in the 30s of the 20th century. In the USSR, a system of branch publishing houses is being created, which need special editors. An editorial department is being opened at the Moscow Polygraphic Institute. To prepare as an editor, one needed knowledge about the components of the publishing process, the mechanisms for preparing the publication, and the methods of working on the text of the manuscript. By the end of the 60s, "Theory and Practice ed" began to be studied as a profiling at the red faculty of polygraph institutes and at the red ed. departments f-in zhur-ki.
In 70-90, separate directions develop scientific foundations ed. Individuals of different types and types of publications. GOST 7.60-2003.
Editing types:
1. technical - preparation of manuscripts for typesetting and the original in illustration for perception and correction. prints for printing. Choice of edition format, font size and typefaces, selection elements in the text. Opred.structures and forms of placement of text and illustrations on each page. Creation and size. text on the cover, flyleaf, dust jacket, title page, captions, footers, table of contents. Preparing a project for the design and layout of the publication. Prepares technical specifications. - a document for a printing enterprise, assignments for a publishing house. The name of the tech.editor is in the data release.
2. artist - design of publications, development of a design project, selection of artists, methods of performing illustrations, evaluation of completed sketches and originals, photographs. Direction of technical revision.
3. scientific - not for all publications, but should be pre-specified in a special edition. For a more thorough redaction with t.z. prof. or scientific. subtleties. Terminology, factual materials, technical illustrations, tables and formulas. Checking scientific documents, corresponding state standards and other standard documents
4. literary - assessment of the topic, fact checking, composition, language and style of the text, preparation for publication.
2. Technique of editorial editing. A pen between the lines, and a proofreader in the margins. All erroneous elements are marked in the text with correction marks. The correspondent notes in the text, repeats the sign in the field and adds what needs to be corrected. Red-r enters correction
above the correct sign. GOST 7.62-2008.
3. Reference literature. Lit.red was originally viewed as correcting errors in language and style. In the post-revolutionary years, many poorly literate authors came to literature. Steel appeared. allowances for red-in. The materials in them began to be considered not only in the general aspects of the culture of speech and the norms required for the language, but also in the editorial aspect. The textbook “Theory and Practice of Editing” by Sekorsky was founded in those years. "Stylistics and Literary Editing" Maksimov, "Literary Editing Theory, History, Practice" Sbitneva, "Handbook of Literary Editing for the Working Mass Media" Nakoryakov, "Theory and Practice.Mass.Inf: Preparation .and create media text" Kiselev. Reference books and dictionaries, Internet. Purpose: to make inquiries about spelling or meaning. words, distance signs prep, selection of synonyms, stylistic aspects of text fragments. Language dictionaries: Ozhegov and Shvedova, Krysin " Dictionary foreign words", Rosenthal "Capital or lowercase", Ageenko - Dictionary of Accents, Levashov "Dictionary of Adj. from geographic names", Muchnik "Fundamentals of Style and Editing" - tutorial for avg. and high schools.
4. Editor and author. In the author's mind, information is presented in a collapsed form. It is not fully verbalized. In an effort to convey it, the author creates a text. But at the same time, he cannot always determine how clearly and accurately he conveyed his thoughts. There should be an intermediary between the author and the reader - the editor. He reads the text and with the so-called. the reader, revealing what is incomprehensible to him, and improves the text in his interests, and from the point of view. the author, delving into his intention. …………………………
5. The concept of editorial analysis. Criteria for editorial analysis. Editorial analysis as a professional method, it is a set of special techniques that make it possible to carry out editorial and publishing work in an expedient way in full and with a proper result in terms of quality. The concept of "analysis" is interpreted here broadly.
As an object of the editor's activity, a literary work is the result of creative work. Moreover, the degree of its completeness can be different - from the plan to the completed work. As a result of creative work, a literary work is unique. In it are manifestations of the author's individuality, the creative manner of the author. In a literary work, a certain subject or a set of subjects is considered, it refers to a specific type of literature, has its own genre characteristics. In the unity of content and form, it carries ideas, facts, concepts. …………………………
6. Text as a subject of editorial analysis. Author's work on the form literary work begins long before the text hits the paper. Already in the process of forming the concept of a future work and comprehending the facts of reality, its genre features, methods of presentation. But now the text is written... The author's thought is embodied in a specific form, expressed by means of language and fixed by signs of writing. For the author, the text becomes the material of the final stage of the creation of a literary work, the work that A.S. Pushkin called "a rarely seen work of decoration and distinctness." For the editor, work on the author's text is the main stage of literary work. It is customary to call the editor an assistant to the author, but even with the broadest interpretation of the duties of the editor, adopted today in the practice of periodicals, analysis, evaluation and editing of the text of the author's work remain his main task. A clear understanding of the subject of activity is essential for any practical discipline. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to outline the circle of knowledge necessary for it, to avoid accidents when choosing techniques borrowed from other disciplines, to purposefully and consistently apply these techniques, to give the methodology of practical discipline the features of a system. The development of the scientific foundations of editing is based on fundamental knowledge about the text, its theory. It should be borne in mind that the term "text" is ambiguous. In philology, its threefold interpretation is accepted. The text is understood as the result of expedient speech-creative activity, as a written source, as a speech work. The first interpretation is the broadest. It presents the text as a consciously organized result speech process like a thought clothed in certain form to express a certain meaning.
Editing Features newspaper materials were obvious: the editor cannot but take into account the nature of publications, their information content, the specifics of expressing the author's position, the author's proximity to the event and the reader, the working conditions in the editorial office, and its efficiency. Finally, it is important that the editor works in this case with materials of small literary forms. The theory of the text revealed its main characteristics, of which integrity, coherence, fixation in a certain sign system, informational content are of paramount importance for editing.
31. Actual and communicative accuracy of speech. 32. types of errors, poor communication accuracy. Fact.accuracy - a property inherent in the correct reflection of the world, real or fictitious, by the author's thought.
Comm. - a property that arose when the author's thought was expressed, when this thought was adequately taken by the word and launched into the comm channel for transmission to another person.
Difference: f.t. +-+-, k.t.-++-. Types of errors that violate com.accuracy: words are mixed 1) similar in meaning, 2) in sound, 3) in sound and meaning. 4) not similar, but related to one item.
7. Methodology for preparing the text for publication. The publication of any materials is an individual matter of the researcher. The style and methodology of their preparation depends on the creativity and intention of the author, his own understanding of the problem. In this case, various methodological methods of presentation can be used. scientific material, in particular:
1) consistent;
2) integral (with subsequent processing of each part, section);
3) selective (sections are written separately).
A consistent presentation of the material logically leads the scheme for preparing the publication: idea (concept), plan, selection of material; grouping, its systematization, editing. Here they adhere to the sequence of presentation of the material, repetition is excluded; but of course, there is an extra time spent on sequential processing of information;
A holistic way is to write the entire work in draft form, and then process it in parts and details, make additions, corrections. This saves time, but there is a danger of breaking the sequence of presentation of the material.
Selective presentation of the material is often used by researchers in a way that suits them. At the same time, it is important to bring each section to the final result, so that when the sections are combined as a whole, the material is ready for publication.
After writing the text, the author practically and fundamentally evaluates it: each conclusion, formulas, tables, individual sentences are re-read, conclusions, arguments, facts, theoretical and practical significance publication material;
The correctness of the design of the manuscript is analyzed: literary sources, citations.
8. Computer in the work of the editor. With the editor's mission remaining unchanged, the content of his work and the requirements for skills and abilities have undergone fundamental changes, even when compared with those that existed, for example, at the end of the 20th century.
The main factor of change is, obviously, the personal computer, its accompanying software products and information technologies, as well as the World Wide Web Internet.
Obviously, to work on the Internet, you need to have some training. First, you need to navigate in web browsers, or browsers, i.e. own software for working with the Internet, including primarily MS Internet Explorer Opera, Firefox. Secondly, the editor needs to know several sites that specialize in working with e-mail, for example mail.ru, yandex.ru, gmail.com, be able to use electronic mailbox: create and send letters, attach and open attachments, etc. List programs.
9. Types of editing. Editing-proofreading. Editing tasks: 1) eliminate errors after auto-revision; 2) to achieve clarity and accuracy of formulas; 3) check the factual material and get rid of factual inaccuracies; 4) eliminate the roughness of the language and style; 5) conduct editorial and technical processing of the manuscript.
At the same time, the following requirements were presented for correcting the text: 1) the need for editing must be proven; 2) editing should be stepped; 3) make all amendments carefully, clearly, understandably. (this information is also for questions 10-12).
Proofreading compares the text with the most impeccable, credible original and corrects technical errors, if any. This revision was subjected to official materials, classics, reprints of books, if the release was not revised, publications of historical documents, approved advertising texts. They follow the full correspondence of the published or reprinted text, correcting only typos, errors and omissions that do not make sense. The graphics of the historical texts should be modern, but the style, phrases, and phrases should be the same as in the original. Necessary scrupulousness in details, the desire for uniformity. in the composition-structural format of the text.
10. Edit-Reduce- reduce the text in volume without prejudice to sod-i. Reasons: we need a smaller volume, define the tasks facing publishers or compositions (publishing books for children, anthologies), shortcomings of the text when its abbreviation improves the manuscript (lengths, repetitions, unnecessary. -ty, abundance of the same type of data). Techniques: reduces detailed fragments, inside a paragraph, abbreviation - restructuring of syntactic forms, deletion of insignificant character, details, redundant words. The volume is reduced, but the info is saved. Rules: after abbreviation, it is necessary to re-read the entire text in order to evaluate it from the point of view. compositions and finishes. When inside a paragraph, abbreviate and reread with the aim of ordering gram forms. All abbreviations agree with the author.
11. Processing isp-Xia most widely. In those cases when the original version is acceptable in form and content, but needs to be corrected and some revision. At the same time, the perfect fact, the logical basis of the text, the computer, the language, i.e. the precise auto-intention, and the elimination of everything that interferes with the holistic reproduction. 1) clarify the logical connections; 2) update computer; 3) facts; 4) finish.style.and language.editing.
All serious changes agree with the author. We strive to preserve the special style and style of the author. If it is impossible to significantly interfere with the text, we manage with minor corrections. All edits made to the processed text must be logically and scientifically justified.
In the process of editing, sometimes you have to apply proofreading, abbreviation, redistribution of individual fragments.
12. Alteration applies: 1) work on the manuscript of the authors, poor command of the literary language, in this case the text is unsuitable. 2) work on a narrowly specialized text in order to create an option for mass reading. 3) work on the source text, not corresponding to the requirements of the style, genre. Authors who do not speak the lit. language send materials in the form of a letter, alteration is the main type of work, but we keep the original style. They also refer to the literary record - they write it down after the narrator. Editor become a co-author. Must know material well and possess literary skills, writing skills.
Prim-Xia at the publishing house and memoir literature. In the post-war years, books of generals.
13. Varieties of factual material. Working with numbers. f.m. – facts, property names, geographic names, dates, figures, quotations, stat.mat. Functions: can be used by the author as information itself, as an argument in the process of logical proof and the basis for a general statement, as an illustration, an additional one or another statement, as a concretization general position. Requirements: 1) true, clearly formulated facts - the editor must critically review all the facts. Order: evaluate f.m. with t.z. what is known to the editor himself. Facts that are doubtful must be verified. Check: 1) internal. Ratio f.m. within the editorial text and its concretization (method of presenting a counter-image). Use to visualize the facts of action and find a flaw. 2) comparison with the authorit.ist. To select a source, there is a rule - when working with published data f.m. check on those publishing houses, from which he borrows. 3) official confirmation. Specialist consultation. numbers in the text. A number is a symbol of a sign system other than a word. As a designation of a number, accuracy, generalization, and concentration of information are inherent in it from the very beginning. This difficult-to-edit material requires special attention from the editor. You should start by making sure that it is easy to read the text aloud. Thus, the headline "1,100,000,000th citizen" is sure to present difficulties for many readers.
Publishing practice has developed special recommendations for designating numbers in the text.4 Numbers from 1 to 9 inclusive are usually denoted by a word when they do not have units of measurement with them and are in the indirect case. The word denotes numbers when several digital designations collide (seventeen 19-year-old servicemen ended up in hospital beds). It is customary to denote single-digit numbers when they are in the same row with multi-digit numbers, and also when they carry units of measurement. Numeric form is preferred for multi-digit numbers. It is more distinct and better perceived. And, finally, the technique of concretizing the figure, which is very important for working on journalistic material. It consists in presenting, albeit in general terms, the real meaning of the figure.
In world publishing practice, the concept of "editing" has taken root both as a scientific term and as the name of the subject of teaching at the relevant university faculties. At the special faculties of Soviet universities, "Literary Editing" was traditionally presented. For some reason, this name of the subject has been preserved to this day.
Domestic researchers of the theory and practice of publishing have started talking about the types of editing quite recently. Although there is no doubt that literary editing is only an integral part of universal editing.
AT scientific literature a whole range of editing options are now being considered. This, in particular, is general, literary, scientific, special, title. There is also linguistic, logical, compositional, psycholinguistic, computer, publishing, printing.
Let's highlight the main types of editing.
It is advisable to consider two main blocks of editing types:
general (universal);
special.
Consider the content of each of these blocks.
General (universal) editing
This type of editing provides for an integral system of the editor's work on the original, which ensures its perfection in meaning, form and convenience for the reader (consumer).
The main components of this type of editing are:
1. Elimination of logical errors.
Typical logical errors:
a) mixing the order of presentation (It was raining and two students. One in the morning, and the other - to the university),
b) incorrect substantiation of the motivation for the action (At the all-Ukrainian conference of book publishers, the main issue was providing the city with new trolleybuses);
c) the presence in the sentence of concepts that mutually exclude each other ( gold medal received an outsider of the competition).
2. Elimination of factual errors.
a) historical nature (First World War started in 1924);
b) geographic nature (In the southern regions of Ukraine - Odessa, Kherson and Sumy regions - the collection of early grains began);
c) printed matter (the population of Ukraine today is about 48,000,000 million people);
d) "digital nature" (Out of 3,000 copies of books published, 2,500 were donated to libraries, 1,500 were transferred to higher educational institutions).
e) “visual” inconsistency (photograph by Alla Pugacheva with the caption “Kristina Orbakaite”).
This block of editing also includes the problems of subject matter, composition, author's position, placement of political accents.
Special Editing
This block can be divided into the following subtypes of editing:
literary;
artistic and technical.
Literary editing.
The main purpose of this type of editing is the analysis, evaluation and correction of the literary part of the work. It is primarily about improving the language and style of the original, eliminating grammatical, syntactical and stylistic errors.
What criteria should an editor be guided by when choosing improvements to a work?
Criteria for choosing linguo-stylistic means:
Accessibility of the language to the appropriate group of readers;
Expressiveness, clarity of presentation;
Correspondence of the lexical series with the thoughts of the hero of the work or the author;
Correspondence of the style of presentation to the genre of a particular work.
Example. AT recent times publications of authors that were previously prohibited appeared on the book market. For the most part, these are works that were written in the twenties and thirties. In the case of reprinting such works, the editor faces a difficult question: what spelling system to follow? Most publishers bring such texts into line with modern spelling, preserving the lexical, morphological and phonetic features of the author's language. Coordinating with modern standards punctuation of books, the editors, however, strive to preserve the basic character of the author's syntax.
4 Scientific editing
In some cases, given the complexity or archival importance of a publication that is being prepared for publication, it becomes necessary to invite a leading specialist in a particular field of science. Such a specialist in this case carries out scientific editing of the original. Its main task is to analyze, evaluate the work and correct inaccuracies from the scientific side.
The same is meant when some publications refer to title editing. The name of such an editor is put on the title page, which serves as a guarantee for the reader of the high quality and solidity of the publication.
According to the requirements of publishing standards, the name of the scientific editor is indicated on the title or on the back of the title page.
5 Artistic editing
Refers to varieties of special editing. It is carried out by publishers. The art editor in the publishing subsection, as a rule, is a specialist with a higher art and printing education.
The process of art editing includes: ordering the artwork for the publication, evaluation of sketches, test prints and elements of the artwork for the cover and content of the publication from the artistic and printing side.
Technical editing provides for a detailed embodiment of the artistic and graphic design of the publication in the material: technical parameters of typesetting and layout, typeface palette, font sizes, indents, descents, etc.
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