Syntactic norms, features of their application by modern lawyers. Syntactic norms of the Russian language

Syntactic norms are associated with the rules for constructing phrases and sentences. Here, variants are relatively widespread, reflecting the struggle between tradition and new phenomena that are generated by living oral speech. As with variation at the word level, syntactic variation is a consequence of the development of the language and is determined by internal and external factors.

The reasons for the emergence of syntactic variation in modern Russian are:

a) harmonization of the form and content of the language unit;

b) semantic and formal-structural analogy;

c) semantic transformation of the main component of the phrase;

d) the impact of the form of management at the producing base;

e) the emergence of standardized word blocks, which often leads to a re-decomposition of the structure of phrases and to the destruction of traditional syntactic links.

In the process of evolution of syntactic forms, it is reflected and general development human thinking in the direction of abstraction and replacement of concrete-spatial representations with more abstract forms of correlation of concepts. In this sense, for example, the loss of the preposition from in constructions that are genetically related to spatial relationships is indicative. For example, the verb to avoid in the literary language of the 19th century. was used in all meanings with the preposition from: He was never distinguished by sociability, but for Last year became even more away from people (Kuprin. Wilderness). Norma modern language it becomes an unprepossessing phrase to avoid someone/what: to avoid transport, each other, society, etc.

It should be noted that in real life language, a change in the syntactic potential of a word usually occurs as a result of the influence of not one, but several of the above factors. A typical example of variation that arose due to the non-equivalence of content and form and the subsequent impact of analogy is the parallel control of the verb to administer: to administer what (fates) or to administer what (fates). The verb to administer in the 18-19 centuries. was used in the sense of "finish, commit" with a narrow circle of semantically close words (to administer a court, case, court case). In the 20th century it already enters into combination with the words history, fate, etc., initially requiring only V.p. from the controlled nouns: to make history, fate. The impact of a new environment (i.e. a new form) leads to the emergence of a new content - the meaning of "dispose, manage." The old form ceases to correspond to this content - V.p. Under the influence of an external analogy, the verb to administer takes over new form management (T.p.) in synonymous words to manage, dispose.

This is one of the common and very productive schemes for the formation of variation and a shift in the norm in management.

The stylistic and other properties of the control word, as well as various phrasal features of use, contribute to the loosening of the traditional syntactic norm. Activation of the use and expansion of semantic and lexical connections leads to the growth of variant forms of management: an incentive for what, for what, for what, a forecast of what, about what, regarding what.

Syntactic variation leads to errors at the level of the phrase in coordination and control, at the level of the sentence - in coordination.

Agreement is a subordinating relationship in which the dependent word is placed in the same grammatical forms as the main one.

The main (defined) word may have an application (definition expressed by a noun). Coordination here is subject to the following rules. When combining specific and generic concepts, the adjective is consistent with the word naming the generic concept (operational meeting - letuchka). If a noun denoting a person is accompanied by a female surname or given name, then the adjective agrees with the closest of them (an experienced investigator Dmitrieva).

Definitions can be with two or more homogeneous nouns. The singular number is used when it is clear that the definition refers not only to the nearest word, but also to others (universal law and order). In cases where there is no such clarity, the definition takes the form of the plural. (certificate and reference attached to the case, unlawful reprimand and dismissal). Documents usually use the plural.

Another type of subordination is control, in which, in order to express certain semantic relations, the main word requires the setting of a dependent noun in a certain case.

Management can be unprepositional (to conduct an investigation, a court verdict) and prepositional (the case of theft, burglary). Like other norms, there are options here: understandable to everyone - understandable to everyone, conclusion on a criminal case - conclusion on a criminal case.

In some cases, the options differ in shades of meaning. So, necessary for the investigation has the meaning "necessary for the investigation bodies", and necessary for the investigation means "necessary for the investigation".

Words that are close in meaning do not always have the same control: superiority over someone - what, but advantage over someone - what, warn against what and against what, but warn what and about what, etc.

When using prepositions in - from, on - in, we must not forget that the choice of one of them is influenced by the meaning of the control word: "I arrived at the station", but "entered the station". AT individual combinations traditionally, one of the prepositions was fixed: "in the institution", but "at the enterprise", "in educational institution", but" in plants and factories.

With nouns that name means of transportation, the preposition is used for: "to ride a tram, metro, train." The preposition in with the corresponding nouns has the meaning "to be inside": "was detained on the train", "was sitting in the car".

Prepositions in view of, due to, due to, in connection with, due to, thanks to differ in use. So, if we are talking about upcoming events, we should dwell on the preposition in view of, and not because of: "in view of the upcoming departure", but "due to the onset of cold weather." The preposition thanks is used with nouns in D., and not in R.p.: "thanks to the decision of the meeting", "thanks to the measures taken."

Coordination is a special kind of connection between the main members of the sentence (the predicate with the subject).

The predicate with the subject, expressed by the word somewhat and the dependent noun, can be used both in the singular and in the plural. unit more commonly, if the predicate comes before the subject: "Several people came." If the subject is expressed by a combination of cardinal numerals with nouns and it is necessary to emphasize the activity of persons, then the predicate is usually used in the plural: "Five investigators were trained in the district."

The predicate with the subject expressed by the word majority without a dependent noun is used in the singular. unit maybe even when there is also a dependent noun: "Most of the employees left (and) in the area."

unit predicate is used:

1) when designating a measure, mass, space, time: "It took three and a half hours", "Several kilometers left behind";

2) if the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence: "There were three signatures at the end of the document";

3) with compound numbers ending in one: "Forty-one people participated in the meeting";

4) in the presence of the words of everything, only: "In total, seventeen witnesses were interrogated."

Lesson in preparation for the exam. "Syntactic Norms"

Lesson in preparation for the exam. syntactic rules.

Syntactic norms are the norms for constructing syntactic constructions - phrases and sentences.

1. Errors in sentences with homogeneous members

2. Mistakes in sentences with participial turnover

Attention should be paid to the agreement of the definition expressed by the participial turnover with the word being defined.

3. Errors in the construction of complex sentences

4. Mistakes in the use of prepositions

5. Proper names in a sentence

The names of books, newspapers, magazines, etc., enclosed in quotation marks, do not change if they refer to a common noun:This was written in the newspaper Arguments and Facts. Interview for the newspaper "Arguments and Facts".Materials published by the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" Not properly: This was written in the newspaper Arguments and Facts.

If there is no common noun, the proper name can change:In "Arguments and Facts" there was a note about this case.

6. Unjustified inversion

7 . Direct word order:

1) the subject precedes the predicate ( It's raining)

2) the agreed definition comes before the word being defined ( cold rain )

3) an inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined ( oak leaves)

4) the complement is after the control word ( soaked leaves)

5) the circumstance of the mode of action stands before the verb-predicate ( pouring heavily)

Training exercises

1. Point out the sentence with a grammatical error

1. Governor's Decree large families given privileges to choose land plots for suburban construction.
2. The events of those years left a deep imprint in his memory.
3. Four graduate students completed their dissertations.
4. Polina Borisova managed to receive the title of laureate of the competition for young violinists "Ovation" for the fourth time.

2. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. The doctor did not find any signs of illness in the patient.
2. It cannot be denied that positive sides work.
3. I don't often write letters to my parents.
4. None of us took part in the lottery.

3. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. He respects and cares about his parents.
2. The book teaches courage and respect for people.
3. There were tables, chairs and a bookcase in the room.
4. I read not only newspapers, but also magazines.

4. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Twenty-one students passed the exam.
2. Thousands of books received.
3. Ten years have passed.
4. These three cars drove in the same direction.

5. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Half a lifetime has passed.
2. Brother and sister went to the village.
3. It has been cold and rainy all summer.
4. Coffee has risen in price by ten rubles.

6. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Inspire confidence for a favorable outcome.
2. Pay attention to parents.
3. Worry about children.
4. operate with facts

7. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Will receive an award
2. pay for goods
3. Based on the airfield
4. Distinguish between truth and lies.

8. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Blame misunderstanding
2. Marvel at his diligence
3. Operate with facts.

9. Indicate the option without a grammatical error.

1. Blame for being rude
2. Understand the need for treatment
3. Explain the director's decision
4. Instill confidence in a favorable outcome.

10. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. His negligence had sad consequences: the painting was not subject to restoration.
2. For the period teaching practice Unfortunately, the opinion about the students did not work out.
3. Smiling, they walked towards each other.
4. After the expiration of the statute of limitations, the documents were archived.

11. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. The ancient ritual - to put on a ring on the day of marriage - means the desire and obligation to live in peace and harmony with your chosen one.
2. Many children say that the new teacher explains things more clearly.
3. According to the instructions, it was decided to send the defective device to the control department.
4. This year, pupils of the Suvorov military schools will be on duty at the memorial.

12. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. It was not difficult for the speaker to substantiate his position, since he had picked up the arguments in advance.
2. Mom dressed the child in a coat and took her out into the yard.
3. Words that sounded like an insult trampled on the honor and dignity of journalism.
4. Our neighbor is kind, attentive, friendly with others.

13. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. In connection with the increase in the number of traffic accidents, the patrol service was also instructed to take action.
2. The festive mood is created by the spring decoration of the house.
3. If ownerless bags and other items are found, it is forbidden to move and open them in order to avoid an explosion.
4. The traveler's report was submitted to the accounting department.

14. Indicate a sentence with a grammatical error?

1. Living in society, it is necessary to learn the norms of morality, otherwise he will be rejected by others.
2. In general, the project was adopted, it was decided to eliminate particular shortcomings in a working order.
3. Members of the Board of Directors made a proposal to expand the scope of the holding.
4. According to the director's order, the cross will take place on Saturday.

15. Indicate a sentence with a grammatical error?

1. Try to formulate the theme of the essay yourself.
2. Arriving from Moscow, he talked for a long time about the peculiarities of life in the capital.
3. The soldier did not soon stop yearning for his family, only private letters from his parents helped to calm down.
4. Only one member of the plant administration took the side of the strikers.

Answers: 1 - 3 , 2- 2 , 3- 1, 4 - 2, 5 - 4 , 6 - 1 , 7 - 3 , 8 - 2 , 9 - 4, 10 - 2 , 11 - 2 , 12 - 4, 13 - 4 , 14 - 4, 15 - 2 .

Bibliography

1. Golub I.B. Unified State Examination 2010. Russian language without a tutor: we pass without problems! / I.B. Golub. – M.: Eksmo, 2009.
2. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V. Russian language. Difficult questions of morphology. 10 - 11 classes. - M .: LLC "TID" Russian word– RS”, 2006.
3. Gosteva Yu.N. USE. Russian language. Thematic workbook FIPI / Yu.N. Gosteva, V.V. Lvov. - M: Exam publishing house, 2010.
4. Issers O.S. Intensive Russian language course: 1000 tests to prepare for the All-Russian USE testing; Spelling. Punctuation. A culture of speech. language system. Expressive means. Text analysis / O.S. Issers, N.A. Kuzmin. – 5th ed. – M.: Flinta: Science, 2007.
5. Issers O.S. Intensive Russian language course. Why do they say so in Russian: a guide to the culture of speech / O.S. Issers, N.A. Kuzmin. – M.: Flinta: Science, 2007.
6. Issers O.S. Intensive course of the Russian language: a guide for preparing for testing and writing in rules, algorithms and cheat sheets / O.S. Issers, N.A. Kuzmin. - 4th ed. – M.: Flinta: Science, 2007.
7. Mamona T.N. USE. Russian language. Workshop on the implementation of standard test tasks of the Unified State Examination: educational and methodological manual / T.N. Mamona, E.S. Sergeeva, E.M. Mikhailova, E.L. Erokhin, G.T. Egoraev. - M: Exam publishing house, 2010.
8. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Russian language. Spelling. Punctuation. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M .: Iris - press, 2002.
9. Senina N.A. Russian language. USE - 2008. Entrance tests: Teaching aid. - Rostov n / a: Legion, 2007. Tsybulko I.P. USE 2010. Russian language: training tasks/ I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova, V.A. Kokhanov. – M.: Eksmo, 2009.

On the Russian language and culture of speech

Topic: Syntactic norms of the language.

Plan

Mistakes in agreeing the predicate with the subject.

Stringing cases.

Errors in the preparation of sentences with homogeneous members.

Mistakes in the use of adverbial phrases.

Errors in the construction of complex sentences.

1. Coordination of the predicate with the subject

Variants of agreement between the predicate and the subject are often observed in cases where the subject is expressed by a quantitative combination and a collective noun.

With a subject expressed by a quantitative combination, the predicate is used both in the singular and in plural(in the latter case, semantic agreement is observed, since the subject denotes a set of persons or objects). Both the one and the otherpredicate formin the modern Russian literary language is correct. However, each of these options is used in speech in different ways - depending on the purpose of the statement. It also depends on the style.speech: for colloquial and artistic styles characterterno plural; for scientific and official business - the only

1. The plural predicate is considered preferable in cases where it is necessary to emphasize activity, speed of action:Five students take tests. Several bystanders rushed to help rescuers. Eight pilots of the regiment took off into the sky. The subject in such sentences most often refers to living beings.

The singular number is preferred and desirable when it comes to inanimate objects. The predicate in such sentences is often expressed passive participle or a reflexive verb:Five tests were performed. Several bullets screeched over my head. Eight planes stood on the runway.

2. With numeralstwo three four, included in the subject, the predicate is usually put in the plural:Three houses are calling for the evening. Four dogs followed the carriage.

With compound numbers ending inone, the predicate is placed in singular: Twenty one students participated in the competition.

3. The predicate in the singular is usually placed with the subject, denoting the measure of time:Three years have passed.

4. At the wordsthousand, million, billion the predicate usually agrees according to the rules of agreement with the subject-nouns (in gender and number):A thousand books entered the library. A million students filled the corridors of the university.

5. With the subject typea number of questions, some applicants the predicate has a singular form, agreeing with the wordsrow, part: A number of project proposals are not supported by the necessary calculations. Some students did not receive credit.

6. At the wordsa lot, a little, a little, a lot, a lot, a lot, a few the predicate, as a rule, is put in the singular:There were many books on the shelves. How many students attended the lecture? Quite a few interesting facts cited in the speech of the deputy. How few of us survived the battle.

7. With a subject expressed by a collective nounmajority, minority, multitude, the predicate can be of two variants: in the form of a singular number (grammatical agreement) and in the form of a plural number (agreement in meaning). The last option is used most often in colloquial, artistic and journalistic speech.

If available with the subject application (in combinations such asfemale surgeon, wagon-workshop, school-seminar, Lake Seliger, Izvestia newspaper) it is often not clear which of the words is the subject and which is the application. It is customary to consider as subject a word expressing a generic, more general concept, and coordinate the predicate with this word.

For some phrases, primarily of a terminological nature (such asamphibious vehicle, showcase-stand, museum-apartment), norms of coordination have not been finally established. In these cases, it should be assumed that the main, broader name is usually combined in the first place:the sofa bed was sold, the library-museum acquired manuscripts, the museum-apartment acquired new exhibits, the lesson-lecture lasted two hours.

In those rather rare cases where the application comes first, it usually does not decline:read in a novel-newspaper, covered himself with a cape. If the subject is expressed by a conventional name, the predicate agrees with it according to the grammatical principle “Izvestia» published an interview with the Prime Minister! Dead Souls was staged on the stage of the new theatre.

2. Stringing cases

Inappropriate repetition of the same case form makes it difficult to understand the phrase for example:House of the nephew of the coachman's wife the doctor's brother (example of A. M. Peshkovsky).Most often, genitive cases are stringed together, due to the high prevalence of the genitive adjective, which is a feature of the scientific and official business style:To solve the problem of accelerating the improvement of student performance rating. When editing, verbal nouns are usually replaced by infinitives or other constructions, common turns by subordinate clauses.

Stringing instrumental cases:It was impossible to limit ourselves to the decisions made by the students (Correctly:It was impossible to limit ourselves to the decisions that the students made).

Cases should be avoidedaforms with the same prepositions, for example;We talked with a teacher with a "long experience" (correctly having a long experience).

3. Errors in the preparation of sentences with homogeneous members .

1. The curiosity of the playful phrase “It was raining and two hundredudenta; one to the university, the other in galoshes "foundedon the fact that in it, as homogeneous members,sentences are words expressing realheterogeneous concepts.On theusing this technique, the combination is incompatiblewow, puns are being built like “drink tea with lemon andpleasure."

In fiction, such constructionsused as a special stylistic device for creating a comic effect: in N. Gogol:Not only who is twenty-six years old, has a beautiful mustache and a wonderfully tailored frock coat ...; at A. Chekhov:

ATcrowd of two young merchants zealously gesture lyuthands and hate each other; Lev Savvich Turmanov, a common man in the street, having a capitalist, a young wife and a solid bald head...; at M. Gorky:The season we are experiencing is the season of all sorts of gatherings. ny and ... cutting cabbage; And therefore, I recommend ladies not going out without a husband or a club (this is not always the same andSame).

... FROM wishes for deliverance from disease and long life

(The words for the title are taken from the biographicalessay dedicated to N. A. Nekrasov, where, in particular,, speaks of letters and telegrams expressingdeepoesympathy for the "poet of people's grief" in connection withwith his illness. It is clear that we are talking about twoniyah - get rid of the disease and live a long timeonly. But the author did not take into account the ambiguity associatedwith what controlled wordslong life forcan be included in different series of homogeneousmembers:with wishes for a long life (what,obviously and meant) andgetting rid of longevity her life (affects the nearest combinationfrom disease)

If in small proposals (like: "The residents demanded troubleshooting and repairof course, they demanded both troubleshooting andrepair, not liquidation ... repair),can be relatively easy to figure out, then in the bulkIn some sentences, it can be difficult to “unravel” the connections between homogeneous members.

In such cases, it is recommended for more incomethe readiness of the text to break the "tangled" sentence into several independent sentences according to the principle of a logical connection between individual homogeneous members. An example of reworking a sentenceWith homogeneous members we find in A. Fadeev. Let us compare two editions of the text of the novel "Youngguarddiya.

Edition 1947

And this man, and the woman, and all the children from whichRykh Jr. even stretches out his little hands, smilestowards the one walking towards them with a white enamelledbucket in the hand of a girl in a bright sundress, in whitelace apron, in the same cap andelegantred shoes - full, with strongly upturnedm nose, unnaturally ruddy and also slyso afraid that all her large white teeth are onruzhu.

1952 edition

And this man, and the woman, and all the children, fromkotothe younger one even stretches out his little hands, smiles towards the girl walking towards them with a white enameled bucket in her hand. A girl in a bright sundress in a white lace apron, in the same capand in graceful red shoes - plump, with a strongly upturned nose, unnaturally ruddy. She smiles too, so all her large white teeth are out.

2. The newspaper called for to the youth and to young men cities

Fromthe title implies that among the youth there are no young men

Andon the contrary: young men are not part of the youth.

Logs co-stylistic error arose as a result of the fact that concepts are listed as homogeneous, partially coinciding in their logical scope.

Suchconcepts are calledcrossing: "writers and Muscovites" (some writers are Muscovites, and some Muscovites are writers).On theremember that without a special stylistic task, the use of combinations with intersecting concepts violates the stylistic norm.

The exceptions are a few combinations that are fixed in speech:Komsomol members and youth, pioneers and schoolchildren, festival of youth and students

... Mr Golyadkin asked tea wash your face and to shave

3. Homogeneous members of the sentence do not have to be expressed in words of the same partspeeches: A tall man in his thirties entered. pointsx, with a stick in hand. However, there is no complete freedom here, not always the word different parts speeches can form a number of homogeneous members. So, the noun and the indefinite form of the verb do not combine, so you can’t say: “I love playing the violin and singing”

As for the phrase from the works of F.M. Dostoevsky given in the title, it has a clearly expressed character of stylization for colloquial -loose speech. In the texts, there are also other kinds of errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members: “Over the past year I have read several novels, works of art, stories and short stories” - specific and generic concepts should not be included in the general series of homogeneous members: the broad concept of “work of art” includes narrower concepts of “novels”, “tales”, “stories” “Many practical comments and valuable suggestionszhenii was introduced at the last meeting of the teachers' council "- not all homogeneous members lexically combineXia with the word with which they are connected in meaning: practical remarks are made, not introduced.

4. “On a holiday, crowds of people could be seen oneverywhere: on the streets, squares, boulevards, squares "- according torepetition of a preposition homogeneous members not obligatoryRespectively, but on condition that they require the same preposition; different prepositions should not be omittedsya; since it is impossible to say "in the squares", then before the last homogeneous member one should have usedpretext.

“There was no information about Dubrovsky on the second and thirdthis day ”- with repeated unions, the preposition should also be repeated, that is, it was necessary to say:and on second and third day.

« Additional material for the report I took fromhaz and brochures, books and magazines "- with pairedconnection of homogeneous members, they usually selectare based on the principle of semantic proximity in order to avoidpress the creation of random pairs; should have said:... from newspapers and magazines, books and brochures.

“They played well in the performance as performers of the chaptersroles, as well as all other participants in the performancela" - an incorrect pair "as ... and also" is formed;union could be omittedhow or use withunifying unionlike... so.

“The life of the peasants is depicted in the worksmany Russian classic writers: Gogol, Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Chekhov "- the error is absenteffect of agreement in the case of homogeneous members withgeneral phrase; it will be right;classic writers: Gogol, Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Chekhov.

"As material for the novel "War and Peace"L. N. Tolstoy used family archives, memery, literary sources and other officialdocuments” - the listed materials are notofficial documents, so the wordother turned out to be redundant.

4. Mistakes in use adverbial turnovers.

The verb-predicate and the participle should not denote the actions of different objects and persons. For example:As I approached the station, my hat fell off my head.

It is impossible to allow inconsistency in the use of types of adverbs: Having madework and thinking .about tomorrow, he was looking forward to good luck. .

The adverbial turnover cannot be used if the sentence is expressed by a passive construction:Having risen up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the berths of Saratov and Nizhny Novgorod.

The adverbial turnover cannot be used in an impersonal sentence in which the subject is expressed logically:Approaching the forest, I became cold.

5. Complex sentence.

1. Here is the house that Jack built...

You probably know everything about Jack, so aboutread another text and try to figure it out. ATI. A. Goncharov’s novel contains the following sentence:The apartment I occupy is on the second floor of a house in which you supposed to produce some construction... The disadvantage of this proposal, as it is easy to see, is the repetition of the sameallied wordwhich the in accessory parts it is difficultth sentence under the so-called sequentialsubordination (one subordinate clause depends on the other). ATIn this case, the writer used stylisticallyunsuccessful design for speech characteristicsOblomov, writing a letter house manager.It is no coincidence that in the next sentence the text stylesstatic error repeats:Known through the crepe my dear man, Zakhara Trofimova, what do you say tell me that the apartment I occupy... Avtor of writing, suffering from laziness of thought, himself admittedhis "incoherent", since "here twice in a rowwhat, and theretwicewhich the".

Often such proposals are found inscientific works, for example: “Dobrolyubov said,that many young people entering into lifeyut yourself these questions that what you are doing now,it's not that there is something better, something extraordinaryvenous, that which you should aspire to."

However, such constructions that violate the normswe writing, often used in writinglems for the speech characteristics of actors(as in "Oblomov") or in order to give acolloquial connotation, approximate the authorspeech to the speech of the characters:Sobakevich so said in the affirmative that he had [Chichikova]have money that he pulled out another piece of paper (N. Gogol); L. Tolstoy:He did not know, that Levin felt that wings had grown in him; Quiet solitary life in our rural wilderness with the possibility ability to do good to people who find it so easy to do good good to which they are not accustomed. F. M. Dostoevskyputs in the mouth of the negative character Stavrogina (from the novel "Demons") a phrase that should emphasize the deliberately unfinished, repulsively unfinishednice syllable:I was so low that I trembled heart with joy that withstood the character and waited, that she came out first.

2.. Cossack horses,which were covered in foam

Word order in a complex sentencenom in the title, such that the relative pronounniewhich the formally can be attributed to the nearestto the previous nounCossacks andit takes some effort to get it right.understanding of the text (to get rid of, so to speak, fromits initial perception). It should be borne in mindthat when reading, and even more so when listening to suchsentences, initial understanding, as it were, onasks for itself, but it may be wrongnym: after all, in our example, foam was coverednot Cossacks, but horses. Correction of this suggestionniya does not cause difficulties: it is enough to replaceappendageny defining part of the complex pre-sacramental knife(... the horses of the Cossacks, according to covered with foam).

In some cases word order creates a double meaningproposition: “Continued success benefitsthere are books of writers that reflect our moderntemporality" (books or writers reflect modernness?). And here the privy can come to the rescueturnover:...reflecting our modernity or...from reflecting our modernity.

True, in fiction oftenmeet complex sentences, in whichrelation of the subordinate attributive part and opof the noun being divided is based on the realtheir meaning or on the preceding context, and notin formal word order:Porfiry put the puppy on the floor, which, stretched out on all four paws, sniffed the ground (N. Gogol) (it is clear that it stretched out for everythingfour paws puppy, not gender);There was an Armenian-bo gach, patronized by Dr. Andreevsky, to who kept vodka at the mercy of him and was now fussing about contract renewal (L. Tolstoy) (kept on fromcoupe vodka, of course, a rich Armenian, not Dr. Andreevsky).

3. Pleaseto you comewould

A proposal should be considered unsuccessful if the particle is used twice in itwould for expressionwishes:to... would. Such a repetition of a particlewould in the subordinate part of the sentence, in which the predicatemine is expressed in the form of a conditional subjunctive oncloning, most often found in oral-colloquialspeeches:"If you immediatelywould write me about it, I couldto help you"; "You probably needto you askedwould brother." However, in literary, in writtenspeech, such usage is considered a violationnorms.

Such a construction of a complex sentence canbut to meet in the works of artliterature, where it is used to give a highnaming a colloquial tone:To the coachmen of the benches that I will give in rubles, so that like a courier, rolled and songs would be sung (N. Gogol). More often particlewould used with the second predicate, more distantfrom the unionto orif, when you loosen up a bitthere is an expression of a wish or condition:She sent

Vitya a second time, so that he accurately knows the address of Oz nobishina and straight from the office would go to this address (K. Fedin);I don't want you to pretend and smile I would force myself (A. K. Tolstoy).

The book is talentedwritten and which everyone praises

4. A violation of the literary norm is a connectiondefinition as homogeneous syntactic constantssentence member instructions(skillfully written) andclause of a sentence(which many hwa lyat). Brings them together the same definitive signless, but only a few can be homogeneoussame syntactic level: or members beforeclauses, or subordinate clauses of a sentence. Neravillegal elements in this respect, beforelist as homogeneous members, should be “reduced to the same denominator”, i.e. use either twoparticipial turnover, or two subordinate parts.

PFor example, the sentence "The Tale of a Hero, having madeshem unparalleled feats that deserves blahthe gratitude of descendants" is corrected as follows:about the hero administering.and deserving. or:about the hero ry has accomplished a feat and deserves ...

Here are a few more examples that violatenorm, since there is no special style associated with themtask: “The arrested person was worried about the family,taken under the supervision of the police and which he left withouttenacious livelihoods" (instead oftaken under supervision... and left by him...); "The old generation obvinyalo Turgenev in nihilism and that he is in solidarity with Bazarov" ( possible options: 1) ...accused of nigi lizma and in solidarity...; 2) accused of nihilism and that that he is in solidarity ...); “Plyushkin lived in a house that hadneglected view and in which almost all the windows were boarded up or shuttered" (instead of...koto ry had. ..and who has...).

Violation of syntactic homogeneity (membersuggestions and adnexa Xing offerstaxially unequal) is observed very oftenko, including writers:I was already thinking about the shape of the plan And what will I name the hero? (A. Pushkin);Let's remember your last name Leah and that they were in Moscow (A. Herzen) - unionand connthe addition and the subordinate explanatory clause are missing. Tasome constructions are colloquial in nature.

5. The student said thatI not yet prepared for the answer

Suggestions like the one in the titleoften found in colloquial speech. Sourceerrors - mixing direct speech with indirect. Herefrom direct speech(Student said: “I have not prepared yet to answer") taken personal pronounI, and from indirectlyNoah(The student said that he had not yet prepared for the answer that) - explanatory conjunctionwhat.

Other examples of mixing direct speech with indirectNoah: “The stationmaster announced to those waiting forriding passengers thatI unable to provideread all tickets "; "A friend introduced me tomy fiancee and said that I would marry her soon"(it turns out that I'm going to marry someone else's notnews).

In written speech (mainly in artistic and journalistic texts), it is true that there isunity in one construction of direct and indirectquestionowls:We even suspect that these eleven happy verses an occasion to join him throughout the poem... (V. Belinsky);I'm hunting with a gun did not even dare to ask, although I thought that why not Shouldn't I go hunting with Shurka? (S. Aksakov). In business prose, the unionwhat in both cases would be redundant.

Building complex syntactic constructions, notit should be forgotten that cumbersome labor proposalsbut are perceived not only by ear, but alsoresearch institutes. Remember: in the exemplary prose of A. S. Pushkin,M. Yu. Lermontov, A. P. Chekhov a significant place fortake simple sentences, and complex sentences are transparent in their structure, relativelysmall in volume.

I was approaching my destination. Aroundsad deserts stretched me, crossednye hills and ravines. Everything was covered with snow.The sun was setting. The kibitka rode along the narrow road,or more precisely, along the trail laid by the peasantsled. Suddenly the coachman began to look at a hundredronu, and finally, taking off his hat, turned to me andsaid...

( A. Pushkin)

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance of 1) the order of words in a sentence, 2) the coordination of the subject and the predicate, 3) the coordination of definitions and applications, 4) the rules of management, 5) the rules for using participial and adverbial phrases.

1. In Russian, there is a relatively free order of word arrangement, that is, there is no strictly fixed place for one or another main or secondary member of the sentence. However, there is a more or less accepted order of the members of the sentence in declarative, motivating and interrogative sentences - the direct order and deviations from it - the reverse order (inversion - lat. inversio - permutation). Inversion is used in colloquial speech and in works fiction to make speech more expressive.

In declarative sentences with direct word order, the subject precedes the predicate, and the topic (initial information) is the rheme (new information). If this provision is not observed, we get an ambiguous sentence and hardly understand its content. For example, sentences with the same forms of the nominative and accusative cases in the subject and object: “The sun covered the cloud. - "The cloud covered the sun", "The bicycle crashed the bus" - "The bus crashed the bike." The topic in meaning here can only be the words “cloud” (it could cover the moon, stars, mountains, lakes, etc.) and “bus” (it could break a motorcycle, car, pole, etc.). But in the sentences “A tram crashed a bus” or “A bus crashed a tram”, only submission to the direct word order allows us to understand the true meaning of the information. Compare the sentences: “The truck is towing a dump truck” and “The dump truck is towing a truck”, “The paddle hit the dress” and “The dress hit the paddle”. How does the meaning of statements change in connection with a change in theme and rheme?

In the declarative sentence “There is a bookcase in the corner”, the theme (initial information) is the predicate “stands” and the circumstance of the place “in the corner”, and the rheme (new information) is the subject “cupboard”. If the subject and circumstance are interchanged (“The closet is in the corner”), the ratio of the rheme and theme will change, and, consequently, the meaning of the transmitted information.

The subject can be placed after the predicate if:

• 1) denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon with a predicate with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action - “Autumn has come”, “A day has passed”, “It was an early winter”;
• 2) the text is descriptive: “The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly, creating fairy tales” (M. Gorky);
• 3) in the words of the author, standing after or inside a direct speech: “We will have to spend the night here,” said Maxim Maksimych, “you won’t move through the mountains in such a snowstorm” (M. Lermontov); "Why aren't you eating?" I asked the driver impatiently” (A. Pushkin).
• 2. Coordination (lat. con - with, together, jointly + ordinatio - ordering, arrangement) (in school course the term "agreement" is used) of the subject and predicate - this is a syntactic connection in which there is a complete or partial assimilation of word forms. The laws of coordination are generally well acquired in a natural way, however, there are cases troublesome. They are associated with fluctuations in the forms of number and gender. The verb can take both the singular form and the plural form in the following cases: if the subject is expressed by a word or phrase with the meaning of quantity - “two came (came), “some of the students did not appear (did not appear)”; if the subject is expressed by a combination with the meaning of compatibility - “brother and sister came (came)”; if the subject is expressed by the pronoun “who”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, indicating many, - “Everyone who came (came) settled in the stands ". The norm prescribes to use only the singular form of the verb-predicate when: a) subjects expressed by the phrase “noun of quantitative-collective meaning + noun in the genitive plural case”: “A flock of swans flew to warm lands”; b) with a subject expressed by the phrase “indefinitely quantitative numeral + noun”: “He brought up several wolf cubs in his yard.”

Gender fluctuations can occur when the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination - “very few letters have survived (preserved)”; a masculine noun that names a person by occupation, but in this proposal referring to a female person - "the doctor came (came)".

In sentences with a bunch of "was" or with a semi-significant verb, if the generic and numerical values names in the subject and predicate, there may be fluctuation in the generic forms of the verb - "the wedding was (was) a joyful event."

3) In accordance with the norm of the literary language, the gender of the definition with nouns generic depends on the gender of the person in question. Therefore, about a girl, a girl, a woman, we will say: “She is a terrible confusion (a bastard, dirty, sweet, etc.)”, and about a boy, a young man, a man: “He is an incorrigible bully (a couch potato, an evil one, a sleepyhead, etc.)”. In colloquial speech, it is permissible to use the definition female to characterize the quality of a male face: "He's such a bungler."

Special rules exist in the use of the case. When the definition refers to the phrase “numeral “two” (three, four) + noun” and stands between its elements, the following forms of agreement are used:

• 1) with masculine and neuter nouns, the definition is put in the form of the genitive plural, for example, “four deep wells”, “twenty-two small windows”;
• 2) with feminine nouns in this position, the form is more often used nominative case plural, for example, "three lush lilac branches", "twenty-four diligent students." It is acceptable to use the genitive plural with a feminine noun (“two dark boats”, “three large rooms”), but this form is less common. If the definition is before or after the phrase “numeral “two” (three, four) + noun”, then most often it is put in the form of the nominative case, for example, “next three years”, “any four definitions”, “two doors, boarded up tightly”, “four bags filled with groceries”.

How to use the number of definitions when agreeing? Quite often there are nouns that have two definitions with them, which indicate the type of objects.

In the singular, the definition is put in the following cases:

• 1) if the noun does not have a plural form: "scientific and technological progress", "happy and carefree childhood";
• 2) if the noun takes on a different meaning in the plural: “electronic and space communication” (compare, “close ties”);
• 3) if the definitions characterizing the noun are related (contrasted or contrasted) with each other (“right” - “left”, “male” - “female”, “perfect” - “imperfect”, “upper” - “ lower") and together with the noun form a combination of a terminological nature: "on the right and left sides", "singular and plural verbs", "first and second order equations". A plural noun is used when several items are emphasized, such as "wooden and plastic frames", "Japanese and Chinese dictionaries", "basketball and football teams".

There are expressions where one definition refers to two or more nouns: "my father and mother", "brother and sister". What should be followed to avoid mistakes? We use the definition in the singular, if it is clear in meaning that it refers not only to the first (nearest) noun, but also to the rest: “road bustle and confusion”, “winter cold and cold”, “night silence and peace”. In the plural, we use the definition when it may be unclear whether it refers only to the nearest noun or to the entire series of homogeneous members: multi-storey building and a school (a multi-storey building, but no school).

When coordinating applications, difficulties arise, as a rule, when you need to choose a case form geographical name, acting as an application. The names of cities usually agree in all cases with the word being defined: “in the city of Kazan”, “near the city of Vitebsk”, “to the city of Rostov”. Acceptable agreed and inconsistent forms for the names of cities on -O: "in the city of Zverevo" and "in the city of Zverevo". The compound names of the cities do not agree: “near the city of Velikie Luki”, “to the city of Velikie Luki”, “with the city of Nizhny Novgorod”, “in the city of Nizhny Novgorod”.

The names of the rivers, as a rule, are consistent with the word being defined, only little-known and compound names do not change: “between the Volga and Don rivers”, “near the Lena river”, but “on the Shilka river”, “Aksay river tributary”, “with the Seversky river Donets". The names of bays, straits and bays, islands and peninsulas, mountains and mountain ranges, deserts do not agree. The only exceptions are widely famous titles, which are often used without a generic word. Compare: “to the Yamal Peninsula”, “along the lakes Elton and Baskunchak”, “near the Bosphorus”, “to the Golden Horn Bay”, but “on the Kamchatka Peninsula” - “ southern part(peninsula) of Kamchatka.

The names of ports, stations, foreign administrative-territorial units, astronomical names do not agree: “at the Kropotkinskaya metro station”, “in the port of Murmansk”, “in the department of Bordeaux”, “in orbit of the planet Jupiter”. The names of the streets in the form of the feminine gender are agreed (“on Ordynka Street, Ostozhenka”) and the rest are not agreed (“near Krymsky Val Street, Krinichny Proyezd”). Titles foreign countries, including the word "republic", are consistent if they end in -YA: "agreement with the Republic of Zambia", "trade relations between Russia and the Republic of Nigeria", "traveled in the Republic of Cyprus".

4) Knowledge of the control rules allows using case forms and prepositions, correctly build phrases. Consider the constructions in which errors are most often encountered.

The verb "pay" has the meaning "to pay someone for something" and forms a phrase with a noun in accusative without a pretext: "to pay expenses (bill, travel, food, accommodation, work)". Most often these are nouns that do not denote a specific subject. The verb "to pay" means "to give money in return for something" and is used in a phrase with a noun in the accusative case with the preposition "for": "to pay for tickets (for food, for furniture)". In this case, we are dealing with nouns denoting specific objects. The verbs "to pay" and "to pay" form an unprepositional construction with the noun "tax": "to pay taxes, pay taxes."

Mastering the rules for constructing phrases with control, you need to remember about such phenomena as synonymy and variability in the meanings of prepositions. “In” (inside something) and “on” (on the surface of something) are close in meaning in the phrases: “to ride a tram - ride a tram”, “fly in an airplane - fly in an airplane”. However, they cannot be recognized as identical - the use of the preposition "in" indicates the location inside a specific named object, and the preposition "on" indicates the used vehicle. In the vast majority of cases, the prepositions "in" and "on" are used in accordance with their meanings.

The use of the preposition "by" in combination with nouns and pronouns in the dative and prepositional cases causes great difficulty. In combination with nouns and personal pronouns of the 3rd person, the preposition "to" governs the dative case: "missing your loved ones", "missing her". If a pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person is used in the phrase, the same preposition requires a prepositional case, so you should say and write: “we miss you”, “miss us”, and not “for you” and “for us” as it is often heard and read. If the preposition "by" is used in the meaning of the preposition "after", then the noun must also be put in the prepositional case: "on receipt of the order", "at the end of the session", "after the expiration of the term".

Ambiguity can arise when a noun or pronoun in the genitive case is used in a sentence. This case can denote the one who performs the action expressed by the verb, be the so-called "genitive of the subject." It must be distinguished from the "parent object", which names the object of action, desire, achievement, expectation. In the sentence “Petrov's treatment turned out to be useless”, it is impossible to clearly understand whether the doctor Petrov is treating or Petrov's patient is being treated.

In written speech, there is also such a stylistic flaw as a “piling up” of genitive cases. D.E. Rosenthal and I.B. Golub cites in his manual a construction that describes the owner of a certain book in this way: “The book of the niece of the husband of the teacher of the son of my neighbor ...”. Rosenthal D.E., Secrets of Stylistics. Rules for good speech / D.E. Rosenthal , Golub I.B. - M., 1996. - S. 154. This is especially common speech impediment when trying to express family relationships. The authors of the manual remind about the found by K.I. Chukovsky in a school manual on literature example: “Creative processing of the image of a courtyard goes along the line of enhancing the display of the tragedy of his fate ...” Ibid. - S. 155. .

In constructions with control, often with two control words there is a common dependent: “run and jump on the site”, “collect and scatter stones”. Such constructions are flawless if the verbs in them require the same control. However, there is a speech defect caused by the fact that the common dependent word is used with words that require different management: “treat and take care of the sick”, “love and be interested in music”: treat (who?) - take care (of whom?), love (what?) - be interested in (what?).

• 5) Proper use of participial phrases requires knowledge of the following rules:
  • a) the word being defined must come before or after the participial phrase. In the sentence "The facts presented in the report testify to the great successes of modern rocket science," the participial phrase "given in the report" refers to the word "facts" being defined, which is inside it. Such a construction violates the rules for using participial turnover;
  • b) a common mistake is the incorrect placement in the sentence of the participial turnover and the subordinate attributive: "There was a fireplace in the room, in which the fire had not been lit for a long time and served as a shelf for the residents." In this situation, the following options for conveying the content are possible: “There was a fireplace in the room, in which a fire had not been lit for a long time. He served the tenants as a regiment”; “There was a fireplace in the room, where a fire had not been lit for a long time. He served the tenants as a regiment.

The adverbial turnover usually moves freely in the sentence, i.e. can be at the beginning, middle or end. The most common mistake in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover is that the authors do not always clearly realize that the main action expressed by the verb and the additional action expressed by the participle are performed by one person (object). If we do not take this circumstance into account, we will get, for example, the following statement: “Approaching the city, strong wind". The main action expressed by the verb "began" is performed by the subject "wind". The additional "approaching", expressed by the gerund, is the author of the statement. A gerund can be used in an impersonal sentence if it contains an infinitive - "When sitting at the table, you must wash your hands with soap and water." In such sentences there is no subject of speech, and it is necessary to ensure that they always contain a verb in an indefinite form. Otherwise, such an impersonal sentence will arise: "When I opened the window, it smelled of pine trees." Some verbs do not form gerunds with the suffix -А(Я) in the present tense: “write”, “run”, “protect”, “beat” (the exception is the stable expression “beating oneself in the chest”), “smear”, “knit ”, “be able”, “reap”, “sing”, “scratch”, etc. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, such education was quite literary, therefore, A.P. Chekhov, for example, the gerund participle "pisha" is found, and V.V. Mayakovsky - "shaking your hand" Vashchenko E. D. Russian language and culture of speech / E. D. Vashchenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003. - S. 34 ..

Syntactic norms prescribe correct construction phrases and sentences. When building sentences, it must be remembered that in Russian, with a free word order, the direct word order is preferable, and not the reverse (inversion). In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the original information precedes the new information. If this order is not observed, the sentence may be ambiguous. “Will he go to the seminar? He will go…”

When building a phrase, you need to remember about management. For example, director of something, manager of something, pay for something, pay for something, talk about something, point out something, worry about someone, worry about someone, superiority over something advantage over anyone, etc.

Prepositions thanks to, in spite of, in spite of require the use of the dative case - according to the timetable.

It is a mistake to use two subjects: The room was not small at all..

It is often unjustified to include the word such, for example: Automation conditions, they are ...

With a subject expressed by a collective noun ( number, majority, minority, part) in conjunction with genitive case plural, the predicate is usually put in the plural when it comes to animate objects, and in the singular when it comes to inanimate ( most of the students passed their exams).

At the words a lot, a little, a little, a lot, a lot the predicate is put in the singular (how many schemes have been developed?).

Prepositions are used to express causal relationships due to, as a result of, due to, due to and etc.

Building participial turnover, we must remember that the main action, expressed by the verb, and the additional, expressed by the gerund, are performed by one person: Reading a book, the student usually made notes.

When using homogeneous members of a sentence, you must remember:

- it is impossible to combine heterogeneous concepts as homogeneous members - to study mathematics and tea varieties; and also it is impossible to include species and generic concepts (I love mathematics, physics, academic subjects);

- double alliances should be connected precisely by homogeneous members: he not only received the terms of reference, but also fulfilled it;

- with two homogeneous members, a common controlled word is put in the event that the control words require the same case and preposition (to read and take notes of lectures) (wrong, love and think about the country).

It is also necessary to avoid clutter subordinate clauses, for example: The design engineers gathered for a meeting that took place in the assembly hall, which was recently renovated by builders who tried to fix the deficiencies in time, which was set by the plan, which was approved in the same hall a month ago.

LECTURE 8 Lexical norms Russian literary language.