Transition e to o under stress. The vowel phoneme under stress is in a strong position

The exception is the cases transition e in about after soft consonants. In modern speech one can hear whitish and whitish, fade and fade, gall and bile. Although some dictionaries recognize such options, if not equivalent, then acceptable, it remains natural for speakers to choose one, the most correct form pronunciation. The right decision can suggest a scientific consideration of this issue.

Historical phoneme pronunciation<э>is a reflection of the Old Church Slavonic language system, and the vowel<о>after a soft consonant, it is an element of the Russian phonetic system. Transition process e in about under stress after soft consonants is objectively conditioned. However, on the one hand, he encounters resistance from the norms of Church Slavonic rhetoric and the principles of high-style pronunciation, enshrined in the language by the traditions of Russian classical literature: sl e knowledgeable, diverse e nny, ist e kshiy, os e long.. On the other hand, this process is complicated by the influence of dialects and spoken elements: ridge yo t, op yo ka, modern yo ny. It is necessary to note one more circumstance related to the peculiarities of Russian graphics. The point is that the letter yo, introduced into the Russian alphabet by N. M. Karamzin and really reflecting the peculiarities of the original Russian pronunciation, was used in the press extremely inconsistently. As a result of the fact that very often yo is replaced e, many words began to be pronounced with [e] instead of [o] after a soft consonant under stress: whitish instead of whitish, bile instead of bile, maneuver instead of maneuver. This reverse direction in the development of pronunciation is associated with the graphic version of the printed word in the era of universal written literacy, that is, the influence of the written form of the language on oral speech. This also explains the phenomenon of stress transfer: new about born instead of newborn, os at born instead of convict, convict e daily instead of convict, convict e unintentional instead of appreciated.

In such conditions, it is important to preserve and maintain the traditions of pronunciation. At present, orthoepic dictionaries and the consistent use of letters in printed texts are of particular importance. yo not only for semantic purposes (cf.: everything - everything, recognizes - recognizes, sky - palate, case - case), but also to indicate exemplary general literary orthoepic norms.

It is important to be able to distinguish between equal and unequal pronunciation options. Among the unequal options, literary ones are recognized:

Sound [e] in words scam, spineless, bluff, existence, deadwood, firebrand, sleet(but ice), grenadier, stout, life, zev, dresser, religious procession(but Godfather), fishing line, non-existence, rooming house, perplexed, (-nno), guardianship, settled (-awn), successor, crypt, surveillance, modern, yoke, barley.

Sound [o] in words worthless, eponymous, buckets(gen. n. pl.), mockery, slander(pl. crossbills), priest(genus p. unit h. priest, pl. h. priest), fable, brought, attracted, brought, belt, scabrous, wool and rough-haired, silky.

In unstressed syllables the law of phonetic reduction applies. The essence of the law of reduction is that unstressed vowels in Russian undergo various changes as a result of weakening articulation.

Smaller changes in unstressed position exposed vowels<и>, <ы>, <у>. Losing stress, they are pronounced shorter and with less force, but retain their main characteristics. This reduction is called quantitative. The smallest degree of differences in the pronunciation of these vowels in unstressed syllables compared to their stressed position is confirmed by the fact that writers rarely make mistakes when shaping words with stressed and unstressed variants. Wed: b s forehead s shaft; st and l, st and leaf, st and leafy; to at stick, to at honeycomb.

Vowels<а>, <о>, <э>in an unstressed position are subjected to quality reduction. At the same time, they lose their main features; another sound is pronounced in place of the original phoneme. In the first pre-stressed syllable, these vowels experience the least weakening, cf.: sam - s [l] ma, year - g [l] yes, forest - l [and e] sa. In other unstressed syllables, vowel sounds are reduced as much as possible. See table where

[l] means an open vowel similar to a phoneme<а>in an unstressed position on the spot<а>, <о>;

[b] - a short reduced vowel pronounced in place of unstressed<а>, <о>, <э>after a hard consonant; in transcription it is called sign ep;

[b] - the shortest vowel in an unstressed position in place<а>, <о>, <э>after a soft consonant; it is called er sign;

tv. acc. - hard consonant

m. acc. - soft consonant.

TABLE. Qualitative vowel reduction

note: phoneme<о>does not have an implementation in an unstressed position after a soft consonant, since this position is always strong, it is spelled out with the letter ё (bangs, panicles, alive, crooks).

3. Pronunciation of consonants

Modern literary norms for the pronunciation of consonant sounds (in the system of consonantism) and their combinations are based on a number of general language patterns.

1. Voiced consonants in the position of the absolute end of the word are stunned. This phonetic process is called the law of stun. For example: city [t], forecast [s], connection [s ’], gara [sh].

2. In certain combinations, consonants, paired on the basis of deafness / sonority, hardness / softness, undergo assimilation . Law of assimilation expressed in the fact that the preceding consonant is likened to the next. In the modern Russian literary language, complete and incomplete assimilation are distinguished.

At incomplete assimilation the preceding sound loses only one classification feature.

Most often, consonants are assimilated on the basis of deafness / sonority. At the same time, the voiced consonant before the deaf one loses its voice: connection [with] to a (link) cook] t and (claws) in [w] d b (leader), sweat] P is (signature),[f] With boil (boil)[f] With wet (into the light); and the deaf before the voiced is pronounced with the participation of the voice: [h] d acha (change), o[d] b yt (depart) ane[g] d from (joke), youth b a (threshing),[G] d omu (To home).

In some cases, assimilation softening is observed. That is, a hard consonant standing before a soft consonant is pronounced softly: ba [n '] sch ik, ko[n'] h hic, sta[t’ th a] (article). It should be noted that in modern Russian assimilation in terms of softness is on the wane, so two pronunciation options are often found: [d’v’] er and[Door; [here and[here; ne[n's'] ia and pe[ns '] ia.

Complete assimilation involves the likening of the preceding consonant sound to the subsequent one in all articulatory features. As a result of this process, the first consonant merges in pronunciation with its neighbor and loses itself as an independent phoneme. In modern Russian, complete assimilation is observed in combinations of consonants at the junction of morphemes, as well as at the junction of a preposition with a subsequent word:

Szh szh at, w aroma

zzh ra zzh go, mo zzh echok, and h f life

ssh ma ssh tab, ra ssh be able to w aroma

zsh and h w ubi, and h w Christmas tree

PM le PM ik, oh PM wear, from h asti

→ [hh] or [t h]:

dh report dh ik, vkra dh ivo, on d h Christmas tree

Tts sconce mall s, oh mall drink, oh t c enes

dts two dts ah, young dts s, by d c ifroy

→ [tsts] or [t ts]:

ts my ts i fight ts i oh t s veta

tc we tc me, boro tsya, would s cotton wool

mid mid yo, mid astier, ra mid eat, from h eat

ss ra ss elina, ra ss quarreled

zch navya zch willow, zaka zch ik, and h asti

zsch and s u food, and s u ate

→ [shch] or [shch]:

zhch mu zhch ina, interrupt zhch ik

shh spring shh aty

zdch borough zdch aty, star zdch aty

stch same stch e, lol stch e

3. In words with combinations of noisy consonants, the phenomenon simplification of consonant clusters. In this case, a certain consonant sound is omitted. We used to call such consonants unpronounceable.

The first consonant is simplified in combinations

vst → [stv]:chu in stv wow, hello in stv oat, silent in stv ovate;

lnc → [nc]: co l nc e, co l nc epek, so l nc state, with l nc unprotected.

The second sound drops out in combinations

stsk → [s:k]:marxi With t sk yy, turi With t sk yy, puri With t sk ii;

ntst → [nst]:age n t st in;

rsk → [rsk]: orenbu R G sk yy, peterba R G sk ii;

nksk, ntsk → [nsk]: helsi n to sk oh, serge n t sk uy.

The medial consonant is omitted in combinations

stl → [sl]: nw With t l willow, hung t lively, involved t livo, owl With t l willow;

st → [sn]: rado With t n oh, che With t n oh, le With t n ita, load With t n etsya;

zdn → [zn]: right zdn ik, nae zdn ik, zve zdn oh, no matter what zdn oh, by zdn about;

rds → [rc]: se R d c e, se R d c evina, se R d c beating;

ndc → [nc]: irla NDC y, shotla NDC s, samarka NDC s.

Pronunciation without a median consonant is acceptable in combinations

stk, zdk → [sk]: same With t to oh, neve With t to a, boro h d to ah, thunder h d to oy, poe h d to a;

ndk → [nk]: golla n d to ah, shotla n d to a;

ndg → [ng]: re n t G en.

4. Features of the pronunciation of the consonant<г>.

In normalized speech, this sound is explosive, that is, it is formed when an air stream breaks through a barrier formed in the oral cavity. A violation is the use of a fricative (slit) sound [γ], and when stunning [x], characteristic of South Russian dialects: [γ] tin, oh[γ] orod, smo[X]. A fricative, or slotted, sound is formed when the organs of speech approach each other, between which there remains a small gap that passes an air stream.

An exception is the pronunciation of the combination gk like [hk] in words light, soft and their derivatives: lighter, lighter, softest, soft-bodied and similar. But: in cha hh aishy on the spot hh pronounced [kch].

In the word God at the end we pronounce [x], and in its case forms pronunciation options are allowed: bo[G] a and bo[γ] a. Double pronunciation is also observed in interjections uh-huh, uh-huh:[γ] and[g] in place<г>.

In the word accountant plosive consonant is preferred: boo[G] alter.

In adverbs today, why in particle total in endings genitive singular -wow, his adjectives, ordinal numbers, pronouns, participles in place<г>pronounced [in]: new[in] oh bright[in] oh five[in] oh my[in] oh running[in] about.

5. Features of the pronunciation of the consonant<ч>.

In literary Russian, this consonant is always soft, therefore, in transcription, softness is not indicated with an apostrophe: [part] (often),[boredt’] miss),[kachk] (pitching).

However, in the word best and its derivatives, a hard sound is heard instead of a soft one.

In words what to, nothing of course on the spot<ч>pronounced [w], and in words something filming -[h].

In words boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, bachelorette party, laundry, bakery, candlestick, birdhouse possible double pronunciation of the combination h: modern - [ch] and obsolete - [shn].

6. In a word assistant pronounced hard hissing: pomo[w] Nick.

7. In numerals seven hundred, eight hundred<м>after soft sign pronounced firmly.

8. Pronunciation of consonants before<э>.

In native Russian words, consonants before<э>soft: [p '] ate, [m '] era, [r '] eka, useful [l '] useful.

This rule is violated by borrowing. Most borrowed words retain the pronunciation of the soft consonant before<э>: aka[d'] emia, bru[n'] no,[d'] eviz, inci[d'] ent, mu[h '] hey pio[n'] ep. Recently, many foreign words have appeared in the Russian language, in which the consonant before<э>also softened: in ve stor, di le p, three lle r, hat ge r, ki le r, mo not tarism, vinches those r, bobs le th.

At the same time, in the Russian language there are words that preserve, as in the source language, a hard consonant in this position: biz not s, gun those l, gro those sk, dispan se r, kong re ss, ka fe, to de in, mo de oh, oh those l, polo not h. Even before perestroika, linguists numbered about three hundred such words in active use. Many of them have a century and a half history of use, but they still do not show a tendency to mitigate. Over the past fifteen years, many new borrowings have appeared with a hard consonant before<э>: computer t er, prince those r, in those R not t, con se nsus, bar those R, se rfing, file t ep.

The problem is that the hardness or softness of the consonant before<э>in borrowed words is determined by tradition. This means that the rule for the pronunciation of a single word is often set by chance and is supported mainly due to the mass character, the popularity of one of the pronunciation options. Compare: inter not t - pio not r, winches those p - prin those r, mo de l - aka de mia. However, if the speaker breaks the tradition, those around him instantly notice this and perceive the uncommon version with displeasure.

Summing up, it should be noted that Russian orthoepy is an independent section of the language system. A big mistake is made by those speakers who confuse the concepts of orthoepy and spelling. Each of these sections has its own scope and functions according to its own laws. Spelling records cannot be oriented to the norms of pronunciation and vice versa. Compare the stanza of the famous poem by B. Okudzhava, designed according to the norms of Russian spelling and pronunciation (transcription):

Let's exclaim, admire each other.

High-sounding words are not to be feared.

Let's compliment each other

After all, these are all happy moments of love.

[dlv a yt’y exclamation a t ’ / friend (drug v’sh’ish’ a c with b

vyklp a rnyh slof n’i e (worth lpls a q

dlv a yt’ gvar’ and t’ friend (friend klmpl’im’ uh nts

v’i e t’ (at fs’ about l'ubw' and sh'i e sl' and come out mlm’ uh nt]

4. Features of the pronunciation of Russian names, patronymics, surnames

In the tradition of linguistic communication, there is a need to use anthroponyms - personal names, patronymics, surnames.

According to the norms of Russian national etiquette, it is customary to address the interlocutor by name and patronymic. This is a sign of respect and courtesy.

Many Russian patronymic names have pronunciation variants that have stylistic coloring. Let's consider them sequentially.

A clear pronunciation close to the spelling of the last name, first name, patronymic is necessary during an official acquaintance, the first introduction.

For example: Allow me to introduce. This is Varvara Tikhomirovna Morozova[vlrvar t’ikhlmirivn mlrozv]. As well as: Vasya[l'yiv'i] h, Igna[t'yiv'i] h, Nikola[yiv'i] h Jacob[l'yiv'i] h; Andes[r'ֹey] wna, Alec[s’ֹey] vna, Vasya[l'yivn:] a, Iva[nv] a, Fed[arv] on the.

In an atmosphere of increased officiality, it is not recommended to use variants of prepositional-case forms with contracted forms: by Igor Nikola[and] cha, to Katherine Yako[l'n'] e, in which the names change by case. In other cases, careful pronunciation of names and patronymics is not preserved.

The fact is that historically the norms of pronunciation of Russian names and patronymics come from the traditions of stage speech, which, in turn, is based on the old Moscow pronunciation. Even today, the Russian stage does not accept strictly letter-by-letter pronunciation when addressing by name and patronymic. Patronymics, male and female, are pronounced with a contraction (omission) of the middle syllables (of course, in conjunction with stage diction):

Vasya[l'i] h, Igna[t'i] h, Nikola[and] h, Jacob[l'i] h or I[l'i] h (Vasilievich, Ignatievich, Nikolaevich, Yakovlevich);

Andes[r'e] wna, Alec[s'e] vna, Vasya[l'nn] a, Iva[nn] a, Fed[nn] a (Andreevna, Alekseevna, Vasilievna, Ivanovna, Fedorovna).

Contraction is also observed when pronouncing a fused name-patronymic, including when declining. At the same time, the pronunciation of the name is characterized by a contracted ending and even an initial contracted syllable:

Ma[R'] Wa[nn] a, Alexa[n] Andes[r'e] out, to Katya[n] I to[l'n'] e;

Pa[l] Pa[ly] h, Micha[ly] wa[us] h; from I mountain Nikola[and] cha.

It is interesting that in R. I. Avanesov’s textbook on orthoepy, which was published in 1984 and received an academic character, it is said: “The pronunciation of these and similar patronymics without contraction cannot be recommended even in public speech, in which, in general, correspondence of pronunciation with spelling is generally more acceptable. Indeed, addressing by patronymic in itself means an additional sign of attention, an expression of respect for the interlocutor. Incomplete pronunciation cannot deprive speech of the properties of politeness.

According to the observations of another well-known specialist in the Russian language, F. P. Filin, the incomplete pronunciation of Russian names and patronymics by the bulk of Russian speakers is regarded as a stylistically reduced version: “The intelligentsia, not experienced in philological subtleties, perceives it as familiarly reduced and even offensive (after all Aleksevna, Nikolaevna refers to individuals), which I have repeatedly convinced myself from my own experience in different cities countries, including Moscow.

As a result, in Russian literary pronunciation, along with the stage norm of contracted pronunciation, there is a tradition of the Russian-speaking intelligentsia of the 20th century using the full pronunciation of names and patronymics. The meaning of greater politeness is associated with non-contracted variants of first names. The use of incomplete options, according to the majority of speakers, weakens the impact of speech on the interlocutor. In addition, a distinct pronunciation is used in a situation of increased officiality and to persons with a higher social position.

Active incomplete options in a relaxed atmosphere. In official speech, they should be used more carefully, guided by the principle of expediency.

5. Problems of euphony of speech

The euphony of speech (euphony) is violated by several groups of phenomena:

1) Non-linguistic inclusions in speech (paraphonetic parentheses). These include the extension of vowels and consonants in a word, ekane-mekane, noisy inhalation and exhalation, smacking, unjustified pauses.

Ekanye is found in all types of speech as a sign of reflection, doubt. Not all ekane equally hurts the ear. There are “modest” types: [b-b], [uh], [mm]; and there are those that cause hostility: [b-u-m-n-i], [e-u-f-b-m].

Prolongation of vowels in a word is akin to ekanyu. This is also a sign of reflection, choice, hesitation. Vowels of conjunctions, particles, pronouns, weed words are usually extended: something about, ta-ak, well, vo-ot. There is also an extension of consonants: sh-what, after-after, at something. It has been noticed that listeners are somewhat more indulgent towards the prolongation of vowels than towards the prolongation of consonants due to the more pronounced dissonance of the latter.

Noisy breaths, swallowing, smacking are also used to fill in pauses, but these phenomena more than others “throw into the ears”, are perceived with obvious displeasure. It is important to control oneself in order not to let these elements of the physiological property of the frame of what is acceptable in speech outgrow.

2) Words-weeds, repetitions, self-correction. They are functionally equivalent to paraphonetic parentheses (1) and are used to think about speech. Frequent use, repetition of words with displeasure is perceived by listeners.

In general, the first and second groups of phenomena indicate insufficient command of the word and interfere with the perception of the text.

3) Paraphonetic modifications of speech segments (changes in the flow of speech that are not related to the features given language). This is nasalization (nasalization), an unjustified loss of vowel quality i, s, y; delabialization (elimination of roundness) OU; emkanye. Modifications, unlike parentheses, are not signs of deliberation. They are regarded as elements colloquial speech and even as a vulgar feature.

Nasalization is the most noticeable speech modification. It does not depend on the neighborhood with nasal consonants n, m, is explained by the sound being given simultaneously through the mouth and nose as a result of a careless, premature lowering of the soft palate before the end of the phrase. For example: Dear Muscovites[b] and guests of the capitals[b]! Our traditional book festival[b].

Loss of vowel quality and, s, u, oh observed in accelerated or careless speech: Laris, where are your daffodil[b]? handsome[b] e they were[b].

Emkanye is also a consequence of speech negligence, when the voice in the final final vowel still sounds, and the lips are already closing: in the town[m], about sport[m], girls[m].

These phenomena are individual in nature, associated with the characteristics of the speech of a particular speaker. It is known that non-linguistic inclusions in speech testify to the emotional constraint of the speaker; they can also be caused by fatigue, distraction of attention, especially at the end public speaking. Them negative impact not everyone is aware of those around them, and, unfortunately, mostly listeners, not speakers.

The listed phenomena are subject to the general norms of human behavior as part of speech etiquette. Their nature is akin to the norms of the language. The norms for the use of paraphonetic phenomena are formed on the basis of an ethical principle, cultural tradition, and the authority of samples. The nature of paraphoneticisms has a dual character. On the one hand, they have a non-linguistic character, since they appear outside the speech functioning of the articulatory apparatus. On the other hand, the norms of their use depend on the cultural fashion, on the historically established view of the nation on patterns of speech behavior.

All these phenomena are extremely undesirable in official, especially public speech, since here the attention of listeners to the speech behavior of the speaker is sharpened, the reaction of the audience is more intense than to speech in a domestic situation. public evaluation, business speech based on the listeners' social experience and aesthetic perception, on the authority of models. Meanwhile, most paraphoneticisms are unaesthetic by ear. The inability of the speaker, the interlocutor to rise to the required level is regarded as a lack of general culture, general education of the individual.

It is possible to avoid undesirable paraphonetic elements of speech, first of all, by realizing and establishing their list. The next step in the process of liberation from dissonant elements of speech should be to clarify the conditions for their occurrence. This is important because speech pronunciation is mostly an automated process.

6. Features of Russian stress

Stress is the selection of one of the syllables using certain sound techniques. Such techniques can be: 1) greater tension of the pronunciation apparatus at the time of voicing the syllable; such an articulatory action is called dynamic or power stress; 2) change in pitch (musical stress); 3) longer pronunciation of a syllable-forming sound (quantitative stress). The nature, features and functions of stress are studied in the section of phonetics called accentology.

The role of word stress in different languages is different depending on its character, on grammatical use, and also on whether its place is fixed on a syllable of a word defined in order or not. In many European languages, stress is "attached" to a particular syllable. For example, in Italian, Polish, Georgian, the stress is placed on the penultimate syllable, in Armenian, French - the last, in Latvian, Finnish, Czech - on the first. In other languages, the stress tends to a certain part of the word - the stem, the ending.

According to experts, the force of stress in Russian is noticeably less than, for example, in English.

The function of Russian word stress is to combine sounds into a single phonetic word .

phonetic word- this is a significant word with auxiliary words adjoining it (unions, prepositions, particles). Prepositions, conjunctions and particles in Russian usually do not have independent stress on themselves and are adjacent to independent words, for example, over the mountain, was not, ote if he comes, sit down. In some cases, the emphasis shifts to the preposition: downhill, on the floor, overnight.

Compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter- may have, in addition to the main, side (or secondary) stress. Side stress is usually the first in order - closer to the beginning of the word, and the main - the second, closer to the end of the word. For example: trade-union organization, campaign team, oil pipeline, aircraft construction, waterproof, interlibrary, dust jacket.

An important role in understanding the features of Russian stress is played by the distinction between stressed and unstressed syllables in a word. On the stressed syllable, the articulatory effort is largely concentrated, which is expressed in the allocation of the stressed vowel.

The impact effect is created by a number of features. Firstly, it is the long duration (longitude) of the stressed vowel compared to the unstressed one. It has been established that the duration of a stressed vowel is longer than the average duration of a sound in a word, and an unstressed vowel is shorter than this average value. Secondly, a sign of a stressed syllable is the contrast between a consonant and a vowel. Here, the coarticulation of the consonant with the vowel is weaker, so the proper signs of the sounds in the word come out brighter. In an unstressed syllable, there is a blurring of the border between vowel and consonant sounds. It is difficult to single out an unstressed vowel in a syllable, since such a vowel does not have a stationary part, it is, as it were, a transition from one consonant to another. In such a syllable, the contrast between its components is weakened. The coarticulation of sounds is stronger, and the intrinsic features of the components are correspondingly blurred. Compare the pronunciation of sounds in stressed and unstressed syllables: [p'r'i e stroik] (perestroika); [pr'ts with tlvl'ֹаֹt'] (represent); [sharlv'idny] (spherical).

Native Russian speakers accurately determine the quality of stress even in phrases where there are no unstressed vowels. For example: It rained all day.

The qualitative difference between stressed and unstressed vowels in the language is strong. Therefore, the Russian word stress is called power.

The complexity and capriciousness of Russian stress is widely known. Perhaps only spelling can compete with the emphasis on the number of questions and usage errors that arise.

Correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of literate speech, an indicator of high educational level speaker. There are many words in the Russian language, the pronunciation of which serves as an indicator speech culture. Often enough to hear the wrong stress in words deepen, begin, ring, newborn, invention, beetroot, means, percentage, leisure, convocation, to form a not too flattering opinion about the education, the degree of general culture, the level of intelligence of this person.

Normalization of Russian stress for a long time remained a neglected area. It is noteworthy that back in 1927, D.N. Ushakov, when asked if there were laws for the correct placement of stress, answered that “there are no established rules for stress.” However, in the second half of the 20th century, serious theoretical studies in the field of historical and modern accentology (for example, the works of R. I. Avanesov, V. L. Vorontsova, V. V. Kolesov, V. A. Redkin and others), thanks to which the “whims” of Russian stress received a scientific explanation.

In Russian, word stress heterogeneous or free, that is, individual word forms have a clearly marked place, but the verbal stress can be on any syllable in order and any part of the word. Compare: With and la, dor about ha, heads a .

Miscellaneous stress of the Russian language in some categories of word forms happens motionless, that is, when forming grammatical forms, it remains in the same place: smart, smart, smart, smart; shore, save; joy, joys; and in others - mobile, that is, when forming grammatical forms, it passes from one syllable to another, from the stem to the ending and vice versa: goals a, heads s, G about catch, g about catches, goal about in; could at, m about eat; dare, dare a, cm e lol, dare s).

According to experts, in the modern Russian language there are more than 5,000 commonly used words in which fluctuations in stress are recorded.

Mobility and heterogeneity in Russian accentology is explained by a number of reasons. The first reason is versatility of the accent, that is, his ability to distinguish the sound of individual words, word forms, to differentiate the scope of use and purpose of the word.

Universal (general language and characteristic of stress in any national language) is excretory function. In this case, stress highlights the word in the flow of speech and contributes to its recognition.

In addition, stress in Russian performs several more important functions:

1) with intelligible. It plays the role of a semantic means for overcoming lexical homonymy. Compare: P about lki(from regiment) - regiment and (from regiment), chl about pok(plant) - clap about to(sound), ug about linen(from corner) - at naked(from coal), p a rut(steam; evaporate) - steam and be(fly);

2) grammatical. Differentiates homonymous grammatical forms. Compare: thief about on the(im. p., sing. h., f. r.) - in about rona(genus p., singular h., m. p.); R at ki(im. p., pl.) – hands and (genus item, singular); res e zat(Sov. in.) - incision a be(non-Sov. v.); gr at zite(expressive ink, present time, 2 lit., pl.) – cargo and those(command. incl., pl.);

3) stylistic. Demonstrates the functional and stylistic fixation of the accent variants of the word. Compare: to about mpas(lit.) - computer a With(for sailors); thief about that(lit.) - gate a (space); to about complex(lit.) – set e xnye(among mathematicians); hair dryer e n(obsolete) - hair dryer about men(lit.);

4) aesthetic. Participates in the rhythmic organization of speech, especially poetic. It should be noted that the departure from accentological norms in this case, it relies on variants that actually exist in the language (dialectal or obsolete usage). Yes, accent cemetery and more was generally accepted in the literature of the 19th century (Pushkin, Lermontov, Baratynsky, Fet). Today we all hit class a dbishche, but in the poetry of the twentieth century, and even now, the old version is used for versification purposes, mainly in rhyme with the words ashes, ax handle, hand, seek, find. The same can be said about the accent options. lark about nok, music s ka, tang about, tail I, crimson e c. For example, in Pushkin: Muses s what will the regimental! .. Muses s ki roar, sparkle of candles ... This stress was the norm of the literary language of that time. For modern poets, this option can be used in historical stylization. One cannot think that poets, at the request of rhythm, allow themselves free use of stress. In fact, no real poet allows himself to hesitate more than those that really exist in his national language.

If the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress create certain difficulties in studying it (foreigners usually complain about this), but these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (burial at married to the platform - immersed in water) and functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (laurel about vy sheet, but in botany: family l a ravines).

Thus, the multifunctionality of Russian stress eliminates the monotony of speech, is used as an important semantic means, and is also a source of additional expressiveness, testifies to the richness of the lexical and stylistic resources of the language.

For a person who has known Russian since childhood, the complex nature of stress does not create any particular problems. Knowledge of accentological features and literary norms allows the native speaker of the Russian language to freely operate with stress options.

There is no universal reason that explains the unstable state of the modern accent. We can talk about a complex of reasons for fluctuations in stress in a word. The complex nature testifies to the active changes taking place in its system at the present time.

The picture of modern stress was formed as a result of a complex historical process. It reveals echoes of the decayed ancient accentological system and traces of competition between the original Russian folk element and the Old Church Slavonic language. (mining, drought, beets). Territorial and professional dialects, as well as interlingual contacts, and a foreign language environment had an active influence on the formation of the literary language.

PECULIARITIES OF THE TRANSITION OF THE STRONG E TO O IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The use of [e] or [o] after soft consonants under stress causes difficulties for native Russian speakers. In modern speech, one often hears not correct pronunciation words modern, pe "clo, op" ka, scam, atle "t, being", being "m(philosophical term) with the vowel [o] instead of the correct pronunciation with the vowel [e]: modern, inferno, guardianship, scam, athlete, being, being(instead of correct modern [m "e"] ny, [n "e"] klo, o [p "e"] ka, a [f "e"] ra,am[l"e"] m, wouldmu[ e"], be [e"] m).

In other cases, pronunciation options take place: bile and bile, white and whitish, head and head, fade and fade, maneuver and maneuvers. Although some dictionaries recognize such options, if not equal, then acceptable, it is natural for speakers to choose the most correct form of pronunciation.

The old book tradition involved pronouncing words with e stressed after soft consonants (tired, tearful, kneeling). So, for example, in Pushkin we find red-hot, but not red-hot:

In the desert stunted and stingy,

On the ground, the heat of the red-hot,

Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the entire universe.

("Anchar")

However, over time, the general tendency to pronounce about and in these words prevailed. A paradoxical situation has arisen in the normalization practice of our day: dictionaries now have to protect not only the traditional pronunciation from e from invasion variant with o (le "ska, ope" ka; non-normative: line, guardianship), but also to defend the already traditional pronunciation with o (bile, whitish). This, as it were, the opposite direction in the development of pronunciation is apparently due primarily to the graphic perception of the printed word with the letter e.

Rules for the use of letters e-ё are reduced primarily to a warning against misidentification of the word: all and everything knows and know the sky and sky, iron and iron, cross(move) and godfather(father), expired(year) and expired(blood), but does not serve to indicate the correct pronunciation of the word being read.

As already noted, one should prefer, for example: maneuvers, maneuverable, faded, fade, faded, whitish, and also harder (harder- not properly).

Communions departed, led, wandered pronounced with a vowel [e] (after hard hissing - [e]), and participles weaving, weaving, as well as bringing, bringing- with a vowel [o].

pronunciation of consonants before stress e in loanwords

In accordance with the law of Russian pronunciation before a vowel [e] soft consonant is pronounced. This rule also applies to borrowed words that have firmly entered the Russian language, for example: aqua [r "e] l, aka [d "e] mic, ba [r "e] l'e "f, [d "e] k [r "e] t, [d "e] fici "t, [t "e"] ma, [t" e] tradition, s [p" e] kta "kl, [l" e '] action, whether / [d "e] r, pio [n "e] r, mu [z "e"] th, ga [z "e"] ta, fa [n "e] ra, p [r "e] zi [d "e"] nt, [d "e] sa" nt, [r "e] f [r "e"] n, effect [f "e"] ct etc.

However, in speech practice we encounter facts that contradict this rule. Even foreign words that have long been mastered by the Russian language, which have entered into wide speech use, are pronounced by some with a firm consonant. You can often hear: [te"]rmin instead of [t "e"] rmin, bru [ne"] t instead of bru[n"e"]t, mu[ze"]th instead of mu [z "e"] th, fa [ne"]pa instead of fa [n "e"] ra, ko "[fe] instead of coffee].

The matter is further complicated by the fact that many words (usually these are book words and special terms), in accordance with the literary norm, continue to be pronounced with a firm consonant: al [te] rnati "wa, as [te] ro" id, apar [te] and "d, a [te] and" zm, ge [ne"] tika, ge "[ne] zis, geo [de" ] zia, [de] ma "rsh, [de"] mping, [de] ko" r, [de] nomination "tion, [de] [te"] tor, dispan [se"] r, in [te] rvyu", in[te]gra"l, ka[ne"]lla, cyber[ne']tika, computer"[te]r, con[de]nsa"tor, la[te"]ntny, [me" ] [ne] ger, metropolis [te "] n, mo [de] rn, morality [te]m, [ne] reali "zm, pan [te] o" n, pa [te"] tika, po [te] ncia "l, pro [te] and "n, [re] le", [re"] quiem , summary [me "] [se] pcys, [se] rvis, so [ne] t, si "n [te] z, super [me] n, [te "] zis, [te "] mbr, [te "] rmos, [te"] st , ti [re "] tone [e"] l, fila [te] lia, fo [ne] tika, she [de] vr, exist [te] ntion, ex [te] rn, es [se], es [ te] tika, e[ne] rgia.

Some foreign names and surnames are pronounced with a hard consonant: [De] ka "rt, Kwa [re] ngi, Lafon [te] n, Wol [te] r, Gyo [te], Sho [bae"] n and etc.

With a hard consonant, many “everyday” words are pronounced, well mastered by the Russian language: a [te] lie", biju [te] ria, bifsh [te] ks, bu [te] rbrod, [de] kol [te], kaba [re], cok [te] il, ma [de] ra, mayo [ne] s, [nesese] r, ophee [de"] I, pa [ne"] l, par [te"] r, portmo [ne"], pro [te"] s, pyu [re], [re "] gbi, sar [de"] lka, [se"] [te] r, steward [de"] ssa, [te"] nnis, [te"] nt, tour [ne], chrizan [te"] ma, shos [se].

Nevertheless, the main tendency of the movement of the norm in this type of words is the transition from the hard pronunciation of the consonant to the soft one. Many words that were previously only pronounced hard now allow soft pronunciation, for example: artery [te] and additional [t "e], cycle track [re] and additional [r "e], vaudeville [de] and additional [d "e], devaluation [de] and additional [d "e], deduction [de] and additional [d "e], deodorant [de] and additional [d "e], dismantling [de] and additional [d "e], crater [te] and additional [t "e], criterion [te] and additional [t "e], panther [te] and additional [those].

In most words, the soft pronunciation of the consonant becomes the main variant, and the variant with the hard consonant is optional, for example:

aggression [p "e] and additional [re], alliteration [t "e] and additional [te], artesian [t "e] and additional [te], bacteria [te] and additional [te], mulled wine [v "e] and additional [ve], debit [d "e] and additional [de], dean [d "e] and additional [de], demobilization [d "e] and additional [de], depression [d "e, r" e] and additional [de, re], hyphen [d "e] and additional [de], deficit [d "e] and additional [de], congress [r "e] and additional [re], confederation [d "e] and additional [de], cornet [n "e] and additional [ne], cruiser [p "e] and additional [re], crepe [r "e] and additional [re], libretto [r "e] and additional [re], progress [p "e] and additional [re], protectorate [t "e] and additional [te], regress [r "e, gr" e] and additional [re, gre], flight [r "e] and additional [re], Renaissance [r "e, n" e] and additional [re, ne], maxim [t "e] and additional [te], strategy [t "e] and additional [te], thermonuclear [t "e] and additional [te], federation [d "e] and additional [de], flannel [n "e] and additional [ne], express [p "e] and additional [re].

However, some words artery, inert, trend, pace, according to dictionaries of recent years, there is a strengthening of solid pronunciation: art [te] ria, and [ne]rtny, [te] trend, [te] mp.

In the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (M, 1989), options with a hard and soft consonant before e presented as equal, for example, in the following words:

accessories [se] and [with "e], pool [se] and [with "e], taster [de] and [d "e], deodorant [de] and [d "e], definition [de] and [d "e], dismantling [de] and [d "e], demography [de] and [d "e], demoralization [de] and [d "e], deformation [de] and [d "e], geyser [ge] and [g"e], acupuncture [te] and [t "e], y [re] and [p "e], creed [re] and [p "e], Mauser [ze] and [z "e], nylon [ne] and [n "e], Odessa [de] and [d "e], retro [re] and p "e], session [se] and [with "e], Seim [se] and [with "e], therapist [te] and [t "e], terrorist [te] and [t "e], track [re] and [p "e], trochee [re] and [p "e].

Due to the lack of firm rules regarding such words, their pronunciation should be clarified from the latest orthoepic reference books.

You should pay attention to the fact that compound words (abbreviations) are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced:

CIS [es en ge], Germany [ef er ge], FSB [ef es be].

HARDNESS - SOFTNESS OF A CONSONANT IN THE POSITION BEFORE A SOFT CONSONANT

Consonants in the position before the next soft, in accordance with the modern norm, can be pronounced both softly and firmly. Previously, there was a pattern in the language, according to which many consonants in position before the next soft consonant could only be pronounced softly: la[n "k"] and(paws), no [t "l"] and(loops), [the beast(the beast), Thursday(Thursday), etc. Throughout the 20th century, there was a gradual reduction in the positions of softness of the first sound in such combinations.

Most consonant combinations can be pronounced variantly - with soft or hard sound before a soft consonant, which presents a certain difficulty for the speaker.

Currently, the softness or hardness of a consonant before the next soft depends on the following factors:

1 . From the position of combined consonants in a word. The most consistent softening is done inside the root: le[z"in"]ie, ve[z"d"]e, o[d"n"]i, ne[n"s"]ia; less intense - at the junction of the prefix and the root: [z "d" in "] inut and [zdv "] inut(move), [take off and [take off(remove) but by [tp "]isat(sign), o[tv"]eat(take away) on [dv "] yazat(bind).

Even less often there is softening at the junction of a preposition and a word. Pronounce: along [d z "] earth, on [d in"] top, [in n "] izine, about [d b "] shore;

2 . From stylistic coloring. So, the consonant retains softness longer in the position before the next soft one in native Russian, often used and stylistically neutral words: pu [s "t"], e [s "d "]it, [in "m"] est, ba [n "t"] ik, mo [s "t"] ik, ka [s "n ]it , le[with "n"]ik. In borrowed words that are less commonly used in speech, according to modern norm only a hard consonant is pronounced: ka[dm]y, per[sp"] ektive, yes [rv"] inist, [sp"]ich, co[nv"]encie, [sf "]inks, [tv"]id, [tm"]in etc.;

3 . From the quality of the first and second sound combined. The softening of the consonants [s], [s], [t], [d], [n] is carried out more consistently in the position before [s "], [s"], [t"], [d"], [n" ], [l "], as well as [h "], [u"] not at the beginning of the word:

in ma[s"s"]e, y[s"n"]i, ne[s"n"]i, ve[s"t"]i, go[s"t"]it, put [s" t "], we [with "l"] and, according to [with "l"] e, not [with "l"] and, ra [s "d"] ate, as [s"n "] to eat, ku [z" n "] ets, ve [z "d"] e, life [z "n"], in [z "l"] e, disappeared [z "l"] and, five [ t "n "]itsa, let[t "n"] y, put [t "n"] ik, vsa [d "n"] ik, forward [d "n"] y, new [d "n"] d, in va [n "n"] e, vin [n "t"] ik, a [n "t"] personal,cmunefii"d"]ia, ka[n"d"]idat, vaka[n"s"]ia, review[n"s"]ia. ko[n "h"]it, blowing [n "h"] ik, kaie [n "u"] ik, same [n "u"] ina.

At the beginning of a word, the same consonants in this position can be pronounced both softly and firmly: [here and [zd "] here, [with "n"] eg and [sn "] er, [s" t "] ena and [ cm"]ene.

All consonants before [p "], [b"], [c"], [f 1], [m "] can be pronounced both softly and firmly, while soft options are gradually lost: and [m "n"] series and and [mp "] eria, ari [f "m"] ethics and ari [fm "] ethics, [z "in] er and [star "] er, th [t "in"] erg and four [tv "] erg, [with "n"] white and [sp "] white, zat [m" n "] enenie and zate [opinion "] enie, key [to "in "] ny and key [kv "] enny.

Before [th], the consonants [p], [c], [m], [f], as a rule, are pronounced firmly: [p]yut, o[b]em, se[m]ya, [v]yu, shake[p]yo, ver[f]yo, and the consonants [s], [z], [t], [d], [l], [n] inside the root, at the junction of the root and the suffix, are pronounced softly: both [z "] yana, [d"] yak, pa [s "] yans, [l"] yet, ko [n"] yok, ko [z "] ya, su [d"] ya, zhi [l "]yu, zhi[t"]yu; at the junction of the prefix and the root - firmly: o [t] departure, [s] departure, [d] to leave.

The described patterns affect most of the words. But there are words in which these patterns can be violated. In such cases, indications of the pronunciation of specific words should be sought in the litter that accompanies the word in the dictionary.

PRONUNCIATION OF SOME CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

In place of letters ch in some words it is pronounced [h "n] or [h "n"]: then [h "n] th, ve [h "n] th, pe [h "n"] ik; in other words it is pronounced [shn] or [shn "]: kone[shn]o(certainly), sku[shn]o(boring), laundry(laundry), two[shn "]ik(double); in the third group, both options are acceptable: boo-lo[shn]aya and bakery(bakery), orderly and decent(decent). In some cases, the same word can be pronounced differently, depending on the combination in which it is found: heart disease, but friend of the heart(cordial); kopee [h "n] th coin and co-pee [shn] th soul(penny).

This difference has existed for a long time, and this is how it is reflected in A. S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin":

(1) First by mutual differences

They were to each other boring;

Then they liked it; after

Riding every day

And soon they became inseparable.

(2) - I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s like this here stuffy!

Open the window and sit next to me.

- What, Tanya, what's the matter with you? - To me boring.

Let's talk about antiquity.

AT late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, many words were pronounced with [shn], and not with [h "n]. Pronunciation [shn] became one of the signs of the old Moscow pronunciation norm. In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D. N. Ushakov, which reflected mostly Moscow pronunciation, it is recommended to speak bulo [shn] th, weekday [shn] yy, brusni [sn] yy, young [sn] yy, taken [sn] ik etc.

In modern linguistic literature, such pronunciation is characterized as already outdated. The orthographic pronunciation [h "n] has now become the norm. However, in some cases (of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, laundry, eyeglass case, loser, trifling) in place of spelling ch should be pronounced [shn]. This is a traditional departure from general rule pronunciation is accepted and legitimized by dictionaries and reference books. In addition to these words, the pronunciation [shn] is preserved in some female patronymics: Ilyini[shn]a(Ilyinichna), Nikiti[shn]a(Nikitichna).

In place of letters thu usually pronounced in accordance with the spelling sounds [h "t]: mail(mail), mast(mast). But in the word “what” and its derivatives, it is pronounced [pcs]: [pcs] about(what), [pcs]oby(to), something [piece] about(something) but not [h "t] o(something).

Combination schn in all words it is pronounced as it is written: graceful, urgent, future, accomplice, pronunciation elegant, dry, will be [shn] awn, message [shn] ik is a deviation from the norm under the influence of vernacular.

The only word in which the pronunciation [shn] is in place schn is the norm, help[s]ik(assistant).

UNSPELLABLE CONSONANTS

A group of indeclinable consonants in a position between vowels can be simplified, with one of the consonants not being pronounced.

1. Combined stn sound [t] is not pronounced: me[s]ny(local), teaching[sn]ik(participant). If the combination stn falls into a position after a consonant, a double pronunciation is possible: rough-haired [sn] and coarse-haired [stn] th, multi-faith [sn] th and multi-version [stn] th.

2. In combination zdn in some words the sound [d] is not pronounced: pr[s"n"]ik(holiday), by [kn]o(late); in other words, pronunciation is allowed both with the sound [d] and without it: abyss and without [kn]a, gratuitous and gratuitous.

3. Combined stl in most words, the sound [t] is not pronounced: happy [sl"](happy), sting [sl"] ive(compassionate); but in some words all three sounds are pronounced in this combination: put [st]at(send) bony(bony).

4. On site ndc and ntc pronounced [ntk]: irla[ntk]a, flama[ntk]a, aspira[ntk]a, student[ntk]a, but in some cases the choice of options depends on the meaning of the word: Dutch "oven" - gota[nk]a, Dutch "resident of Holland" - golla[ntk]a, Scot "fabric" - shotla[nk]a, Scot "inhabitant of Scotland" - shotla[ntk]a.

5. In combinations stk, zdk usually all three sounds are pronounced: boro[stk]a(groove), poe[stk]a(the trip). Pronunciation borough[sk]a, poe[sk]a in accordance with the old norms, it is found only in colloquial speech.

6. In combinations rks, rgs Petersburg[rks]iy and Petersburg[rs] cue.

7. In combinations ngt two pronunciations are allowed: your[nkt]onsky and your[nt]onsky(Washington).

DIALECT AND SPELLITE FEATURES IN PRONUNCIATION

In non-literary pronunciation (in the speech of poorly educated people), errors are often found, many of which are associated with the influence of folk dialects. The most typical of them are the following:

1. The pronunciation of the South Russian dialect [y] (resembling the sound that is pronounced on the spot G in the word accountant) in place [g]. For example: [] opod instead of [city, [ ] epoth instead of [g]hero, co[ ]Yes instead of when all[ ]Yes instead of always.

2. Dialect influence should also explain the erroneous pronunciation co[l]idor(the corridor), [l] herbal(regular), tra[n]wai(tram), co[n]fort(comfort), bo[n]ba(bomb), o[m]man(deception), me[n]ny(copper), for the sake of [in] about(radio), cocoa[v]o(cocoa).

3. In most Russian dialects, there is a hardening of the final labial consonants se [m], se [m] ten, goal [n], ready [f] etc. This pronunciation has widely penetrated into the speech of the urban population. These words should be pronounced with a soft labial consonant: se[m"], se[m"] ten, golu[n"], cook[f"]. The pronunciation is also non-literary. nasy[n] those, cook[f] those instead of correct nasy [n "] those, cook [f "] those.

4. Especially common is the South Russian pronunciation of the stressed vowel [o] instead of [a] in verb forms pl [o "] tit, paid [o"] cheno, nedo[o"] tit, one [o"] to lie. Correctly: crying, paid, underpaid, an ode to lie. The opposite phenomenon is also observed: the pronunciation of the stressed vowel [a] instead of [o]: temp [a "] chit(time to "time") delay[a"] defer(delay).

But most deviations from the literary norm are observed under the influence of vernacular. These deviations may be different reasons, but mainly determined by insufficient knowledge of the literary language. Even in a parliamentary speech, one can hear errors caused by the insertion of extra sounds: inci[n] dent, precede[n] dent, ascertain [n] t, compromise [n] tate, competent, intriguing [t], future [u] schy, sealed [l] yonny, legal [t]consultant instead of incident, precedent, state, compromise, competent, intriguer, future, stigmatized, legal adviser.

Many deviations are due to the interaction of neighboring sounds, for example: gooseberry(instead of gooseberry), muculature(instead of waste paper), semi-ver, semi-ver(instead of pullo "ver), stool(instead of stool).

In words that are often used in everyday speech, on the one hand, irregular insertions of vowels and consonants are observed, for example: cake(instead of cake), sang [e] me(instead of dumplings), rub[e]l(instead of ruble), per[e]spective(instead of perspective), wildly [o] image(instead of porcupine), by [d] slip(instead of slip), by [d] stroke(instead of handwriting), pro[d] chi(instead of other), dermis[n]mum (instead of dermatitis), and on the other hand, skipping sounds: trolleybus(instead of trolleybus), fluorography(instead of fluorography), individual(instead of individual), pan, pan(instead of baking sheet).

The phenomena of simplification are also common, when the word does not sound the way it is right, but how easier it is to pronounce it: colander(colander), grapefruit(grapefruit), scrupulous(scrupulous), Azebarzhan(Azerbaijan) and many others.

A typical deviation from the norm should also be recognized as the irregular softening of the consonant [h] in the position before [m] in borrowed words like antagoni [s "m], capital [s" m], patrioti [sm], careers [s" m] and. d.

TASKS

1. Pronounce these words in accordance with the orthoepic norm.

Grass, I put it open, I came, I ask, I took it, a mountain ash, a tongue, an egg, I brought it, a village, spend the night, spare, fascinated, happy; fragrance, democracy, grant, loyal, costume, cosmetics, boost, monopoly, hotel, oasis, rococo, chaos, zoologist, bolero, Voltaire, Shota Rustaveli, legato, adagio, phonetics, short story, poetic, decadence, andante, degradation.

2 . Determine whether the same or different sounds are pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable in the words:

live - blackberry, obesity - necklace, revive - and chew, elderly - wish, sewing - six, wide - six hundred, rosehip - whisper, cynical - appreciate, mat - price.

3. Read the suggested passages. Make a conclusion about the nature of the stressed vowel in place of the letter e in the highlighted words. What style of speech does [e] correspond to in place of e, and to which does [o] correspond? Please note that the pronunciation of [o] after soft consonants was alien to the bookish pronunciation system in many cases.

Take courage, O friends, fight diligently,

Though the fight is unequal, the fight hopeless!

(F. Tyutchev)

Here are her lips scorched

Eagerly brings to the edges ...

Are the tears salty, my dear?

With sour kvass in half?

(N. Nekrasov)

Why a monster over the abyss

And the beast in the forest, and the wild howl?

Why worlds, with their glory stellar.

Rushing in a coffin dance?

(K. Balmont)

4. What sound: [e] or [o] - is pronounced under stress in the words below? Check the pronunciation according to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (M., 1989).

Chute, millstone, perch, bile, helmet, wool, pharynx, loan, amoeba, athlete, obstetrician, grenadier, sequins, birch bark, spineless, poacher, stout, log, mockery, fishing line, maneuver, maneuverable, bigamy, polygamy, newborn, guardianship, settlement, bewildered, outdated, worthless, at the same time, condemned, payment, brought, brought, brought, weaving, expired, overexposure, glider, junkman, estimate, harder, point, being and consciousness, being (life, existence), case (cattle), case (in grammar).

5. Using an orthoepic dictionary, divide these words into two groups, depending on the pronunciation of a soft or hard consonant in the position before [e]:

intervision, interview, intervocalic, intermedia, intern, boarding school, intern, international, interpretation, interpolation, interior, interferon, raglan, reserve, resident, resolution, reservoir, rhesus, resonator, recap, flight, raid, rating, requiem.

6. Determine whether the soft or hard consonant is pronounced in position before [e] in these words. In which words is only one option possible, and in which both options are acceptable?

Aggression, adequate, academician, adept, accordion, anemia, antithesis, anesthesia, antiseptic, mezzanine, apartheid, artesian, asteroid, atheist, outsider, barter, business, bestseller, sandwich, steak, meringue, beret, bacon, brunette, genesis, hypothesis, debate, debut, motto, devaluation, degenerate, decade, deanery, demagoguery, demarche, dumping, dispatch, deposit, depositor, dispensary, deficit, bill, index, interval, code, competent, computer, concrete, correct, coffee, cafe, coefficient, compartment, Lutheran, leader, manager, museum, neologism, unpresentable, pastel, pate, press, resume, sweater, sideboard, strategy, text, telefax, pace, trend, term, terror, fortel, jacket, plywood, charter, overcoat, energy, ephemeral, jurisprudence.

7. Decipher and pronounce the abbreviations correctly:

CIS, Germany, military-industrial complex, LDPR, NTV, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, RSFSR, registry office, RTR, ORT.

8. Say these words. What are the norms for the pronunciation of consonants before soft labials in the modern literary language?

Together, run in, ambition, go soft, wrap around, bomb, to the ramp, branches, door, outshine, Lyudmila, star, perhaps, snakes, excuse me, light, candle, indirect, sphere, sing, mixture, cosmetics, news, development, educate , take away, cellar, noted.

9. What is the nature of consonants [s], [t] in words light, branches causes rhyme?

I loved too much in this world

Everything that envelops the soul in flesh.

Peace to the aspens, which, spreading its branches,

We looked into the pink water.

(S. Yesenin)

10. Say the underlined consonant combinations in these words. Are there pronunciations of these consonants in the modern literary language?

St them, st ep, go pedagogicaleducation ministries education

In Russian, the sound [e] (graphically - e) in a position between a soft consonant or hissing and a hard consonant under stress usually alternates with the sound [o] (graphically ё or o - in some forms after hissing).

Sestra - sisters, but on - wife, to cope with the task of th - to go with a candle th.

This process is very consistent.

White, zhernov, vedo rko, zhe forehead, wool.

However, no such alternation is observed in the whole group of words.

1. Usually there is no alternation in words of Old Slavic origin. Wed parallel Old Slavonic and native Russian forms:

being - being, lion's eye in - to pose.

Old Slavonicism can be recognized by its characteristic features:

a) By a combination of consonants -zhd-, -sh- in place of Russian -zh-, -ch-.

Hope a - hopeless, clothes a - colloquially clothes a.

b) By combinations -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- in place of the Russians -oro-, -olo-, -elo-, -ere-.

Bolo goe - blessed.

in) According to the characteristic finals: Old Slavonic -ie and primordially Russian -ye.

Life is life.

G) According to the characteristic initial vowels of the word:

Old Slavonic initial e- corresponds to Russian o-;

Ye ding - oh din.

Old Slavonic initial a- - Russian i-;

A s - I .

Old Slavonic initial u- - Russian u-.

Yuliya - Uliana.

e) By characteristic prefixes:

Old Slavonic prefixes pre-, pre-correspond to Russian prefixes re-, before-;

Cross cut - cross cut.

the Old Slavonic prefix nis- / nis- corresponds to the Russian s-;

Nis walk - with walk.

Old Slavonic prefix iz- / is- - Russian prefix vy- in the meaning of movement outward;

Flow - you flow.

Old Slavonic prefix voz- / vos- - Russian vz- / sun-;

Sun move - sun moves.

Old Slavonic prefix co- - Russian prefix s-.

So bor - with bor.

As noted, in Old Slavonicisms there is usually no transition [e] to [o] (graphically e - to e or o).

One tribe, expired, successor, rival, bent.

At the same time, the pronunciation [o] is now actively spreading to a number of Old Slavonicisms, primarily to verbal adjectives and participles.

So, in "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin forms intoxicated, kneeling pronounced (in accordance with the orthoepic norms of that time) with the sound [e] under stress: Napoleon waited in vain, Intoxicated with last happiness, Moscow kneeling With the keys of the old Kremlin.

Now these Old Slavonic forms, like many others, are pronounced with the sound [o] (graphically - e):

Captured, emaciated, emaciated, kneeling, aware and etc.

Sometimes the pronunciation of a word depends on its meaning.

Wed: bled to death - expired, announced results - screams as if announced, case of cattle - nominative case; a crime committed is a perfect creation.

2. As a rule, there is no alternation in place of the etymological "". The presence of this sound in the past can be identified by comparing Russian and Ukrainian forms (in Russian - e, in Ukrainian - i: bread b - xli b).

White, cut, cutthroat, trace, body.

But there are exceptions to this group of words.

Wed: stars, stellar, but: stellar.

3. There is no alternation in most loanwords.

Pharmacy, scam (!), bluff, kenar, mannered.

note

It should be borne in mind that, firstly, at present, the transition [e] to [o] is beginning to actively capture foreign words as well (cf .: manyo vr- main option mane vr- admissible; maneuverable and maneuverable- equal options), and secondly, the pronunciation of the vowel under stress largely depends on the source of borrowing. So, in Russian, the pronunciation [o] is preserved in the name of the Polish priest - kse ndz..

There are especially many fluctuations in the pronunciation of words on -er.

Wed: grenadier, dromedary, engineer, interior make-up artist, kioskeur, retoucher.

Options starter and starter, combine operator and combine operator are equal.

In some cases, the meaning of the word must also be taken into account.

4. There is no alternation in the position of the vowel e between two soft consonants.

Wed: sleet d - sleet, polygamy - polygamy, bigamy - bigamous.

note

There may be fluctuations in the pronunciation of some words: merry(admissible - all rural), near the sitz and near the sit(but: carry around).

In Russian, the sound [e] (graphically - e ) in a position between a soft consonant or hissing and a hard consonant under stress, usually alternates with the sound [o] (graphically yo or about - in some forms after hissing): sister - sisters, wife - wives, cope with the task - go with choy.

However, no such alternation is observed in the whole group of words.

1. Usually there is no alternation in words of Old Slavonic origin. Wed parallel Old Church Slavonic and native Russian forms: being - being, snapdragon - yawning.

Old Slavonicism can be recognized by its characteristic features:

a) by a combination of consonants - zhd-, -sh- in place of the Russians -zh-, -h- :hope - hopeless, clothes- colloquially clothing.

b) by combinations - ra-, -la-, -re-, -le - in place of the Russians - oro-, -olo-, -elo-, -ere -:bologoe - blissful.

c) according to the characteristic finals: Old Slavonic - ie and native Russian yo :living - living.

At the same time, the pronunciation [o] is now actively spreading to a number of Old Slavonicisms, primarily to verbal adjectives and participles.

So, in "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin forms intoxicated, kneeling are pronounced (in accordance with the orthoepic norms of that time) with the sound [e] under stress: “Napoleon waited in vain, Intoxicated with last happiness, Moscow kneeling With the keys of the old Kremlin.”

Now these Old Slavonic forms, like many others, are pronounced with the sound [o] (graphically - ё): imprinted, emaciated, emaciated, kneeling, aware and etc.

Sometimes the pronunciation of a word depends on its meaning: bled - expired, announced results - screams like an announced, death of cattle - nominative case; perfect crime - perfect creation.

2. There is no alternation in most loanwords: pharmacy, scam, bluff, mannered.

It should be borne in mind that, firstly, at present, the transition [e] to [o] is beginning to actively capture foreign words as well (cf .: maneuver - the main option, maneuver - acceptable; maneuverable and maneuverable - equal options), and secondly, the pronunciation of the stressed vowel largely depends on the source of the borrowing. There are especially many fluctuations in the pronunciation of words on - ep . Wed: grenadier, dromedary, engineer, interior - make-up artist, kioskeur, retoucher. Options starter and starter,combine operator and combine operator are equal.

3. No alternation in vowel position e between two soft consonants: ice - ice, polygamy - polygamy, bigamy - bigamy.

Russian accent

Russian verbal stress is characterized as quantitative-dynamic, or quantitative-strength: a stressed syllable, in contrast to an unstressed one, is characterized by greater tension of articulation, and at the same time, a stressed vowel is longer than unstressed ones.

Stress can be connected (fixed) and free (non-fixed). In Russian, the stress is different, free, i.e. can fall on any syllable of the word: on the first ( book, tree), On the second ( country, water), to the third ( waterfall, scooter), etc., while, for example, in French it is assigned to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate syllable.

The diversity of Russian word stress allows: 1) to distinguish homograph words: castle - castle, flour - flour, organ - organ, atlas - atlas; 2) to distinguish between forms of the same word: fields(genitive singular) - fields(nominative plural); pour(imperfect species) - pour(perfect view); 3) to distinguish between the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive coloring of words: one stress in the word is literary, the second is non-literary ( calls - calls; to solicit - to solicit) or can be used in professional speech ( booty - booty, compass - compass), in folk-poetic style ( silk - silk, far - far).

Sometimes stress variations are allowed within the literary norm ( genesis - genesis, cooking - cooking, simultaneously - simultaneously, cottage cheese - cottage cheese).

Russian word stress is also characterized by mobility. This means that when forming different grammatical forms for the same word, the stress can move from one syllable to another ( field - fields, village - villages, window - windows).

In russian language most of words has a fixed stress that remains on the same syllable in all forms of the word ( map, map, map, map, map, about map; wore, wore, wore, wore; walked, walked, walked, walked).