Language means in a formal business style. Official business style of speech

In a number of book styles, the formal business style is most clearly outlined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in public institutions, in court, in business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the scope of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style undergoes serious changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization.

The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style ¾ is a set of language means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations arising between state bodies, between organizations or within them, between organizations and individuals in the course of their production, economic, legal activities. And further: “The breadth of this sphere makes it possible to distinguish at least three sub-styles (varieties) of business style: 1) proper official business (clerical); 2) legal (language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic”.

Standardization of business speech (primarily the language of mass standard documentation) is one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominative prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite naturally, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, turns, constructions, in the pursuit of the same type of ways of expressing thoughts in the same situations, in refusing to use the expressive means of the language .

The process of business speech standardization is closely connected with the process of its phraseologization. This can be seen in the examples of the use in numerous documentation of verbominants (verb-nominal phrases), which in the business language become a universal means and are often used instead of their parallel proper verb forms: to help (instead of help), to repair (instead of repair), to investigate (instead of investigating), etc. Verbonominants widely penetrate the business language due to the fact that in some cases their use becomes mandatory (it is impossible to say otherwise): to allow a marriage, to commit a crime, to perform duties, to take a position, to impose responsibility. Their meaning may not coincide with the meaning of the verbs parallel to them: the combination to hold a competition is not identical to the verb to compete. Verbonominants not only name the action, but also express certain additional semantic shades, precisely qualify certain phenomena. For example, to hit ¾ is a terminological phrase that is the official name for a certain type of traffic accident.

Other features of the official business style (except for standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, conciseness.

Language means of official business style form a relatively closed system, which is based on specific units of three levels: lexical, morphological and syntactic.

At the lexical level, in addition to commonly used and neutral words, we can distinguish: a) words and phrases that are used mainly in official documents and fixed in administrative and clerical speech (proper, due, above, undersigned, non-performance, forward, submitter, guarantor, protect rights and freedoms, ensure equality, etc.); b) terms, professionalisms and phrases of a terminological nature, which is due to the content of official documents (the most frequent are legal, diplomatic, accounting terms: act, collection, legislation, defendant, recall (ambassador), ratify, applicant, etc.).

Many of the words with the coloring of the official business style form antonymic pairs: plaintiff ¾ defendant, democracy ¾ dictatorship, punished ¾ acquitted, aggravating ¾ mitigating (circumstances), etc.

In connection with the streamlining of the approach to terminology, two concepts-terms began to be distinguished: “lexicon with the color of official business style” and “clericalism”. The first name reflects the place of the corresponding words in the system of general literary language, their functional and stylistic coloring. For example, lexical units recipient (of this) or due, not subordinate, undersigned, compensation, appeal, recovery, discovery, superior, etc. in business documents should be considered functionally colored. The second name, “clericalisms”, can refer to the same lexical units, but only when they are unintentionally used in a text with a different stylistic coloring, for example, in a journalistic or colloquial style, i.e. in cases of functionally unjustified transfer. For example, in a poem by N. Kislik we read: "I write to you ¾ of everything to you. I loaded the communication service up to my throat ...". The phrase "communication service" can be attributed to clericalism (albeit, performing a certain stylistic function in this text). In the lexical system of the official business style, not clericalisms function, but words with the coloring of the official business style. A specific feature of the lexical system of the official business style is also the presence in it of archaisms and historicisms, which are often used in a nominative function (for example, in the texts of diplomatic documents ¾ assurance of respect, this, such, this, His Majesty, His Excellency, lord, etc. ). In this style, slang, colloquial words, dialectisms, words with emotional and expressive coloring are completely absent. Compoundly abbreviated elephants are often used here, abbreviated names of various organizations and institutions (ZhREO, ZhES, Research Institute, Central Design Bureau, KTS, Labor Code, Student Council, trade union committee, shop committee, etc.).

The phraseology of the official business style also differs in specific features. There are no figurative phrases here, no turns with a reduced stylistic coloring, etc. On the other hand, stylistically neutral and interstyle phraseological units are very widely represented (to matter, play a role, hold a position, scope, cause damage, location, etc.). There is also a frequent use of expressions associated with evaluation, but devoid of any kind of expressiveness: to be, to be at the level of something; bottleneck; common place, etc. In the official business style frequency are standard turns of speech, stable in nature, containing denominative prepositions, indicating the nature of the motivation for actions of the type in connection with the indication, stay, order (of the Ministry, head office, leadership), in accordance with the agreement reached (agreement), in order to provide technical ( material, industrial) assistance, etc. In the language of service documents, they perform the same function as stable combinations of the type take note, take into account, bring to the attention, etc. A characteristic feature of this style is the functioning of attributive-nominal phrases such as: conviction, writ of execution, disciplinary action, acquittal, preliminary investigation, cassation complaint, higher authorities, established procedure.

It should also be noted the purely nominal nature of the official business style. The same noun in business texts can be repeated even in adjacent sentences and not be replaced by a pronoun. In colloquial speech or in a literary text, such a use would be qualified as a tautology (unjustified repetition of the same word). In the official business style, such repetitions are functionally conditioned, since with their help it is possible to avoid misinterpretations. For example:

The territory of the Republic of Belarus is a natural condition for the existence and spatial limit of self-determination of the people, the basis of their well-being and sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus.

The territory of Belarus is united and inalienable.

The territory is divided into regions, districts, cities and other administrative-territorial units. The administrative-territorial division of the state is determined by the legislation (Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, art. 9).

In the official business style, nouns are widely used, which name people on the basis of some action or attitude: adoptive parent, employer, plaintiff, defendant, witness, tenant, applicant, etc. The use of nouns denoting positions and titles in this style is possible only in the form male: police officer Lavrenova, witness Vilchinskaya, applicant Fedorova, etc.

Verbal nouns for -nie, -enie are widely represented in the official business style: execution, notification, offense, resolution, resolution (of disputes), subordination, division, etc .; high-frequency are verbal nouns with the prefix non-: non-election, non-recognition, non-return, shortfall, non-fulfillment, etc.

A striking feature of the official business style is the use of denominative prepositions in it: in force, in order, in part, on the subject, in the name, in the course, etc. (in accordance with the plan for scientific, technical and cultural cooperation; in order to improve the teaching of Russian language in universities; in case of non-fulfillment by the administration of the decision of the commission; higher authorities in the order of subordination; list No. 2 in comparison with list No. 1; in case of recognition of good reasons).

To indicate cause and effect, the preposition is used with the dative case: for family reasons, for illness, for good reasons, etc.

To indicate a period, the prepositions from - to are usually used, and not from ¾ to: from 1983 to 1989 (and not: from 1983 to 1989).

Numerals in the official business style are written in numbers, with the exception of such monetary documents as invoices, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.

A feature of the official business style is also the predominant use of the infinitive in comparison with other verb forms. For example:

Everyone has the right to independently determine their attitude to religion, individually or jointly with others to profess any religion or not to profess any, to express and disseminate beliefs related to their attitude to religion, to participate in the performance of religious cults, rituals, ceremonies not prohibited by law (Constitution of the Republic Belarus, article 31).

Of the conjugated here, the forms of present tense verbs, the so-called “present prescription” are most often used: If the defense counsel is unable to appear within this period, the investigator takes the measures provided for by Part 3 of Article 47 of this Code (Fundamentals of Criminal Procedure). The meaning of this form is to indicate the action that the law prescribes to perform, i.e. on what should be done.

The imperativeness of speech, which implies subsequent mandatory actions of the addressee, requires completeness and accuracy of expression in this style. This largely explains the complexity of the syntax of official business speech, which reflects the tendency to detail and classification, to consider in unity the ascertaining and prescriptive sides, cause-and-effect and conditionally-effect relationships.

The syntactic features of the style under consideration are closely related to lexical and morphological ones. High-frequency constructions with nominative prepositions are:

For the purpose of reviewing the progress made by States Parties in fulfilling the obligations assumed under this Convention, a Committee on the Rights of the Child shall be established to carry out the functions set out below.

Initial elections to the Committee shall be held no later than six months from the date of entry into force of this Convention (Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 43).

It is not uncommon to use constructions containing an infinitive with the meaning of obligation, for example: The decisions taken by the meeting must be announced to all employees of the enterprise. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are widespread, the number of which sometimes reaches ten or more: Training in higher educational institutions is based on the achievements of modern science and technology, in conditions of close integration educational process with scientific, practical (creative) activities of students and teachers. For this purpose, scientific research institutions, laboratories, educational, production and research enterprises, design, engineering and technological bureaus, workshops, other enterprises and organizations in the field of training specialists are created in higher educational institutions or at them (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Education in Republic of Belarus”, article 20).

Significantly increases in the official business style, compared with others, the use of passive constructions. For example:

It should be borne in mind that these changes are made only to the birth certificate (in both copies). A new birth certificate is issued (the old one is destroyed) (Commentary to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).

Complex sentences (especially with conditional clauses) are widespread in the style under consideration. For example:

The judge is not entitled to accept an application to establish paternity if a certain person is indicated as the father in the birth record of the child. The acceptance of the application is refused on the basis of paragraph 9 of Art. 125 Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Belarus.

If the birth of a child has not yet been registered with the registry office, then the application is refused on the basis of paragraph 9 of Art. 125 Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Belarus (Comments to the Code of Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).

Such a word order is often used, in which the rheme of the preceding sentence becomes the theme of the subsequent one, which contributes to a special logical coherence of statements in a coherent text. For example: The Executive Committee issues a warrant to occupy a dwelling. The order specifies the expiration date. During this period, the warrant must be handed over to the house management (from the instructions).

In simple sentences, it is common to: a) place the subject before the predicate; b) definitions ¾ before the word being defined; c) circumstances ¾ are closer to the word being defined; d) introductory words ¾ at the beginning of a sentence (see examples above).

The complexity of the syntax of the official business style is most often created due to concretizing distributors in phrases and the abundance of homogeneous members in the listed series:

The participating States recognize the important role of funds mass media and ensure that the child has access to information and materials from various national and international sources, especially to such information and materials that are aimed at promoting social, spiritual and moral well-being, as well as healthy physical and mental development child. To this end, participating States:

(a) Encourage the media to disseminate information and materials that are socially and culturally useful to the child and in the spirit of Article 29;

b) encourage the international cooperation in the preparation, exchange and dissemination of such information and materials from various cultural, national and international sources;

c) encourage the production and distribution of children's literature;

d) encourage the media to pay special attention to the language needs of a child belonging to a minority group or indigenous population (Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 17).

Most often found in official business documents coordinating conjunctions, for example:

Students of higher and students of secondary special and vocational educational institutions have the right to conclude contracts with enterprises and organizations in the manner determined by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. The contracts may provide for partial or full payment of the cost of training, the payment of scholarships and other conditions, as well as the obligations of students or students (Law "On Education in the Republic of Belarus", art. 30).

A feature of the syntax of this style is also the predominant use indirect speech. Direct speech is resorted to only when legislative acts and other documents are quoted verbatim.

Some syntactic complexity of the official business style is compensated by cliches and standardization. Sometimes mastering them requires special education. If it is necessary to use clichés, printed forms are used and certain forms, which are given in special reference books.

In addition to all these features, the style in question also has some other features. For example, big role rubrication and paragraph division of texts play, as well as the so-called requisites (permanent elements): the name of the document, the addressee and author, the statement of the essence of the matter, the date and signature of the author (person or organization), etc. The person who compiles this or that document needs to know the amount of details, their relationship and the sequence of presentation. This forms the shape of the document. Below are examples of some business papers.

Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Professor Smirnov A.I.

Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Engineering Melnikov F.I.

Used for drafting documents, letters and business papers in institutions, courts and in any kind of oral business communication, this is an official business style of speech.

general characteristics

This is a long-established, stable and rather closed style. Of course, he also underwent some changes over time, but they were minor. Genres that have developed historically, specific syntactic turns, morphology and vocabulary give it a rather conservative character.

To characterize the official business style, it is necessary to give the language dryness, compactness of speech, conciseness and remove emotionally charged words. Language tools already exist in a complete set for every occasion: these are the so-called language stamps or clichés.

A list of some documents that require official business style:

• international treaties;
• state acts;
• legal laws;
• various regulations;
• military charters and charters of enterprises;
• instructions of all kinds;
• official correspondence;
• various business papers.

General characteristics of language style

Genres can be varied, content can be different, but the official business style also has the most important common features. First and foremost: the statement must be accurate. If the possibility of different interpretations is allowed, this is no longer a formal business style. Examples are even in fairy tales: execution cannot be pardoned. Only a comma is missing, but the consequences of this error can go very far.

To avoid such situations, there is a second main feature that contains the official business style of documents - this is the locale. It is he who helps to choose lexical, morphological, syntactic language means in the preparation of business documents.

The word order in the sentence is especially rigorous and conservatistic; here much goes against the direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian language. The subject precedes the predicate (for example, the goods are released), and the definitions become stronger than the defined word (for example, credit relations), the control word comes before the controlled one (for example, allocate a loan).

Each member of the sentence usually has its own place, which is determined by the structure of the sentence and its type, its own role among other words, interaction and relationships with them. BUT character traits official business style - long chains of genitive cases, for example: the appeal of the Head of the regional administration.

Style vocabulary

The vocabulary system includes, in addition to commonly used neutral book words, certain clichés - clericalism, that is, language clichés. This is included in the features of the official business style. For example: based on the decision, incoming documents, outgoing documents, after the expiration date, follow-up and so on.

Here, it is not complete without professional vocabulary, which includes neologisms: shadow business, arrears, black cash, alibis, and so on. The official business style also includes the inclusion of some archaisms in the lexical structure, for example: this document, I certify it.

However, the use of ambiguous words and words that have figurative meaning, is absolutely not allowed. There are very few synonyms and they are included in the official business style extremely rarely. For example, solvency and creditworthiness, supply and delivery, as well as security, depreciation and amortization, subsidies and appropriations.

It reflects social experience, not individual, so the vocabulary has a generalized character. The conceptual series prefers generic concepts that fit well into the official business style. Examples: arrive instead of arrive, come, fly in, and so on; a vehicle instead of a car, plane, train, bus or dog sled; locality instead of a village, a city, the capital of Siberia, a village of chemists, and so on.

So, the following elements of lexical constructions belong to the official business style.

• A high percentage of terminology in texts: legal - law, owner and property, registration, transfer and acceptance of objects, privatization, act, lease, and so on; economic - costs, subsidies, budget, sale and purchase, income, expense, and so on; economic and legal - sequestration, implementation period, property rights, loan repayment and so on.
• The nominal nature of the construction of speech due to the large number of verbal nouns, most often denoting an objectified action: shipment of goods, deferred payment, and so on.
• High frequency of prepositional combinations and denominative prepositions: to the address, to the force, in relation to the case, to the extent and so on.
• The transition of participles into adjectives and pronouns to enhance clerical meanings: this contract (or rules), current rates, appropriate measures, and so on.
• Regulated lexical compatibility: the transaction is only concluded, and the price is set, the right is granted, and the payment is made.

Style morphology

Morphological features of the official business style include, first of all, the frequent (repeated) use of certain parts of speech, as well as their types, which help in the language's striving for accuracy and ambiguity of statements. For example, these:

• nouns that name people based on their actions (tenant, taxpayer, witness);
• nouns that call people by position or rank, including women strictly in the masculine form (salesman Sidorov, librarian Petrov, sergeant Ivanova, inspector Krasutskaya, and so on);
• particle non- in verbal nouns (non-compliance, non-recognition);
• the use of derivative prepositions in a wide range (due to, in connection with, to the extent, by virtue of, on the basis of, in relation to, and so on);
• constructions in the infinitive (to help, to inspect);
• the present tense of verbs in a different meaning (a fine is charged for non-payment);
• compound words with two or more stems (employer, tenant, maintenance, logistics, below named, above, and so on).

Style Syntax

The characteristic of the official business style consists of the following syntactic features:

• Simple sentences are used with many rows homogeneous members. For example: An administrative penalty may be fines for violation of labor protection and safety in construction, industry, agriculture and transport in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
• There are passive structures of this type: payments are made strictly at the specified time.
• Nouns prefer Genitive and strung with beads: the results of the activities of customs control units.
• Complex sentences are filled with conditional clauses: in cases of disagreement of subscribers to the processing of their personal data in terms of the methods and purposes of processing or in full, subscribers sign a corresponding statement when concluding an agreement.

The sphere of official business style in genre diversity

Here, you first need to highlight two areas of subject matter: official-documentary and everyday business styles.

1. The official documentary style is divided into two categories: legislative documents related to the work of state bodies - the Constitution, charters, laws - this is one language (J), and diplomatic acts related to international relations - memorandums, communiqués, statements, conventions are another language (K).

2. Everyday business style is also subdivided: correspondence between organizations and institutions is the j language, and private business papers are the k language. The genres of everyday business style include all official correspondence - commercial correspondence, business letters, as well as business papers - an autobiography, a certificate, an act, a certificate, a statement, a protocol, a receipt, a power of attorney, and so on. The standardization characteristic of these genres facilitates the preparation of papers, saves language resources and does not allow information redundancy.

Standardization of business papers

Specially selected official business style words provide communicative accuracy that gives legal force to documents. Any piece of text must have a unique interpretation and meaning. For such high accuracy, the same words, terms, names are repeated many times.

The form of the verbal noun complements the features of the official business style with an analytical expression of actions and processes: instead of the word "complete" the phrase "make additions" is used, instead of "decide" - "make decisions" and so on. How much harsher it sounds to be "responsible" instead of just "responding."

Generalization and abstractness to the highest degree and at the same time the specific meaning of the entire lexical system are the main features of the official business style. This unthinkable combination, used simultaneously, gives the document the possibility of a single interpretation and, in the aggregate of information, legal force. The texts themselves are saturated with terms and procedural vocabulary, and, for example, annexes to treaties contain nomenclature vocabulary. Questionnaires and registers, applications and specifications help the terminology to be deciphered.

In addition to emotionally colored text, the use of any swear words, reduced vocabulary, jargon, colloquial expressions is unacceptable in documents. Even professional jargon is out of place in the language of business correspondence. And most of all, because it does not meet the requirements of accuracy, since it is assigned purely to the sphere of oral communication.

Oral business speech

Emotionlessness and dry logic of texts, the standard arrangement of material on paper differs significantly from oral speech, which is usually emotionally colored and asymmetric according to the principles of text organization. If oral speech is emphatically logical, the communication environment is clearly official.

The peculiarities of the official business style are that oral business communication, despite the professional theme, should proceed in the field positive emotions- sympathy, trust, respect, goodwill.

This style can be considered in its varieties: clerical and business style is simpler, but the language of public administration, diplomatic or legal, requires special attention. The spheres of communication in these cases are completely different, therefore the style of communication must also be different. Statements, protocols, orders, decrees - everything that is thought out, written down, read, is not as dangerous as oral negotiations, business meetings, public speaking and so on. The word, like a sparrow, cannot be caught if it flies out.

The main features of the official business style of speech are brevity, accuracy and influence. To achieve these goals, it will be necessary to use the appropriate choice of words, the right constructions, the correct syntax, and the standardization in the mind of entire blocks of prepared speech. Just like in a written business text, there is no place for emotionally colored vocabulary in oral speech. It is better to choose a neutral one, to be closer to the standards of clerical language means, in order to state your plan as accurately as possible.

Requisites

The most striking characteristic of the official business style is not even the text itself, but all the indispensable elements of its design - the details. Each type of document has its own information set provided by GOST. Each element is strictly fixed in a certain place on the form. Date, name, registration number, information about the compiler and all other details are always located in the same way - one at the top of the sheet, the other at the bottom.

The number of details depends on the content and type of document. The sample form shows the maximum details and the order in which they are located on the document. These are the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, the emblems of an organization or enterprise, images of government awards, the code of an organization, enterprise or institution (All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations - OKPO), document form code (All-Russian classifier of management documentation - OKUD) and so on.

Stenciling

Machine processing, computerized office work - new era in the process of standardization. Economic and socio-political life is becoming more complicated, technological progress is gaining momentum, therefore, the features of the official business style are to justify economically the choice of one language option from all possible ones and consolidate it in practice.

Using a stable formula, an accepted abbreviation, a uniform arrangement of all material, it is much faster and easier to draw up a document. This is how all standard and template letters, tables, questionnaires, etc. are compiled, which allows information to be encoded, providing an informative capacity of the text, with the possibility of deploying its full structure. Such modules are introduced into the text of contracts (on lease, performance of work, sale and purchase, etc.)

Fifty to seventy percent of the word usage in a document is procedural vocabulary and terminology. The topic of the document determines the unambiguity of the context. For example: The parties undertake to comply with the above rules. The word "parties" used outside the document is very ambiguous, but a purely legal aspect is read here - the persons who conclude the contract.

The official business style serves the legal and administrative and production activities of a person. The purpose of the style is the regulation of legal relations between the participants in communication.

Official business style - genres, form of speech, scope, style features

In official business style, they mainly use and, which is understandable: legal relations must be fixed, so that in case of violations or misunderstandings, it can be established what the legal relations of the communicants are. Basically, in the official business style, a monologue is used as a type of speech.

The official business style is a public communication.

Genres of formal business style are: constitution, law, charter, contract, note, certificate, autobiography, business conversation, business conversation and etc.

Destination- the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc.

Style features of the official business style

Language means of official business style

Lexical means

As in any other style, in official business it is used special and professional vocabulary:

• stationery:

verbal nouns:

providing, rewarding,

• denominative prepositions:

in accordance with ..., in view of, according to, etc.,

• a combination of a verb and a noun in the function of a predicate:

conduct investigations, conduct work, etc.;

• fixed phrases:

cassation appeal, lump-sum allowance, established procedure, preliminary consideration;

• archaisms and historicisms:

Your majesty, such, accept the assurance of my respects;

• abbreviations (abbreviated words):

• lack of colloquial, dialectal, colloquial, slang vocabulary;

In addition, words in an official business style form antonymous pairs:

rights - duties, plaintiff - defendant, prosecutor - lawyer.

Morphological means of official business style

• the predominance of nouns over verbs, a greater frequency of verbal nouns

(advancement, achievement, improvement),

• frequency of denominative prepositions

(according to, in spite of, during, in view of),

• the use of verbs in the present tense imperfective form

(the so-called real duty: correspondence is handed over to the recipient ... in this case, the verb handed over has the meaning must be handed over, must be handed over),

• frequency of the indefinite form of the verb

(The publishing house undertakes to publish the book on time, organize the sale and sale of the book, pay the author's fee in a timely manner),

• using modal words:

(must, must, must)

• relative adjectives are more common than qualitative ones

(working, vacation, book, colloquial, official),

• use of verb-nominal combinations synonymous with the verb

(fight - fight, work - work),

• the predominance of nouns over pronouns, the absence of pronouns 1-2 persons singular. and many others. numbers (with rare exceptions),
• use of nouns m.r. to designate f.r. (teacher Ivanova),
• designation of a person through his social affiliation

(plaintiff, defendant, employer, performer, etc.)

Watch the thematic presentation:

Syntactic Style Tools

These include:

• case stringing

(a chain of successively dependent nouns R. or T.p.: second assistant to the deputy chairman of the board of the State Bank of Russia),

• a large number of clarifying turns and homogeneous members of the sentence:

(On the twenty-fifth of September, at 18-00, a meeting of the Russian Textbook Association will be held in the Museum of the Textbook),

• a large number of passive, indefinitely personal and impersonal constructions:

(In order to form the state budget to ensure educational literature schools participating in the experiment to improve the structure and content of education, please make a calculation of the costs of producing experimental textbooks ...),

• the absence of exclamatory, interrogative sentences (except for a written request):

• direct word order:

(“The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federative constitutional state with a republican form of government).

Features of constructing a text in an official business style:

• composition standard (according to ),
• standard strong positions text

(title - title of the document, beginning, ending),

• the selection of facts is strictly determined by the type of document,
• record types:

- linear (statement, order),

- stencil - linear notation with spaces for variable data (certificate, contract),

- questionnaire - question-answer form, the content is split, the text is read vertically (questionnaire),

- tabular - data are presented in digital or verbal form and are enclosed in columns vertically and horizontally,

• paragraph articulation -

highlighting part of a sentence in a paragraph (the entire text can be one sentence.

• repeat as main

(The employee of the institution is obliged ... The rights of the employee include ...).

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy, (see "Our Library")

RUSSIAN STYLES

Knowledge functional styles language and the ability to use them is one of the indicators of speech culture.

functional style- this is the use of the literary language in a certain sphere of human activity.

Each functional style selects and organizes linguistic means (words, morphological forms, syntactic constructions) depending on the conditions and tasks of communication.

It is very important to know and feel the specific features of each functional style, to skillfully use linguistic means depending on the purpose and place of speech communication, to master the speech genres of both oral and written speech of various functional styles.

Distinguish between colloquial and bookish styles. Book styles include scientific, journalistic, official business and fiction styles.

Each style of the literary language has its own lexical, morphological, syntactic features.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE: STYLE AND GENRE FEATURES

Scope of operation- administrative and legal.

Leading function - informative(prescriptive, stating). Basic form of implementation - written.

Specific style features:

1) the accuracy of the presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of other interpretations; detailed presentation;

2) the obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation;

3) objectivity;

4) consistency;

5) stereotyping, standardization of presentation;

The main feature of an official paper is its standard form: all statements, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written in the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are simply forms on which the repeating text is already printed. To get the necessary document, you just need to fill out the form.

6) A document of official business style is distinguished by the absence of emotional coloring, dryness.

7) Narrative is not used.

Some of the specific style features include::

Lexical Features

use of professional (for example, diplomatic, legal, accounting, etc.) terminology ( protocol, contract, sanction etc.);

stationery ( the undersigned, the aforementioned, record);

stamps ( during the reporting period).

Emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary is not used.

Morphological features

Widespread use of verbal nouns adoption, adoption and etc.); nouns denoting professions, positions, titles ( accountant, postman, major and etc.); names of people on the basis of some action or attitude ( employer, witness, customer and etc). ( Note: to avoid inaccuracies, the noun is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in adjacent sentences);

3rd person pronouns (2nd and 1st persons are not used);

active use of infinitives;

short adjectives with the meaning of obligation ( must, must, accountable, required);

denominative prepositions ( for the purposes of, in the course of, in order to avoid, along the line, on the subject and etc.);

Syntactic features

the use of infinitive and impersonal constructions with the meaning of obligation ( Decisions made by the general meeting must be implemented by the end of the second quarter);

passive structures ( Payment guaranteed; Request received);

·complication simple sentences numerous isolated turns, homogeneous members, often lining up in a long chain of paragraphs, which entails an increase in the size of the sentence to several hundred word usages (up to 2000 words or more);

the predominance of allied ties over non-union ones;

predominant use of indirect speech

Table

Language features of the official business style

PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION

1. Type of document

Characteristic- a document that contains a review, the conclusion of a team or leader about someone's labor, educational and social activities; socially significant qualities.

Student characteristics:

1) evaluation learning activities,

2) evaluation of scientific activity,

3) assessment of public life,

4) assessment of character traits (principled, conflict-free, punctual).

Employee characteristics:

1) assessment of professional activity,

2) assessment of inventive activity,

3) assessment of public life,

4) assessment of character traits - (organizational abilities).

Cliched designs

1. Name of the document

There are 2 norms: literary norm - R.p. without a preposition (characteristic of whom?);

Office norm - due to the tradition of R.p. with a preposition (characteristic for whom?)

2. Indication of the full name of the characterized, his position and place of work (study)

3. The actual text of the characteristic. At the end of the characteristic there should be an indication of the purpose for which the characteristic is given (Ex. Characteristics issued for submission to the district military registration and enlistment office).

4. Signature of the head of the organization.

5. At the bottom of the document, the title of the position of the head is placed on the left, and on the right, after his handwritten signature, the surname and initials of the signatory are indicated in brackets.

Sample

To the certification committee of the Institute

professional accountants

CHARACTERISTIC

to Nikonova A.A.

Nikonova Alla Anatolyevna has been working in ZAO "Denta" since March 12, 2000 as a chief accountant. In a circle official duties Nikonova A.A. includes:

organization accounting at the enterprise;

preparation of annual and quarterly accounting and statistical reporting;

Organization of work of the cash desk of the enterprise and control over the observance of financial discipline;

Formation of complete and reliable information about business processes and results of the financial activity of the enterprise.

Disciplined, constantly improving her professional level. In 2003, she completed advanced training courses at the State Financial Academy. Actively transfers his knowledge to subordinate employees, being an experienced mentor.

In communication, she is polite, tactful, enjoys the well-deserved respect of employees.

CEO CJSC "Denta" V.I. Razin

2. Type of document

Statement- a document containing a request of a person addressed to an organization or an official of an institution.

Location and semantic content of the parts

Location of parts of the application:

1) the name is written at the top with an indent of a third of the line;

2) last name, first name and patronymic of the applicant - under the addressee, with the pretext from or without it; the preposition is obligatory if two surnames are nearby (to the director of the school Stepanov M.A.. from Nadezhdina M.K..)

3) after the word statement a dot is put if there is no preposition from;

4) the text of the application is written from the red line;

5) the date is placed on the left; signature is on the right.

2. Formatting the name of the addressee:

if it is the name of an organization, then it is put in the accusative case; if this is the name of an official - in the dative case.

The following questions are often asked.

Is the word "statement" capitalized or lowercase?

Is there a period after the word "statement"?

Which is correct: Ivanov's statement or Ivanov's statement?

1. The word "statement" is the title of the document. According to the general rules:

the entire heading can be written in capital letters (usually, if the text of the application is typed on a computer or written on a prepared form: ORDER; STATEMENT) - in this case, a dot is not put after the heading.

2. Only the first letter of the heading is capitalized (usually in handwritten statements: Order; Statement) - a dot is also not needed in this case.

Cliched designs

1) the request is expressed:

Please + infinitive (permit, allow etc.) I ask for your permission (consent) + for what? (for enrollment, for departure etc.)

2) constructions for entering argumentation: due to the fact that...; due to the fact that...; on the basis that; because...; because...; Considering(what?)...

Sample

Director of Plus LLC Ivanov I.I.

engineer Petrov P.P.

STATEMENT

I ask you to send me to St. Petersburg for a period of 10 days for an internship.

Date Signature

3. Type of document

Power of attorney - a document by which one person gives another person the authority to take some action for him (most often, to receive something).

The basis of any style is stylistically marked or style-forming vocabulary. Stylistically marked vocabulary is vocabulary assigned to a particular style.

The basis of the official business style is: a) specific clerical vocabulary - these are words and phrases that are used mainly in official documents and are fixed in administrative and clerical speech. Examples of such vocabulary can be: defendant, penalty, invoice, proper, due, above, undersigned, default, forward, giver, recipient, protect rights and freedoms, for the reporting period, taking into account, ensure equality, etc.; b) terms, professionalisms and phrases of a terminological nature, which is due to the content of official documents (the most frequent are legal, diplomatic, accounting terms: act, collection, legislation, defendant, plaintiff, recall (ambassador), applicant, petition, endorse, hear, etc. .p This vocabulary is not commonly used in other styles of the language.In addition, if this vocabulary is appropriate in the official business style, then using it in other styles is considered a stylistic mistake.Restrictions on use apply more to official stationery stamps than to terminology. In any case, communication, let's say on legal topics, is not possible without the use of legal terminology, although it is desirable not to oversaturate speech with it.When using terms, it is not allowed to distort their form or replace them with professionalism, jargon, etc. Stationery stamps can always be should be avoided by replacing them with neutral synonyms. it is unacceptable,” writes M.N. Kozhin, - to introduce clericalism into speech without any thematic motivation, as almost expressive means in order to flaunt "education". K. Paustovsky, K. Chukovsky and other masters of the word wrote about such cases of mangling the language with pain for its fate” (5, p. 181). K. Chukovsky to designate inappropriate use clericalism introduced a peculiar term "clerical".

The homogeneity of the stylistic coloring of the vocabulary of business written speech is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary (lexicon with a generalized meaning), which in the text of the document represents a specific action, object or sign in the official legal interpretation: violation of labor discipline(this may be late, absenteeism, attendance at work in drunk etc.), disruption of the delivery schedule(delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.), be responsible(subject to fines, material penalties, criminal prosecution, etc. in case of violation).

The presentation procedure is connected not only with the preference for generalized semantics, but also with the preference for generic lexemes over species ones: products- books, booklets, boards, nails; room- room, apartment, hall; building- barn, house, stall, etc.; with an inclination towards dissected concepts of both actions and objects: calculate- pay off trading process- trade, cash - money. The most important feature procedural vocabulary is that the words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of contextual use is due to the subject of the document: The parties undertake to provide mutual barter supplies... With all the ambiguity, the word "parties" is read only in the legal aspect - "legal entities concluding a contract." Many of the words with the coloring of the official business style form antonymic pairs: plaintiff - defendant, democracy - dictatorship, punished - acquitted, aggravating - mitigating(circumstances), etc. The use of synonyms, synonymous substitutions is not allowed in the official business style, since in this style there is a desire for accuracy, for unambiguity, and synonymous substitutions usually cause a change in shades of meaning. Therefore, a typical feature of business speech is the wide repetition of the same words, mostly terms.

With such a feature of the official business style as the non-personal nature of business papers, impersonality is associated with the frequent use of words-names of persons by action, state ( contributor, tenant); collective nouns ( elections, children, parents); names of persons by profession and social status ( citizens, employees).

A specific feature of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of archaisms and historicisms, which are often used in a nominative function (for example, in the texts of diplomatic documents - assurance of respect, this, such, this, lord, His Majesty).

In this style, slang, colloquial words, dialectisms, words with emotionally expressive coloring should be completely absent. Nevertheless, professional and slang words sometimes get into the language of business correspondence: personnel officer, payroll, cape, incomplete etc. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is just as inappropriate as the use of clericalism in everyday conversation, since its use is reserved only for the oral sphere of communication and it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.

Documents, as a rule, do not allow the use of neologisms (even those formed according to traditional models), if they do not have a terminological meaning and can be replaced by general literary words. If they are used, then they need explanations in the text (usually in brackets).

Compound abbreviated words, abbreviated names of various organizations and institutions are often used here. (ZhREO, ZhES, Research Institute, Labor Code, LLC, JSC, RF, student council, trade union committee, shop committee, etc.) For example, “This insurance policy certifies the fact of the conclusion of a voluntary medical insurance contract in accordance with the insurance rules of OJSC Siberian Society “Insurance” ...» (example taken from or “Replacement of a driver’s license can be carried out in the traffic police at the place of residence”(example taken from the "Rules of the road" ).

In the official business style, the lexical combinability of words is standardized: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical combinability of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated combinability: control usually assigned, deal is made, payment is made, invoice - issued(or paid), price - set, right - granted, positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - imperative; discounts - significant; disagreements - material/insignificant, official letter - compiled ( not spelled) and sent ( not sent), a reprimand is announced, a reprimand is issued, a salary is set and etc.

The phraseology of the official business style also differs in specific features. There are no figurative phraseological turns here, there are no phraseological units with a reduced stylistic coloring. On the other hand, stylistically neutral and interstyle stable turnovers are very widely represented, the use of which is associated with the standardization of the official business style: to be important, to play a role, to occupy a position, scope, cause damage, location, in the performance of duties, executive, come into force, not subject to appeal, transfer to the appropriate authorities, bring to criminal responsibility, without a good reason, in case of failure to appear, after the expiration of the term etc.). This also includes turns with archaic elements: correspond to the deed, the punishability of the act and others

There is also a frequent use of expressions related to evaluation, but devoid of any kind of expressiveness: to be, to be at the level of something; bottleneck; common place and others

T. P. Pleshchenko notes that in the official business style, along with the process of standardization, there is a process of phraseologisation of business speech. She writes that “this can be seen in the examples of the use of verbominants (verb-nominal phrases) in the numerous documentation, which in the business language become a universal means and are often used instead of the proper verbal forms parallel to them: help ( instead of help), repair ( instead of repair), investigate ( instead of investigate) etc. Verbonominants widely penetrate the business language due to the fact that in some cases their use becomes mandatory (it is impossible to say otherwise): allow marriage, commit a crime, perform duties, take a position, impose responsibility. Their meaning may not coincide with the meaning of the verbs parallel to them: the combination hold a competition not the same as verb compete"(6, p. 27). Verbonominants not only name the action, but also express certain additional shades of meaning, become a kind of terms that help to accurately qualify this or that phenomenon. For example, the phrase " run over" - a terminological phrase that is about the official name of a certain type of traffic accident (example taken from 6, p.27).

The concept of a newspaper-journalistic style is made up of the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, reports, speeches, conversations, speeches, discussions, the language of radio and television programs, documentary-journalistic films (2, p. 407). The newspaper and journalistic style is the most popular of all functional styles, since it is promoted by the mass media - the press, radio, cinema, television.

The speed of creating newspaper and magazine texts, associated with the need to quickly respond to ongoing events, has a significant impact on the newspaper and journalistic style. The limited volume of this text, the need to contain as much information as possible

In the book of I.R. Galperin "Essays on the style of the English language" a large section of the chapter on speech styles is devoted to newspaper and journalistic style. Inside the newspaper style, the author distinguishes two varieties: a) the style of newspaper messages, headlines and announcements, which, according to I.R. Halperin, the essence of the newspaper style, and b) the style of newspaper articles, which is a kind of journalistic style, which also includes the oratorical style and the essay style (2, pp. 397–426)

M.D. Kuznets and Yu.M. Skrebnev, the authors of The Stylistics of the English Language, believe that it is unreasonable to combine the specific features of the language of a newspaper into the concept of a newspaper style, since in this case the signs of a functional style are replaced by signs of a genre. These authors also point out that in different sections of the newspaper: editorials, texts of political documents and speeches, in articles on various issues cultural life, science and technology - various style systems of the language are reflected. (4, p. 379). Along with the journalistic style in the newspaper, you can also meet the official business style when publishing documents. general meaning, and scientific; finally, newspapers also publish works of art or excerpts from them.

Newspapers are divided into several types. So, for example, in the UK for the mass reader there is the so-called popular paper - a mass newspaper that prints mainly sensational materials with a large number of photographs and is published in millions of copies. These newspapers include the Daily Mirror, the Daily Express, and the Sun. The mass newspaper is opposed by the so-called quality paper, a solid, respectable newspaper, designed primarily for an informed and more educated reader and publishing a significant amount of information on international, domestic political and economic topics, as well as analytical reviews. These newspapers are usually published in a smaller circulation. These include The Times, The Guardian and The Observer.

In the United States, a distinction is made between the so-called tabloids, small newspapers that publish sensational stories accompanied by numerous illustrations, and the more solid press. A typical example of tabloids is the New York Daily Mirror. Such publications are popular among poor and poorly educated readers. For a more enlightened readership, there are newspapers such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and others.

Newspaper-journalistic style is an independent functional style that has a certain social purpose, a combination of language functions, which sets as its main goal the message, appeal and persuasion (impact). (1, p. 386). Therefore, in the newspaper-journalistic style there is big choice linguistic, grammatical and compositional features that help bring the author closer to the interlocutor.

Lexical Features

In linguo-stylistic terms, this style quickly registers the emergence of new words and expressions, borrowings and specific abbreviations adopted in the national language, and is replete with internationalisms. (2, p. 412). Lexical features also include a combination of stylistically neutral and emotional vocabulary, the presence of stereotypes and neologisms, simplified syntax colloquial speech(to bar, to ban, to ax, slang - to snog "kiss", booze "alcohol"), designed for the perception of the general population, and complicated, approaching the scientific style (terms: mortgage, leukaemia).

Researchers noted a large percentage of proper names: toponyms, anthroponyms, names of institutions and organizations, etc., a higher percentage of numerals compared to other styles, and an abundance of dates. From an etymological point of view, an abundance of international words and a penchant for innovation are characteristic, which, however, very quickly turn into clichés and clichés: vital issue, free world, pillar of society, escalation of war, terrible tension, plea of ​​mercy, idioms: to give smb. the boot "fire". The abundance of cliches has been noticed for a long time and is indicated by all researchers. All these cliches, as well as some litotes like not unimportant, not unworthy, etc., give the text a thoughtful sound, even if its content is completely banal, for example: in my opinion it is not an unjustifiable assumption that instead of I think. Clichés serve situations that are regularly repeated within the framework of the newspaper-journalistic style. Many clichés are drawn from professional jargons (polit. hard liner conservative), many from common slang ( think-tank brain).

The authors of works on newspaper and journalistic style note a large percentage abstract words, although the information is usually specific. There is an abundance of not so much emotional as evaluative and expressive vocabulary: When the last Labor Government was kicked out. (Daily Mail). This evaluativeness often manifests itself in the choice of elevated vocabulary (4, p. 395).

Finally, a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style is allusions to well-known facts and events of the day. Most often, allusions are found in articles commenting on the events of the internal life of the country. Depending on the nature of the newspaper, on the content of the article itself, on the goal pursued by the author, the nature of allusions, the type of imagery and the ratio of colloquial and book elements in the article change.

In the newspaper-journalistic style, vocabulary from professionalisms is found. The goal is to facilitate the perception of information by the reader, to achieve a certain communicative impact. Political terms express precisely defined political concepts such as republic, monarchy, national servanty.