One of the most important stylistic features of the journalistic style. Journalistic style of speech
Journalistic style - one of the functional styles serving a wide area of social relations - political, economic, ideological, etc.
PS occupies a leading place in the stylistic structure of the Russian literary language, many means of YCL are being tested in PS, but PS can also have a negative impact on the language (penetration of jargon, abuse of borrowings).
Used in: political literature; Media (radio, television, newspapers, magazines).
Publicism seeks to influence contemporary public opinion, mores and political institutions.
Thematic range: politics, ideology, philosophy, economics, culture, sports, everyday life, current events.
the main task PS: commenting, evaluation of facts and events.
Functions:
1. Influencing (the presence and formation of evaluative vocabulary, primarily conceptual - socio-political, ideological, etc.);
2. Informative (neutral layer of the dictionary, speech standards, speech vocabulary necessary for the verbal design of messages).
3. All general literary vocabulary is the material for the dictionary of journalistic vocabulary.
In the category of autopublicistic work, there are 2 main features: the author is a social person and the author is a private person. That is, the author expresses his social position, and shows his personal qualities.
Great importance in journalistic works it has an author's style, a manner of writing characteristic of a particular journalist. In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person; journalism is characterized by the coincidence of the author and the narrator, who directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. This is the power of journalism.
At the same time, in each specific work, the journalist creates the image of the author, through which he expresses his own attitude to reality.
Image of the author- an ideological and communication center, the core of a work of art, around which all the elements of its poetics and speech means and thanks to which they acquire a certain aesthetic purpose and communicative expediency. The image of the author sets the composition of the genre, a certain selection of language means, expresses the author's attitude to the work and the facts that he sets out.
In accordance with these features and their relationships, certain types of authors: propagandist/agitator, polemicist, reporter, chronicler, artist, analyst, researcher, etc.
Genres of journalistic style: article, essay, feuilleton, pamphlet, essay, open letter and etc.
natural form existence of PS- written language.
Main substyles: funds mass media actually journalistic.
Main functions: informative, imperative (influencing), therefore one of the main distinguishing features of the journalistic style: a combination of standardization and expressiveness.
Scope of distribution Keywords: periodicals, electronic media, socio-political literature, political speeches, speeches.
The journalistic style is also called newspaper-journalistic, because journalistic works are printed primarily in newspapers. This style is also presented in magazines addressed to the general reader, journalistic speeches on radio, television, in the speeches of public and political figures at rallies, congresses, meetings (in this case it is presented orally).
Journalism has been called the "chronicles of modernity", as it illuminates the most important issues societies - political, social, domestic, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical, issues of education, culture, art, etc.; its subject matter is unlimited, as is the variety of genres. The living history of our time is reflected in the information genres (note, reportage, report, interview, chronicle, review), analytical (article, correspondence, commentary, review, review) and artistic and journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet).
Key Features:
1. Relevance of the issue;
2. Speech stereotypes;
3. Abstraction in the presentation of the material;
4. Informative richness, accuracy, consistency, formality, standardization (use of typical techniques), factual reliability (imperative function);
5. Mass character of the addressee;
6. Tendentiousness;
7. Polemic, emotional, imagery (influencing function);
8. Close to intonation, structure and functions public speaking;
9. Social evaluativeness - naming facts along with their evaluative interpretation. The author directly expresses his opinion - the openness and subjectivity of journalism.
Features at the lexical and phraseological level:
1. Interaction of various lexical layers(common, neutral vocabulary and phraseology, as well as book and colloquial);
2. Socio-political vocabulary and phraseology;
3. Estimated vocabulary, borrowed words, terms from different terminological systems;
4. Poetic, obsolete, jargon, new vocabulary.
Morphological and word-formation features:
1. Word-building models with suffixes -ost, -nick, -ism, -tion, -ant, -genny, -lny, -nichny, etc.: inauguration, utopianism, provocation, production, biogenic, photogenic, sociable;
2. With prefixes anti-, counter-, de-, pro-.
3. Use of difficult words: ubiquitous, mutually beneficial, multilateral;
4. Many expressive and emotional images;
5. Unit in the plural meaning: reader, pensioner, voter;
6. Lots quality adjectives;
7. Lots of personal and possessive pronouns;
8. Many verbs in a generalized sense, substantiated participles;
9. The use of pronouns in generalized meanings: we, our.
1. An ordered structure of a sentence with detailed syntactic constructions;
2. Visual and expressive means;
3. Elliptical sentences; Ellipsis– stylistic figure, which consists in a stylistically significant omission of any member or part of the sentence.
4. All types of one-component sentences - nominative, indefinitely and generalized personal, impersonal ( We are informed; The note says);
5. Connecting structures;
6. Parceling: Renewal of our life is impossible without lawmaking. No legal justification for change. Without legislative acts guaranteeing the irreversibility of perestroika;
7. Expressive exclamatory sentences;
8. Rhetorical questions;
9. Inversion;
10. Use of cliches: workers public sector, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures;
11. Use of speech stamps: universal words in general values: question, event, series, specific, separate; paired words - the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other: the problem is unresolved, overdue, the event is carried out. Speech stamps eliminate the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive speech of specificity.
In the context of the rapid preparation of newspaper publications, the interest in which is especially heightened in the wake of events, journalists use journalistic techniques well known to them, frequent language means, and stable speech patterns (clichés). This determines the standardization of the language of the newspaper.
Since the works of a journalistic nature are addressed to a wide range of readers, main criterion selection of language means in them - their general availability. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms incomprehensible to readers, dialect, slang words, foreign vocabulary; complicated syntactic constructions; abstract imagery.
At the same time, the journalistic style is not a closed, but an open system of linguistic means. This allows journalists to refer to elements of other functional styles and, depending on the content of the publication, use a variety of vocabulary, including non-literary words and expressions, necessary for a reliable depiction of events and their heroes.
The vocabulary of the journalistic style is distinguished by thematic diversity and stylistic richness. Common, neutral vocabulary and phraseology, as well as bookish and colloquial, are widely represented here. The choice of verbal material is determined by the topic; when discussing socio-political problems, such words as, for example, are used privatization, cooperator, marketing, management, exchange, business, democracy, publicity, capitalism, socialism; when dealing with issues of everyday life - others: pension, salary, consumer basket, unemployment, standard of living, birth rate, etc.
On a general neutral background, evaluative lexical and phraseological means attract attention. Among them you can find not only colloquial words and expressions ( privatization, lawlessness, hangout, cool), but also book ( power, fatherland, agony, triumph, accomplish, bring down, scapegoat for economic reform, shock therapy, Babylonian pandemonium, Solomon's decision, etc.).
Publicists often use terms in a figurative sense. (talk epidemic, racist virus, negotiation round, government check, political farce, parody of democracy, finish line, line of fire, chromosomes of bureaucracy), which does not exclude, however, their use in the exact meaning in the appropriate context.
The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of words that are contrasting in stylistic coloring: it uses bookish and colloquial vocabulary, high and reduced. However, the appeal to diverse vocabulary and phraseology depends on the genre and must be subject to the principle of aesthetic expediency.
The syntax of journalistic works is distinguished by the correctness and clarity of the construction of sentences, their simplicity and clarity. Monologues are used
(mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in an interview), direct speech.
Basic styles journalistic texts:
Propaganda texts,
Political and ideological,
Newspaper and journalistic,
Critical and journalistic,
Artistic and publicistic.
All this is represented by different genres.:
calls,
appeals,
Proclamations
party papers,
reports,
Interview,
correspondence,
Notes, essays,
There are many definitions of the term "style". If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish general provisions: style is: 1) a kind of literary language, 2) which functions (acts) in a certain area social activities, 3) for which he uses the features of text construction and language means of expressing content, specific for this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties.
Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by factors (conditions) that are associated with the life of society itself. These factors are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:
· Sphere of social activity: science, law, politics, art, domestic sphere;
Form of speech: written or oral;
Type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
Method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, refer to public communication);
· Genre of speech: in particular for journalistic style - note, article, reportage, etc.;
· Functions of communication.
Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message, influence, etc.), but only one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact. Based on these factors, the following styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.
Let's take a closer look at publicistic style.
The journalistic style is characteristic of the political sphere of society, functions in written and oral forms, manifests itself both in monologue and in dialogue and polylogue (discussion), is a public way of communication.
The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and in the world, as well as to form public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of the standard (stable linguistic forms of expression) and expression (linguistic means that affect the reader's emotions).
The journalistic style is represented by a variety of genres that have different tasks in the process of communication and function in different conditions. Thus, journalistic genres include newspaper political information, editorials, notes, feuilletons, pamphlets, lyrical and journalistic articles, as well as slogans, appeals, appeals to citizens of the country, reviews of films and performances, satirical notes, essays, reviews, that is, all genres of mass communication (the language of newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs), as well as the oral form of speech - public speeches on socio-political topics. Due to the variety of genres, the characteristic of journalistic style causes many difficulties.
It should be borne in mind that the journalistic style, like all other styles, is a historical phenomenon and is subject to change, but in it, more than in other styles, changes are noticeable that are due to socio-political processes in society. So, even a non-specialist can see changes in the newspaper modern style in comparison, for example, with the language of the newspapers of the beginning of the century: open conscription, slogans, directiveness of newspapers have disappeared, modern newspapers strive at least for external argumentation of presentation, polemical publications. However, the characteristic stylistic features of journalism have been preserved.
The journalistic style is primarily characterized by the desire to influence the reader, the listener. So, the most important feature of the journalistic style is its influencing function, which can be designated by the linguistic term "expressive function". This function of journalistic style is inherent in all its genres in any socio-political conditions.
characteristic feature of this style is also the informational content of the presentation associated with the popularization function. The desire to communicate something new for the reader and listener ensures the success of journalistic genres. The peculiarity of the functioning of the journalistic genre, for example, in newspapers, the conditions for preparing the material, the different skill levels of numerous correspondents contribute to the emergence of standard language means in the texts of newspapers. The standard character of language means is generated both by repetition and by the fact that the search for expressive means is limited in time, and therefore ready-made expression formulas are used.
Thus, the typical features of a journalistic style are: the desire to influence the reader is an influencing function; information content; expressiveness due to the influencing function; the presence of a standard in the expression. The influencing function of the journalistic style determines the expressiveness of this style. Expressiveness is manifested primarily in the evaluation of events and phenomena. Evaluation is expressed by the use of adjectives, nouns, adverbs with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation of the type: wonderful, most interesting, important, sufficient, grandiose, unprecedented, etc. Evaluation is also expressed by the use of high book vocabulary : daring, Motherland, Fatherland, mission, inspiration, feat of arms, etc. On the other hand, the assessment is expressed by colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary, for example: hype, frenzied, renegades, etc.
A sharp, apt, figurative assessment is expressed using metaphors, personification, for example: the news is in a hurry, spring is raging, slander and hypocrisy are walking side by side.
In the journalistic style, foreign words and elements of words are actively used, in particular prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-. ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right, etc.). It is thanks to the media that the active vocabulary of foreign words that make up the Russian language has recently been significantly replenished - privatization, electorate, denomination and others. Evaluation can also be expressed using word-building means, for example, superlative suffixes for adjectives, evaluation suffixes for nouns: the highest, the most interesting, the most important, group action, hazing, assault.
The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressive-colored constructions: exclamatory and interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: particles, interjections, inversions, unionless proposals, the omission of one or another part of the sentence, etc. Often the assessment is already expressed in the headlines, so the requirements for expressiveness and catchiness are imposed on the title of the articles. Expressiveness is thus expressed by a variety of linguistic means, including the structure of the sentence.
The informativeness of the journalistic style is achieved:
a) documentary and factual manner of presentation through the use of special terms, special vocabulary, professional words;
b) the generalization of the presentation, its analyticity;
c) "neutrality" of presentation, which is facilitated by non-expressive vocabulary; complex syntactic constructions are used, especially with a subordinating connection.
characteristic feature journalistic style is the presence of special newspaper standards, special newspaper phraseology, newspaper clichés arise, for example: make a huge contribution, work with a twinkle, honor sacredly, increase martial traditions, universal values, etc.
Journalistic style uses linguistic means different styles, however, the main stylistic features of the journalistic style stand out very clearly, and the journalistic style is a special phenomenon, combining such features as expressiveness and standard, informativeness and popularization.
Publicistic style and its features
Introduction
journalistic style speech informational
The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.
Tasks: to consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; to study various sub-styles related to the journalistic style and, finally, to reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.
Publicism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media (media), advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the whole society as a whole.
Consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.
General specifics
The linguistic features of each of the styles are determined by the tasks that the author of the text faces. Publicism describes socially significant events: domestic, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is a mass one.
The purpose of the author of a journalistic text is to convey to the reader, viewer, listener certain information and evaluate it, to convince the addressee of his correctness. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, the consistency of presentation and the presence of words that are neutral in stylistic coloring bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text authorial, less standardized.
In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly is the addressee in each case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with age, gender, social status vital interests of the reader.
Functions
There are two functions of journalistic style: informationaland affecting.
The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to the transfer of certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, these information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.
Journalism is designed to actively interfere in social life, to form public opinion. And therefore, its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent registrar of events, but their active participant and commentator. Its purpose is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to inspire him with certain ideas. The position of the author is direct and open.
The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.
Substyles
The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, its three main sub-styles are distinguished: political and ideological, political propagandaand proper journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on the genre and other features. Genre differences are very noticeable here.
The political and ideological sub-style is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This sub-style is quite close to the official business style. During Soviet times, it was more common than in modern Russia.
Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political and agitational sub-style. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are mainly focused on the adult politically active population of the country.
The most common is actually publicistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, we will consider it in more detail.
The newspaper and journalistic sub-style is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and language range.
This substyle is most closely associated with everyday life society and, accordingly, is influenced by colloquial style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication modern man covers topics and science, and production, and sports, and social activities. As a result, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable in the actual journalistic substyle. The combination of elements of different styles leads both to partial neutralization and to the preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but is more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper and journalistic sub-style, a kind of stylistic reorientation of language resources is taking place. Part of newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used, undergoes general language adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time begin to be perceived by the majority of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.) .
As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper and journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.
In the actual journalistic substyle, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reporting, interviews, informational articles; to analytical - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - essay, essay, feuilleton, sketch; advertising uses elements of almost all genres.
Language features
Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, there are three groups: lexical, morphologicaland syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start with the first group.
In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:
· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);
· typical newspaper phrases (“go to the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;
· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use ("virtual world", "default", "investment");
· socially colored synonymous words ("gang hired killers»);
· unusual lexical compatibility ("preacher of the whip", "apostle of ignorance");
· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“politics of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);
· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “ cold war»);
· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology ("society", "freedom", "glasnost", "privatization");
· stylistically reduced words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);
· speech stamps that have a clerical color and have arisen under the influence formal business style(“at this stage”, “today”, “at a given period of time”);
· colloquial words and expressions (“peace and quiet”, “horde”).
Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:
· complex words (“mutually beneficial”, “neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);
· international derivational suffixes (-tion, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);
· certain types of abstract nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “irreconcilability”);
· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes, naming social and political concepts (“universal”, “superpowerful”, “inter-party”);
· words with emotionally expressive affixes -shchina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);
· substantiation of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).
Syntactic features
· the correctness and clarity of the construction of proposals, their simplicity and clarity;
· use of all types of one-part sentences;
· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences);
· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.
Techniques Used
Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, the following should be considered.
Publicistic stamps. Publicistic stamps have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to ask a question”, “to be distrustful”, “to open brilliant prospects”, “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases, you can pick up one-word neutral synonyms for them (“have an intention” - “gather”, “want”; “distrust” - “do not trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wag your finger”, “bite your elbows”, “blink your eyes”. Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.
The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially typical for polemical and evaluative texts.
language game - deliberate violation of the norms of speech behavior, causing laughter. The psychological basis of the language game is the effect of deceived expectations: the reader expects one thing to be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.
The language game involves means of various levels - from phonetics and graphics to syntax:
"The science of the temple of chrome?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;
"Utop model" - a non-existent word is formed;
“Technique of danger” - a stable phrase is “destroyed”.
Precedent texts. Such texts include the names of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).
The source of precedent texts are "ancient" works (Bible, Old Russian texts), oral folk art, art works, etc.
Appeal to the addressee. A tool that helps the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.
The means of appeal can be a question to which the author gives an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.
The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers…”. He may also call the reader to commit a joint action ("Let's imagine a different life situation ..."). All these means allow the author to "get closer" to the addressee, to win his trust.
Conclusion
Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with a variety of linguistic features, different areas of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic official business, scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in written and television. Interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society And this trend is only growing with time.
Bibliography
Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the style of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.
Journalistic style functions in certain stable forms - genres. You can designate their circle as follows:
- 1. Newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, reportage, note, interview, etc.
- 2. Advertising - ads, poster, slogan, etc.
- 3. Oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate, etc.
- 4. Television - analytical program, live dialogue, news bulletins, etc.
- 5. Communication - teleconference, press conference, etc.
- 6. Network journalism.
We will consider newspaper genres, of which three main groups are usually distinguished in science:
1. Informational - note, reportage, interview, report.
In general, information genres are characterized by objectivity in the presentation of information. The main feature in this case is the novelty of the transmitted message in these texts. As a rule, they are aimed at the prompt transmission of simple, primary information, facts, events.
The information note tells about where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen. Commenting parts are added to the extended information, specifying why, why, under what circumstances, exactly how.
The reportage is characterized by the presence of the author at the scene of the event. Modern reporting is often a mixed genre - informational and analytical, which combines descriptions of the active actions of a journalist to clarify the issue (interviews with eyewitnesses, participants in the event) and analysis of the problem.
The modern interview is a polyfunctional genre. It can be both informational (questions asked to an informed person about events), and analytical (talking about a problem) or journalistic (portrait interview).
2. Analytical - article, correspondence, review, etc.
The purpose of analytical genres is the analysis by a journalist of a socially significant topical problem, the current state of affairs, an event from the point of view of the author. The most common analytical genre is the problematic article. It is characterized by the logical presentation, it is based on reasoning, which is built as a proof of the main thesis. An article can be both a deductive reasoning - from the main thesis to evidence, and an inductive reasoning - from a message to a conclusion. Unlike the discussion in scientific article, reasoning in a newspaper article is emotional in nature, its main goal is to influence the reader. Various episodes of events, mini-interviews can be used as factual evidence. The author expresses his opinion, gives an assessment of what is happening.
3. Artistic and journalistic - essay, sketch, conversation, feuilleton, etc. Imagery, emotional expressiveness, typification, the use of literary and artistic visual means, a number of linguistic and stylistic features- it's all limited this group genres from the rest.
These genres give the reader the opportunity to perceive the problem in a figurative form. This is most clearly shown in the essay. The nature of the essay largely depends on the object of the image: it can be problematic, portrait, travel, event. In the essay, one of acting heroes is a narrator who tells about the event from the first (I-form) or from the third (He-form) person. The essay can be written on behalf of the narrator-journalist, on behalf of the hero of the essay, the narrator can also act as an off-screen observer or commentator. The image of the narrator brings into the essay a special emotional attitude to the events and characters described. Narratives and reasoning in the essay are colored by the emotional author's assessment. A distinctive feature of the essay is its descriptiveness, it is characterized by bright details that characterize the hero and the event.
The author's thought, the image of the author is the center to which converge and which determine all the main features of the author's style. Thus, the author plays the most significant role in shaping the journalistic picture of the world, revealing the nature of her speech, and forming newspaper and journalistic genres.
Hence the special nature of journalistic texts appears:
- - Subjective coloration. The author's palette of feelings and colors varies from a dry enumeration of facts to pathos and pathos.
- - Confession. The author expresses his thoughts and feelings.
- - Documentation. The publicist is characterized by dynamism, momentary perception. The author seeks to fix today, event, news.
- - Objectivity. The author seeks to expand the fund of knowledge, influence the formation of opinions and express the attitudes of the social group that he represents.
- - Sociality. The task of the author is to correlate realities with social interests and goals of certain groups.
In the genres of modern journalism, there is an increasing personal authorial trend. The personal tendency and the tendency to increase information content determine the active process of the formation of new genres.
In recent years, there have been significant changes in the genre system of journalism. So, in almost all newspapers the leading article disappeared. Essays and feuilletons have almost disappeared. The genre of investigative journalism began to occupy a greater place in the newspaper than before. At the same time, genres based on dialogue are becoming popular: interviews, round tables", conversations, express interviews, allowing you to get information and opinion "first hand". Every minute or daily updating of information corresponds to the dynamism of the modern era, which, as V.G. Kostomarov notes, "requires speed, efficiency and volatility, more precisely - change , continuous change. "At present, the system of genres as a whole is characterized by the abolition of genre partitions and the emergence of hybrid genres. G. Ya. Solganik draws attention to what is happening in last decade the evolution of the genre system associated with increased information content.
Publicism is a functional style of verbal art of a special kind, unique in form, material, method of approach to reality and means of influence. The most important constructive principle that this style obeys, according to V.G. Kostomarov, is the principle of alternating expression and standard. Depending on the genre, on the purpose of the text, either one or the other is enhanced. If the author seeks to awaken a certain attitude to information, then expression comes to the fore (which is observed, for example, in pamphlets, feuilletons, etc.). In the genres of a newspaper article, newsreel, etc., in which the desire for maximum information content is projected, the standard prevails, since it is the standard that ensures the speed of information transfer, saving perception efforts, and helps to quickly respond to what is happening, described in the text. Thus, these features correlate with the interaction of the two main functions of journalism: informational and influencing.
The selection of events in journalism is determined by their social significance. Socially significant events include events of public interest: these are meetings of heads of state, the adoption of new laws, theater premieres, sporting events, etc. Often they are repetitive, so the information about these events is standard, stereotypical expressions are used in its coverage (the theater season opened with a premiere, a match between the teams took place).
The influencing function of texts in journalism is realized through a system of evaluative means, the main of which is a metaphor, as well as other means of emotional impact. Thus, the journalistic style constantly combines expressiveness and standardization.
The search for ways to enhance expression within the journalistic style causes a rapid transition of expression into the standard, when the language elements that turned out to be the most successful in terms of expressiveness begin to be used or replicated by many newspapers. Due to the loss of clear and precise semantics, expressive-evaluative qualities, and increased frequency of use by standard formulas, they become clichés. In general, the "conflict" correlation of expression and standard manifests itself in different ways in different genres, but is always a constructive feature of this functional style.
Journalistic style
Plan
I . Introduction.
II . Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III . Conclusion
I . Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. In it, first of all, the literary language is distinguished. it highest form national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral variety: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
journalistic style
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
the goal pursued by the speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - for the impact of the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business - for information);
scope of use, environment;
genres;
linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
other style features.
II . Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of the journalistic style.
Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. - public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional variety of the literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. Political literature for the mass reader and documentaries should also be added here.
Publicistic style takes special place in the system of styles of the literary language, since in many cases it must process texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech are focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on its emotional reflection. Publicism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that " scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings. "To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thought, and the expression of the author's attitude to events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Scope of publicistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of the works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social, public issues in order to attract to them public opinion, influencing people, persuading them, suggesting certain ideas; motivation to do something or other.
Tasks of publicistic style speech : transmission of information on current issues modern life for the purpose of influencing people, forming public opinion.
Characteristics of the statement : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, conciseness with informative saturation.
Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, figurativeness, expressiveness, clarity and consistency, information saturation, the use of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), general accessibility (comprehensibility to a wide audience), invocative pathos.
Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features Keywords: logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, genre diversity.
Language tools : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphasized positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotations, figurative and expressive means of the language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (full and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism is rooted in antiquity. Publicistic pathos permeated many biblical texts, the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day. In literature Ancient Russia genres of journalism were present. A striking example works of journalism ancient Russian literature"-" The Tale of Igor's Campaign "(genre of journalism - word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here is a reportage, and notes, and chronicle information, and an interview, and an editorial, and a report, and an essay, and a feuilleton, and a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article - a short piece of literature short description life events (usually socially significant). Distinguish between documentary, journalistic, everyday essays.
There are small essays published in newspapers, and large ones published in magazines, and entire essay books.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentary, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In an essay, as in a work of art, figurative means, an element of artistic typification is introduced.
The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important issue.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.
Important hallmark oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - a guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the audience. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: after 5-10 minutes, the attention of the listeners becomes dull. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such a speech, colloquial expressions are acceptable, the active use of oratory speech techniques: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler than writing, syntax.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think over a plan, pick up arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “on a piece of paper”, but to convince the audience. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this causes respect, interest, and hence the attention of the audience.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentations isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared notes, but do not abuse reading, otherwise the speaker will stop listening. The report usually concerns any field of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, consistency, evidence, accessibility. In the course of the report, you can read vivid quotes, demonstrate graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, the discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will speak about his own. It is necessary to argue with reason, to give convincing arguments.
III . Conclusion
Publicistic style is a very important style, with the help of it you can convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally colored vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive means of the language, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical this moment public life ways of presenting the material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units characteristic of the time and metaphorical uses of the word. The relevance of the content makes the journalist look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Publicism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the spread of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formation, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of the language norm.
References
1. A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. A basic level of. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.
2. V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.
3. Deikina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M.Verbum-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the exam-2012. Rostov-on-Don, Legion, 2011
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