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Scientific section This section was the most interesting for the readers. Scientific and educational articles were published here. The newspaper in this regard was a kind of textbook and a source from which readers could draw information of a scientific nature on the most

Between phenomena, identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

The scientific style is subdivided: proper-scientific substyle (monograph, Research Article, essay); educational and scientific substyle (reference books, guidelines); popular science (essay, article) [ ] .

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  The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, report, textbook, term paper, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole . At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.

  The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of communication between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity while maintaining the saturation of the content.

  1. Logic- this is, if possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of the text.
  2. Sequence only such a text possesses, in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.
  3. Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, implies clarity, accessibility.

  Vocabulary of the scientific style of speech

  Since the leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, almost every lexical item in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Accurately and unambiguously, special concepts of the scientific sphere of communication are called and their content is revealed by special lexical units - terms. A term is a word or phrase denoting the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and being an element of a certain system of terms. Within this system, the term strives for unambiguity, does not express expression. However, this does not mean its stylistic neutrality. The term, as well as many other lexical units, is characterized by stylistic coloring (scientific style), which is noted in the form of stylistic marks in the corresponding dictionaries. Here are examples of terms: "atrophy", "numerical methods of algebra", "range", "zenith", "laser", "prism", "radar", "symptom", "sphere", "phase", " low temperatures”, “cermets”. A significant part of the terms are international words.

  In quantitative terms, in the texts of the scientific style, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.); on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-20% of the total scientific style vocabulary. In the above fragment of the popular science text, the terms are highlighted in a special font, which allows you to see their quantitative advantage over other lexical units:

  By that time, physicists already knew that emanation is a radioactive chemical element of the zero group of the periodic system, that is, an inert gas; its ordinal number is 86, and the mass number of the longest-lived isotope is 222.

  For terms, as the main lexical components of the scientific style of speech, as well as for other words of the scientific text, it is typical to use one, specific, definite meaning. If a word is ambiguous, then it is used in a scientific style in one, less often in two meanings, which are terminological: strength, size, body, sour, movement, solid (Force is a vector quantity and is characterized by a numerical value at each moment of time). Generalization, abstractness of presentation in a scientific style at the lexical level is realized in the use of a large number of lexical units with an abstract meaning (abstract vocabulary). The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms: solar plexus”, “right angle”, “inclined plane”, “deaf consonants”, “participle turnover”, “compound sentence”, as well as various kinds of clichés: “consists in ...”, “represents ...”, “consists of ...” , "used for ...", etc.

  Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

  The language of scientific communication has its own grammatical features. The abstractness and generalization of scientific speech are manifested in the features of the functioning of various grammatical, in particular morphological, units, which is found in the choice of categories and forms, as well as the degree of their frequency in the text. Forms singular nouns are used in the meaning plural: "a wolf is a specialized predatory animal from the class of mammals from the genus of wolves from the canine family"; Linden begins to bloom at the end of June. Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form: lubricating oils, noises in the radio, great depths.

  Science-style concept names predominate over action names, resulting in less use of verbs and more use of nouns. When using verbs, there is a noticeable tendency towards their desemantization, that is, the loss of lexical meaning, which meets the requirement of abstractness, generalization of the scientific style of presentation. This is manifested in the fact that most of verbs in the scientific style functions as connectives: “to be”, “to be”, “to be called”, “to be considered”, “to become”, “to become”, “to be done”, “to seem”, “to be”, “to compose”, “ to possess”, “to be defined”, “to appear”, etc. There is a significant group of verbs that act as components of verb-nominal combinations, where the main semantic load falls on the noun that names the action, and the verb plays a grammatical role (denoting the action in the widest sense of the word, conveys grammatical meaning moods, persons and numbers): lead - to the emergence, to death, to violation, to emancipation; produce - calculations, calculations, observations. The desemantization of the verb is also manifested in the predominance of verbs of broad, abstract semantics in the scientific text: exist, occur, have, appear, change, continue, etc.

  Scientific speech is characterized by the use of verb forms with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number, which is confirmed by the synonymy of sentence structures: distillation is performed - distillation is performed; you can draw a conclusion - a conclusion is drawn, etc.

  Another one morphological feature the scientific style consists in using the real timeless (with a qualitative, indicative value), which is necessary to characterize the properties and signs of the objects and phenomena under study: “when certain places of the cerebral cortex are stimulated, contractions regularly occur”; “carbon is the most important part plants". In the context of scientific speech, the past tense of the verb also acquires a timeless meaning: "N experiments were performed, in each of which x took on a certain value." According to scientists, the percentage of present tense verbs is three times higher than the percentage of past tense forms, accounting for 67-85% of all verb forms.

  The abstractness and generalization of scientific speech is manifested in the peculiarities of the use of the aspect category of the verb: about 80% are forms of the imperfect aspect, being more abstract and generalized. Few perfective verbs are used in stable phrases in the form of the future tense, which is synonymous with the present timeless: “let's consider ...”, “the equation will take the form”. Many imperfective verbs are devoid of paired perfective verbs: "Metals are easily cut."

  The forms of the person of the verb and personal pronouns in the scientific style are also used in accordance with the transmission of abstract-generalizing meanings. The forms of the 2nd person and the pronouns you, you are practically not used, since they are the most specific, the percentage of forms of the 1st person singular is small. numbers. The most frequent in scientific speech are abstract forms of the 3rd person and pronouns he, she, it. The pronoun we, in addition to being used in the meaning of the so-called author's we, together with the form of the verb often expresses the meaning of varying degrees of abstraction and generalization in the sense of "we are the totality" (I and the audience): We come to the result. We can conclude.

  Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech

  The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency to complex constructions, which facilitates the transfer of a complex system scientific concepts, establishing relationships between generic and specific concepts, between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and generalizing words with them are used. In scientific texts, different types of complex sentences are common, in particular, using compound sentences. subordinating unions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; in view of the fact that, while, etc. The means of connecting parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To unite parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in the scientific style are uniform in purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to draw the reader's attention to an issue.

  The generalized abstract nature of scientific speech, the timeless plan of presentation of the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences. Actor they are missing or thought of in a generalized, indefinite way; all attention is focused on the action, on its circumstances. Indefinitely personal and generalized personal sentences are used when introducing terms, deriving formulas, when explaining material in examples: The speed is represented by a directed segment; Consider the following example; Compare offers.

  Scientific style substyles

  The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four sub-styles [ ] :

  • Own-scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, abstracts, scientific reviews, etc.
  Example: " The rhythm of expressive speech in no language and under no circumstances can be identical to the rhythmic organization of neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stresses, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, hissing, prolonged exposure of the stop in explosives, voluntarily stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythmic group, violate the prevailing in the language rhythmic tendencies(T. Poplavskaya)”.
  • Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to students in order to teach, describe the facts necessary to master the material, so the facts stated in the text and examples are typical. Mandatory is the description "from general to particular", strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms. Typical for textbooks, tutorials, lectures, etc.
  Example: " Botany is the science of plants. The name of this science comes from Greek word"botane", which means "green, herb, plant". Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, distribution of plants on the surface the globe, the relationship of plants with surrounding nature and with each other(V. Korchagin).

  Genres using scientific style

  Scientific texts are designed as separate finished works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.

  The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, reference book, journal, review, textbook ( tutorial), lecture, report, informational message (about the conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at the conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.

  To secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsing in order to reduce the volume of the text. The division of texts into primary and secondary should not be confused with the accepted division of sources into primary, secondary and tertiary. Thus, the abstract is a secondary (in relation to the dissertation) text, but in relation to the original results obtained by its author, it is the primary source.

  Style-forming features of the scientific style

  scientific style- this is a style that serves the scientific sphere of social activity. It is designed to convey scientific information to a trained and interested audience.

  The scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions of functioning and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about style in general. These common features include: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) the monologic nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of language means; 4) attraction to normalized speech.

  Stages of scientific activity. Forms of the existence of scientific speech

  Science is one of the most effective ways of obtaining new knowledge about the world, one of the most advanced forms of accumulation and systematization of knowledge and experience.

  In scientific activity, a person faces two main tasks: to obtain new knowledge about the world (ie, to make a discovery) and ‚ to make this knowledge public (ie, to communicate his discovery). Accordingly, two stages in human scientific activity should be distinguished: 1) stage making a discovery and 2) stage opening design.

  The scientific style of speech refers to the second stage of scientific activity - the stage of speech processing of the acquired new knowledge.

  The content side makes its own demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Aboriginal the form the existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form fixes information for a long time (namely, this is what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest informative inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report that takes 40 minutes orally, a well-prepared addressee in this field can be perceived in writing in 5 minutes (reading "diagonally"). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work.

  Of course, and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transferring scientific information, and then in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) is reproduced in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech.

  Terminology of each science

  Every branch of science has its terminology. term (lat. terminus- "border, limit") is a word or phrase that is the name of the concept of any sphere of production, science, art). In the terminology of each science, several levels can be distinguished depending on the scope of use and on the nature of the content of the concept. To first level include the most general concepts that are equally relevant for all or for a significant number of sciences. For example: system, function, value, element, process, set, part, size, condition, movement, property, speed, result, quantity, quality. They constitute the general conceptual foundation of science as a whole.

  Co. second level include concepts that are common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of study. For example: vacuum, vector, generator, integral, matrix, neuron, ordinate, radical, thermal, electrolyte etc. Such concepts usually serve as a link between the sciences of one more or less broad profile (natural, technical, physical and mathematical, biological, sociological, aesthetic, etc.), and they can be defined as profile-special.

  To third level should include highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science (sometimes two or three close ones) and reflect the specificity of the subject of research, for example: phoneme, morpheme, inflection, lexeme, derivative and other linguistic terms.

  Symbol language. scientific graphics

  A specific property of the language of science is that scientific information can be presented not only in the form of text. She happens and graphic- these are the so-called artificial (auxiliary) languages: 1) graphics, drawings, drawings, 2) mathematical, physical symbols, 3) names of chemical elements, mathematical signs, etc. For example: ¥ - infinity, - integral, S - sum, Ö - root, etc.

  Symbol language is one of the most informative languages ​​of science.

  Text, on the one hand, and formulas and symbols, graphic illustrations and photographs, on the other hand, are in a certain relationship in different fields of science.

  Scientific style features

  Varieties of scientific style of speech

  Scientific style phonetics

  Scientific style vocabulary

  Morphology of scientific style

  Scientific style syntax

  Conclusion

  Bibliography

  Introduction

  This functional and stylistic variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanitarian, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific and technical literature, messages scientific topics etc.

  Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this stylistic variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge (cognitive functions); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).

  The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, the development of mass media, the role of oral communication increases. Realized in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra- and intralinguistic features that allow us to speak of a single functional style that is subject to intra-style differentiation.

  The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is of a generalized, abstracted (distracted from private, non-essential features), logical character. This is the reason for such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization, emphasized logical presentation.

  These extra-linguistic features unite all linguistic means that form the scientific style into a system and determine secondary, more particular, style features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.

  The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generalized abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstractness give scientific speech a single functional and stylistic coloring.

  The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly prevailing over the concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc.

  General characteristics of the scientific style of speech

  The scientific style of speech is a means of communication in the field of science and educational and scientific activities, it belongs to the book styles of the Russian literary language, which have general conditions of functioning and similar language features, among which: preliminary consideration of the statement, the monologue nature of speech, a strict selection of language means, the desire for normalized speech. The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with progress scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. Initially, scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration, but the creation in Greek, which spread its influence over the entire cultural world, stable scientific terminology led to the separation of the scientific style from the artistic one. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century in connection with the creation by the authors of scientific books and translators of Russian scientific terminology. A significant role in the formation and improvement of the scientific style belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students (second half of the 18th century), the scientific style finally took shape only by the end of the 19th century. A scientific text is a text that is understandable scientific community, a text whose stylistic features do not interfere with the perception of scientific information, a text that most accurately conveys the meaning. A scientific text should express the thought of a scientist or a group of scientists in such a way that it is understood, and, moreover, understood correctly, by all workers of science in the corresponding direction. The text encounters many obstacles along the way. The history of science knows many cases of misunderstanding. Let's try to classify the obstacles according to the sections of linguistics. Varieties of scientific style of speech

  The scientific style of speech has varieties (substyles):

  1. actually scientific,

  2. scientific and technical (industrial and technical),

  3. scientific and informative,

  4. scientific reference,

  5. educational and scientific,

  6. popular science.

  Realized in written and oral form of communication, the modern scientific style has different kinds texts: textbook, reference book, scientific article, monograph, dissertation, lecture, report, annotation, abstract, synopsis, theses, summary, review, review. Educational and scientific speech is implemented in the following genres: message, response (oral response, response-analysis, response-generalization, response-grouping), reasoning, language example, explanation (explanation-explanation, explanation-interpretation). The variety of types of scientific style of speech is based on internal unity and the presence of common extralinguistic and linguistic properties of this type of speech activity, which manifest themselves even regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian).

  General extralinguistic properties of scientific style

  The most important task of the scientific style of speech: explain the causes of phenomena, inform, describe the essential features, properties of the subject scientific knowledge. General extralinguistic properties of the scientific style of speech, its style features, due to abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logic of thinking, are:

  1. Scientific topics of texts.

  2. Generalization, abstractness, abstract presentation.

  Almost every word acts as a designation general concept or abstract subject. The abstract generalized nature of speech is manifested in the fact that in scientific texts nouns prevail over verbs, general scientific terms and words are used, verbs are used in certain temporary and personal forms, indefinite personal sentences are often used.

  3. Logic of presentation.

  Between the parts of the statement there is an ordered system of connections, the presentation is consistent and consistent. This is achieved by using special syntactic constructions and typical means of interphrase communication.

  4. Accuracy of presentation.

  It is achieved by using unambiguous expressions, terms, words with clear lexico-semantic compatibility.

  5. Evidence of presentation.

  Reasoning argues scientific hypotheses and positions.

  6. Objectivity of presentation.

  Manifested in the presentation, analysis different points view of the problem, in the focus on the subject of the statement and the absence of subjectivity in the transfer of content, in the impersonality of the linguistic expression.

  7. Saturation with factual information.

  Necessary for evidence and objectivity of presentation.

  Scientific style phonetics

  Scientific information mainly exists in written form, so the role of phonetic barriers is small. It is beyond the scope of our consideration that modern science international, scientific messages people listen different nationalities, for many of which the language of the report is not native. However, scientific texts are usually very complex from a linguistic point of view, heavily saturated with new information, and lexical units new to listeners. The problem of the correct pronunciation of newly formed words is related to phonetics.

  The sphere of scientific communication is distinguished by the fact that it pursues the goal of the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. The main form of thinking in the field of science is the concept, the dynamics of thinking is expressed in judgments and conclusions that follow one after another in a strict logical sequence. The idea is strictly argued, the logic of reasoning is emphasized, analysis and synthesis are closely interconnected. Consequently, scientific thinking takes on a generalized and abstracted character. The phonetic-intonational side in the oral form of scientific speech is not of decisive importance, it is intended mainly to support stylistic specificity at other levels. The style of pronunciation should provide a clear perception of words. This is also served by the relatively slow pace of pronunciation. Conceptual phrases are separated by elongated pauses so that the addressee better perceives their meaning. The general evenly slow pace of speech is also designed to create favorable conditions for perception. The phonetic features of the scientific style are reduced to the following: subordination of intonation to the syntactic structure of scientific speech, standard intonation, slowness of tempo, stability of the rhythmic intonation pattern. The features of the pronunciation scientific style, as a bookish style, include: weakened reduction of vowels, distinct pronunciation of unstressed syllables (with an approach to letter pronunciation), pronunciation of borrowed and international words with an approach to the international norm, etc.

  Scientific style vocabulary

  When exchanging scientific information, it is very important to convey one, and only one, meaning. Therefore, from the point of view of vocabulary, monosyllabic words are best suited. The same factor explains the love of scientists around the world to create terms - new words that have only one specific meaning, the same for everyone. AT educational literature, in particular in textbooks, the terms most often receive a direct explanation. The term strives for unambiguity, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Example terms: atrophy, range, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are conditional language science. The term is the main lexical and conceptual unit of the scientific sphere of human activity. In quantitative terms, in scientific style texts, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.), on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-20 percent of the total vocabulary of this style. The old words of the language in such cases often do not fit well, since during their existence they are overgrown with additional direct and figurative meanings, in the case of a scientific text, making it difficult to understand accurately. The emotional load of a word in a scientific style is perceived as a disadvantage that interferes with understanding, therefore, in this style, the choice is shifted towards more neutral words. Since the leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, then almost every lexical unit in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Linguists note the monotony, homogeneity of the vocabulary of the scientific style, which leads to an increase in the volume of the scientific text due to the repeated repetition of the same words. The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms: solar plexus, right angle, inclined plane, voiceless consonants, adverbial turnover, compound sentence, as well as various kinds of clichés: consists in ..., represents ..., consists of ..., is used for ... etc.

  scientific style

  Subsequently, the terminology was replenished from the resources of Latin, which has become an international scientific language. European Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's exposition irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was excessively "fictionalized". In the future, Newton's logical exposition became a model of scientific language.

  In Russia scientific language and the style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, along with scientific activity leading scientists of the time.

  Example

  An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:

  Notes

  Literature

  • Ryzhikov Yu. I. Work on a dissertation on technical sciences. Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization scientific work; Language and style of the dissertation, etc. - St. Petersburg. : BHV-Petersburg, 2005. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-94157-804-0
  • Savko I. E. Russian language. From phonetics to text. - Minsk: Harvest LLC, 2005. - 512 p. - ISBN 985-13-4208-4
  
  

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