Analysis of the union then. Lesson summary "Subordinating conjunctions
When you know the unions, then you will be able to put commas without difficulty. If, of course, you can apply punctuation rules!
But unions are very difficult to distinguish from pronouns and adverbs, homonymous particles (as, only, though, same, and, a) and prepositions.
It is necessary to analyze the words in a sentence: particles usually express semantic shades (amplifying, restrictive), and unions connect homogeneous members and parts complex sentence.
Unions can also be similar to pronouns and adverbs (what; how, when, barely, yet), to combinations of prepositions and pronouns (but - for that, because - from that, because - by that, moreover - moreover, moreover - with what), pronouns and particles (to - what, too - the same), adverbs and particles (also - the same).
There are few universal tricks to distinguish alliances. First: to determine its service role, that is, what it binds. Second: replace it with a synonym union. The particle can be rearranged to another place or completely omitted.
We reason like this. In the sentence: Everyone is late, me too. - the word ALSO can be replaced by a synonym AND (Everyone was late, and I.). In another sentence (I completed the same task as you.), the SAME particle can be omitted.
In fact, unions need to be recognized “by sight”, to distinguish their groups by origin, structure, use and meaning. Those unions that cannot be divided into morphemes are called non-derivative (a, but, and, yes, either, or, however, for, if). Derivatives come from combinations with pronouns, adverbs, prepositions (to, also, because, due to the fact that).
If the union consists of one word, then it is simple (and, yes, as if, although), of several - compound (due to the fact that, despite the fact that, because, since). There are no complex unions.
If the union is used once, then it is single, if it is repeated two or more times, then it is called recurring (neither ... nor, or ... either, not that ... not that), but if it breaks up into two parts, then double (not only ..., but; as ..., so; if ..., then; than ..., those; insofar ..., since; although ..., but) .
All unions are divided into two groups: coordinating (connecting homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence) and subordinating (connecting parts of a complex sentence).
Coordinating conjunctions convey various meanings:
|
1) connecting express enumeration |
and, yes \u003d and, and-and, no-no, like ..., so, not only ..., but also |
|
2) adversative - oppositions and differences |
but, but, yes = but, however, the same, but |
|
3) separating - mutual exclusion, alternation |
or, or-or, either, or-either, not that, not that, that, whether, whether, whether |
|
4) connectives are used to express additions, comments |
yes, and, too, also, also, moreover, also |
|
5) explanatory - for explanation |
that is, namely, or, somehow |
There are much more subordinating conjunctions than coordinating ones:
|
1) explanatory |
What, to, as if, whether |
|
2) temporary |
When, as soon as, as soon as, while, since, after, until, until, barely, before |
|
3) causal |
Because, since, for, because, due to the fact that, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that |
|
4) target |
So that, so that, in order to, so that, so that |
|
5) conditional |
If, once, if, provided that, if, if, if, if, if, when |
|
6) comparative |
As, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if |
|
7) concessions |
Although, at least, let, let, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, no matter how |
|
8) consequences |
So, before that, as a result of which |
PLAN OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF UNIONS
I. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning(in which sentence it is used, scheme).
1. Discharge by composition (simple or composite).
2. Discharge by origin (non-derivative or derivative).
3. Discharge by function (composing or subordinating).
4. Rank by value.
5. Discharge by use (single, repeated, double).
Using sentences from Jan Larry's fascinating story "The Extraordinary Adventures of Karik and Vali", we will show examples of parsing different unions. Do not forget that the union must be written out in its entirety if it is compound or double. We will not draw diagrams here due to technical difficulties.
Sample parsing unions
In that amazing forest there was no darkness and no silence, as in a pine forest.
I. And - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
We eat and 3 more praise ...
I. YES (= AND) - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Perhaps I, too, will dress up in a forget-me-not outfit!
I. ALSO - a union, because serves to connect the members of a simple sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
His name is also 3 silver spider ...
I. ALSO - union, because serves to connect the members of a simple sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Sticky nets were hung here and there in dense thickets, and it was necessary to go around these traps very carefully.
I. THAT ..., THAT is a union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. derivative,
3. writing,
4. separating,
5. repetitive.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Sticky nets hung here and there in dense thickets, and 3 had to be very careful to bypass these traps.
I. And - union, because used to connect parts of a compound sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
The microscope allows you to see only the eye of a spider or 3 the tip of his leg, or a claw that looks like a comb, or a web knot.
I. OR ..., OR ..., OR - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. separating,
5. repetitive.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Yes, and Ivan Germogenovich had neither time nor desire for this.
I. NOR ..., NOR - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. repetitive.
III. Not a member of the offer.
It was littered with thousands of mouths, which either chewed something, or strove to grab Karik and Valya by their bare feet.
I. NOT THAT ..., NOT THAT - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. writing,
4. separating,
5. repetitive.
III. Not a member of the offer.
It seemed that they were hitting the wall with soft, but 3 weighty fists.
I. BUT - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. opposing,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
She wanted to say something, but 3 lips did not obey.
I. BUT - union, because used to connect parts of a compound sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. opposing,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Now it's not blowing, - said Valya, - but on the other hand it has become very dark.
I. BUT ZATO - union, because used to connect parts of a compound sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. writing,
4. opposing,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Although Karik and Valya knew that these were not monsters, but the 3 most common insects, they now and then stopped in fright.
I. A - union, because serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. opposing,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
I don't think so, - replied the professor, - but we must be prepared for the worst...
I. HOWEVER - union, because used to connect parts of a compound sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. writing,
4. opposing,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Ivan Germogenovich, of course, knew that it was not the net that caught insects, but these 3 tiny, sticky nodules.
I. Namely - the union, because serves to connect the members of a simple sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Meanwhile, these same flies killed twenty-four million people in Europe several hundred years ago, that is, 3/4 of the entire population of old Europe.
I. THAT IS - a union, because serves to connect the members of a simple sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. writing,
4. connecting,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Ivan Germogenovich, of course, knew that it was not the net that caught insects, but these tiny, sticky nodules.
I. WHAT is a union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. explanatory,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
On the way they stopped, pushed away the heavy leaves with both hands, and looked to see if there were any berries under the leaves.
I. LI - union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. submissive,
4. explanatory,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
If such a flower breaks off and falls on my head, I'm unlikely to stay alive, - Ivan Germogenovich laughed.
I. IF - union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. submissive,
4. conditional,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
And it was no wonder, because 3 she looked only at them, still not believing that they died in a hot fight.
I. BECAUSE - union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. causal,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
There was no darkness and silence in this amazing forest, like in a pine forest.
I. HOW - union, because serves to connect the subject and the object of comparison.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. comparative,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
The closer the guys swam to the shore, the more clearly this noise was heard.
I. WHAT ..., THAT is a union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. comparative,
5. double.
III. Not a member of the offer.
The ceiling of the hole cracked as if 3 had drilled it from above.
I. AS if - a union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. comparative,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
In order not to run into them, it was necessary to look around vigilantly.
I. TO - union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. target,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
He calmly stood on the water, spreading his long legs, and waited for all 3 spiders to sit down.
I. BYKA - union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. submissive,
4. temporary,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Although Karik and Valya knew that these were not monsters, but the most common insects, they kept stopping in fright.
I. ALTHOUGH - union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. simple,
2. non-derivative,
3. submissive,
4. concessive,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
No matter how 3 pack the products, the ants still get to them.
I. WHATEVER - a union, because used to connect parts of a complex sentence.
II. Morphological features:
1. composite,
2. derivative,
3. submissive,
4. concessive,
5. single.
III. Not a member of the offer.
Let's remember the order morphological analysis pretext.
1. We write out from the sentence with the word to which it refers, we find out their role in the sentence.
2. Determine the morphological features:
immutability;
Semantic relations expressed by a preposition;
Structure: simple or compound;
What case form is used with.
Sample: In the course of the trip, we swam across the river twice (V. Arseniev).
In continuation (of the campaign) - the preposition is used to connect the verb swam with the word form in the continuation of the campaign, "morphological features: immutability, expresses temporary relationships, compound, derivative, used with a noun campaign in the form of genus. p.
Through (river) - a preposition, used to connect the verb crossed the river with the noun river, morphological features: immutability, expresses spatial relationships, simple, non-derivative, used with the noun river in the form of wines. P.
Union - service unit speech, which serves to connect members of a simple sentence, parts of a complex sentence, whole sentences or parts of a text.
The general grammatical meaning of the union is the expression of coordinating or subordinating relations.
Union ranks by structure
By structure, unions are divided into:
Into simple ones, consisting of one word (a, and, if, how, what, etc.);
Compound, consisting of two or more words (due to the fact that, in order to, despite the fact that, etc.);
Repetitive (that ... that, not that ... not that, etc.);
Double (both ... and, not only ... but also etc.).
Union ranks by origin
By origin, unions are divided into non-derivative and derivative.
Non-derivative (primitive) unions (a, but, or) are not divided into morphemes and do not have a generating basis.
Derivative unions (but, however, although) consist of several syllables and correspond to certain independent parts of speech.
Ranks of unions by meaning and grammatical functions
By meaning and grammatical functions, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions (a, yes, and, or, neither ... nor, however, also, also, then ... then, etc.) express relations of equality and serve to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a compound sentence, parts of a text: In some places in the clearings, birds flew and chirped plaintively (K. Paustovsky) - the union and is used to connect homogeneous predicates; The sky overhead was very bright, white, and closer to the ground it thickened, and its color resembled lead (K. Paustovsky) - unions a, and serve to connect parts of a complex sentence.
By meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups: connecting, adversative, divisive.
Connective conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of and), also, also, neither ... nor, not only ... but also others express connecting relations (enumeration relations) between homogeneous members of a sentence, equal parts of a complex sentence or text: The cricket sings very loudly and pays no attention either to my steps or to the clinking of cups (K. Paustovsky).
And quietly slumbering green forest, And in the silver of forest lakes - More slender than his columns, Still fresher than pine crowns And delicate foliage.
Opposite unions but, yes (in the meaning of but), however, and others express the relationship of comparison or opposition of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, equal parts of a complex sentence or parts of a text: I will put not the genus, but the mind in governors (A. Pushkin); Everything passes, but not everything is forgotten (I. Bunin).
Divisive unions or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, etc. express the relationship of alternation or mutual exclusion of phenomena, actions, events: Are you my fallen maple, icy maple, that you stand bending under a white blizzard? Or what did you see? Or what did you hear? (S. Yesenin).
Subordinating conjunctions (what, to, as, as if, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, when, etc.) express the relationship of subordination (dependence) of one part of a complex sentence to another or parts of the text: The water collapsed so terribly that, when the soldiers ran down, raging streams were already flying after them (M. Bulgakov); I can't say that I thought then only about my painting (V. Garshin).
By value, subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following categories:
Explanatory: what, to, how, etc.;
Conditional: if, if, if, times, etc .;
Temporary: when, barely, only, as soon as, since, etc.;
Causal: because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc .;
Goals: to, in order to, etc .;
Concessions: despite the fact that, although others;
Consequences: so,
Comparative: as if, as if, exactly, as if, etc.
Spelling unions
1. A particle not with unions is written separately: not that ... not that, not only ... but also others: Through the noise of the waves, either sighs or soft, gentle-sounding cries reached them (M. Gorky) .
2. Derivative unions, too, also, but so that, because, because, formed from independent parts of speech, they are written together. They should be distinguished from homonymous combinations of pronouns and adverbs with particles and prepositions.
Consider table 39.
Table 39
| Unions | Homonymous combinations |
| 1. But - an opposing union, equal in meaning to the union but: Branil Homer, Theocritus, but read Adam Smith (A. Pushkin). To - a subordinating union: To wait for such an evening, it was necessary to live a hundred years (K. Paustovsky) Also, also - connecting unions, close in meaning to the union and: His young sons also looked at themselves from head to toe (N. Gogol); The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voice also amazed me (I. Turgenev) 1. Because, because - causal unions, close in meaning to the union because: And because this is impossible, he despaired (A. Chekhov) ; In the village, spring is expected not only because it brings warmth and sun (P. Proskurin) | For that building - a demonstrative pronoun and a preposition for (building), are written separately: She turned completely gray during the time that we did not see each other (K. Paustovsky) Whatever - an interrogative pronoun with a particle would be written separately. The particle could be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence: And whatever she does, whatever she takes, everything turns out beautifully for her (I. Turgenev) Compare: And whatever she does, whatever she takes would - everything comes out beautifully with her. The pronoun and the adverb are written separately with the particle. The particle can be omitted: I can say the same about Anna Karenina (K. Paustovsky). - Wed: I can say the same about Anna Karenina, And he is a regular member of the club, still humble, just as deaf (A. Pushkin). - Wed: And he is a member of the club in good order, everyone is so humble, so deaf. Pronouns with prepositions from that (place), by that (bridge) are written separately, they are members of a sentence, you can ask them a question: Children moved away from that house (from which house?) For a long distance; You should not judge me only by what (to judge by what?) what I do (I. Turgenev) |
The order of morphological parsing of the union
1. We define the relationship that the union expresses in the sentence.
2. We find out the morphological signs of the union:
Simple, compound, repeating or double;
Non-derivative or derivative;
Composing or subordinating.
Sample: A nurse came up and strictly demanded that the soldiers leave (L. Stepanov).
And - union, simple, non-derivative, composing, connecting, used to connect homogeneous predicates came up and demanded.
To - union, simple, derivative, subordinating, explanatory; connects parts of a complex sentence.
Particles
A particle is a service part of speech designed to express the shades of the meaning of words and sentences, as well as to form words.
The general grammatical meaning of the particles lies in the expression of additional semantic shades: The night was approaching, but the thought of sleep did not even occur to me (K. Paustovsky) - the particle does not give negative meaning verb-predicate, the particle even enhances the meaning of the action.
A particle is an invariable part of speech, is not an independent member of a sentence, but can be included in the members of a sentence as a clarifying component: Wherever you turn. from everywhere came the singing of the oriole, the squeaking of the hoopoe and the falcon (A. Chekhov); Let the forest rage in the rain, let the nights be gloomy and rainy (I. Bunin).
Particle Discharges by Structure and Significance
According to the structure of the particles are divided:
Into simple ones, consisting of one word (would, whether, after all, out, etc.);
Compounds, which include two or more words (just what for, hardly, etc.).
There are word-building, form-building and semantic particles.
Word-forming particles serve to form a word with a new lexical meaning. Word-forming particles include particles (sometimes called morphemes) -something, -or, -something, something, which serve to form indefinite pronouns: someone, something, anyone, anyone, someone, some, etc.
The particles not and neither, turning into a prefix, can also serve to form new words with the opposite meaning: truth is not true, friend is foe, who is someone, what is nothing, when - never.
Formative particles serve to form mood forms of the verb: the particle would (b) participates in the formation of the subjunctive mood of the verb: I would study, read, would say; particles let, let, yes, let are used to form the form of the imperative mood: let it come, let it answer, let it come, let's talk.
Sense particles are divided into the following categories:
Interrogative, containing the question: is it really, is it (or), is it really: Is life really noisy, noisy, like your dress? (A. Blok);
Amplifying, emphasizing words that are most important for understanding the meaning: even, already, already (already), after all, after all, etc.: I’m even scared to look at the immense mass of water ... (S. Aksakov);
Indicative, pointing to an object, distinguishing it from a number of others: here (and here), out (and out), here (here) and others: Here the sun rises, it shines because of the arable land (I. Nikitin);
Exclamatory, expressing surprise, admiration and other emotions: what for, how and others: What a charm these fairy tales are! (A. Pushkin);
Distinguishing-restrictive, highlighting an object or phenomenon (only, only, almost, though etc.): I cut out a sonnet at noon only for the one who is at the top (I. Bunin);
Definitive-clarifying, having a clarifying meaning (exactly, just, etc.): And the mosquito dug right into the aunt’s right eye (A. Pushkin);
Modal particles expressing doubt (hardly, hardly, etc.): Aphorism almost best form for the presentation of philosophical judgments (L. Tolstoy);
Negative particles (not and neither): The trees are crowded, calm, not a single branch moves (G. Fedoseev).
Particle Spelling
1. Separately with the words of different parts of speech, particles are written no matter what: No matter what happens, people must continuously do their job (K. Paustovsky); There are no different roads for water, all the ways sooner or later will lead it to the ocean (M. Prishvin); But the Russian heart is still the same. And kindness, and the same songs! (L. Tatyanicheva).
2. Particles are written through a hyphen -something, -or, -something, something, -ka: Tell me, uncle, is it not for nothing that Moscow, burned by fire, was given to the Frenchman? (M. Lermontov); It was on some kind of holiday (N. Leskov); There are many rich people for whom death alone is good for something (I. Krylov); Basargin listened to the considerations of his assistants, wrote down something (K. Paustovsky).
The particle is still written with a hyphen after verbs and adverbs: We went for a walk. In the evening it rained again. With other parts of speech, this particle is written separately: There was definitely dust (N. Leskov); How did I not pay attention to such words before - to the fact that she did not exclude some cases (I. Bunin).
Particles not and neither with words of different parts of speech can be written both together and separately.
Particle spelling not with different parts of speech
| Separately | Slitno |
| 1. With verbs, gerunds, short forms of passive participles, numerals, pronouns (except for negative ones): do not leave, do not know; not reading, not deciding, "not built, not sown", not two, not three", not you, not to us, not yours, not this 2. With nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs in -o, if present or implied opposition: not true, but false, not deep river, but small, "not finished, but only begun work", do not speak loudly, but in a whisper 3. C full forms participles, if they have a dependent word: a task not completed on time, a conversation that does not stop in the yard not indifferent, not at all old, not at all slippery, not at all close, "not at all outdated, far from tidy, not at all justified, not at all polished, not in the least disturbing", not at all true, not at all sweet, not at all dark, not at all not scary 5. With the words ready, must, sorry, must, must, must, etc.: not happy, must not, not ready, not obligated, no need, no need | 1. With nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles, gerunds, adverbs, words of the category of state that are not used without: slob, ignoramus, ridiculous, perplexed, disliked, perplexed, unbearable, indignant, out of place, it is impossible 2. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs in -o, if the word can be replaced by a synonym without not: not true (lie), shallow (shallow), not close (far) 3. With full participle forms without a dependent word: an unfinished story, an idle mechanism 4. In indefinite pronouns: someone , something, some, several, some |
Spelling particle neither with different parts of speech
Particle neither can be negative and amplifying. The negative particle is always written separately with the words of other parts of speech, except for pronouns: What a shame! As if on purpose, not a soul (N. Gogol); Wherever you look, young faces are everywhere (V. Ketlinskaya).
The intensifying particle is not used in the presence of negation with the predicate: Alyosha has never seen a tree covered with such a fine polish (K. Paustovsky).
The combinations of nothing else (other) and no one else (other) have the meaning of opposition. Here it is not a negative particle and is written separately. The opposition can be expressed by the union as, standing after this expression, or the union a, standing before this expression: It was nothing but a lake, "No one else came but a brother", A brother came, and no one else.
The combinations nothing else (other), no one else (other) are not connected with the opposition. They are usually used in sentences where there is already a negation, less often in sentences without negation. Neither in this case is a prefix and is spelled together: Nothing else bothered him, "No one other than the watchman remained in the building", It could not be anyone else.
The particle is not used in stable phrases: neither day nor night, neither this nor that, nor light nor dawn; not two nor one and a half; neither fish nor fowl; neither more nor less.
Attention! By all means, out of nowhere, as if nothing had happened. It should be distinguished: not one (many) - not one (no one); not once (many times) - never (never).
- Part of speech. General value.
- Morphological features: a) coordinating or subordinating; b) simple or compound.
Sample parsing
Kashtanka looked around and saw that a regiment of soldiers was walking down the street straight at her. (A. Chekhov.)
Oral analysis
And- union.
- First, connects homogeneous predicates looked back and saw.
- Secondly, it has morphological features: composing, simple.
What- union.
- First, connects the parts of a complex sentence: The chestnut looked back and saw(what?) - that a regiment of soldiers was walking down the street straight at her.
- Secondly, it has morphological features: subordinating, simple.
Written analysis
And- union.
- _ _ _ and _ _ _
- Morph, confession: op., simple.
What- union.
- , (what...).
- Morph, acknowledgment: sub., simple.
382. Analyze and characterize alliances. Make their morphological analysis. Write off, placing the missing commas and inserting spellings in place of gaps and brackets.
1. This morning at five o'clock in the morning, when I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden ... ..t my letter (n, n)th table with their white petals ..kami. 3. Further on, like an amphitheater, mountains are piled up (?) All blue and fog (n, n) and on the edge of the horizon stretches (?) a silver (n, n) chain of snow peaks starting with Kazbek and ending with two-headed ..m Elbrus.
(M. Lermontov)
383. Title the text. What style is he? What does the author advise children? Why ^^ "^ books should always be with you? Make a morphological analysis of unions. Write off by putting missing commas, opening brackets and inserting missing letters. Name the types of orthograms in place of gaps and brackets. Explain the setting of the colon.
Whoever you become, my y (n, n) friends, wherever the paths-roads call you, may your favorite books always be near you!
A huge, pr..red world of life .. of our country and our peers (?) nicknames opens (?) in millions of books. Children's book authors are your best friends.
X .. it would be nice if you guys were really friends with the works of our classics: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Nekrasov, Leo Tolstoy, Gorky. After reading the books of these writers, you will feel stronger, be able to more deeply evaluate your actions and the actions of those around you, feel the beauty of the beautiful Russian language.
(S. Mikhalkov)
384. The writing. Read an excerpt from I. Goncharov's novel Oblomov. How did Ilya Ivanovich, the father of the protagonist of the novel, relate to reading? Do you agree with his opinion that reading is a luxury? Write an essay on the topic "The book is our friend and adviser." Gather the necessary evidence. Use the statement at the beginning of the textbook and the text from the previous exercise.
Ilya Ivanovich will sometimes take a book in his hands - it doesn't matter to him, any. He did not even suspect an essential need in reading, but considered it a luxury, such a thing that one can easily do without, just as one can have a picture on the wall, one may not have it, one can go for a walk, one may not go: from this he doesn't care what the book is; he looked at her as if she were a thing intended for entertainment, out of boredom and nothing to do.
The union is disassembled according to the following plan:
· I. Part of speech. Grammatical role (for what it serves).
II. Morphological features: a) coordinating or subordinating; b) simple or compound.
· Sample morphological analysis of the union:
We all jumped up from our chairs, but again there was a surprise: the sound of many steps was heard, which meant that the hostess had not returned alone, but it was really strange, since she herself appointed this hour (F. M. Dostoevsky).
I. But - union
II. Coordinative, adversative, simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.
II. Subordinating, explanatory, simple, invariable, connects parts of a complex sentence.
I. A - union
II. Coordinating, adversative, simple, invariable, connects parts of a complex sentence.
I. Since - union
II. Subordinating, causes, compound, connects parts of a complex sentence.
Union
Union - a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence. Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).
Subordinating unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words, composite: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
1. Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; like... so;
2. opposing: a; but; yes (meaning but); though; but;
3. Dividing: or; or or; or; then ... then; not that... not that.
Parts of some unions ( like ... so and, not only ... but also, not that ... not that etc.) are at different homogeneous members or in different parts complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
1. Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
2. Target: to (to); to; so that etc.;
3. Temporary: when; only; just; bye; barely, etc.;
4. Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
5. Comparative: how; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
6. Explanatory: what; to; like others;
7. concessions: although; although; no matter how, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1)
Composing or subordinating;
2)
The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.
Particle- a service part of speech that introduces various meanings, emotional shades into a sentence or serves to form word forms.
· one General properties particles
2 Particle Discharges
3 Classification of particles by origin
o 3.1 Antiderivatives
o 3.2 Non-primitives
4 Classification of particles by composition
o 4.1 Simple
o 4.2 Composite
o 4.3 Dissected
o 4.4 Undivided
o 4.5 Phraseological particles (phraseological particles)
5 Hyphenating and Separating Particles
General properties of particles[edit | edit wiki text]
In the class of particles, constant auxiliary (non-significant) words are combined, which:
Express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: motivation, subjunctiveness, conditionality, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (questioning), as well as in the expression of affirmation or negation;
characterize an action or state by its course in time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.
Listed features particles are grouped:
in the function of shaping
· as a function of various communicative characteristics of the message.
Common to all these functions is that in all cases they contain
relation (relatedness) of an action, a state or a whole message to reality,
relationship between the speaker and the reported
moreover, both these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.
characteristic feature many particles is that in their structure and functions they are close to adverbs, conjunctions or interjections and cannot always be strictly opposed to them; in many cases, particles also approach introductory words.
Particle value as single word is the relation that it expresses in the sentence.
Particle discharges[edit | edit wiki text]
In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:
1. shaping particles(let, let, let's, yes, let's, would, b, happened):
· formative forms of words;
· forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, no, not at all, far from, not at all);
3. particles that characterize the trait(action or state) according to its course in time, in terms of completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
· interrogative particles(whether, really, unless);
· pointer particles(here, out);
· clarifying particles(precisely, exactly, just, exactly, exactly);
· excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, only);
· exclamation particles(what for, how);
· amplifying particles(not even, not, after all, after all, after all, everything);
· mitigation-ka ( bring it on, pour it on)-then (milk runs out); worders -s are also used for this purpose (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated treatment "sir";
· doubt(hardly, hardly);
· incentive particles(let, let, come on (those)).
It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in particles of negative, interrogative, characterizing the action by its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.
Classification of particles by origin[edit | edit wiki text]
Primitives[edit | edit wiki text]
The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, in modern language having no living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.
These are particles: bish (simple), would, vish (simple), yes (as part of the command form), de (colloquial), say (colloquial), same, in (simple), ish ( colloquial), -ka, (colloquial), no, I suppose (simple), no, really, let it go (simple), no, well, this (simple), still, those (simple), something, really, tea (simple).
Non-primitives[edit | edit wiki text]
All other particles are not primitive.
Classification of particles by composition[edit | edit wiki text]
Simple[edit | edit wiki text]
Simple particles are particles that consist of one word. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, reveal living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: union (part of speech) | a, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, after all, in (simple), at all, out, that's, like, everything , everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the form command. incl.), come on (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, still, know, and, or, exactly, how, what , where, okay, is it (particle) | is it better, nothing (simple, questions), nothing, nothing, but, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let , perhaps, decisively, exactly, the very thing, to yourself, rather, as if, completely, thanks (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, of which, purely (simple), that, so that to, ek, this.
As already mentioned, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meanings to varying degrees.
adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, still, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely , quite, so, there, good),
pronominal words (everything, everything, what, it, the most, to yourself, to you, what, this),
verbs (it happens, it happened, it was, come on (those), give (those), look (those), know),
unions (but, good, as if, after all, yes, even if, but, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, at least that, so that , to),
Comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: Rather die than agree; Rather, vacation!),
prepositions (like: Does someone call?),
interjections (ek, thanks: They, what a heat! You won’t find a place. Thank you, I slept a little in the cellar. N. Uspensky).
Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particles and pronouns, particles and interjections are so close that the opposition to each other of such meanings as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be illegal, and the word must qualify as "particle-conjunction", "particle-adverb", "particle-pronoun", etc.;
Compounds[edit | edit wiki text]
Particles formed from two (less often - more) words:
two particles
particle and union
Particles and prepositions
particles and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.
Compound particles can be inseparable - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or separable: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Phraseological particles are distinguished within the compound particles: these are several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs) that have merged together), there are no living relations between them in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.
Dismembered[edit | edit wiki text]
Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dissected particles:
I wish (I wish it would rain!; I wish it would rain!);
here and (Here's a friend for you!; Here's the result for you!; Did you believe him? So believe people after that!);
like this (That's the order!; That's the order!; Here we have a garden, such a garden!; Here we have made it so friendly!);
almost (almost late; almost broke his head);
almost (Almost for the first time in his life he lied);
how not (How not to understand!; How can I not know the way!);
no matter how (No matter how it rains);
If only (If only there would be no rain!);
not enough (simple) (I started ringing the bell, didn’t stop it a little. Dot.; From fear, I didn’t even fall to the ground a little. Lesk.);
let (Let yourself sing!);
rather (Hurry up spring!; Spring would be sooner!);
so (it breathes with peace; so he did not recognize me);
if only (Just don’t be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking);
at least (Though I wouldn’t grumble!);
almost (was) not (almost broke a leg);
almost (He almost became a big boss now).
Particles are always dismembered
don't we (shouldn't we rest?),
not the same (Do not spend the night here!).
Phraseological particles:
no-no and (yes and) (No-no yes and will come to visit; No-no grandfather and remember);
what kind of (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!);
what of (of what) (What of his promises to me!; now what of the fact that he returned?).
It is necessary to distinguish from composite particles various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; for example:
already- already and, well, so, so, so ... well;
how- yes, how, how, how, how, how, how;
like- like, like, like, like, like, like;
Indivisible[edit | edit wiki text]
their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.
otherwise (- Aren't you afraid? - Otherwise I'm afraid !; Will they let me spend the night? - Otherwise they won't let me in);
without that (He is already a silent person, but here he completely closed himself. Polev .; There is no time to wait, without that we are already late);
it would be (simple.) (It would be for me not to stay, but to go home!);
only (Time is only an hour);
look and (colloquial) (waited, waited, looked and fell asleep);
far from (far from sure of success; far from being a beauty);
Divi would (simple) (Divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s an ignoramus!);
to what (How good the forest is! How tired you are!);
would be good;
if (If not for the war!);
still (They don’t touch you. - You still would touch!; Good catch! - Still not good!);
and there is (simple) (- Didn't recognize it, you see? - Didn't recognize and is. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is. Fad.);
and so (Don't be angry, I repent anyway; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway);
and then (They don’t let them go to the skating rink; I saw it for a long time, and then briefly; Talk to him. - And then I’ll talk);
as is (simple) (Everything as it is, you said correctly. Bazhov; - Frozen? - As is, frozen);
just (I came just in time; I'm afraid of the service: you'll just fall under responsibility. Turg.);
how so (- Goodbye. - How so goodbye?);
where as (Where how fun!);
okay;
on what (What is cunning, but even then he made a mistake);
no way;
unlikely;
by no means (by no means a beauty);
simply (He simply laughs at us);
so (so he didn’t show up?);
so (- I have all the tobacco. - Is that all?);
either not (or not life!);
something (Something glad !; That's what I look at, he calmed down);
there too (There, from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom .; The boy, but he argues there too);
already (You did it yourself. - Already yourself?; This is a disease. - Already a disease!);
grab and (While they were going, grab and it started to rain);
well (- Let's go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well);
or something (Call, or what ?; Help or something !; Are you deaf?);
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