Ancestors indicate gender declension number case. How to determine the case of a noun? Determine the gender, number, case of nouns

Declension of nouns

The declension of inflected nouns is determined by the form nominative singular. Most singular nouns fall into three types of declension.

The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative):

Ten neuter nouns -me (the ending -I ): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder , as well as nouns path, child refer to heterogeneous (they have endings of different declensions).

Noun human has different roots in singular and plural ( person people), therefore it has different types of declension in singular and plural:

human(singular) - declined as a noun of the 2nd declension;
people (plural) - inflected as a noun of the 3rd declension.

- Substantive adjectives and participles(nouns formed by transition from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid and etc .) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to decline as adjectives and participles decline.

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension on -and I (the ending -I ): army, aria, symphony, Maria etc. - in the dative case and the prepositional case of the singular have the ending -and

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

On nouns on -ya (the ending -I ): Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Mary, about Mary.

Note!

-th (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium etc. - in the only prepositional case they have the ending -and , as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about planetarium.

On nouns on -hey, -hey (zero ending): end, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension on -s (the ending -e ): building, decision, being, consciousness etc. - in the singular, the prepositional case has an ending -and , as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about the building, about the decision, about being.

On nouns on -yo (the ending -e ): living, being, washing etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about living, about being, about washing.

Note!

In oblique cases, nouns in -me have a suffix -en- (time, seed, name).
Exception make up the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.

gender of nouns

1. Nouns belong to one of the three childbirth: male, female, average.

· The gender of a noun can be determined, agreeing with him the possessive pronoun mine:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my house – masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night – feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal – neuter gender.

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, the gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine).

2. Genus immutable nouns defined as follows.

The gender of invariable nouns calling people, determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, exquisite lady.

nouns, denoting professions and occupation y are masculine.

Military attache, night porter.

· Invariable nouns that name animals, are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee nursed her young.

Exceptions: tsetse (fly), iwashi(fish) - feminine.

· Immutable inanimate nouns belong to the middle class.

Night taxi, tasty stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine).

3. A special group is nouns generic, which can refer to both male and female people.

What are you slut ! What are you slut !

General nouns characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic to a person, have endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.

sluts a , started a , sang a , hard worker a , dirty I , dude a , drunkards a , sissy a , dream I , crybaby a .

Note!

Some nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to females, they are still masculine nouns!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be assigned to any of the three genders.

Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

Noun number

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing and plural. In the singular form, the noun denotes one object, in the plural form, several objects.

2. Only one form

Most real nouns

Most abstract nouns

Most collective nouns

most of the proper names.

Note!

1) at material

a) types, varieties of substances:

2) at abstract nouns plural form has meaning:

In the singular form, the noun denotes one object, in the plural form, several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some specific nouns.

Only the singular form has:

• most real nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

• most abstract nouns;

Joy, kindness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

• most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

• most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, nouns that have only the singular form can form plural forms. But such an education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at material nouns plural form has meaning:

a) types, varieties of substances:

wine - dessert wines, oil - industrial oils;

b) the value of the large area covered by this substance:

water - the waters of the ocean, sand - the sands of the Karakum;

2) at abstract nouns plural form has meaning:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, repetition and degree of manifestation of a sign, state, action:

frost - long frosts, pain - severe pain, cry - screams.

They have only the plural form:

• some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

• some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

• some collective nouns;

Money, finance, wilds.

• some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, the novel "Demons".

• words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, tongs.

• some names of time intervals.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that have only a plural form, not only the gender is not determined, but also the declension!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

• All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends, and ask a question from this word to the noun, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He believed friend: believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The subject usually has the form I. p., and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive, or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative questions (who?), while inanimate nouns have the same nominative and accusative questions (what?).

Wed: I have seen[whom? what?] friend - V. p .; There is no[whom? what?] friend - R. p .; I have seen[whom? what?] movie - accusative; Shown in the cinema[who? what?] movie "Stalker"- Nominative case.

3) If the noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using that preposition.

Wed: He looked into the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in a book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective, a pronoun. Note that the preposition is noun-related, not noun-dependent.

Wed: He quarreled with his friend: quarreled[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

At the noun. Unfortunately, not everyone succeeds at once. You need to have enough information to complete this task without difficulty.

Noun as a part of speech

Each of us is familiar with the noun. We, without hesitation, use it daily in our speech. Now imagine that this part of speech is no more. Try to talk about an event without his help. It is unlikely that this will be possible, since im. gives a name to all objects and phenomena that exist in our life. Everything that we see around and talk about cannot do without it. Therefore, its main function is considered to be nominative, that is, to give names to all objects.

Calling each other by name, we also do not do without a noun. Being fluent in our native language, we correctly put this part of speech in the required form. From a scientific point of view, we will try to determine which case and number are used in a word in our article.

declination

Before you learn how to determine the case of a noun, you need to understand what declension is. The word itself means "change". That is, to incline - it means to change them. by numbers and cases.

There are several types of declension in Russian.

The first includes words that end in -a or -ya. They must be either masculine or feminine. For example: car, uncle, painting, nature.

Words in the second declension have different criteria. Such nouns have the endings -o, -e or zero and are neuter and masculine. For example: resolution, aggregate, fiber.

If we have a feminine word with a soft sign at the end (respectively, a zero ending), then it belongs to the third declension. For example: daughter, thing, speech, night.

Each of the groups has its own system of endings. It is them that must be remembered when receiving the task: "Determine the case and declension of nouns."

Genus

In Russian, there are three types of it. Before we learn how to correctly determine the case of nouns, we need to know this information.

The masculine gender includes words that are combined with the personal pronoun "he": boat, boss, result.

The neuter gender is determined by the word "it". It includes most of the abstract and inanimate concepts: perception, happiness, well-being.

Women, respectively, include such words that are combined with the word "she": love, photography, life.

In order to determine the gender, it is necessary to take into account which personal pronoun the desired noun agrees with.

case

Now is the time to learn how to identify. To do this, you need to know what questions each of them answers.

The initial form of the words of this part of speech is always the nominative case. It performs the function of the main member in the sentence - the subject.

Before determining the case of a noun, ask a question. In them.p. - "who what?". For example: vase, flower.

The dative case requires the word "give" ("to whom?", "what"?). For example: a vase, a flower.

The accusative is often confused with the nominative. He answers the questions "who?" or "what?". An auxiliary form “see” or “blame” is also added to it. For example: a vase, a flower.

Creative requires questions "by whom?" or “what? It is combined with the word "admire". For example: a vase, a flower.

And the last, prepositional: “about whom?” or "about what?". The words “think” or “speak” are added to help him.

Now we know how to determine For this simple task, you only need to correctly select a question for the required word.

Features of nominative and accusative

With all the seemingly simplicity of determining the case, sometimes questions still arise. All this happens because some forms may overlap. Such absolute similarity between words is called homonyms.

For example, very often their forms coincide. and wine. cases. In order to distinguish between them, we need to carefully study the context.

Let's compare two sentences:

1. A beautiful tree grew in the clearing.
2. Approaching the clearing, we saw a beautiful tree.

The word forms are exactly the same.

The question arises of how to determine the accusative case of a noun. To do this, we must follow the syntactic role of this word. In the first sentence, the word "tree" is the subject, consistent with the predicate "grew". It independently performs the action, so we can easily determine that its case is nominative.

Now let's look at the second example. The grammatical basis is "we saw". Some action is being performed on the tree, and therefore in this case we have an accusative case.

Dative and prepositional

Also, in some cases, the prepositional case and the dative coincide.

1. We walked along the road.
2. I thought about the upcoming road all evening.

Again, a complete match of word forms. In this case, we will use the method of artificial substitution of the plural. Get:

1. We walked along the roads.
2. I thought about roads.

Now we see that the plural it is easier to distinguish cases in the number: in the first case - dative (what?), in the second - prepositional (about what?).

There is another little trick. The dative case has two prepositions "to" and "to". Thanks to them, it is easy to distinguish it from other forms.

Parsing

Often in the lesson, students are given the task to determine the gender, number, case of nouns. This is usually required to hold a word.

Let's give an example of parsing a noun.

Our boys competed.

• In competitions - noun
• The initial form (what?) is a competition.
• Permanent signs:

Does not denote the name of any objects, therefore it is a common noun;

inanimate;

Avg. genus (it);

Has the ending -e and refers to environments. genus, then the type of declension is the second.

• Irregular signs:

Plural number;

It answers the question “in what?”, Combines with the auxiliary word “think”, therefore, the case is prepositional.

• In the proposal, it will play the role of a minor member - additions.

Conclusion

We have studied in detail how to determine the case of a noun. In addition, we were able to execute the words in order to confirm all the information received. Thus, we will not have any more difficulties in this matter. It is enough just to ask the right question, and the case is easily determined. When homonymous forms appear, it is enough to look at the syntactic role of the word or replace the only

1. Nouns belong to one of the three childbirth: male, female, average.

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun mine:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my house - masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter gender.

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine).

2. Genus immutable nouns is defined as follows.

The gender of immutable nouns that name people is determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, exquisite lady.

Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.

Military attache, night porter.

Invariable nouns naming animals are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee nursed her young.

Exceptions: tsetse, iwashi- feminine.

Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter.

Night taxi, tasty stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine).

3. Nouns are a special group generic, which can represent both male and female people.

What a slut you are! What a slob you are!

General nouns characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic to a person, have the endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.

A slob, a ringleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty man, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.

Note!

Some nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to females, they are still masculine nouns!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be assigned to any of the three genders.

Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

B) The number of the noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing and plural. In the singular form, the noun denotes one object, in the plural form, several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some specific nouns.

Only form singular have:

most real nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, kindness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, nouns that have only the singular form can form plural forms. But such an education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at material

a) types, varieties of substances:

wine - dessert wines, oil - industrial oils;

b) the value of the large area covered by this substance:

water - the waters of the ocean, sand - the sands of the Karakum;

2) at abstract nouns plural form has meaning:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, repetition and degree of manifestation of a sign, state, action:

frost - long frosts, pain - severe pain, cry - screams.

Only form plural have:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

• some collective nouns;

  Money, finance, wilds.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, the novel "Demons".

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, tongs.

some names of time intervals.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that have only a plural form, not only the gender is not determined, but also the declension!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends, and ask a question from this word to the noun, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He believed a friend: believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The subject usually has the form I. p., and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive, or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative questions (who?), while inanimate nouns have the same nominative and accusative questions (what?).

3) If the noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using that preposition.

Wed: He looked into the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in a book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective, a pronoun. Note that the preposition is noun-related, not noun-dependent.

Wed: He quarreled with his friend: quarreled[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns in cases and numbers is called declension.

Invariable nouns ( coat, sitro, subway, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declension! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the issue.

He was sitting[in whom? in what?] in coat - singular, prepositional; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive.

3. The declension of inflected nouns is determined by the form nominative singular. Most singular nouns fall into three types of declension.

The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative):

4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -my (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to heterogeneous(they have endings of different declensions).

5. The noun man has different roots in singular and plural ( person people), therefore it has different types of declension in singular and plural:

person (singular) - declined as a noun of the 2nd declension;
people (plural) - inflected as a noun of the 3rd declension.

6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by transition from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to inflect the way adjectives and participles inflect!

D) Noun declension patterns

1st declension

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension in -iya (ending -я): army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative case and the prepositional case of the singular have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

On nouns on -ya (ending -я): Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Mary, about Mary.

2nd declension. masculine

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -y (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the only prepositional case they have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about planetarium.

On nouns on -ey, -ay (zero ending): end, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

2nd declension. Neuter gender

Inflected nouns

Note!

In oblique cases, nouns ending in -my have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception make up the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.

1. Independent parts of speech:

• nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
• Verbs:
• • sacraments;
  • gerunds;
• adjectives;
• numerals;
• pronouns;
• adverbs;

2. Service parts of speech:

• prepositions;
• unions;
• particles;

3. Interjections.

None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:

• the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
• introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

• the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
• own or common noun;
• animate or inanimate;
• gender (m, f, cf.);
• number (unit, plural);
• declination;
• case;
• syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan of morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby is drinking milk."

Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;

• initial form - baby;
• permanent morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
• inconstant morphological features: nominative case, singular;
• in the syntactic analysis of the sentence, it plays the role of the subject.

Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).

• initial form - milk;
• constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
• variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
• in a sentence with a direct object.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

• the initial form is a lady;
• permanent morphological features: common noun, animate, specific, feminine, 1st declension;
• fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
• syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

• initial form - Luzhin;
• faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
• non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (what?) - noun;

• initial form - palm;
• constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
• unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
• syntactic role in context: complement.

Dust (what?) - noun;

• initial form - dust;
• main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
• fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
• syntactic role: complement.

(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;

• the initial form is a coat;
• constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
• morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
• syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

• initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
• constant morphological features of adjectives:
• • rank, according to the value:
  • • - quality (warm, silent);
    • - relative (yesterday, reading);
    • - possessive (hare, mother's);
  • degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
  • full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
• non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
• • quality adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees, a simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-beautiful-most beautiful;
  • full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
  • genus sign (only in the singular);
  • number (consistent with the noun);
  • case (consistent with the noun);
• syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective

Suggestion example:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - complete;
• permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
• inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
• according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

• the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
• constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
• non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - slender;
• permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
• inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
• syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

• the initial form is thin;
• morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
• syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - blue;
• table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
• inconsistent morphological characteristics: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
• syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - amazing;
• permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
• inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
• syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what have you been doing? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

• the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
• conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
• non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

• the initial form is the infinitive;
• constant morphological features of the verb:
• • transitivity:
  • • transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
    • intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
  • returnability:
  • • returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
    • irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
  • • imperfect (what to do?);
    • perfect (what to do?);
  • conjugation:
  • • I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
    • II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
    • conjugated verbs (want, run);
• non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
• • mood:
  • • indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
    • conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
    • imperative: do it!;
  • time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
  • person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
  • gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
  • number;
• syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
• • predicate: To be a holiday today;
  • Subject: Learning is always useful;
  • addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
  • definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
  • circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of the verb example

To understand the scheme, we will conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:

Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

• initial form - send;
• permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

The following online example of the morphological parsing of a verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what to do?) - verb;

• the initial form is to listen;
• morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Warn (what to do?) - verb;

• initial form - warn;
• morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
• non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
• syntactic function in a sentence: an integral part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;

• the initial form is to know;
• inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

• the initial form is to violate;
• permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
• syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;

• initial form - wait;
• permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did?) - verb;

• initial form - enter;
• permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

A) gender of nouns

1. Nouns belong to one of the three childbirth: male, female, average.

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun mine:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my house – masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night – feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal – neuter gender.

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather (masculine); my mother, my sister (feminine).

2. Genus immutable nouns is defined as follows.

The gender of immutable nouns that name people is determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, exquisite lady.

Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.

Military attache, night porter.

Invariable nouns naming animals are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee nursed her young.

Exceptions: tsetse, iwashi- feminine.

Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter.

Night taxi, tasty stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco (masculine) avenue, salami(feminine).

3. Nouns are a special group generic, which can represent both male and female people.

What are youslut! What are youslut!

General nouns characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic to a person, have endings -a, -i and belong to the 1st declension.

slutsa, starteda, sanga, hard workera, dirtyI, dudea, drunkardsa, sissya, dreamI, crybabya.

Note!

Some nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to females, they are still masculine nouns!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be assigned to any of the three genders.

Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

B) The number of the noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing and plural. In the singular form, the noun denotes one object, in the plural form, several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some specific nouns.

Only the singular form has:

most real nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, kindness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, nouns that have only the singular form can form plural forms. But such an education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at material

a) types, varieties of substances:

wine - dessert wines, oil - industrial oils;

b) the value of the large area covered by this substance:

water - the waters of the ocean, sand - the sands of the Karakum;

2) at abstract nouns plural form has meaning:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, repetition and degree of manifestation of a sign, state, action:

frost - long frosts, pain - severe pain, cry - screams.

They have only the plural form:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

some collective nouns;

Money, finance, wilds.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, the novel "Demons".

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, tongs.

some names of time intervals.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that have only a plural form, not only the gender is not determined, but also the declension!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends, and ask a question from this word to the noun, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He believedfriend: believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The subject usually has the form I. p., and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive, or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative questions (who?), while inanimate nouns have the same nominative and accusative questions (what?).

Wed: I have seen[whom? what?] friend - V. p .; There is no[whom? what?] friend - R. p .; I have seen[whom? what?] film - accusative; Shown in the cinema [who? what?] movie "Stalker"- Nominative case.

3) If the noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using that preposition.

Wed: He looked into the book: he looked [in whom? into what?] in a book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective, a pronoun. Note that the preposition is noun-related, not noun-dependent.

Wed: He quarreled with his friend: quarreled [with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns in cases and numbers is called declension.

Invariable nouns ( coat, sitro, subway, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police ) have no declension! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the issue.

He was sitting[in whom? in what?] in coat - singular, prepositional; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive.

3. The declension of inflected nouns is determined by the form nominative singular . Most singular nouns fall into three types of declension.

The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative):

4. Ten neuter nouns -me (ending -I): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, and nouns way, baby refer to heterogeneous (they have endings of different declensions).

5. Noun person has different roots in singular and plural ( person people), therefore it has different types of declension in singular and plural:

human (singular) - declined as a noun of the 2nd declension;
people (plural) - inflected as a noun of the 3rd declension.

6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by transition from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to inflect the way adjectives and participles inflect!

D) Noun declension patterns

1st declension

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension on -iya (end -I): army, aria, symphony, Maria etc. - in the dative case and the prepositional case of the singular have the ending

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary .

On nouns on -ya (end -I): Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Mary, about Mary.

2nd declension. masculine

Note!

Iy (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium etc. - in the only prepositional case they have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about planetarium.

On nouns on -ey, -ay (zero ending): end, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow .

2nd declension. Neuter gender

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension on -e (end -e): building, decision, being, consciousness etc. - in the singular, the prepositional case has an ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about the building, about the decision, about being.

On nouns on -yo (ending -e): living, being, washing etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about living, about being, about washing.

3rd declension

Inflected nouns

D. p.

time

Ways

times

Ways

V. p.

Time

Path

Time

Ways

T. p.

by time

way

From time to time

Ways

P. p.

About the time

About the way

About times

About ways

Note!

In oblique cases, nouns in -me have a suffix -en- ( time, seed, name ).
Exception make up the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups .