The purpose of this research work. Research work of students (NIRS): its goals and objectives

The peculiarity of scientific work is that it is, first of all, a purposeful and vigorous activity. Systematic organization, validity and proof are characteristic of science. Although accidental discoveries are known in science, however, only carefully planned and well-equipped modern means Scientific research allows you to reveal and deeply understand the objective laws of development of both nature and society. That is, for the success of scientific research, it must be properly organized, planned and carried out in a certain sequence. These plans and the sequence of actions depend on the type, object and goals of scientific research.

Applied to applied research work highlight the following main steps.

1. Formulation of the topic, definition of the goal, objectives, object and subject of research.

2. Drawing up a concept, program and research plan.

3. Development of a system of research methods and techniques for their effective application.

4. Collection, systematization and analysis of empirical material. Experimental studies. Testing and refining the hypothesis.

5. Analysis and presentation of the research results.

6. Implementation of the results and determination of economic efficiency.

4.1. The formulation of the topic, the definition of the goal, objectives, object and subject of research. This stage of scientific research involves:

ü general familiarization with the problem on which the study should be carried out;

ü preliminary acquaintance with the literature and classification of the most important areas;

ü Selecting and compiling bibliographic lists domestic and foreign literature;

ü study of scientific and technical reports on the topic various organizations corresponding profile;

ü compilation of annotations of sources;

ü preparation of abstracts on the topic;

ü analysis, comparison, criticism of the information being processed;

ü generalization, criticism, drawing up one's own opinion on the issues worked out;

ü formulation of methodological conclusions on the review of information.

Thus, the main attention at the first stage is given to the study and analysis of literary and other sources in order to:

1) substantiation of the scientific problem and research topic;

2) detection and accumulation scientific facts through the analysis and synthesis of various sources of knowledge, as well as scientific description facts;

3) theoretical generalization of the results of primary scientific research (explanation, comparison, conclusions);

4) formulation of the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the study.

Let's define the terminology of this stage. In research work, there are directions, problems and themes.

Scientific direction- the scope of scientific research of the scientific team, dedicated to the solution of any major, fundamental theoretical and experimental problems in a particular branch of science.

Problem is a complex scientific problem that covers a significant area of ​​research and is of prospective importance.

Problem- the revealed discrepancy between the desired and the actual; a controversial situation in science that requires its resolution.

The problem is the initial stage of research, at which the researcher is aware of the presence of the unknown and sets a goal by searching, cognitive activity make the unknown known. The presence of a problem acts as a motive for research (“trigger”).

That is why the preliminary stage of research of any kind is to identify and formulate the problem, determine its relevance, significance and scope.

The correct formulation of the problem is half the success, since it means the ability to separate the main from the secondary and to separate what is known from what is unknown on the research topic, and this determines the strategy for further search.

Any problem consists of a number of topics.

Topic is a complex scientific problem that needs to be solved, covering a certain area of ​​​​scientific research.

Topics can be theoretical, practical, mixed.

The formulation (selection) of problems or topics is a difficult, responsible task. Topic must have the following characteristics:

A) relevance- the value of the topic on this moment time for the progress of science and technology. This is the answer to the question why this study needs to be done right now, and not later;

B) scientific novelty– the theme in this setting has never been developed and is not being developed at the present time, i.e. duplication is excluded;

C) economic efficiency- the solutions proposed as a result of scientific research should be more effective than existing solutions;

G) practical significance – the possibility of using the results of scientific research to solve actual problems and tasks, both in production and in related or interdisciplinary research.

E) compliance with the profile of the scientific team (organization).

Equally important is the selection of the object and subject of research. Recall the definition (see item 2): n scientific research- this is an activity aimed at a comprehensive study of an object, process or phenomenon, their structure and relationships, as well as obtaining and putting into practice useful results for a person. Its object is material or ideal system, and the subject is the structure of the system, the interaction of its elements, various properties, patterns of development, etc.

Object of study- these are certain phenomena of reality that exist outside and independently of our consciousness.

It must be remembered that the object of research exists objectively, regardless of the will of people, it is not created or constructed by them.

The object of research can be, for example:

ü social institutions and systems (school, university, hospital, education system, healthcare system);

the individual elements social institutions and systems ( teaching staff, students, higher education medical education);

ü processes (training, education, socialization, market exchange);

ü functioning mechanisms of systems and processes ( pedagogical technologies formation of competencies);

ü different kinds activity, state and personality traits;

ü dependencies and relationships (for example, personality - group, conflicts between individuals), etc.

The subject of research, unlike the object, is subjective, that is, it is determined by the researcher himself. The object and subject of research are, of course, interconnected. But the subject of research, as a rule, covers only individual elements and relationships of the object under study.

Subject of study- something that the researcher's attention is directly directed to, about which new (missing) information is required.

Subject of study- the generalizing structure (arrangement) of the object under study or its separate particular aspects, conditionally isolated mechanisms of the object's vital activity, which predetermine the observed properties (manifestations) of the object under consideration.

For example, an object is a sociotechnical system, and an object is an economic structure of a sociotechnical system.

Anatomy - a living organism - the structure of a living organism.

Physiology - a living organism - processes inside a living organism.

Generalizing and private structures, and individual mechanisms of the life activity of a thing or phenomenon have their carriers, namely, the things and phenomena themselves. The required information can be "removed" only from things and phenomena in their integral life activity. Concerning research information base quite often confused with its object.

For example, when studying demographic processes (fertility, migration, mortality), information is "removed" by regions and settlements. Meanwhile, neither settlements nor regions are objects of study. They are an information base, and not only in terms of demographics, but also in many other processes associated with other aspects of their life.

The form of scientific foresight in scientific research is hypothesis- a necessary link between theory and ongoing research on the way to obtaining new knowledge. See definition and requirements above (clause 3.). Sometimes scientific research is carried out without a hypothesis. This happens when the task is set, on the one hand, to turn "everyone knows" from ordinary opinion into a scientifically established fact, and on the other hand, to give an accurate scientific description"to all known" facts.

The hypotheses put forward initially can be corrected, supplemented, developed in the course of the study, but according to the results of the study, it should be clearly indicated that from the initial hypothetical assumptions it was confirmed, what changes were made to their content, which did not receive proper confirmation at all (because in science and a negative result very important).

In the structure of scientific research important place occupy its purpose and objectives.

Under goal any kind of activity understand the ideal image of the desired result .

Purpose of the study is the planned final result, which has a great theoretical and practical value for a specific branch of scientific knowledge.

It is intended not to illustrate already established and indisputable provisions, but to reveal new connections and relationships. The universal goal of any research is to obtain new, reliable knowledge about nature and society, which makes it possible to transform, adapt nature and society itself to human needs.

The goal has a decisive influence on the organization, methodology and other structural components of scientific research, acts as its dominant, like a beacon illuminating the path for the researcher in the complex contradictions of the problem under study. The purpose of a scientific study is to clearly outline its scope and content, to answer the question of what the essence of the problem under study is and whether it is possible to obtain the necessary data for its comprehensive coverage during the study.

The objectives of the study are very diverse. They may include, in one case, the disclosure of the essence of complex physiological, economic, pedagogical and other phenomena and processes, in the other case, the identification of the relationship between the factors affecting students and the changes that occur in their personal characteristics under the influence of these factors, in the third - the development of new forms and methods of training and education of young people, the treatment of certain diseases, fourthly, to determine the conditions under which one or another method or means of influence bring the greatest effect, etc.

Research objectives represent specific areas of study of individual aspects of the problem under study, the implementation of which leads to the achievement of the overall goal of the study.

Research objectives are mainly in two forms: empirical and theoretical.

To empirical tasks relate:

ü establishing, clarifying and classifying scientific facts that relate to the subject of research, characterizing them and the observed dependencies;

ü the study of specific conditions and the scope of dependencies, formulated in the form of trends, patterns, principles;

ü empirical verification of the truth of patterns, theories, hypotheses, models;

ü setting the reality of the alleged hypothetical processes, phenomena;

ü Solving constructive cognitive problems.

Theoretical tasks include:

ü identification and study of specific causes, relationships, dependencies, interactions, processes that make it possible to explain certain facts of reality;

ü building new hypotheses that theoretically explain the discovered facts, trends, processes, phenomena, cause-and-effect relationships, mechanisms of activity;

the formulation of theoretical knowledge in a form that allows it to be empirically verified.

Usually in scientific papers three to five research tasks are put forward. It's not essential. The main thing is that when solving them, the essence of the phenomenon under study should be revealed.

It must be emphasized that all research tasks, regardless of their type, are in close interaction and inseparable interdependence. At the same time, each task exists in a dialectical unity in common goal research, its object, subject and hypothesis.

Drawing up the concept, program and plan of the study.

Research concept- a set of basic provisions (ideas) on how research should be conducted. This is a holistic, logically linked system of views, united by some common idea and aimed at achieving the goal of the study.

The choice of the research concept is significantly influenced by the paradigm prevailing in a given time interval in a particular branch of knowledge.

scientific paradigm- a system of views arising from fundamental ideas and scientific achievements major (outstanding) scientists who determine the direction of thinking of the bulk of researchers.

Based on the concept, a detailed program is developed.

Research program- this is a set of provisions that defines the purpose and objectives of the study, its subject, the conditions for conducting the study, the resources used and the expected result.

The program is considered as a means to achieve the goal of the study, as a form of concretization of the concept.

Program sections:

1) justification of the relevance of the chosen topic;

2) disclosure of the degree of its development in the scientific literature;

3) object, subject, purpose, objectives and hypothesis of the study;

4) theoretical and methodological foundations, a system of methods;

5) scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance;

6) resource provision;

7) how the approbation and verification of the obtained theoretical conclusions will be carried out and practical advice;

8) research performance indicators;

9) stages and scope of work and other issues, the solution of which will contribute to the successful implementation of the work plan.

Based on the program, a detailed plan is developed.

Study plan- a set of indicators reflecting the connection and sequence of key events (actions) leading to the full implementation of the program and the resolution of the problem. The research plan is considered as an organizing factor for consistent movement towards the research goal.

4.3. Development of a system of research methods and techniques for their effective application. This stage is exclusively importance and will be discussed in the next lecture.

4.4. Collection, systematization and analysis of empirical material. Experimental studies. Testing and refining the hypothesis. This stage takes central location in scientific research. The history of science convinces us that it is possible to draw some scientific conclusions and develop theoretical propositions only on the basis of facts (see paragraph 3 for the definition).

Requirements to the collection of empirical material:

ü select not random facts, but only those that are “measured” and have precise criteria that characterize them;

ü take not individual facts, but the whole set of facts related to the issue under consideration, without a single exception;

ü Facts are valuable only when they are deeply comprehended;

ü after collecting and accumulating factual material, it is necessary to classify the facts, analyze and summarize them.

Conducting an experiment at this stage involves additional stages that are typical for experimental studies:

ü development of the purpose and objectives of the experiment;

the planning of the experiment;

ü development of research program methodology;

- the choice of measuring instruments;

ü designing devices, models, apparatuses, models, stands, installations and other means of experiment;

ü substantiation of measurement methods;

ü conducting an experiment in a laboratory, on experimental sites, at enterprises;

ü processing of measurement results.

An experiment is one of the stages of a study. But the stage is so important that its role is often exaggerated to an independent study. Experiments are often seen as synonymous with research.

Meanwhile, the experiment itself is one of the most expensive ways of purposefully obtaining information necessary to prove (refute) the hypothesis put forward during the study, which cannot be obtained in any other way.

Experiment- this is the "placement" of the object of study in special conditions, monitoring his behavior due to changing conditions, and fixing information (indicators) reflecting this behavior. Based on the results of the experiment, the hypothesis put forward can be confirmed or refuted.

An experience is a single experiment. In an experiment, as a rule, a series or even several series of monotonous experiments are set up.

The experiment is most often carried out according to original, carefully thought-out methods. For example, the experiment of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (to prove the presence of conditioned reflexes and signaling system conducted on dogs).

Special care is required to conduct a social experiment, since in its process a specific effect may appear, called the Pygmalion effect (discovered by R. Rosenthal).

Pygmalion effect- a manifestation of the experimenter's prejudice, affecting the result of the experiment. That is, by formulating the attitude of the experimenter to the subject, in some cases it is possible to predict the outcome of the experiment.

So, for example, when teachers were characterized by students in one case as capable, and in another as incapable (with their virtually identical abilities), then a positive attitude towards students in the first case had a positive effect on the pedagogical situation in general and the success of students, as well as their grades. .

After choosing a topic for scientific research, a search begins, and then a specific and thorough study of scientific and technical information. The search process in science is a very complex and complex problem.

The goals and objectives of the study form interconnected chains in which each link serves as a means of holding other links.

The purpose of scientific research is the definition of a specific object and a comprehensive, reliable study of its structure, characteristics, relationships based on the principles and methods of cognition developed in science, as well as obtaining results useful for human activity, introduction into production with a further effect. It is aimed at solving the formulated problem underlying the subject of research, which is within the framework of the object of the same research, which orients the research itself towards obtaining new results. In line with the classics systems approach efficiency, feasibility (practicality), flexibility, measurability (concreteness) can serve as criteria for evaluating the formulation of goals.

Various literary sources in the original and translated editions are studied. Analysis of sources will eliminate duplication of the topic under study. It is not recommended to rely on a literary analysis of foreign information without personal acquaintance with the original or a qualified translation of other authors. In addition to information directly related to the topic under study, it is necessary to work out the main literature on related topics. It is also important to familiarize yourself with disciplines close to the discipline of the chosen topic. This analysis can be useful in developing individual questions of the topic. After collecting literary, archival, production and other information data and summarizing them, it is useful to get the opinion of leading experts. They can be of great help in highlighting the main problems, in determining the form of information collection, in reducing the development time of the topic and in determining the amount of information collected. An important role belongs to the supervisor of scientific research work. It limits and directs the search, helps to understand the flow of information, discard secondary sources.

Each source must be carefully worked out, and the rationale for the relevance and prospects of the purpose of scientific research should be the guiding idea of ​​the entire analysis of information. Each source is analyzed in terms of historical scientific contribution to the solution and development of this topic. At the same time, the role of theory, experiment and the value of production recommendations are carefully analyzed. Based on the results of information processing, methodological conclusions are made and a critical analysis is summed up. The conclusions should cover the following issues: the relevance and novelty of the chosen topic; recent achievements in the field of theoretical and experimental research on the topic; the most topical theoretical and experimental problems; recommendations currently under development; technical feasibility and economic efficiency of developments. On the basis of these conclusions, the purpose and specific tasks of scientific research are formulated.

It is very important to keep in mind that any research focused on solving theoretical problems can be continued as applied research. At the first stage, we get some typical solution to the problem, and then translate it into specific conditions. Therefore, it is rightly said that there is nothing more practical than a good theory. But from good applied research is not always possible to do theoretical conclusions. It is necessary that from the very beginning the actual data be described in appropriate terms, correlated with theoretical premises (hypotheses). It is not so easy to regroup the collected data according to a different principle than the original one. That is why the researcher accumulates empirical material based on a clear target setting.

A different logic governs the actions of the researcher if he sets himself directly practical purpose. He begins work on the program, proceeding from the specifics of this social object and understanding the practical problems to be solved. Only after that, he turns to the literature in search of an answer to the question: is there a typical solution to the problems that have arisen, then the network is a special theory related to the subject? If there is no such solution, further work is deployed according to the scheme of theoretical and applied research. If such a solution exists, the hypotheses of applied research are constructed as various options"readings" standard solutions in relation to specific conditions.

The main goal is formulated as theoretical and applied, then when developing the program, the main attention is paid to the study scientific literature on this issue, the construction of a hypothetical general concept of the subject of research, a clear semantic and empirical interpretation of the initial concepts, the allocation of a scientific problem and a logical analysis of working hypotheses. The specific object of research is determined only after this preliminary research work has been completed at the level of theoretical search.

Determining the purpose of the study allows you to further streamline the process of scientific research in the form of a sequence of solving basic, private, and additional tasks. The main and particular tasks are logically connected, the particular ones follow from the main ones, they are the means of solving the main research questions.

In addition to the main and particular tasks, additional ones may arise. These latter are not necessarily logically related to the purpose and main objectives of the study. The main tasks of the study correspond to its target setting, while additional ones are set, as it were, for preparing future studies, testing side hypotheses that are not related to this problem, and solving some methodological issues.

So, the purpose of the study logically dictates the structure of its main tasks, theoretical and practical, the latter require clarification in the form of a number of particular program tasks. In addition, some limited number of side, additional tasks can be set. The researcher must be prepared for the fact that as the research process develops, particular tasks will be clarified, new ones will arise, and so on until the end of the work. Much depends on external circumstances and circumstances that do not follow from the objectives of the study. For example, the individual interests of the members of the scientific team, the conjuncture of social demand, the presence material resources for research and other tasks.

The research stage of the scientific process ends with a summing up, including the proof of hypotheses, conclusions and recommendations, scientific experiments, adjustment of initial proposals, literary presentation of the research process. The conclusions and recommendations made on the basis of the study are completed with a literary presentation in the form of an abstract, scientific report, article, monograph, report or dissertation.

Scientific research- this is a purposeful process of cognition, which is carried out in order to identify patterns of change in objects depending on certain conditions of the place and time of their functioning for their further use in practical activities. This is an organized process of mental labor, directly aimed at the production of new knowledge. Obtaining new scientific data is a social need of society, which has grown in recent times, in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Each research work can be attributed to a certain direction. Under scientific direction understand the science or complex of sciences in which research is being conducted. In this regard, technical, biological, social, historical and other areas are distinguished with possible further detailing. The basis of the scientific direction is a special science, as well as its inherent methods of research and technical means their implementation.

The structural units of the scientific direction are complex problems, problems, topics and scientific questions. complex problem is a set of problems united by a common goal. The problem is a series of complex theoretical and practical tasks, the solution of which is overdue in society. FROM social positions problem is a reflection of the contradiction between the social need for knowledge and known ways their receipt, the contradiction between knowledge and ignorance. Depending on the scale of the tasks that arise, there are global, national, regional, sectoral and intersectoral problems. Subject is integral part Problems. As a result of the implementation of research work on a particular topic, answers are obtained certain circle scientific questions covering part of the problem. Summarizing the results of research on a set of topics can make it possible to solve a scientific problem. Under scientific questions understand small scientific problems related to a specific topic of scientific research.

Specificity scientific work determines the purpose of the research work. Purpose of scientific research- a comprehensive, reliable study of an object, process or phenomenon, their structure, connections and relationships based on the principles and methods of cognition developed in science, as well as obtaining and putting into practice useful results for a person. Modern scientific research has certain features that affect the effectiveness of scientific work:

spadkovist characterizes the relationship between living and urechevlenoyu scientific work in previously completed studies. The scientist creates using the legacy of the past, which avoids parallelism and errors in research work;

probable nature of the results of the study manifested in the fact that it is aimed at creating new information. In this regard, the results of scientific research can significantly exceed the expectations of the researcher, or they can be miserable. This feature of scientific research requires strong-willed and moral qualities (organization, persistence, firmness) from scientists;

the uniqueness of the observation is reflected in the limitation of the use of many conditions or standard methods and normative materials that facilitate the organization of labor in material production ( technological maps, production standards, etc.). This requires the researcher to be independent, efficient, and proactive;

complexity and complexity The consequences increase the requirements for scientists - to their abilities, professional qualifications and organization - and create additional difficulties in the cooperation of researchers of different profiles. First of all, this refers to the economic aspects of the problem under study. They require not only the expansion of the economic outlook, but also the use of knowledge of related professions, the involvement of qualified economists;

scale and complexity observations are based on the study a large number objects and experimental verification of the results obtained;

duration research requires a clear planning of work from a researcher both in time and in space;

connection of research with practice due to the need to transform science into a direct productive force. It provides for the constant contact of scientists with practitioners and the cooperation of their work.

№1. Tasks and content of the discipline. Organization of production – academic discipline, aimed at studying theoretical and methodological issues of organizing and planning production at enterprises of radio-electronic instrumentation; conditions and factors of rational coordination of actions of employees of enterprises when using objects and tools in the production process based on the application of knowledge in the field of technology, economics, management and sociology, analytical techniques and best practices aimed at

achievement of goals for the release of certain products of labor

appropriate quality and quantity. main goal This discipline is the creation of conditions under which the successful fulfillment of planned targets by each production unit of the enterprise and the enterprise as a whole is ensured in all respects and with high production efficiency. In addition, an important task of the course "Organization of production" is to study the principles, methods and forms of organization and planning of production and management. course content is the study of the main aspects of the production and economic activities of the enterprise, in particular: the organization of labor of employees of the enterprise; organization of production processes in time and space; organization of flow methods of production; organization of automatic and flexible automated production; organization of auxiliary workshops and service facilities of the enterprise; organization of technical control and quality management; rational organization of labor processes, including technical regulation of labor and organization of wages; organization and planning of the creation and development of new equipment and technology; organization of intraplant planning; management organization.

No. 2. Number 3. Development of the science of organization and management of production. Analysis of theoretical concepts of the main foreign schools and management systems. The history of the formation and development of the science "Organization of production" can be traced back to the first half of the 18th century, when an English entrepreneur, a mechanic by education R. Arkwright created "Factory Code" which provided for a system of penalties for violation labor discipline in the process of production and the barracks regime for workers. This code says: “Workers must work strictly according to the schedule, they must eat, live and sleep on command. For each deviation from the schedule, a fine. "The amount of the fine depended on the magnitude of the deviation of workers from the schedule. At the end of the 19th century, when capitalism entered the monopoly stage, it needed more subtle methods of regulating social labor than the primitive" laws "of Arkwright. The founder of the development of such methods considered an American engineer UGH. Taylor. The main provisions of his theory are set forth in the works "Factory Management" and “Principles of Scientific Management”. In 1913 an American capitalist G. Ford Sr. at his car factories, he introduced a new production organization system based on the subsequent development of F. Taylor's systems. The Ford system was based on the assembly line, which introduced technical, technological and especially organizational innovations into production: the development of issues of organizing mass in-line production, in particular, the organization of subject areas and lines with a direct-flow nature of production. In addition, a significant contribution to the development of the science of the organization of production was made S.P. Mitrofanov, he developed the scientific principles of group methods for processing parts, which became widespread throughout the world, opened up wide opportunities for the dissemination of highly efficient group production lines in serial and small-scale production.

№4. Enterprise and production association as objects of production organization. An enterprise can be created by decision of the government on the basis of the means of production allocated by the state for the manufacture of a certain type. It can also be created by decision of the owner of the property. Non-state enterprises must submit an order or an extract from the meeting of founders; personal data on the head; payment order for the registration fee. In order to carry out the types of activities subject to licensing, the enterprise is obliged to obtain the necessary license in the established

okay. The company operates on the basis of constituent documents. The property of the enterprise consists of fixed assets and working capital, as well as other values, the cost of which is reflected in the independent balance sheet of the enterprise. The property of an enterprise, in accordance with the legislation and the charter, may belong to it on the basis of ownership or full economic management. The sources of formation of the property of the enterprise are: monetary and material contributions of the founders; income received from the sale of products, works, services; income from securities; loans from banks and other creditors; capital investments and subsidies from the budget. The enterprise has the right to sell and transfer to other enterprises, organizations and institutions, lease, provide free of charge for temporary use or loan the buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles belonging to it . The enterprise is obliged to carry out environmental protection measures in a timely manner. It is responsible for compliance with the requirements and norms for the rational use, restoration and protection of land, water, subsoil, and also compensates for damage. The state guarantees the protection of the property rights of the enterprise. Withdrawal by the state from the enterprise of its fixed and current assets is not allowed. Losses caused to the enterprise are compensated by a court decision.

№5. The content and objectives of the SONT system (creation and foundation new technology). The system for the creation and development of new technology (SONT) is a set of interrelated processes that ensure the scientific, design, technological and organizational readiness of an enterprise (association) to produce a new product of a given quality level. Product life cycle is divided into the following stages: 1 .research and design; 2 .production, circulation and sale; 3 .exploitation or consumption. The concept of the life cycle is used to comprehensively reflect the entire existence of a product - from the birth of an idea up to the need for its disposal. Tasks of the SONT system: 1 . create the most advanced product designs with higher performance and manufacturability; 2 . develop and implement advanced technologies that improve the technical and economic performance of the enterprise: rhythm, labor productivity, product quality, production profitability; 3 . reduce the duration, labor intensity and cost of all works included in the complex of technical training; 4 . to carry out the whole complex of works on SONT at a high quality level, with the least expenditure of time and money.

№6. Stages and stages of creation and development of new technology. The full cycle of work on the creation and development of new technology (SONT) includes a number of stages: 1 . research work ( research); 2 . developmental development ( OKR); 3 . design preparation of production ( checkpoint); 4 . technological preparation of production ( TlPP); 5 . organizational preparation of production ( OPP); 6 . testing in pilot production and industrial and economic development in mass production ( OSB). research are carried out in cases where the development of products is impossible or impractical to carry out without conducting appropriate research. Depending on the purpose and object of research, R&D are divided into: fundamental, search, applied. OKR- a transitional stage from scientific research to production. It is characterized by the practical implementation of ideas into technical documentation and prototypes. . On the stage checkpoint the design of new equipment is carried out: the development of drawings and technical documentation. On the stage TlPP new technological processes are developed and tested, technological equipment is designed and manufactured . Organizational preparation of production ( OPP) - the stage during which the methods of the process of transition to the release of a new product are selected, calculations of calendar and planning standards are made. On the stage OSB conditions are created for the industrial production of a new product. Practice shows that sometimes at the stage of development there are design changes and changes caused by them or not dependent on them in technological processes. Therefore, at the stage of development of production, it becomes necessary to determine the rational degree of development of technical documentation, the appropriate level of equipment for production with special types of tooling and equipment. The system for the creation and development of new technology (SONT) also includes the initial and final phases. Initial phase combines research and development (R&D), as well as the preparation of technical documentation. Final phase combines the stages associated with experimental development, logistics and implementation in production.

№7. Content and classification of R&D. R&D includes: 1 . fundamental research; 2 . exploratory research; 3 . applied research. At the R&D stage, new technical ideas are tested, which are often implemented in the form inventions. Theoretical prerequisites for solving a scientific problem are verified by conducting experimental work. Scientific research can be continued and carried out simultaneously with development and technological developments. Such developments are often associated with patenting inventions based on the results of scientific research. Basic Research are held in academic institutions and organizations with the aim of finding and discovering new (unknown) laws of nature; have priority, because act: as a generator of ideas; open doors to new areas; provide an opportunity to achieve new, more high level efficiency. Exploratory research are aimed at finding opportunities to use the results of fundamental research in social production. Applied Research are carried out with the aim of using the obtained scientific and experimental data in the creation of new technology. These studies are carried out by the forces of branch science. Universities are also involved in the implementation of R&D. Applied R&D: 1 . By research stages: Pilot-research, Pilot-industrial. 2 . According to the research methods used: Theoretical, Experimental, Experimental and technical. 3 . By sources of financing: State budget, Contractual, Due to the cost of the enterprise's products.

8.1 The main stages of research, their goals and objectives

Stages of research:

1. Development of terms of reference.

2. Choice of research direction.

3. Theoretical and experimental studies.

4. Generalization and evaluation of research results.

The Terms of Reference for R&D (TOR for R&D) is the initial mandatory document that defines the purpose, content and procedure for carrying out the work, as well as the planned method for implementing the results of R&D.

The TOR for R&D is developed by the R&D executor based on the requirements of the customer and approved in the prescribed manner.

TOR of R&D includes:

1) the basis for the work;

2) purpose and initial data;

3) stages of research;

4) a list of technical documentation to be submitted upon completion of work;

5) procedure for consideration and acceptance of R&D, feasibility study.

Choice of research direction:

1) collection and study of scientific and technical literature;

2) conducting patent research;

3) drawing up an analytical review;

4) formation of directions for solving problems;

5) comparison of indicators of new products with existing indicators of analogue products;

6) evaluation of the economic effect;

7) development of research methods;

8.2 8) preparation of an interim report.

Theoretical and experimental studies:

1) development of working hypotheses;

2) development of experimental research methods;

3) conducting experiments;

4) feasibility study;

5) preparation of an interim report.

Generalization and evaluation of research results:

1) generalization of the results of previous stages of work;

3) formation of technical requirements for the terms of reference for product development;

4) drawing up a report;

5) acceptance of the work as a whole.

9.1 Organization of inventive, rationalization and patent-licensing work

The management of inventive and rationalization activities at the enterprise is carried out by the chief engineer, to whom, depending on the size of the enterprise, the patent-licensing department or the Bureau for Invention and Rationalization (BRIZ) are subordinate.

A discovery is the establishment of previously unknown objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena that introduce fundamental changes in the level of their knowledge. The discovery must have global novelty, reliability and fundamentality. The decision to qualify the proposed proposal as a discovery is made by the SCST in agreement with the National Academy of Sciences.

A diploma for a discovery certifies the recognition of the identified patterns, properties or phenomena as a discovery, the priority of the discovery and the authorship of it.

Objects of industrial property rights:

1) inventions,

2) utility models,

3) industrial designs.

The right to an invention, utility model, industrial design is protected by the state and certified by a patent.

An invention that is granted legal protection is recognized as a technical solution related to a product or method, which is new, has an inventive step and is industrially applicable.

A utility model that is granted legal protection is a technical solution related to devices that is new and industrially applicable.

An industrial design, which is granted legal protection, is an artistic or artistic design solution of a product that determines its appearance and is new and original.

The patent owner has the exclusive right to use the patented invention, utility model, industrial design at his own discretion.

The validity period of a patent from the date of receipt of an application to the patent authority for an invention is 20 years (with a possible extension at the request of the patent owner for 5 years);

Utility model - 5 years (with a possible extension at the request of the patent holder for 3 years);

Industrial design - 10 years (with an extension of 5 years).

Under a license agreement, the patent owner grants permission to the other party to use the relevant intellectual property object. The license agreement is supposed to be paid.

A rationalization proposal is a technical solution that is new and useful for the enterprise, organization or institution to which it is submitted, and which provides for a change in the design of products, production technology and the equipment used, or a change in the composition of the material.

Organizational and technical proposals aimed at improving the use of existing farming methods are not recognized as rationalization proposals.

Engineering proposals related to the projects, designs and technological processes, are not considered rationalization.

The remuneration for the rationalization proposal is determined on a special scale depending on the amount of annual savings received in the first year of its use.

The main research topics of the Expert-Analytical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences:

Research Performance Standards (R&D)

What is NIR?

Research work (R&D) is an activity, the purpose of which is to obtain new or deepen existing scientific knowledge and achievements in a certain area.

• 1. Planning (choosing a topic, drawing up a work plan, etc.).
• 2. Formulating a hypothesis, choosing a method for testing it, collecting data, analyzing data, confirming or refuting the hypothesis. (Western sources pay the most attention to this stage).
• 3. Creation of the text of R&D based on the results of paragraphs 1 and 2.
• 4. Publication of the results of work in scientific publications, participation in conferences, seminars.
• 5. Public defense.

R&D is an important component and a necessary condition for the training of qualified specialists. For example, to obtain a Ph.D. or Ph.D. degree, you must independently complete your research work. scientific community it is believed that under information society and constant updating of knowledge, the ability to quickly navigate the flow of information, analyze, highlight what is needed, conduct independent research and prove their effectiveness in practice are very important and useful skills.

Standard stages of research work

Despite the different directions and areas of research, R&D has one common basic structure and is carried out in stages.

1. Stage I: definition of the problem and formulation of the topic.
2. Stage II: goal setting and hypotheses.
3. Stage III: work with literature, including search required material and its analysis.
4. Stage IV: preparation of the theoretical part of the work.
5. Stage V: conducting an experimental study.
6. Stage VI: registration of work. Summarizing.
7. Stage VII: announcement of the results (public defense, publications in scientific journals, participation in conferences, etc.).

Accordingly, different chapters of scientific work are written at different stages. For example, for PhD thesis adopted a structure in 3 chapters. The first chapter includes work on the first three stages, the second chapter includes the 4th and 5th stages of work, the third - the sixth. Public defense is carried out separately from the scientific work itself, and for its implementation one more research work is done - under the generalized name "dissertation abstract".

Common Research Tasks

Scientific work is carried out under the guidance of an experienced specialist in this field (supervisor). It has specific tasks: