scientific significance. Introduction to the dissertation "The problem of alternative historical development"

Research Methodology

Introduction:

Description of the subject of research - description of the subject as a functional - identification of a problem for the object

Formation of the ultimate goal through the subject

Finding ways to improve the item (usually by increasing efficiency)

Antecedent Analysis

Problem formulation

Justification of the relevance of the task

Research boundaries

Boundary from the object (list of objects)

Border from subject

About space and time

Brief summary of the main parts of the study.

Brief information about the approbation of the study (reports, speeches at conferences).

Brief information about the implementation.

New scientific results and provisions submitted for defense.

Chapter 1. Background (initial level). Essence of the task.

1.1. Analysis of factors external to the object, internal to the subject, influencing the object and subject of research.

1.2. Analysis of the subject and object for interdependence.

Assessment of the degree of compliance of the existing state of the object with the requirements of the object.

Chapter 2 Selection and justification of research methods.

Selection and development of the elements of the subject research method.

Selection or development of a methodology for researching an object through a subject.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the object through the subject.

Chapter 3 Substantiation of practical recommendations for improving the object through the subject.

Improvement of the subject of study in the object.

Improving the methods of research of the object and subject.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of an object through an object in an improved state.

Conclusion:

Enumeration of scientific results with emphasis on novelty.

contributions to science.

Contributions to practice.

What failed to be done? Suggestions for further improvement.

The total number of publications.

Conclusions on solving the problem posed in the introduction.

1. Description of the scientific research problem (essence, genesis and main aspects of the scientific problem)

2. The relevance of the scientific research problem (the importance of the proposed research on this problem in terms of the formation of new and development of existing areas in this subject area and expanding the possibility of practical application of scientific results)

3. A specific task within the framework of the problem that the study is aimed at solving

4. Scientific novelty of the research (novelty and originality of the proposed statement of the problem and / or methodology of its research)

5. Analysis of the current state of research on the scientific problem of the project (main directions, trends and priorities for the development of research in domestic and world science)

6. Methodological principles applied in the study

7. Proposed methods, techniques, tools and their justification (the possibilities of the methodological tools proposed for use to provide the necessary depth of study of the main aspects of the task)

8. Expected results of scientific research (the presentation form should allow for an examination of the results)

9. The form of presentation of the results of the project (expected specific results are indicated, for example: monograph, series of articles)

10. Potential possibilities of using the research results in solving applied problems (the possible contribution of the planned scientific results to the solution of applied problems is substantiated)

11. The team’s scientific background on the project (the results obtained earlier, developed programs and methods are indicated)

12. Publications most closely related to the proposed project (a list of major publications most closely related to the proposed project over the past five years is provided)

13. The general work plan for the entire duration of the project (the form of presentation should make it possible to assess the degree of implementation of the work plan stated in the project; the general work plan is given by year)

PROJECT EXPERTISE

I. EVALUATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC LEVEL OF THE PROJECT

Scientific significance of the expected results of the study

The relevance of the scientific research problem

Complexity of the study

Scientific novelty of the research

The current state of research on the problem of the project - the main areas of research in world science

Correspondence of the project name with the scientific research problem

Writing a graduation project requires the correct design of all elements of the work - the correct design affects the assessment of the graduation project by the examination committee.

The introduction to the thesis contains several components:

• Relevance of the research topic;
• Scientific novelty of the research;
• Purpose and tasks of the work;
• The main problems that will be considered in the work;
• Methodological foundations of the study;
• Subject and object.

The relevance of the topic is formulated in the introduction with the aim of:

• Prove Scientific Relevance scientific research on this topic;
• Demonstrate the value of your own research;
• Show the prospects for further consideration of topics in scientific studios;
• Demonstrate the practical significance of research;
• Show the results of the analysis of the theoretical side of the issue and their competence in the subject;
• Demonstrate the level of coverage of the topic in scientific sources.

Thus, the relevance of the research topic is the level of its significance and importance. The wording of relevance is mandatory for all qualifying papers - without it, the work loses its scientific value. Relevance is formulated in course, diploma, bachelor's works. One of the requirements of the HAC is the wording of relevance in the introduction.

How to correctly formulate the relevance of the topic?

It is necessary to answer the question “Is this topic important for scientific research and why is it important?”. The answer to this question is the relevance of the topic scientific research.

The amount of text depends on the type qualifying work. For the thesis, the relevance is formulated in 3-4 paragraphs (up to one page of printed text). It is recommended to give clear, concise arguments that will show the significance of your work.

There are 2 ways to prove the relevance of the issue:

1. The topic is not well covered in scientific literature.
2. The topic is not covered at all in the scientific literature.

In the first case, it is worth paying attention to those aspects that are least fully described in the sources. In the second - on the features and scientific novelty of your research.

For example, graduate work on history on the topic "The period of the Qing dynasty in China: domestic politics rulers." The topic is sufficiently covered in the scientific literature, so you need to choose an aspect that will help you look at the topic from a different angle:

“The period of the Qing Dynasty is one of the most colorful in the history of China, which makes the study important. The topic is quite fully covered in the sources, but additional consideration requires the influence of the personalities of the rulers on the course historical process. A comprehensive study of the sources, which allows you to explore this aspect of the problem, makes the study relevant.

Typical mistakes when writing the relevance of the research topic:

1. Students simply forget this most important detail of the introduction to the thesis.
2. Too much emphasis is placed on writing relevance. It is not recommended to formulate the importance of the research topic on more than 3 pages.
3. Many people forget to use the term "relevance" itself.
4. The relevance is formulated indistinctly, without contradiction. It is not enough just to describe the importance of research, it is required to prove it with facts.

For example:

• The work is important because there are contradictions in the work of researchers on this subject;
• There are gaps in research that do not allow for a complete picture of events;
• A certain aspect of the problem is not sufficiently covered.

Thus, the importance must be proven.

Non-scientific formulation: relevance should be formulated only in scientific language.

A few spelling rules:

1. Formulate your thoughts clearly, you do not need to approach the relevance from afar, going into historical excursions.
2. Formulate a contradiction, a problem that will be solved in the course of writing the work.
3. Briefly describe the state of research this issue What is already known and what needs to be studied.
4. Describe the practical significance of the work.

The relevance of the topic must also be included in the report to defend the thesis.

The theoretical significance of the course work may consist of:

• In disclosing the content of the main concept related to the research topic;
• In the introduction of new, relevant information into the existing theoretical base on the issue under study;
• In addition to the experience of previous researchers by analyzing new or previously unnoticed qualities of the object under study;
• In expanding the theoretical description of the subject of research;
• In obtaining new data on the problem under consideration, which are of value in the context of its theoretical study.

In other words, theoretical significance is what the term paper is useful for. scientific community. The concept of theoretical significance is close to the concept of scientific novelty. They may or may not be identical to each other. In cases where the result of the study is a significant achievement relative to the previous level of knowledge of the problem, the theoretical significance is equal to the scientific novelty, i.e. lies in it. Unfortunately, it is far from always possible to open new horizons, and therefore often the theoretical significance lies in some insignificant details, and scientific novelty is not indicated at all - as a rule, it is mandatory for more serious academic works - at least for a thesis, - and in term paper very rarely required.

An example of the theoretical significance of a term paper

In the course work on the topic "Development in older preschoolers cognitive activity within the framework of the learning process, the theoretical significance can be expressed as:

• In identifying the features of the cognitive activity of older preschoolers in the context of learning;
• In the development of criteria for determining the level of development of cognitive activity of older preschoolers.

One more example. Topic - "Development of independence among older students through the use of educational process matching technologies”, the theoretical significance can be expressed as:

• In determining the characteristics of independence in high school students of a modern school;
• In developing criteria for determining the level of independence in high school students.

The results of the dissertation research can be used for further scientific developments on this and related topics.

The results of the dissertation research can contribute to the development of legislation on joint-stock companies, as well as solving problems that arise in its application.

The provisions developed in the dissertation can be applied in the process of teaching the course " Civil law”, a special course “Challenging the decisions of the general meeting of shareholders”, in higher legal educational institutions.

Approbation of the research results.

The dissertation was discussed and approved at a meeting of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines of the Faculty of Law. MM. Speransky GOU VPO "Academy National economy under the Government of the Russian Federation. The results of the study were used in educational process at the Faculty of Law. MM. Speransky State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation" during classes with students on the special course "Challenging the decisions of the general meeting of shareholders." The main content of the dissertation is reflected in three publications of the author.

Dissertation structure.

The structure of the work is determined by the subject and objectives of the study. The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, including ten paragraphs, and a bibliography.

More on the topic Scientific and practical significance of the study.:

1. Theoretical and practical significance of the research.
2. Theoretical and practical significance of the results of the dissertation research

The mind shows not only appearance, beauty and goodness of each object, but also provides it with a valid

its use.

Kozma Prutkov

The role of the sciences is auxiliary, they constitute a means for achieving the good.

D. I. Mendeleev

If all science is applied, then soon there will be nothing to apply.

Harmonization of fundamental and applied, theoretical and experimental research is the most urgent problem which stands not only before science itself, but also before society as a whole. Separate scientific work any genre has the right to claim recognition if it carries elements of novelty and progress. Works in the area natural sciences has always been distinguished by complexity, a combination of theoretical and advanced applied developments brought to real application, i.e. what is now commonly referred to as an innovative approach. And in modern conditions, apparently, all the more one cannot afford the luxury of sharing the statement of Honore de Balzac: "A true scientist is a dreamer, and whoever is not, he calls himself a practitioner" * 5

The most balanced opinion seems to be P. L. Chebyshev: "The convergence of theory with practice gives the most beneficial results, and not only practice benefits from this, the spider itself develops under its influence, it opens up new subjects for research or new aspects in subjects."

When talking about scientific significance studies mean the direct impact that the research can and does have on further progress in a certain field of science in a fundamental way, in obtaining qualitatively new knowledge about the object of study, in studying its basic properties.

Applied significance research, understood quite broadly, depends on nature of scientific research and associated with concrete use of results to create a new product useful for use in various fields human activity in different forms. The applied significance of the dissertation is

• 45 Great thoughts of great people... T. 3. S. 37.
• 46 Word about science... S. 178.

can, in particular, be expressed in the development of new principles of operation and the new devices themselves (including those protected by copyright certificates and patents), the formulation of design and technological recommendations, the development of new research methods, new measurement techniques, the creation of the latest methods and algorithms for analytical and numerical calculations (including those reflected in the registration computer programs in the relevant funds), the use of the results in the performance of research work, projects and programs, the implementation of the results in training courses, reflection in monographs and textbooks, etc.

We must implement, not fantasize!

Phrase from the movie "The Girl with No Address" (1957)

Let's give the consumer not what he wants, but what he needs!

A. B. Migdal

Let's bring concrete examples wording of the heading of the abstract "Scientific and applied significance".

PhD thesis "Nonlinear oscillatory phenomena in systems containing nonrelativistic electron beams with a virtual cathode in a decelerating field"

The results obtained in the theoretical, numerical and experimental study of broadband chaotic generation indicate that it is promising to create sources of a chaotic microwave signal (low-voltage vircators) of medium and high power levels with a width of 0.5 ... 1.5 octaves and a weak irregularity of the power spectrum. As an active medium in such generators, it is possible to use a nonrelativistic electron beam with supercritical current, in which a non-stationary virtual cathode is formed. The proposed solutions are protected by patents of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, the solution of the problems posed in the dissertation for basic systems is of fundamental importance for radiophysics and electronics and general theory oscillations and waves in distributed self-oscillatory systems (the questions of the formation and interaction of space-time structures in distributed nonlinear systems of electron-wave nature, demonstrating spatially developed chaos, have been studied).

PhD thesis "Operator description of discrete chaotic processes"

Scientific and applied significance. The dissertation developed an analytical method for studying the spectral properties non-self-adjoint linear operator Perron-Frobenius, which determine and explain the dynamics of discrete chaotic models. The results obtained contribute to the development of the theory of linear non-self-adjoint operators, the theory of difference equations, functional analysis, modern theory dynamic systems, methods for modeling chaotic processes. In the applied aspect, the results of the work are of interest for solving problems of statistical radiophysics related to the study of asymptotic spectral-correlation properties of chaotic processes, the development of algorithms for chaotic transmission and information processing, and the construction of specific models of neural activity based on the Rényi map.

Candidate's thesis "Features of the impact of microwave and optical radiation on semiconductor devices in the microwave range"

Scientific and applied significance. Based on the proposed microwave scheme for subtracting coherent signals in semiconductor synchronized microwave generators, effective methods controlling the amplitude and phase of the microwave signal of the generator by changing the supply voltage and exposure to optical radiation, as well as highly sensitive methods for measuring the parameters of materials and structures. Based on the developed technique for measuring the thickness of thin conductive layers in the range from 5 nm to 5 μm, a highly sensitive measuring system for monitoring the parameters of metal-semiconductor and metal-dielectric structures using synchronized microwave generators was created. The results of the work were used in the implementation of grants AOZ-3.15-491 and A04-3.15-31 of the Ministry of Education of Russia to support the research work of postgraduate students of higher educational institutions 2003-2004

PhD thesis "Chaos and chaotic synchronization in microwave self-oscillators based on klystron amplifiers with feedback»

Scientific and applied significance. The work includes both theoretical (based on analytical and numerical simulation) and experimental study of the chaotic behavior of distributed microwave systems in physical electronics and radiophysics. Of fundamental importance is the establishment of the fact of the existence of a generalized synchronization regime, the identification of the main mechanisms for the implementation of synchronization and chaos control in such systems. The results of an experimental study were obtained on microwave generators, the main element of which was an industrial klystron amplifier KU-134E, the basic element of television and radio broadcasting systems, satellite and terrestrial communications, radar systems, etc. The chaotic features of the functioning of such devices are established in the context of solving the problems of (hidden) information transmission using chaotic signals, radar based on chaotic signals, radio countermeasures, etc.

Doctoral dissertation "Resonance phenomena in electrodynamic systems with semiconductor structures"

Scientific and applied significance. The results of the theoretical and experimental studies carried out formed the basis for the development of new types of solid-state microwave devices (protected by copyright certificates and patents) for various purposes with parameters that are qualitatively superior to similar parameters of known devices - semiconductor amplifiers and microwave generators; a subharmonic-synchronized microwave oscillator based on a Gunn diode; active microwave filters on semiconductor microwave generators operating in synchronization mode; microwave mixer; microstrip microwave device with increased vibration resistance; a magnetic field-controlled microwave speaker on p-bp diodes; resonant absorption devices infrared radiation; electrically controlled low-dimensional microwave resonators; semiconductor microwave devices with controlled magnetic field characteristics; devices for determining the influence of a variable magnetic field on the physical characteristics water by the microwave method.