What does the name of the numeral digits of numerals mean. III

According to semantic features, grammatical properties and the nature of use, the following categories of numerals are distinguished: 1) quantitative, 2) collective, 3) fractional, 4) indefinitely quantitative, 5) ordinal. The first four digits of the numerals indicate an abstract quantity, the last row - the order of items in the account.

Quantitative numbers include numbers that denote in whole units an abstract number (ten divided by two) or a certain number of homogeneous objects (six books).

According to the nature of education, quantitative numerals are divided into three groups:

1) simple, which include numerals with one non-derivative base equal to the root (two, three, one hundred, etc.);

2) complex (derivatives) - these are numerals, the basis of which is derivative and consists of a simple numeral and a suffix or two simple basics(thirteen, thirty, three hundred, etc.);

3) composite - combinations of several numerals (one hundred twenty-one, etc.).

Simple numerals represent a historically stable, basic lexical fund of numerals, which is a derivational base for all other numerals. Complex numbers from 11 to 79 arose by merging combinations of simple numbers from 1 to 9 and “on ten” (i.e. over ten; ten is a form of the ancient local case), and numerals twenty, thirty - from combinations of “two ten”, "three ten" (ten - the form of them. p. dual numbers). These numerals are interpreted as formed by the suffixes -11 and -dtsat. Numerals like fifty - eighty represent the fusion of simple numerals with the archaic form of ten (genus p. plural of the numeral ten), and the numeral ninety is thought of as "nine to a hundred." The numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and one and a half hundred were formed by the merging of combinations of two sat (n. p. double), three hundred (n. p. plural), etc. The numerals five hundred - nine hundred are combinations of simple numbers and genitive plural numeral hundred. Compound quantitative numbers are formed from a combination of simple and complex numbers, following in a certain order (thousand three hundred twenty-six).

Morphological features of cardinal numbers associated with their lexical meaning. Quantitative numerals are not characterized by the category of number, since they lexically express the meaning of the number; the category of gender is also absent for cardinal numbers, since they are devoid of objective meaning. By the absence of categories of gender and number, cardinal numbers differ morphologically from nouns.

Among cardinal numbers, morphologically, words stand out: one (one, one), two (two), one thousand, one million, one billion, etc.

The numeral one has the features characteristic of an adjective: it changes by gender (one, one, one) and cases (one, one, one). The plural form one is used in special occasions(see below).

The numeral two has a gender category: two when combined with masculine and neuter nouns (two days, two windows) and two when combined with nouns female(two nights).

Numerals thousand, million, billion, etc. they have all the grammatical features of nouns (gender, number, declension), and are also used in the meaning of countable nouns (cf. a thousand apologies, a million torments). In the meaning of numerals, these words differ from nouns.

The numerals thousand, million, billion in the number system are unique designations of the corresponding numbers, they are replaced graphically (in writing) equivalent figures (one thousand people - 1000 people); are included in compound numerals as equal members (one million thousand rubles); when not combined with nouns, they serve as names for abstract numbers; have the corresponding ordinal numbers (one - the first, a thousand - a thousandth, a million - a millionth); cannot be determined quality adjectives, but they themselves are used as quantitative determinants with a noun denoting single objects (one ruble, one million rubles, etc.).

Morphological features of cardinal numbers one thousand, one million, one billion come out clearly when these numbers are compared with the corresponding countable nouns. In contrast to numerals, countable nouns (three, four, five, etc.) are not included in the counting system (cf.: three - three, four - four, etc.); cannot be transmitted graphically, in numbers (cf .: 10 apples - an incomplete dozen apples); do not act as members of compound numbers; in isolated use, they have a substantive meaning (cf .: Here is a troika rushing); are derived from the corresponding numerals (cf .: ten - ten, one hundred - one hundred, etc.). Countable nouns can be determined by adjectives and govern the genitive case of nouns; in all cases, their use as quantitative determinants is limited by the lexical meaning of nouns (cf.: the last ten notebooks, but you can’t say “ten days”).

The word one, in addition to the meaning of a quantitative numeral (one kilometer, one ton, etc.), can have the following meanings: 1) a noun (One is not a warrior in the field); 2) adjective pronoun (We graduated from the same (“the same”) institute); 3) indefinite pronoun (We met in one ("some") house); 4) a restrictive particle with the meaning "only", "only" (Poems are just fun for you) (P.). The form one in the meaning of the numeral is used in combination with nouns that have only the plural form (one scissors, one day, etc.). In combinations with words that have units. and many others. number, form alone has the meaning of a restrictive particle or an indefinite pronoun: In his storerooms he has only mice (A.N.T.); Some scholars agree, others disagree. With words denoting paired objects, the form appears alone in both the first and second of the indicated meanings: I have one (numeral) gloves and one scarf; There are only (particle) gloves in the pocket, but no scarf.

The cardinal numbers two and one and a half have generic differences only in the form of the nominative and accusative case (two sheets, two pages; a day and a half, a week and a half).

The words both (masculine and neuter) and both (feminine) have gender forms, which brings them closer to adjectives. In terms of meaning, the words both and both are close to cardinal numbers two and two, denoting the same amount. However, the main meaning of the word both (both) is not a designation of quantity, but only an indication of the quantity - “both that and this”, which brings this word closer to a pronoun and excludes synonymous relations both (both) and two (two). The words both and both are not included in the counting system, are not members of compound numbers, do not have corresponding ordinal numbers. The assignment of the word both (both) to collective numerals is conditional due to the following features of these words: 1) the presence of a gender (cf. two, three - both, both), 2) the control of a noun in the form gender. n. singular (cf.: two boys, but both boys), 3) incompatibility with nouns used only in the plural (cf. two scissors), but one cannot say “both (both) scissors”, 4) the lack of an appropriate quantitative numeral (cf .: two boys - two boys, but only - both boys).

The category of animation and inanimateness is morphologically expressed only in the numerals two, three, four: with these numerals, in combination with nouns denoting animated objects, the accusative case coincides in form with the genitive case (cf .: brought three chairs - brought three puppies).

The numeral one (one, one) is declined as a pronoun this (this, this).

The numerals two, three, four have peculiar endings in the nominative and instrumental cases (two, three, four - two, three, four) and similar endings of the numeral one in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases (one, one, one - two, three, four; two, three, four; about two, three, four).

Numerals from five to twenty (inclusive) and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension. These numerals, with the exception of words from eleven to nineteen, have an accent on the end; eleven - nineteen - based. In revolutions like five, five, six, six, the old accent on the base is retained. The variant form of the instrumental case 8 is falling into disuse, only the form 8 is preserved.

The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have only two case forms: nominative and accusative(forty, ninety, one hundred) and other cases (forty, ninety, one hundred).

Note. In the Old Russian language, the words forty, ninety, one hundred were declined as nouns. Remains of this phenomenon are found in the literature of the 18th and 19th centuries: In a hundred sazhens stood the master's yard with a garden (Radishchev); In the village of Mostakh (one hundred and forty miles from Samara) there was a fire near the hut where Pugachev (P.) spent the night; The income, they say, is one hundred thousand each (Ax.).

The numerals fifty - eighty change both the first and second parts during declension. The second part of these numerals has the form of the numeral ten (im.-vin. - fifty, gen.-dat.-pr. - fifty, tv. - fifty).

The numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred in oblique cases take plural forms and change in both parts (two hundred, two hundred, two hundred, two hundred).

Numerals five hundred - nine hundred: the first part of these numbers (five- - nine-) is declined like a noun of the third declension, and the second is distinguished by peculiar endings: five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred.

The numerals thousand, million, billion are declined as the corresponding nouns. Valid variant forms: (one) thousand and thousand.

In compound cardinal numbers, with declension, each of the components of the numeral changes: to two thousand five hundred and sixty seven.

The numeral one (one, one) agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (cf.: one day, one day, one week, etc.).

The numerals two, three, four in the nominative-accusative form govern the singular genitive form of inanimate nouns and agree with the plural genitive form of animate nouns (cf. lost two days - lost two comrades); in other cases, these numerals agree with plural nouns (two tables, two tables, two tables).

Compound numbers ending in two, three, four always have the form of the accusative case, coinciding with the form nominative case(cf .: twenty-two - three - four representatives must be elected). These compound numerals do not combine with nouns used only in the plural; in such cases, synonymous expressions are used (twenty-two sledges).

Substantivized masculine and neuter adjectives in combination with the numerals two, three, four are used in the form of the genitive plural (cf.: two on duty, three insects), and substantivized feminine adjectives are used in the form of the genitive or nominative-accusative plural ( compare: two commas - two commas, etc.).

Numerals, starting from five and further, in the nominative-accusative case are combined with nouns according to the method of control, and in other cases - according to the method of agreement, and nouns in such combinations have the plural form (five students, one hundred steps, five students, one hundred steps ).

The word thousand in indirect cases can be combined with nouns (cf .: to a thousand rubles - to a thousand rubles). The words million, billion in all cases govern nouns in the genitive plural (million, million, million inhabitants). When used in the plural, the words thousand, million, billion have the meaning of countable nouns and therefore in all cases govern the genitive plural (about thousands, millions of inhabitants).

The adjective-definition for a noun in combination with the numerals two, three, four is used in the form of the genitive plural for masculine and neuter nouns: Two red lanterns ... become brighter (M. G.); Rodion saw two bright windows (Maltsev). Definitions expressed by the words last, first, second, each, other in combinations of the indicated type are used in the form of the nominative-accusative plural and usually come before the numeral (the last two exams, the first two steps, every two hours, etc.) . With feminine nouns, adjectives-definitions can be used both in the form of the nominative-accusative and in the form of the genitive plural: Finally, only four purple marmalades remained in the empty bowl (Cat.). The first form is more common.

The numerals one, one thousand, one million, one billion in quantitative-nominal combinations, as a rule, are prepositive (one day, one thousand kilograms, one million rubles, etc.); other numerals in postpositive use indicate not an exact, but an approximate amount (cf .: ten kilometers - ten kilometers).

Combinations of cardinal numbers with the preposition po in the distributive meaning have options:

a) with the preposition on in the dative case, the following are used: the numerals one, one thousand, one million, one billion (one word, one thousand, one million rubles); numerals from five to twenty and designations for tens (thirty, sixty, seventy, eighty each); indefinitely quantitative words (for many years, for a few means, for several years) and, finally, nouns with the first part semi- (half a loaf, half a mile, etc.);

b) with the preposition on in the accusative case, the numerals two, three, four, one hundred, two hundred, three, four hundred, two - ten are used (two (two), three, four sheets; two hundred, three hundred, four hundred sheets; two - ten students nouns with the first part half- (half a dozen, fifty, half a mile, half a loaf);

c) with the preposition according to, numerals ending in -hundred (five hundred, nine hundred rounds) are especially combined.

Numerals two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, etc. stand out in a special category collective numbers. In modern Russian, collective numerals represent a remnant, closed and non-productive group of words.

The term "collective numerals" is conditional, since these numerals differ from quantitative numerals not by a collective meaning, but by an indication of the person, which determines their substantivization (cf.: two workers - two workers; two entered).

Collective numbers are formed from quantitative ones: two, three with the help of the suffix j (e); four, etc. - with the help of the suffix -er (o).

Like cardinal numbers, collective numbers have no gender or number; when they are declined, two forms are contrasted - nominative-accusative and other cases; in conjunction with nouns in the nominative-accusative case, they represent indecomposable combinations.

Collective numerals two, three are declined as full adjectives of the soft variant in the plural (two, two, two, two); other collective numerals - as adjectives of the solid version (four, four, four, four). The stress in indirect cases of collective numerals always falls on the ending.

Collective numerals differ from quantitative ones in a narrower use, as they are combined with a limited range of nouns:

1) the numerals two, three, four are the only ones possible as counting-numerical definitions with nouns used only in the plural: two gates, three days, four tongs;

2) collective numerals are used in combination with nouns children, people, person (meaning "man"): three children, people, strangers, as well as with nouns like guys, wolf cubs, etc.: four guys, wolf cubs (the last in colloquial speech);

3) the use of collective numbers is limited by the style of speech: in official speech, cardinal numbers are preferred: Four engineers are required to work (and not “four engineers”).

Collective numbers do not combine:

1) with feminine nouns, as well as female names and substantiated feminine adjectives: three pages (and not “three pages”), four sisters (and not “four sisters”), two commas (and not “two commas »);

2) with nouns male, which are the names of animals and birds: three bulls, three eagles (and not "three bulls, eagles").

As a variant form of quantitative numerals, the use of collective numerals is permissible with nouns with the meaning:

1) males: four students and four students;

2) single objects that have only the plural (except for two, three, four): five scissors and five scissors;

3) with personal pronouns we, you, they: there were four of them, four of us were invited, in oblique cases combinations with cardinal numbers are more common: with them four, they have four.

Nouns - the names of items that are considered pairs can denote single items (two gloves) and pairs (two gloves).

Collective numerals two, three, four in the nominative-accusative case govern the genitive case of plural nouns (cf.: four boys and four boys), and in other cases they agree with nouns in the case (cf.: three children - three children).

Collective numerals are not very common with nouns in indirect cases and are replaced by indirect cases of the corresponding cardinal numbers (two students and two students, but more often - two students, not two students). Such a replacement is common with nouns that are used only in the plural and combined with collective numbers (compare two days - within two days).

When used in isolation, out of connection with nouns, collective numerals are designations for both male and female persons: Seven do not wait for one.

Collective numbers are always prepositive, i.e. used before nouns.

Fractional numbers denote fractional quantities, i.e. the number of certain parts of the unit, and represent a combination of them. case of a quantitative numeral (the number of parts is the numerator of a fraction) with the genus. the plural case or the nominative singular of the ordinal feminine gender (the name of the parts is the denominator of the fraction), for example, three-fifths, twenty-one hundredth. In the structure of fractional numbers, the names of the parts (three fifths, one hundredth) are devoid of ordinal meaning and are substantivized ordinal numbers.

Declension of fractional numbers is expressed in the change of all constituent fractional numbers of words: fifty-five hundredths.

Syntactically, fractional numerals differ in the following features:

1) act as a quantitative definition not only with nouns denoting single objects, but also with collective and material nouns, for example: one fifth of the students; three sevenths of oil;

2) are always combined with nouns according to the method of control, and the noun is used both in the singular and in the plural (cf. three fourths of the room, one sixth of the day);

3) when mixed number the noun is ruled by a fraction and is put in the genitive singular, for example: 10 2/3 hectares (ten and two-thirds of a hectare).

Numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred

The numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred are designations for quantities consisting of a whole and its half. The derivation of these words (from “half a second”, “half a second”, “one and a half hundred”) is not currently recognized. The named numerals are combined only with such nouns, which are the name of single objects, calculated both in whole and in fractional units (hour, meter, etc.). The numeral one and a half is used with masculine and neuter nouns (one and a half days, one and a half logs), the numeral one and a half - with feminine nouns (one and a half weeks). The declension of numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred is limited only by two case forms: one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred for the nominative-accusative case and one and a half and one and a half hundred for all indirect cases without gender differences.

Indefinite-quantitative words

A group of words with the meaning of an indefinite amount (large or small) can also be conditionally attributed to indefinite-quantitative numerals: a lot, a little, a little, a lot, a lot and a few.

Uncertainty in the designation of quantity semantically distinguishes the listed words from numerals, which are exact quantitative determinants of nouns (cf.: five workers - many, several workers).

Indefinitely quantitative words many, few, few, many are characterized by a specific use and have forms that are not characteristic of numerals. Unlike quantitative numerals, the words many, few, few, many can be combined as quantitative definitions with abstract nouns (a lot of joy), with substantiated adjectives of an abstract meaning (little pleasant); can be determined by adverbs of degree (very many). The use of cardinal numbers in these combinations is impossible. The words a lot, a little, a little, a lot have forms comparative degree(more, less), subjective assessment (a little) and do not decline.

The semantics and grammatical features of indefinitely quantitative words bring them closer to adverbs (cf.: works a lot, reads little).

Indefinitely quantitative words are so many, somewhat close to numerals in terms of combinations with nouns (cf.: five questions, five questions - several questions, several questions) and declension (cf.: two - several). However, the generalized pronominal semantics (an indication of a number, not a designation of a number) has several words, as much as it contributes to classifying these words as indefinite, demonstrative and interrogative-relative pronouns.

Numbered nouns also act as functions of indefinitely quantitative words (a lot of money, a lot of people, an abyss of trouble, a lot of questions, etc.).

Ordinals

Ordinal numbers are words that indicate the order of homogeneous objects when they are counted (first ticket, third question, etc.). Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, act as a definition of nouns and agree with them in gender, number and case.

The inclusion of these words in the category of numerals is traditional and relies solely on the close derivational and semantic connection of ordinal numbers with quantitative ones (cf.: five - fifth, one hundred - hundredth, etc.).

Note. There is another approach to words with an ordinal meaning: according to formal grammatical features, they are classified as ordinal relative adjectives (see, for example: Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. M., 1972. S. 192, as well as a number of textbooks for universities).

The proximity of ordinal numbers to quantitative ones also affects the use of quantitative numbers in the meaning of ordinal ones, for example, when designating addresses: house twenty-eight, apartment twelve instead of house twenty-eight, apartment twelve.

The structure of compound ordinal numbers, representing several grammatically unrelated names (cf. one thousand one hundred and thirty-fifth), does not find wide correspondence in the formation of adjectives and is specific to ordinal numbers.

Ordinal numbers have a number of grammatical properties that are common with adjectives:

1) declination system ordinal words and adjectives is one (cf .: second-th, second-th, etc. - new-th, new-th, etc.);

2) the formation and morphological structure of ordinal words and adjectives do not differ (compare: thousand-n-th and month-n-th, fiftieth and pentagonal);

3) when using words, some ordinal numbers acquire a qualitative meaning, usually determined phraseologically (cf. the first violin, in the background, third-hand, etc.).

When declining compound ordinal numbers, all components of the numerals that have the form of quantitative remain unchanged, and the last one changes, which has the form of ordinal and is consistent with the noun, for example: in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one.

19. Pronoun as a part of speech in SRY. Specific meaning and function. Discharges of pronouns, their meanings and grammatical features. Declension of pronouns. The history of personal pronouns in Russian.

Pronouns- these are words that indicate an object, attribute, quantity or circumstance, but do not name them.

The initial form of the pronoun is the form of im.p., singular, m.r.: mine, ours, what, which.

In some cases, the pronoun does not change in numbers or has neither number nor gender, the initial form is the im.p .: I, you, we, you, who, what, someone. In such cases, it should be noted that initial form no, and name the first word form of the existing paradigm.

Main functions pronouns - deictic, anaphoric, quantifier and substitution.

1. Deictic(Greek deixis - indication) the function is manifested in the correlation of what is being said with the conditions of the speech act and its participants (I am the speaker, you are the listener, yours is yours).

2. Anaphoric(Greek reference) function - the correlation of the elements of this statement with other parts of the text (such - similar to what has already been said, the other - not the same as that was mentioned).

3. quantifier function - correlation of a name with various classes of objects and their features: with a class of objects or features about which the speaker would like to receive information (who? what?)

5) The substitution function of pronouns is also manifested in the flow of speech - the use of pronouns instead of names - nouns, adjectives, numerals, as well as adverbs in order to avoid repetition.

In the sentence, the pronoun acts as the main or secondary members of the sentence: I don’t know what his plan is now, although we once talked about it with him.

1. Cardinal numbers denote the number of items when counting ( two tables, one hundred rubles) or an abstract number ( two, one hundred) and answer the question how much?

2. Cardinal numerals change in cases.

Cardinal numbers do not have gender and number.

Wed: three people, three windows, three cans.

Exception make up the numbers one and two.

The numeral one changes by gender and number, like an adjective.

One pear, one lemon, one apple, one cream.

The numerals two and one and a half have two generic forms:

• male and neuter gender- two, one and a half;

  Two tables, two windows, a day and a half.

  feminine - two, one and a half.

  Two paintings, one and a half baskets.

3. Declension of numbers:

declension of numbers one two three four resembles the declension of adjectives;

numbers from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension (for example, as a noun steppe);

numerals forty, ninety and one hundred, when declining, have only two forms:

nominative and accusative forty, ninety, one hundred,
other cases - forty, ninety, one hundred;

when declining complex cardinal numbers 5-80, 200-900, each part of the word changes, although they are written in one word ( fifty - fifty). At the same time, the second part of the numerals 200-900 has archaic endings that do not coincide with the endings of the independent numeral one hundred;

Wed: one hundred rubles - three hundred rubles; there is no one hundred rubles - there are no three hundred □ rubles, to one hundred rubles - to three hundred rubles.

in compound cardinal numbers, all words and all parts of compound words are declined.

Five hundred forty-six - about five hundred and forty-six.

4. Examples of declension of numerals:

numeral ONE

Simple and complex numbers

Note!

1) In the nominative and accusative cases, numbers from 5 to 20 and 30 are written with ь at the end of the word.

Five, fifteen, thirty.

Numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 - with ь in the middle of the word.

Fifty, six hundred, nine hundred.

2) In the middle of numbers: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen- is not written.

3) The word eleven is written with a double consonant.

5. When combined with nouns, numerals either govern nouns or agree with nouns:

if the numeral is in the nominative case (or in an accusative case similar to it), then the numeral governs the genitive case of the noun ( two tables, five books), and with numerals two three four, as well as compound numbers ending in two three four, the noun is in singular (two windows, twenty two windows), with all other numerals - in the plural ( five windows fifty windows fifty five windows);

if the numeral is in any other case, then the main word is a noun, the numeral agrees with it.

Wed: no five windows; to five windows, five windows, about five windows.

Note!

1) The words thousand, million, billion categorized differently by linguists. Some call them numerals, others call them nouns with the meaning of number. In any case, it should be remembered that these words, in their morphological and syntactic features match nouns.

Thousand - refers to the feminine gender and declines like a noun of the 1st declension: no thousand, with a thousand.

Million, billion- words are masculine and are declined as nouns of the 2nd declension: no million, with a million.

2) The words thousand, million, billion, like nouns, always govern the genitive form of the dependent noun, regardless of its own case.

Wed: a thousand rubles, no thousand rubles, with a thousand rubles, about a thousand rubles.

However, if these words are included in compound numbers, then there are general rules combinations of numerals with nouns.

No one thousand five rubles, to one thousand five rubles, with one thousand five rubles, about one thousand five rubles.

B) Collective numbers

1. Collective numbers denote a certain number of objects as one whole.

Two, three, five.

In modern Russian, collective numerals can denote the number of objects as a whole in the range from two to ten. They are formed from cardinal numbers with the help of suffixes -оj- ( two → two, three → three) and -er- ( four → four, five → five, six → six, seven → seven, eight → eight, nine → nine, ten → ten).

The word both (both) is characterized differently in different manuals. Some linguists classify them as numeral pronouns; other researchers - to the collective numerals.

2. Collective numbers (except for the word both) can be combined with a limited group of words:

with nouns that have only a plural form;

Two tongs, two scissors.

with nouns children, children, people;

Two children, three boys.

with nouns denoting males;

Two friends.

with nouns denoting baby animals;

Two kittens.

with personal pronouns.

There were three of us.

3. Collective numerals are declined like plural adjectives:

4. The word both changes by gender: both are masculine and neuter (there is no wallpaper form!), both are feminine. The declension of this word resembles the declension of plural adjectives, with the masculine/neuter and feminine forms having different stems in oblique cases.

B) ordinal numbers

1. Ordinals denote the serial number of objects in the count, that is, ordinal numbers, indicating the serial number of the object, denote one subject.

First day, fifteenth day.

2. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers, except for such ordinal numbers as first second.

Five → fifth, thirty → thirtieth.

3. Ordinal numbers, like full adjectives, change in number, gender (in the singular) and cases.

First, first, first, first.

Their declension coincides with the declension of adjectives. That is why some linguists include ordinal numbers in adjectives.

Wed: first - new, first - new.

4. When declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word(in contrast to the declension of compound cardinal numbers, where each word changes).

One thousand nine hundred and forty-five - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three year - from two thousand and three years.

D) Fractional numbers

1. Fractional numbers are not called whole numbers.

Two thirds, five tenths.

By value, fractional numbers are adjacent to cardinal numbers.

2. In terms of composition, fractional numbers, except for the words one and a half, one and a half hundred, consist of a cardinal number (the numerator of a fraction) and an ordinal number in the plural (the denominator of a fraction).

Six seventeenths, three fifths.

Fractional numbers can include nouns zero and integer. it mixed numerals.

Zero point five.

3. The numeral one and a half changes by gender:

one and a half - masculine and neuter gender;

A day and a half, an apple and a half.

one and a half - feminine.

One and a half bottles.

The numerals one and a half ( one and a half), one and a half hundred, with declension, have only two case forms:

nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred;
other cases - one and a half, one and a half.

1. Cardinal numbers denote the number of items when counting ( two tables, one hundred rubles) or an abstract number ( two, one hundred) and answer the question how much?

2. Cardinal numerals change in cases.

Cardinal numbers do not have gender and number.

Wed: three people, three windows, three cans.

Exception make up the numbers one and two.

The numeral one changes by gender and number, like an adjective.

One pear, one lemon, one apple, one cream.

The numerals two and one and a half have two generic forms:

• masculine and neuter - two, one and a half;

  Two tables, two windows, a day and a half.

  feminine - two, one and a half.

  Two paintings, one and a half baskets.

3. Declension of numbers:

declension of numbers one two three four resembles the declension of adjectives;

numbers from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension (for example, as a noun steppe);

numerals forty, ninety and one hundred, when declining, have only two forms:

nominative and accusative forty, ninety, one hundred,
other cases - forty, ninety, one hundred;

when declining complex cardinal numbers 5-80, 200-900, each part of the word changes, although they are written in one word ( fifty - fifty). At the same time, the second part of the numerals 200-900 has archaic endings that do not coincide with the endings of the independent numeral one hundred;

Wed: one hundred rubles - three hundred rubles; there is no one hundred rubles - there are no three hundred □ rubles, to one hundred rubles - to three hundred rubles.

in compound cardinal numbers, all words and all parts of compound words are declined.

Five hundred forty-six - about five hundred and forty-six.

4. Examples of declension of numerals:

numeral ONE

Simple and complex numbers

Note!

1) In the nominative and accusative cases, numbers from 5 to 20 and 30 are written with ь at the end of the word.

Five, fifteen, thirty.

Numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 - with ь in the middle of the word.

Fifty, six hundred, nine hundred.

2) In the middle of numbers: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen- is not written.

3) The word eleven is written with a double consonant.

5. When combined with nouns, numerals either govern nouns or agree with nouns:

if the numeral is in the nominative case (or in an accusative case similar to it), then the numeral governs the genitive case of the noun ( two tables, five books), and with numerals two three four, as well as compound numbers ending in two three four, the noun is singular ( two windows, twenty two windows), with all other numerals - in the plural ( five windows fifty windows fifty five windows);

if the numeral is in any other case, then the main word is a noun, the numeral agrees with it.

Wed: no five windows; to five windows, five windows, about five windows.

Note!

1) The words thousand, million, billion categorized differently by linguists. Some call them numerals, others call them nouns with the meaning of number. In any case, it should be remembered that these words in their morphological and syntactic features coincide with nouns.

Thousand - refers to the feminine gender and declines like a noun of the 1st declension: no thousand, with a thousand.

Million, billion- words are masculine and are declined as nouns of the 2nd declension: no million, with a million.

2) The words thousand, million, billion, like nouns, always govern the genitive form of the dependent noun, regardless of its own case.

Wed: a thousand rubles, no thousand rubles, with a thousand rubles, about a thousand rubles.

However, if these words are included in compound numerals, then the general rules for the compatibility of numerals with nouns apply there.

No one thousand five rubles, to one thousand five rubles, with one thousand five rubles, about one thousand five rubles.

B) Collective numbers

1. Collective numbers denote a certain number of objects as one whole.

Two, three, five.

In modern Russian, collective numerals can denote the number of objects as a whole in the range from two to ten. They are formed from cardinal numbers with the help of suffixes -оj- ( two → two, three → three) and -er- ( four → four, five → five, six → six, seven → seven, eight → eight, nine → nine, ten → ten).

The word both (both) is characterized differently in different manuals. Some linguists classify them as numeral pronouns; other researchers - to the collective numerals.

2. Collective numbers (except for the word both) can be combined with a limited group of words:

with nouns that have only a plural form;

Two tongs, two scissors.

with nouns children, children, people;

Two children, three boys.

with nouns denoting males;

Two friends.

with nouns denoting baby animals;

Two kittens.

with personal pronouns.

There were three of us.

3. Collective numerals are declined like plural adjectives:

4. The word both changes by gender: both are masculine and neuter (there is no wallpaper form!), both are feminine. The declension of this word resembles the declension of plural adjectives, with the masculine/neuter and feminine forms having different stems in oblique cases.

B) ordinal numbers

1. Ordinals denote the serial number of objects in the count, that is, ordinal numbers, indicating the serial number of the object, denote one subject.

First day, fifteenth day.

2. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers, except for such ordinal numbers as first second.

Five → fifth, thirty → thirtieth.

3. Ordinal numbers, like full adjectives, change in number, gender (in the singular) and cases.

First, first, first, first.

Their declension coincides with the declension of adjectives. That is why some linguists include ordinal numbers in adjectives.

Wed: first - new, first - new.

4. When declensing compound ordinal numbers, only the last word changes (in contrast to the declension of compound cardinal numbers, where each word changes).

One thousand nine hundred and forty-five - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three year - from two thousand and three years.

D) Fractional numbers

1. Fractional numbers are not called whole numbers.

Two thirds, five tenths.

By value, fractional numbers are adjacent to cardinal numbers.

2. In terms of composition, fractional numbers, except for the words one and a half, one and a half hundred, consist of a cardinal number (the numerator of a fraction) and an ordinal number in the plural (the denominator of a fraction).

Six seventeenths, three fifths.

Fractional numbers can include nouns zero and integer. it mixed numerals.

Zero point five.

3. The numeral one and a half changes by gender:

one and a half - masculine and neuter gender;

A day and a half, an apple and a half.

one and a half - feminine.

One and a half bottles.

The numerals one and a half ( one and a half), one and a half hundred, with declension, have only two case forms:

nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred;
other cases - one and a half, one and a half.

By structure, numerals are divided into simple, complex and compound.

Simple numerals have one root: five, ten, one hundred, one million .

Complex numerals have two roots: five'/ten/#, nine'/hundred/# .

Composite formed by a combination of simple or complex numbers: one hundred and twenty-five, three hundred and sixty-eight, two-fifths .

When declining composite cardinal numbers according to modern standards each word should change in cases: two hundred thirty eight - two hundred thirty eight - two hundred thirty eight etc.

When declining ordinal numbers, only the last word changes in cases: one thousand nine hundred fifty-eight - one thousand nine hundred fifty-eight - one thousand nine hundred fifty-eight etc., two thousand three - two thousand three - two thousand three etc.

Pronoun

I. Pronoun as part of speech

pronoun have the following features.

1. Categorical meaning (meaning of the lexico-grammatical category). Pronouns (from lat. pronomen- instead of a name) do not name objects or signs, but only point to them, that is, they have general meaning deixis (Greek dėixis - indication).

2. Morphological features. Pronouns do not have specific morphological features, but borrow them from those parts of speech with which they correspond. These signs are peculiar in each category and are considered in the description of the corresponding categories.

3. Basic syntactic functions. Used instead of names, pronouns perform in a sentence the functions of those parts of speech (nouns, adjectives and numerals) that they replace.

In addition to the proper pronouns in linguistics, a wider lexico-semantic class is distinguished pronominal words, which include words belonging to various parts speech and having a "pronominal" type lexical meaning. In addition to pronouns in the narrow sense, pronominal words include pronominal adverbs ( then, how, because, why, where etc.) and pronominal verbs (in Russian the verb do in combination what do ). Pronominal adverbs will be discussed in the corresponding section.

II. Ranks of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech

1. Pronouns-nouns (pronominal nouns): me, you, who, someone, myself, anything and etc.

2. Pronouns-adjectives (pronominal adjectives): mine, what, yours, whose, yours and etc.

3. Pronouns-numerals (pronominal numerals, indefinitely quantitative words): how many, how many, several and others. Their main features were considered in the section "Numerals".

III. Lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns

(ranks of pronouns by meaning)

Depending on the meaning (method of indication), pronouns are usually divided into 9 digits.

Personal pronouns

These include 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural pronouns.

1) Actually personal: I - we, you - you .

2) Personal index: he (she, it) - they .

Actually personal pronouns indicate the person (s) involved in communication. Personal demonstrative pronouns refer to the person or thing they are talking about.

All personal pronouns are inflected and have the category of number. Only the personal demonstrative pronoun has a gender category.

1st person singular pronoun I indicates that the author is reporting himself ( I loved you... A. S. Pushkin) or narrates in the first person ( I I think this rule...). However, in some book and writing styles (official, business, scientific), the pronoun is traditionally I not used, but replaced by "author's we": We We believe that this rule...(see below) or impersonal turns of the type are used instead: It is assumed that this rule... etc.

The meaning of the proper personal pronoun of the 1st person plural we – ‘I and another or others’. Pronoun we may also be used:

1) In the meaning of the 1st person singular - a) "author's we" ( We We believe that this rule...), b) "royal we" ( We Nicholas II...), c) "peasant we" ( We from the village…).

2) In the meaning of the 2nd person singular and plural - “doctoral we” ( How we do we feel today?).

3) In the meaning of the 3rd person masculine and feminine ( We we ride down the hill- a remark about the son from a home conversation on the phone). This use has increased in recent times and, obviously, can be characterized as "motherly we".

When using 3rd person pronouns, it is important not to allow ambiguity or distortion of meaning resulting from the vague connection of these pronouns with the words they replace: Olya's mother she is (?)got sick, became very nervous.

The main functions of all personal pronouns in a sentence are subject or object: We talked about him .

Personal pronouns have suppletive forms of declension: me - me, me etc., we - us, us etc.

reflexive pronoun

reflexive pronoun myself indicates the object of the action, identical with the subject, and can be associated with any of the three persons: I (you, he) was dissatisfied yourself (-oy) . It has no gender, number and form of the nominative case, that is, it is inclined only in the singular, starting with the genitive case: myself, myself, myself, myself (-oh), (about) myself .

When using it, ambiguity is also possible, which must be avoided: he caught the chief myself (?) in the office.

Numerals - an independent part of speech, indicating the number of objects, their serial number, as well as total. Depending on the purpose, numerals are divided into three broad groups, each of which is described in detail in this article. Also here are grammatical signs of numerals and illustrative examples.

Numerals are studied in the 6th grade. This part of speech can denote the number of some objects, the number of the object in order, as well as the quantity as a whole. Based on this value, they are divided into 3 large groups.

Numerals can be quantitative, ordinal and collective. Each of these groups of words has its own characteristics.

Table"Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals in Russian" with examples

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For example: ten, thirty, seven hundred eleven.

Numerals of this category can have different case forms. For some cardinal numbers, the form of gender and number is determined. All the features of the words of this category are reflected in the following table.

Changing cardinal numbers

Ordinal numbers: grammatical features

The numerals of this category are grammatically similar to adjectives. They can also have forms of different cases, genders and numbers.

Ordinal numbers can also have a different structure. When declining the composite numbers of this category, only the last word changes in them. For example:

Five hundred seventy-first kilometer (I. p.) - five hundred and seventy-first kilometer (R. p.) - five hundred and seventy-first kilometer (T. p.)

Collective numbers

There are only 11 words in this lexico-grammatical group. In composition, they are only simple.

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