The sentence as the basic syntactic unit. Signs of a sentence: predicativity, intonational isolation

Circumstances expressed by nouns

1. For semantic highlighting or for a passing explanation, they can stand apart circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases (usually with prepositions), especially if these nouns have explanatory words: With the approach of the enemy to Moscow,Muscovites' view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous(L.T.) - the semantic load of a separate turnover at the beginning of the sentence is enhanced due to the fact that a concessive is added to the temporary meaning (the look of Muscovites became more frivolous not only when the enemy was approaching Moscow, but also despite the fact that he was approaching) ; Petya,after receiving a decisive refusal,went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly(L.T.) - two meanings of a separate turnover are combined - temporary and causal (he left and wept bitterly not only after he received a refusal, but also because he received it).
Examples of isolated circumstances: Good commandant,the consent of his wife,decided to release Shvabrin(P.); It can be seen that the Chichikovsfor a few minutes in lifeturn into poets(G.); Grandpa stopped andwith the help of Mazan,scored a large brush of large berries(Ax.); To her,from a nearby villageoften two already decrepit old men come - husband and wife(T.); Suddenly,somewhere in the distancethere was a lingering ... sound(T.); Roof,from the weight of the straw that once crushed her,took a completely different direction(Grig.); And then he met her in the city garden and in the square,several times a day(Ch.) - with a touch of attachment; He woke up early in the morning,headache,awakened by the noise(Ch.); I lagged behind a little, then, withwith a whip and legs,sped up his horse(L.T.); The game has stopped; We all,heads togethercrouched to the ground to watch this rarity(L.T.); And silence,from time,became more and more sinister(M.G.); At that time they began to build a bridge there, and, inaspirations to earn some money for the road,I went to the construction site(M.G.); And Gvozdev,self-indulgence,continued...(M.G.); One evening, picking porcini mushrooms, we,on the way homewent to the edge of the forest(M.G.); We have already planted the last loaves in the stump and,for fear of overdoing them,didn't go to bed(M.G.); They WithExhibitions,left for Crimea(M.G.); At the table ... stood the publisher ... and, witha thin smile on a white, well-fed face,followed the editor with bright eyes(M.G.); She will go there on the first of December, Ifor decency,at least a week later(Boon.); All six inwaiting for the horsessitting closely on the bunks closest to the exit(Cupr.); I walked oncestudenton the street(Ver.) - that is, when he was a student; I, too, with a knot on my back,minced after her(Ch.); After holding Ragozin for a year in prison, he was sent -for participating in street riots- three years in exile(Fed.) - setting a dash instead of commas is optional; It was in herthis moment,some resemblance to Philip(Fed.); Vladimirka had a sad glory: along this road,under the shackles,exiles were driven(L.N.); In early spring,out of ignorance,locals hardly fish(Sol.); Since,first in amateur circles, and then on the stage,he performed quite often; She is loud,across the roomgave some details For many years,first as a laboratory assistant, and later as an assistant professor,he worked at this department; And right there,from an excess of feelings,offered him his help; He went to the address which,through his songave him old master; The teacher singled out a capable student, tothe envy of others;He said,by the hourten whole minutes; This story is basedto some extent,on a real incident; The task is simple andthe same time,interesting. This kind of isolated circumstances can also be expressed by other inflected parts of speech: We all,together with you,let's get involved in this work; To the audiencein sequence,included students to pass the exam; Notify attendees andThrough them,the rest of the team members a new work schedule. Wed also: Right here,to serve the new art,talented young people were drawn.

2. Most often, such constructions are formed by nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations. (thanks to, in view of, depending on, in order to avoid, in spite of, in contrast, in contrast, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, in the absence of, in the absence of, despite, similarly, due to, on the occasion, with, if available, subject to and etc.): Savelich,according to the opinion of the coachman,advised to return(P.); I stood at the corner of the platform, firmly resting my left foot on the stone and leaning forward a little so that, inin case of minor injurydon't tip back(L.); his life,for all the gravity of his position,went easier, more slender than the life of Anatole(Hertz.); As a result of this incident,Vasily no longer saw his parent(T.); childrendue to infancyno positions assigned(T.); Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia,like his older brother Paul(T.); Thanks to the great weather and especially the holiday,the street of the village of Maryinsky revived again(Grig.); Styopochka,on the occasion of the lack of dancing,also very bored(Pis.); Raisa Pavlovna,even under such critical circumstances,does absolutely nothing(M.-S.); In contrast to his wifethe doctor was one of those natures who, during heartache feel the need to move(Ch.); Every summer dawn Gerasim,despite the blindnesswent to the fields to catch quails(Boon.); The owner gnashed his teeth, and to me, inthe strength of thishad to work for two(M.G.); Traveled only during the dayto avoid any traffic accidents(Shv.); Nikitin taught the boy carpentry and,in the absence of an interlocutor,talked to him for hours about antique furniture(Paust.); Davydov decided ... to believe whether the brigade was reallyagainst his instructionsharrows along the furrow(Sh.).
In the above examples, the possibility of isolation is made dependent on the degree of prevalence of the turnover, its proximity to the main part of the sentence, the presence of additional shades of meaning, place in relation to the predicate, stylistic task, etc., therefore isolation optional.
Usually, separates turnover with a prepositional combination in spite of. However, with a close semantic connection with the dominant word, after which it is located, this turn is not isolated: The duty administrator appeared, calleddespite the latehour; He did itdespite the prohibition of the mother.
The meaning of the semantic proximity of the circumstance, expressed by the noun in the form of an indirect case with a preposition, to the rest of the sentence in isolation or non-isolation can be seen from such comparisons:
Rivermen were amazed that the eye of a flounder is able to movedepending on which side she usually lies on(Chuck.) - turnover with words depending is closely connected in meaning with the predicate, can move and is not isolated. - The time of the lunch break is set either from one to two, or from two to three, independing on the nature of the enterprise- with a hint of attachment;
I can't refuse a personbased on speculation alone(Ch.). - P Therefore,based on the derived formula,previous calculations should be reviewed;
Contrary to customeven at the tavern there was no noticeable revival(Tel.). - She is,contrary to the requirements of fashion,wore short dresses;
Unlike brotherhe has little interest in sports. - The skin of the hat is buttered, inunlike the skin of many other edible mushrooms,easily separated.
The role of the place occupied by a circumstance of this type can be shown in the following comparisons:
snowstorm,on the advice of a shepherd,continued to walk across the unmowed meadow(F.). - The patient was on a dieton the advice of a doctor;
radio play, at the request of the listeners broadcast again. - The play was staged a second time at the request of the audience;
workers,at the direction of the masterwent to a nearby shop. - The workers went to the neighboring shopat the direction of the master.
The difference is explained by the fact that at the end of the sentence, the words stand out more logically, and this makes it difficult for them to “separate” from the rest of the sentence.

Circumstances expressed in adverbs

Can stand apart circumstances expressed by adverbs (single or in combination with dependent words), for the purpose of semantic highlighting or incidental explanation: He silentlybowed again(L.); ... A moment later, in the yard,from nowhere,a man ran out(T.); A quarter of an hour before sunsetspring,you enter the grove (T.); Music,stillflew to us(T.); Awakened rooks,silently and aloneflew over the earth(Ch.); Me,as if by accidentdoused with water(Ch.); Passing Theater Lane, I,almost always,I saw a man at the door of a small shop(M.G.); Misha lowered the book and,not right away,answered quietly...(M.G.); But youth is stubborn andin my own waysmart(M.G.); ... Nadezhda was sitting on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something,quietly and timidly(M.G.) - with a hint of attachment; The next day in the eveningtrot,Alexey came running(M.G.); And so,unexpectedly for everyoneI passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.); She is,barely audiblewalked around the room again(Cupr.); Here,to spite them alltomorrow morning I'll sit down for books(Cupr.); Around them -prone- lay Ivan Gora(А.Т.) - dashes instead of commas are optional; On a steamship - front- machine guns(A.T.); Sometimes he made a requesttimidly, shyly(Cat.) - with a touch of attachment.
Phraseological turnover can act in the same function: Once at the crossroadsout of nowhereblack Dog(Ch.); …Then,no hesitation,took hold of her bracket and ... stayed behind this door for a long, long time(Boon.).

§ 21. Separate additions

1. Depending on the semantic load, the degree of distribution of the turnover, proximity to the main part of the sentence, etc., nouns with prepositions (or prepositional combinations) can be isolated except for, instead of, in addition to, over, except for, along with with and others (conditionally called additions) with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, i.e., restrictive or expanding value. The optionality of their isolation is evident from the following comparisons:
At the outpostinstead of sentrythere was a collapsed booth(P.). - AT a place of bare cliffs,I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(P.); He wanted to speak again, butinstead of wordsa muffled gurgling came out of his chest.(Grig.). - With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and,instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance,saw completely different places unknown to me(T.);
And Mikhail Sinitsky became a Red Army guard, a participant in all the glorious deeds of his magnificent battalion, carryingalong with allcombat hardships(Floor.). - Mr Hopkins,along with other people in gray helmets,stood still(Kor.);
No matter how a person triesbesides school,to gain knowledge on his own, he will still be, as they say, self-taught. - Many of the fightersin addition to his rifle,were armed with captured machine guns(Floor.);
You will receive everything you needover pension(T.). - Grandpa orderedover a monthto give the poultry house half a pood of wheat flour every month for pies(Ax.).
Examples of standalone add-ons: The crowd dispersedexcept for a few curious and boys(T.); Beyond all expectationmy grandmother gave me some books(Ax.); Everyone took part in the general conversation,except for Kitty and Levin (L.T.); Here, except for a small table with a mirror, a stool and rags,hung in the corners, there was no other furniture and,instead of a lampa bright fan-shaped light burned(Ch.); For lack of space in the outbuilding,they gave me a room in the count's mansions(Ch.); I really liked the storyexcept for some details(M.G.); crew mood,beyond the usualwas upbeat(N.-P.); All,with the exception of Vari,loud applause for the singers(Step.); Four guns alternately sent shells there, but,beyond Grigoriev's expectations,gunfire did not cause any noticeable confusion in the ranks ...(Sh.)

2. Pretext Besides has two meanings:
1) “with the exception of someone-something”, “excluding someone-something”: Besides the seagullsthere was no one in the sea(M.G.);
2) “above someone else”, “in addition to someone else”: Except the old mantwo more came to us that day(Ch.). In both meanings, turnover with a preposition Besides usually separates:
1) (exception) In addition to the big smoke in Zamoskvorechye,nothing reminded of a night fight(Leon.); House,except for this roomstood boarded up(A.T.); Everyone smiledexcept for the lieutenant(Kaz.); He expected anythingBesides;
2) (inclusion) In addition to dishes and sauces,there were a lot of pots on the table(G.); Now heardexcept for the rooks,human voices(A.T.); Except for the wild beastThere are different kinds of birds in these places.
However, in the press there are also non-isolated turns with the preposition Besides with include value: In addition to salarythey also receive bonuses;In addition to drawingsmore drawings were attached;Except hoststhere were guests in the room;Except your chemistrythere are other sciences.
The variability of punctuation allows in some cases to clarify the text; compare: Others were invitedexcept you(the meaning of the exception: "they invited others, but you were not invited"). - P invited othersexcept you(inclusion meaning: "you were invited along with others").
Sometimes the volume of a separate turnover with a preposition Besides with the meaning of inclusion varies depending on the meaning introduced into the sentence. Wed: In addition to recordings of live dialect speech,on the ground there are other sources of replenishment of our knowledge about the vocabulary of folk dialects(i.e. recordings of live dialect speech are an additional source to those already available locally). - In addition to recordings of live dialect speech in places,there are other sources of replenishment of our knowledge about the vocabulary of folk dialects(i.e. field records are an additional source to other sources available).
Usually, separates turnover from Besides with negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what: I could not distinguish anything,except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (P.);On the hunt, Uncle Eroshka ate one piece of bread for days and drank nothing but water (L.T.); Nobody,except for the sun and the blue sky,doesn't look at him(M.G.); Who,apart from ourselvesshould take care of the protection of nature?; What,apart from condemnationcan cause disrespect to society?
Isolate themselves turnovers with combinations except for jokes and Moreover(in the meaning of the introductory word): We are evil to no oneexcept for bearsdon't do(Mark.); Jokes asidedo you like these kind of books?(Dost.); Mechik finally convinced himself that Baklanov was much better and smarter than him, that Baklanov,Moreover,very brave and strong man (F.). turnover Moreover separates after the union: And besides…; But besides…; If, moreover...; However, besides… etc.

3. Turnover with a preposition instead of used and separates in two cases:
1) as an addition depending on the verb-predicate: Instead of a fun Petersburg life,boredom awaited me in the deaf and distant side(P.) - the turnover is associated with the predicate, since both of them “could expect me”; separation is optional;
2) as a special construction not controlled by the verb-predicate: Instead of an answerKirila Petrovich received a letter(P.) - the turnover is not syntactically related to the predicate, since the phrase is not formed file a response;Instead of answering some request,Zurin wheezed and whistled(P.) - the same: the word answer lexically incompatible with words wheezed and whistled; isolation necessarily.
Wed also: In addition to their work,I now also work in the Radio Committee(Paul.).
But if the suggestion instead of has the meanings “for”, “in exchange”, then the turnover with it is not isolated: Instead of a bay stallionKorzh was given a thick white gelding(Dick.); Instead of a fur coatput on a coat; Went to the meetinginstead of the manager.

SECTION 6
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

§ 22. Clarifying members of a sentence

Isolate themselves(separated comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and stand out on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the previous words (clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one). Most often, circumstances and definitions are clarified.

1. Clarifying circumstances of the place: There,below,skinny moss, gray shrub(P.); Down inshadows,the Danube was noisy(Tyutch.); Ilya Ilyin studied in Verkhlev,five versts from Oblomovka,at the local manager of the German Stolz(Gonch.); Directly against the cordonon that shoreeverything was empty(L.T.); in the suburbs,near the slaughterhousehowling dogs(Ch.); Somewhat away from the goose,on the mattresslying white cat(Ch.); Up,over the tops of the oaks,where exactly the depth of the sky turned blue, clouds gathered(Boon.); Over the river,rosy sky,the evening star shone brightly(M.G.); in Crimea, inMiskhor,I made an amazing discovery last summer(Cupr.); On a farm inthree versts from the village of Solomennaya,the scouts left their horses and went on foot(F.); Ten paces from the entrance to the tunnel,the highway itselfthere was a lonely house(BUT.); Not far, inin the direction of the village of Olginskaya,the usual sounds of gunfire(Prev.); On right,at the foot of the hills,spread out a large field(Chuck.); The road forks, and it is not known where to go further -straight or left.
Often, clarifying circumstances of the place line up in a row, form a chain: ahead,far away, on the other side of the misty sea,jutting wooded hills(L.T.); Around the left bankhalf a verst from the water, at a distance of seven or eight versts from one another,the villages are located(L.T.); Suddenly at the bend of the riverahead, under the dark mountains,a light flashed(Kor.); Six steps from Chelkash,pavement, on the pavement,leaning back against the bedside table, sat a young guy(M.G.); In the wide valleyto the right, to the very ridge,turned away and lost in the dull gray distance, one could see the forest(F.); Even hereacross the lake, per kilometer,along with hot air, there was a rumble and crackling(Guide.); Right here,near the barn, right on the snow,undressed(Sh.).
Depending on the meaning, the same words may or may not be considered as a clarifying circumstance. Wed:
People crowded on the road ahead(i.e. at the front of the road). - ahead,on the road,crowded people(i.e. the road itself was in front);
Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is in the forest). - Far away inforest,ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest);
The children sat in a clearing between the bushes(the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadowbetween the bushes(the bushes are in the clearing itself).
Clarifying circumstances include the names of districts, regions, etc., indicating the location of towns, villages, etc., as well as indications in addresses: In the village of Uvarovka,Petrovsky district, Kaluga region, a harvest festival took place; Novye Gorki settlement, ShchYolkovsky district, Moscow region,located near Bolshevo station; Moscow, Plyushchikha street, 38, apt. 2. But: School No. 4 of the Taldomsky district of the Moscow region - non-separated inconsistent definition.
Usually, the qualifying member of the sentence limits the scope of the concept expressed by the specified member of the sentence: At the bottom,under the railway network of the air road, in the dust and dirt of the pavements,silently children play(M.G.) - clarifying members are arranged in descending gradation, i.e. the next specifies the value of the previous one. But there are cases when the qualifying term is wider in terms of the concept it expresses than the specified one: I was lying on the bed,unfamiliar mountain,and felt great weakness(P.); I heard these stories under Ackermann, inBessarabia, on the seashore(M.G.).

2. Clarifying times: I woke up lateat five o'clock in the afternoon(Ax.); We set off and wandered for a long time,until evening (T.);At noon, atclear sunny weather, nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin(T.); It was late autumncold and gloomy day(Dost.); Once,before the eveningNogay-coachman pointed with a whip from behind the clouds to the mountains(L.T.); Now,after flood,it was a river of six fathoms(Ch.); All night long,before cock's dawn, measuredChapaev map (Furm.); Thishour, late autumn,when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty, unheated rooms(Paust.); Summer,evening dawns,a steppe golden eagle flies to the top of the mound from the undercloud(Sh.).
If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them; compare: Tomorrow insix o'clock pm,department meeting will take place. - The meeting of the department will be held tomorrow at six o'clock in the evening.

3. Clarifying circumstances of the course of action: He shook his curls and self-confidently,almost with a challengelooked up at the sky(T.); And took care of his soul solidly,lordly,and did good deeds not just, but with importance(Ch.); He is naivechildish,wiped eyes with fingers(L.T.); quiet, withfearshe said something strange to him(M.G.); She's naughtygirlish,looked up at him(Fed.); On a crooked haystack sadly,like an orphanperched a crow(F.); The women made noise all at once,with one voicewithout letting Davydov say a word(Sh.); The only way,among grass, flowers, wheat,and our river Vorsha could begin(Sol.); He was carefullyto a pink gloss on the cheeks,shaved(Ant.); Like this,casuallythe issue is not resolved.

4. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.: Another,last thing,a legend - and my chronicle is over(P.); In some places, women looked out,mostly old ladiesheads(T.); They were accompanied by a small plump little man with a phlegmatic,almost sleepyface(T.); Only narrowthree hundred fathoms,a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(L.T.); Pierre, from early morning already tucked into an awkward,made him narrow,noble uniform, was in the halls(L.T.); Passing some emptywithout residentsvillage, the squadron again climbed the mountain(L.T.); The hook-nosed rockbreaker spread his mustache and beard white, inlime,hands(M.G.); Dark red rose in the distance,raw meat colorfactory building(M.G.); A man in black came out onto the platform of a cool car -to the closed gate- gymnast(A.T.); In the distance, at the Nikolsky Gate, one could see a tall -pipe- sable boyar hat(A.T.); And they are so fresh, clean,spotless,on the ground, so that's how they lay?(Fed.); A young woman enteredseventeen years oldyoung woman(Cupr.); On the neck, tanned from a yellow tan, thick,finger,folds (Lead.); thick,guard cloth,the pants did not fit either the artisan or the farm laborer(Cat.); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,to toe,overcoats(Cat.); A minute later, three fighters, one after the other, climbed into a bluish,as if pearlyair(Cat.); The guardsmen walked to their full height, in a wide chain, along the motley -crimson, purple, green- clover field (Cat.); Tall, on the mast, a lantern helped Gleb to see its gray,unshaven, with hollow cheeks,face(Leon.); She looked with fear at her grandfather's hands in brown,clay color,senile freckles(Sh.); On tiptoe he went into the room, undressed, carefully hung up the festive ones, withstripes,trousers(Sh.); From under the steepwolf warehouse,balding forehead, he glanced around the room(Sh.); He saw on the white cap of the mound not far away a reddish-yellow, withfiery ebb,fox(Sh.); On the neighboringwithout doorsthe stained bright rooms rumbled, approaching, footsteps(Pan.); It was a village outside the city on the bare,without a tree, without a bush,low place(Pan.); The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,almost ink colorshadows(Sim.); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,stripe,shirt with elasticated sleeves(Sol.); There is a specialtechnical order,pause; The eyes were not blinded already white, withreflections of the sunset,snow; The passenger entered with the originalunder crocodile skina suitcase; Each of these phenomena has its ownunique to him,peculiarities; With herstill not shinyYou should take care of your health more.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

§ 22. Clarifying members of a sentence

Separate (highlighted by commas, less often by dashes) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the previous words (clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one). Most often, circumstances and definitions are clarified.

1. Clarifying circumstances of the place: There,below, skinny moss, gray shrub(P.); At the bottom,in the shadow, the Danube was noisy(Tyutch.); Ilya Ilyich studied in Verkhlev,five versts from Oblomovka, at the local manager of the German Stolz(Gonch.); Directly against the cordonon that shore everything was empty(L. T.); in the suburbs,near the slaughterhouse howling dogs(Ch.); Somewhat away from the goose,on the mattress lying white cat(Ch.); Up,over the tops of the oaks, where exactly the depth of the sky turned blue, clouds gathered(Boon.); Over the riverin the rosy sky the evening star shone brightly(M. G.); In Crimea,in Miskhor, I made an amazing discovery last summer(Cupr.); On the farmthree miles from the village of Solomennaya, the scouts left their horses and went on foot(F.); Ten steps from the entrance to the tunnel,right next to the highway there was a lonely house(BUT.); Near,in the direction of the village of Olginskaya, the usual sounds of gunfire(Prev.); On right,at the foot of the hills, spread out a large field(Chuck.); The road forks, and it is not known where to go next.- straight or left.

Often, clarifying circumstances of the place line up in a row, form a chain: ahead,far away, on the other side of the misty sea, jutting wooded hills(L. T.); Around the left bankhalf a verst from the water, at a distance of seven or eight versts from one another, the villages are located(L. T.); Suddenly at the bend of the riverahead, under the dark mountains, a light flashed(Kor.); Six steps from Chelkash,on the pavement, on the pavement, leaning back against the bedside table, sat a young guy(M. G.); In the wide valleyto the right, to the very ridge, turned away and lost in the dull gray distance, one could see the forest(F.); Even hereacross the lake, per kilometer, along with hot air, there was a rumble and crackling(Guide.); Right here,near the barn, right on the snow, undressed(Sh.).

Depending on the meaning, the same words may or may not be considered as a clarifying circumstance. Wed:

Ahead on the roadcrowded people(i.e. at the front of the road). - ahead,on the road, crowded people(i.e. the road itself was in front);

far in the forestax blows were heard(the listener is in the forest). - Long away,in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest);

Children settled downin the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadowbetween the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself). -

Clarifying circumstances include the names of districts, regions, etc., indicating the location of towns, villages, etc., as well as indications in addresses: In the village of Uvarovka,Petrovsky district, Kaluga region, a harvest festival took place; The village of Novye Gorki,Shchelkovsky district, Moscow region, located near Bolshevo station; Moscow, Plyushchikha street, 38, apt. 2.

But: School No. 4 of the Taldomsky district of the Moscow region - non-separated inconsistent definition.

Usually, the qualifying member of the sentence limits the scope of the concept expressed by the specified member of the sentence: At the bottom,under the railroad airroads, in the dust and dirt of pavements, silently children play(M. G.) - clarifying members are arranged in descending gradation, i.e., the next one clarifies the meaning of the previous one. But there are cases when the qualifying term is wider in terms of the concept it expresses than the specified one: I lay on the bedin an unfamiliar mountain and felt great weakness(P.); I heard these stories under Ackermannin Bessarabia, on the seashore (M. G.).

2. Clarifying circumstances of time: I woke up lateat five o'clock in the afternoon (Ax.); We set off and wandered for a long time,until the evening (T.); On midday,in clear, sunny weather, nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin(T.); It was late autumnon a cold and gloomy day (Dost.); Once,before the evening Nogay-coachman pointed with a whip from behind the clouds to the mountains(L. T.); Now,after floods, it was a river of six fathoms(Ch.); All night long,before the cock's dawn, meryl chapaev card(Furm.); Now, lateautumn, when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty, unheated rooms(Paust.); Summer, eveningdawns, a steppe golden eagle flies to the top of the mound from the undercloud(Sh.).

If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between the circumstances: The meeting of the department will take placetomorrow at six o'clock in the evening (cf.: 3tomorrow,at six o'clock in the evening, department meeting will take place).

3. Clarifying circumstances of the course of action: He shook his curls and self-confidently,almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(T.); And took care of his soul solidly,lordly, and did good deeds not just, but with importance(Ch.); He is naivechildish, wiped eyes with fingers(L. T.); Quiet,fearfully she told him something strange(M. G.); She's naughtygirlish, looked up at him(Fed.); On a crooked haystack sadly,like an orphan perched a crow(F.); The women made noise all at once,with one voice without letting Davydov say a word(Sh.); The only way,among the grass, flowers, wheat, and our river Vorsha could begin(Sol.); He was carefullyto a pink gloss on the cheeks , shaved(Ant.); Like this,casually the issue is not resolved.

4. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.: Another,last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is over(P.); In some places, women looked out,mostly old ladies heads(T.); They were accompanied by a small plump little man with a phlegmatic,almost sleepy face(T.); Only narrowthree hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(L. T.); Pierre, from early morning already tucked into an awkward,made him narrow, noble uniform, was in the halls(L. T.); Passing some emptywithout residents village, the squadron again climbed the mountain(L. T.); The hook-nosed stonebreaker spread his mustache and beard white,in notice, hands(M. G.); Dark red rose in the distance,raw meat color factory building(M. G.); A man in black came out onto the platform of the cool car- to the closed gate - gymnast(A. T.); A minute later, three fighters, one after the other, climbed into a bluish,as if pearly air(Cat.); The guardsmen walked to their full height, in a wide chain, along the motley -crimson, purple, green - clover field(Cat); Tall, on the mast, a lantern helped Gleb to see its gray,unshaven, with hollow cheeks, face(Leon.); She looked with fear at her grandfather's hands in brown,clay color, senile freckles(Sh.); He saw on the white cap of the mound not far away a reddish-yellow,with fiery ebb, fox(Sh.); The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,almost ink color shadows(Sim.); Eyes are not blinded already white,with sunset reflections snow; In the distance, at the Nikolsky Gates, one could see a tall- pipe - sable boyar hat(A. T.); BUT they are so fresh and cleanspotless, on the ground, so that's how they lay?(Fed.); A young woman enteredseventeen years old young woman(Cupr.); On a neck tanned from a yellow tan, thick,in the finger folds(Lead.); thick,guard cloth, the pants did not fit either the artisan or the farm laborer(Cat.); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,to toe, overcoats(Cat.); On tiptoe he went into the room, undressed, carefully hung up the festive,with lamps, trousers(Sh.); From under the steepwolf warehouse, balding forehead, he glanced around the room(Sh.); On the neighboringwithout doors the stained bright rooms rumbled, approaching, footsteps(Pan.); It was a village outside the city on the bare,without a tree, without a bush, low place(Pan.); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,striped, shirt with elasticated sleeves(Sol.); There is a specialtechnical order, pause; The passenger entered with the originalunder crocodile skin a suitcase; Each of these phenomena has its ownunique to him, peculiarities; With herstill not shiny You should take care of your health more.

Clarifying definitions can specify general meaning pronouns this, that, such, each, one (in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.: I wanted to distinguish myself before this,dear to me human(M. G.); Then Dasha was surprised by the “home-grown” of all this,so notorious boldness(A. T.); These,not always firm and slender, lines of poetry were written by a hand as hard as steel(Sim.); Between them have long been established thosepurely formal, the relationship that is so common between two relatives(M. G.); Chichikov was a little puzzled by thiskind of sharp definition(G.); To each,who has come and who has come, they had to find and indicate a place to stay for the night(Ch.); No one,neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, there was no trace(L. T.); Something happenedso unusual in the world that everything experienced, familiar seemed to waver in its power over life(Fed.).

But if the attributive phrase after the demonstrative pronoun is closely adjacent to it and does not have the meaning of clarification, then. it is not separated by a comma from this pronoun: Thesenewly built the houses are already full[cm. §eighteen].

Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating unions: irresistible,though quiet, the power drew me(T.); Actual,even if not brand new the topic deserves attention; Sacrifice the past for oneeven dear, he did not dare to meet; It should be noted that this interestingbecause it has not yet been developed by anyone, the topic was chosen by the young researcher.

But if the definition attached subordinating union, is homogeneous in relation to the previous definition and does not have the character of clarification (semantic and intonation), then a comma is not placed after it: Placed before usdifficult but interesting a task[cm. § 12, item 6]. The distinction between these cases depends on the will of the writer.

Notes: 1. Classical writers sometimes singled out with commas as a clarifying definition the participial turnover standing after the homogeneous definition-adjective. For example, I. S. Turgenev: He made a biglinen covered , bath; A hundred paces from the mill was a small,open on all sides , canopy; From a specialI didn't notice at first , the stables brought Peacock out. Nowadays, such punctuation is rare [cf. § ten].

2. A clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, more precisely, otherwise, rather etc. However, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, rather, otherwise semantically equivalent to phrases to put it more precisely, to put it more precisely, to put it another way), are themselves separated by commas: His kindnessrather , his generosity touched me- the predicate is agreed with the nearest preceding word, from which it cannot be separated by a comma; Recently,more precisely , in the last issue of the journal an article of similar content was published; arctic fox,otherwise polar fox , valued for its fur(here otherwise in the meaning of 'that is'; but: The boy must be stopped in time,otherwise he will do this- here otherwise acts as an adversarial union); It should be addedquicker to clarify the data provided in the report.

A combination of words can act as a clarifying Furthermore: It would be stupidFurthermore , madness to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend,Furthermore - admired him.

3. Clarification without introductory words is possible: The plants were saved- watered.

§ 23. Explanatory constructions

1. Words that explain the meaning of the preceding member of the sentence, stand out(or separated) punctuation marks(commas, dashes, colons). The difference between clarifying and explanatory members of a sentence is that if a refinement is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one [see. § 22], then an explanation is a designation of the same concept in other words.

The explanatory part of the sentence is usually preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is (if not present in the sentence, these words can be inserted): She was brought up in the old way, that is,surrounded by mummies, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (P.); We rode on our horses in a wagon, that is,in a covered wagon (Ax.); The next day I crossed the Lena with five Yakuts, that is,through the narrow channels that separated countless islands (Gonch.); The report provides a comparison of production results and production costs in terms of value, i.e.monetary, form; Other paints were also needed, namelylight; These conclusions should be expanded, namelyadd others possible options; At that time, exactlya year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dost.); There is only one undoubted happiness in life- live for others (L. T.); He imagined his house- six large rooms (M. G.); Third day, tobishThat week, I tell the elder...(Blind); Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream- become a carpenter (Paust.).

Explanatory can be not only a member of the sentence, but also the whole sentence: In this case, one important circumstance must be taken into account, namely:the ecological balance must not be disturbed.

In the absence of an explanatory union, instead of a comma, the explanatory member of the sentence is often put dash: Sometimes you want to do something- read(G.); These birds[wall climbers] they get their food exclusively in the air- feed on flying insects; He has a special ability- do everything on time; There was only one conversation- about weather; There was another obstacle in the way of scientists -the superstition of the islanders; His profession was the most peaceful- teacher; The job took less than we expected- two months; Did he think he was wrong- did not recognize an honest person, or for some other reason, but he willingly complied with the request.

It is also possible to set colons(to avoid two dashes): Another way has been suggested:use of certain types marine plants - algae rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or ('that is'): From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, ordoves (Ax.); Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, orveranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Gonch.); Suddenly the horse broke off and sat down in a cistern, orditch (L. T.); ... It was Alexander Timofeevich, orsimply Sasha, guest from Moscow(Ch.); Huge ice floes protruded across the entire width of the Lena in different directions, or, in the localhummock (Kor.); ringed seal, orseal, belongs to the pinnipeds(Are); There were a lot of pebbles on the shore, orsmall stones smoothly turned by water; Electronic lamps, or, as they are more correctly called,vacuum devices, are made for different purposes; We note two types of excitatory, orinput, functions; Such emotional-evaluative, or, otherwise,lyric, epithets are also found in other poets; Now we can formulate the conditions for the flow with a jump in velocity, or, as they say,with slip.

Notes: 1. An explanatory union should be distinguished or(meaning ‘that is’, preceded by a comma) and dividing union or(no comma is placed before it if the union is not repeated). Wed: Flexion,or ending available only for words related to inflected parts of speech- the union cannot be repeated, it can be replaced by the union that is; The inflected part of a word at the end of it is calledinflection or ending - here the dividing union can be repeated (... is called either inflection or ending).

In sentences like Difficult or, better to sayboring because it was a fractional, petty job(Bel.) union or is separative, not explanatory (the concepts of "difficult" and "boring" are not identical), so only the introductory combination is separated by commas better to say. Same with words rather, rather, rather etc. (by value equal to the combination to be more precise etc.): The book can be included in the publication planor, rather, in the plan of editorial preparation; Doubleor, rather, a triple dose of the remedy had its effect on the patient; Everyone was surprised by his remark.or, rather, the tone of this remark; I will write to himor, better, I'll tell you personally.[Cm. §22, n. 4… and §25, n. 1.]

2. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (you can put the words before them namely, that is etc.), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is not put: Thick bunts stuck out,remnants of the old, burned-out bath (M. G.); The novel shows the old,disappearing and new onesemerging phenomena of public life; All efforts should be focused on onenorthern direction; regular,sixth the volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke differentlyserious tone.[Cm. § 10, paragraph 1.]

The issue of separation on the one hand or the allocation of an explanatory definition on both sides is decided in the context. Wed:

fourth,last part of the novel will end with an epilogue. - fourth,apparently the last part of the novel will endepilogue; [O introductory words as part of a separate turnover, see § 25, paragraph 4.]

Another,an equally important section of the agreement is devoted to cultural cooperation. - Another,and no less important, the section of the agreement is devoted to issues of cultural cooperation - the definition has an affiliative character due to the presence of an affiliative union and [cm. § 24].

With the same punctuation, in some cases, definitions different in type converge. For example: Next to these houses rise others building- residential, administrative, commercial - possible interpretations: a) homogeneous definitions after a generalizing phrase other buildings [cm. § 15, paragraph 5]; b) separate definitions at the end of the sentence [see. § 18, paragraph 1]; c) explanatory definitions (…others, namely…) [cm. § 10, item 10]; d) connecting definitions (union-free accession) [see. § 24, item 6].

Explanatory constructions are widely used in various language styles, in particular in the language fiction: Drinking as usualthat is a lot (P.); Yes, sir, and you can get used to the whistle of a bullet,that is, get used to hide the involuntary beating of the heart (L.); On the other side I found fresh horses and quickly sped along the excellent road,that is, a smooth meadow, but without a track (Gonch); We,that is, riders exchanged glances(Gonch.); finally reached a large village with a stone church in a new style,that is, with columns, and vast manor house(T.); Sofya Nikolaevna has not yet had a single groom,that is, did not receive a single formal offer (Ax.); Well, you will go to ours tonight,to Shcherbatsky, that is? (L. T.); For Konstantin Levin, the village was a place of life,that is, joys, sufferings, labor (L. T.); Killer whales appearedor Guinea pigs (Gonch.); The admiral decided to stop at the Cape Verde Islands, five hundred miles from the African mainland,and precisely on about. S.-Iago (Gonch.); In this regard, one very important event happened for both of them,precisely Kitty's meeting with Vronsky (L. T.); The original line of disposition of Russian troops along Kolocha was broken, and part of this line,precisely the left flank of the Russians, due to the capture of the Shevardino redoubt on the 24th, was taken back(L. T.); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul -be quite good (L. T.); I only want one- warn you (Ch.); Something emanated from him that excited and intoxicated me.- some hot mist (M. G.); These people weresuburban (M. G.).

§ 24. Connecting structures

1. The connecting members of the sentence, which contain additional explanations or comments introduced in the middle or at the end of the statement, are highlighted (or separated) commas(less commonly used dash, dot, ellipsis). Such constructions are usually attached with the words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and (‘and besides’), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.: Invisibly I became attached to a good family,even to the crooked garrison lieutenant (P.); There were shouts of peddlers selling all sorts ofeven the Russians magazines(T.); Karl Ivanovich most spent his time readingeven ruined their eyesight (L. T.); Anyeven the most difficult the problem can be stated simply and accessible; Shadow,not even a shadow and darkness was the only paint needed and suitable for Gogol for his purpose ...; Everyone listened in silence to the story of Anna Savvichna,especially girls (P.); My father was very fond of all kinds of water,especially key (Ax.); Yermolai liked to chat with a good man, especially for a cup (T.); There is a lot of nobility in people, a lot of love, selflessness,especially in women (Sharp); I loved our performances,and especially rehearsals, frequent, a little stupid, noisy (Ch.); All things,especially tree branches and corners of buildings, stood out surprisingly boldly against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Cupr.); The scattered inhabitants of the capital are unaware of many of the impressions so familiar to the inhabitants of the country and the city,e.g. waiting for the mail day (P.); What can you tell a sculptor to do?even bad? (T.); Here you will have a bath,and with your mistress (P.); Others were terribly offended,and not kidding that they are given as an example of such an immoral person(L.); And Rudin spoke of pride,and spoke very well (T.); Some Cossacksincluding Lukashka, got up and stretched out(L. T.); Already in the Caucasus I learnedand not from the captain, that he was badly wounded four times(L. T.); Suddenly the wind blewand with such force that he almost snatched the bundle and matting from Yegorushka (Ch.); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter,in particular on clerical subtleties (M.-S.); There was only one roadand, moreover, wide and furnished with milestones, so it was impossible to get lost(Kor.); Three people in the district,including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages(M. G.); The most backward of the partisans,including squad leaders, excited, murmured(F.); Troops walked and walked past her, and it seemed that everythingincluding forests and fields, moving west(Kaz.); People often laugh at himand fair (Pan.); At you a solid work experience,moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (V. B.); Rode for so many miles,yes in this weather (Arb.); In giving them this information, he acted badly,and knew it; The newspapers have already reportedand more than once; The issue needs to be consideredand immediately; The experiment was resumed only six months later,and not in the factory, but in the laboratory; He dreamed of working for a newspaperand not in any, but only in the central one; By your behavior you will only achieve a scandal -and no more; But I didn't mindand well done otherwise she might be offended; Little was said in the sick room,and then in a whisper; The student solved only one problem,and that is wrong; There are disputes about thisand disputes are hot [About joining a repeated word with a union and see § 16, paragraph 3…]; Gotta go aheadand go as fast as possible; Mass media,especially radio and television, promptly report the news of the day; I had a hard time getting this handbook,and then for a while; He did the same thing every timeand for good reason; Write a statementyes quickly; There is only one way outand even that is unreliable; He did not find an answer to this question.yes, I confess, then I did not look for him; He didn't createand could not create not a single major work; sat downbut more for decency, a few more minutes; An experienced sprinter turned out to be ten meters,or so, ahead of others; And left the childrenor almost left at rest; Work can be completed soonfor example in a week; The exhibition presents interesting work young artists,mostly landscapes.

Attachments can be both main and secondary members of the sentence: I'll go and sit by myself.get dressed (N.I.); I look, in the eleventh company they teach signals.Chorus (Cupr.); At Elena is in trouble.Big (Panf.).

2. If the connecting construction is closely connected in meaning with the subsequent part of the statement and there is no pause before it, then it can only be separated by a comma from the previous part of the sentence: It is called " economic crisis", and it's hard to understand how to get out,yes and will they turn out entrepreneurs from this loop(Gas.); Too late nowyes and nothing return to this issue; When conducting such complex experiments, it is difficult,yes and impossible avoid individual mistakes; Canadian oil brings profit to foreign,mostly American monopolies; All day longand often at night fire was fired from both sides.

The choice of punctuation may depend on the construction of the sentence; compare: In this proposal,and in two neighboring the predicate is expressed short form adjective- connecting turnover is separated by commas; In that,and in two neighboring sentences, the predicate is expressed by the short form of the adjective- can't select turnover and in two neighboring since the connection between the definition and the word being defined will be broken (it turns out: in this... proposals).

3. Punctuation depends on the syntactic function of the word, through which an explanatory phrase is attached. Wed:

The forest is more monotonous and sadder than the sea,especially Pine forest (Ax.) - word especially attaches a turnover and is separated by commas along with it; In Western countries andespecially, in the United States, mass unemployment reached sometimes record levels(Gas.) - the word stands out especially in the meaning of ‘most of all, mainly’;

Many artistsand chiefly Aivazovsky, devoted their work to the image of the sea- commas highlight the entire turnover with words and mainly since there are no homogeneous members in the sentence that could be connected by a union and;

A satirical depiction of Russian reality is given by Gogol in The Inspector General and,mainly, in "Dead Souls"- union and connects homogeneous members of the sentence, the introductory combination is highlighted mainly;

Rain,even a downpour did not interfere with the competition- here even- amplifying particle; The owner was friendlyeven cheerful with guests- here even in the function of an affiliative union.

4. Punctuation marks not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences: No, I didn't see the brownie,yes, you can't see him (T.); I was walking in some kind of intoxication,yes, and from what (Garsh.); ... a beautiful song,Yes, and Yulia Vladimirovna deigns to sing beautifully (pis); Poor Nadia has nowhere else to hear those wordsand there is no one to pronounce them (Ch.); Natasha spoke in a whisperand the grandfather and the forester also spoke in an undertone (Paust.); It occurred to me to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food,And besides, caution never hurts (L.); Flowers are expensiveand where did he get them? (Sharp)

The role of the connecting structure can also be adnexa complex sentence: Every precaution was neededespecially if you had to go at night; Under certain conditions,and in particular when the troops are at rest, kitchens are located on the ground.

5. It is necessary to distinguish between connecting unions and connecting unions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence: a comma is placed before the connecting union, and no sign is required before a non-repeating connecting union. Wed:

The work could have been done a long time agoand even better.

Work could be donesooner and even better.

In this lookand in all the behavior of Lydia, something new has come(M. G.) - yes and- joining union.

During the weekchin and cheeks Balakhonov were covered with thick, prickly, like wire, bristles(Lapt.) - yes and- intensifying union with homogeneous members.

No comma before conjunction yes and in following cases:

1) if the union is used in a connecting meaning: Herewent he is in the woods for nutsyes i got lost (T.); I I'm listeningI listen and sleep (M. G.); raked I'm in her armsand kissed (Ant.);

2) in combinations like took and said(with the same verb forms take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action): They lived a year of soulin soul, and the next year shetake it and die (Success);

3) combined no no yes and... No, no, yes, and he will remember about mother, write a letter(Ch.).

6. Attaching constructions can be included in the statement without conjunctions: A guest arrived quite late.in tailcoat (Hertz.); He died,In Tomsk (M. G.); When Philip went into the kitchen,wash your face Anfisa Petrovna asked...(Fed.); At night I stand by the gun,orderly (Cat.); I spoke againmust be in amazement (Paust.).

A dash is often used in this case: I saw the other day "Crocodile Tears" -mediocre five-act rubbish (Ch.); His hands are huge, enormous -just awful ; Suddenly the boy disappeared -died, or possibly abducted ; He froze, began to listen -all attention ; We went to the Caucasus -to the sun, to the sea ; He remained the same as before,hardworking, humble ; They were harsh and cruel people, but fair -in the sense in which they themselves understood justice ; He refused to take the blame -why on earth?

7. Thus, the following punctuation marks may appear before the connecting structure:

1) comma:Once he served in the hussars,and even happy (P.);

2) dash:We are doing a great thing and have already done a lot, but there are shortcomings -and serious (Chuck.);

3) dot:When we talk about the tears of joy with which the population of the liberated cities greets the Red Army, this may seem like a formula. But Dr. Korovina wept for joy.and Babkin. And the old priest Govorov. And thousands, thousands of people (Er.),

4) ellipsis:It’s scary to admit, but I want this person to know that she is like a song to me ...And must be the last (Pog.).

Definitions and applications are separated in the position after the noun with which they are associated: The forester's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without beds and partitions (IT); A boy, short-haired, in a gray blouse, gave Laptev a glass of tea without a saucer (Ch.); A certain thought occurred to me, still unclear to myself (Plat.); He...

He went on horseback to his former guardian and educator Pesotsky, a well-known gardener in Russia (Ch.).

Separate applications may be preceded by the words that is, or (meaning that is): Quartz, or silicon oxide, is one of the most common minerals.

Particular attention should be paid to isolated definitions from a composed but heterogeneous series. In this case, the heterogeneity of definitions is emphasized - a separate definition explains the previous definition of this series: Between the trunks of pines, transparent, airy figures of huge people appear and disappear into a green void; a blue, in silver, sky shines through it (M. G.); She ... looked with fear at her grandfather's hands in brown, clay-colored, senile freckles (Shol.); To the right, at the foot of the hills, there was a large field covered with tall, human-height grass (Chak.).

In the position before the noun, definitions and applications are isolated only if they enter into a relationship of logical conditionality with the main message: Bright and unusual in composition, the picture attracted everyone's attention. - The picture attracted everyone's attention because it was bright and unusual in composition; A true son of a Siberian taiga village, accustomed from age to cutting down forests and all kinds of living creatures, Bakhrushin resisted the garden undertaking for a long time ... - Bakhrushin resisted the garden undertaking for a long time, because he was true son Siberian taiga village...; Similar to a weasel, the ermine differs from it in its larger body size and the black tip of its long tail (S. Ognev). - Although the stoat looks like a weasel, it differs from it in its larger body size and the black tip of its long tail.

An important feature of isolated definitions, applications, as well as participles and participial revolutions is that they can refer to personal pronouns; These members cannot be non-isolated with a personal pronoun: Lazy by nature, he was also lazy in his lackey upbringing (Gonch.); She, pale, motionless, like a statue, stands and catches his every step with her eyes (Ch.); Party man, I recognize the court only of my party (M. G.); Very pleased with myself and everything, I came home ... (Ast.); We stomp along the path past a mutilated, peeled, slowly dying birch. Attached, casually beaten with axes, this spring, with the last of her strength, she hung up lemon-colored earrings (Ast.).

The impossibility of isolating members with a personal pronoun and the ability of these members to be a nominal part of a predicate

with the subject - a personal pronoun (cf.. ‘He was lazy 232

by nature) serve as another confirmation that the isolated members of the sentence are closer in their role to the predicate than to the non-isolated member.

Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 22. Clarifying members of a sentence

Isolate themselves(separated comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and stand out on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the previous words (clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one). Most often, circumstances and definitions are clarified.

1. Clarifying circumstances of the place: There,below,skinny moss, gray shrub(P.); Down inshadows,the Danube was noisy(Tyutch.); Ilya Ilyin studied in Verkhlev,five versts from Oblomovka,at the local manager of the German Stolz(Gonch.); Directly against the cordonon that shoreeverything was empty(L.T.); in the suburbs,near the slaughterhousehowling dogs(Ch.); Somewhat away from the goose,on the mattresslying white cat(Ch.); Up,over the tops of the oaks,where exactly the depth of the sky turned blue, clouds gathered(Boon.); Over the river,rosy sky,the evening star shone brightly(M.G.); in Crimea, inMiskhor,I made an amazing discovery last summer(Cupr.); On a farm inthree versts from the village of Solomennaya,the scouts left their horses and went on foot(F.); Ten paces from the entrance to the tunnel,the highway itselfthere was a lonely house(BUT.); Not far, inin the direction of the village of Olginskaya,the usual sounds of gunfire(Prev.); On right,at the foot of the hills,spread out a large field(Chuck.); The road forks, and it is not known where to go further -straight or left.

Often, clarifying circumstances of the place line up in a row, form a chain: ahead,far away, on the other side of the misty sea,jutting wooded hills(L.T.); Around the left bankhalf a verst from the water, at a distance of seven or eight versts from one another,the villages are located(L.T.); Suddenly at the bend of the riverahead, under the dark mountains,a light flashed(Kor.); Six steps from Chelkash,pavement, on the pavement,leaning back against the bedside table, sat a young guy(M.G.); In the wide valleyto the right, to the very ridge,turned away and lost in the dull gray distance, one could see the forest(F.); Even hereacross the lake, per kilometer,along with hot air, there was a rumble and crackling(Guide.); Right here,near the barn, right on the snow,undressed(Sh.).

Depending on the meaning, the same words may or may not be considered as a clarifying circumstance. Wed:

People crowded on the road ahead(i.e. at the front of the road). - ahead,on the road,crowded people(i.e. the road itself was in front);

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is in the forest). - Far away inforest,ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest);

The children sat in a clearing between the bushes(the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadowbetween the bushes(the bushes are in the clearing itself).

Clarifying circumstances include the names of districts, regions, etc., indicating the location of towns, villages, etc., as well as indications in addresses: In the village of Uvarovka,Petrovsky district, Kaluga region,a harvest festival took place; Novye Gorki settlement, ShchYolkovsky district, Moscow region,located near Bolshevo station; Moscow, Plyushchikha street, 38, apt. 2. But: School No. 4 of the Taldomsky district of the Moscow region - non-separated inconsistent definition.

Usually, the qualifying member of the sentence limits the scope of the concept expressed by the specified member of the sentence: At the bottom,under the railway network of the air road, in the dust and dirt of the pavements,silently children play(M.G.) - clarifying members are arranged in descending gradation, i.e. the next specifies the value of the previous one. But there are cases when the qualifying term is wider in terms of the concept it expresses than the specified one: I was lying on the bed,unfamiliar mountain,and felt great weakness(P.); I heard these stories under Ackermann, inBessarabia, on the seashore(M.G.).

2. Clarifying times: I woke up lateat five o'clock in the afternoon(Ax.); We set off and wandered for a long time,until evening (T.);At noon, atclear, sunny weather,nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin(T.); It was late autumncold and gloomy day(Dost.); Once,before the eveningNogay-coachman pointed with a whip from behind the clouds to the mountains(L.T.); Now,after flood,it was a river of six fathoms(Ch.); All night long,before cock's dawn, measuredChapaev map (Furm.); Thishour, late autumn,when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty, unheated rooms(Paust.); Summer,evening dawns,a steppe golden eagle flies to the top of the mound from the undercloud(Sh.).

If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them; compare: Tomorrow insix o'clock pm,department meeting will take place. - The meeting of the department will be held tomorrow at six o'clock in the evening.

3. Clarifying circumstances of the course of action: He shook his curls and self-confidently,almost with a challengelooked up at the sky(T.); And took care of his soul solidly,lordly,and did good deeds not just, but with importance(Ch.); He is naivechildish,wiped eyes with fingers(L.T.); quiet, withfearshe said something strange to him(M.G.); She's naughtygirlish,looked up at him(Fed.); On a crooked haystack sadly,like an orphanperched a crow(F.); The women made noise all at once,with one voicewithout letting Davydov say a word(Sh.); The only way,among grass, flowers, wheat,and our river Vorsha could begin(Sol.); He was carefullyto a pink gloss on the cheeks,shaved(Ant.); Like this,casuallythe issue is not resolved.

4. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.: Another,last thing,a legend - and my chronicle is over(P.); In some places, women looked out,mostly old ladiesheads(T.); They were accompanied by a small plump little man with a phlegmatic,almost sleepyface(T.); Only narrowthree hundred fathoms,a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(L.T.); Pierre, from early morning already tucked into an awkward,made him narrow,noble uniform, was in the halls(L.T.); Passing some emptywithout residentsvillage, the squadron again climbed the mountain(L.T.); The hook-nosed rockbreaker spread his mustache and beard white, inlime,hands(M.G.); Dark red rose in the distance,raw meat colorfactory building(M.G.); A man in black came out onto the platform of a cool car -to the closed gate- gymnast(A.T.); In the distance, at the Nikolsky Gate, one could see a tall -pipe- sable boyar hat(A.T.); And they are so fresh, clean,spotless,on the ground, so that's how they lay?(Fed.); A young woman enteredseventeen years oldyoung woman(Cupr.); On the neck, tanned from a yellow tan, thick,finger,folds (Lead.); thick,guard cloth,the pants did not fit either the artisan or the farm laborer(Cat.); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,to toe,overcoats(Cat.); A minute later, three fighters, one after the other, climbed into a bluish,as if pearlyair(Cat.); The guardsmen walked to their full height, in a wide chain, along the motley -crimson, purple, green- clover field (Cat.); Tall, on the mast, a lantern helped Gleb to see its gray,unshaven, with hollow cheeks,face(Leon.); She looked with fear at her grandfather's hands in brown,clay color,senile freckles(Sh.); On tiptoe he went into the room, undressed, carefully hung up the festive ones, withstripes,trousers(Sh.); From under the steepwolf warehouse,balding forehead, he glanced around the room(Sh.); He saw on the white cap of the mound not far away a reddish-yellow, withfiery ebb,fox(Sh.); On the neighboringwithout doorsthe stained bright rooms rumbled, approaching, footsteps(Pan.); It was a village outside the city on the bare,without a tree, without a bush,low place(Pan.); The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,almost ink colorshadows(Sim.); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,stripe,shirt with elasticated sleeves(Sol.); There is a specialtechnical order,pause; The eyes were not blinded already white, withreflections of the sunset,snow; The passenger entered with the originalunder crocodile skina suitcase; Each of these phenomena has its ownunique to him,peculiarities; With herstill not shinyYou should take care of your health more.

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, that, such, each, one(in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.: Chichikov was a little puzzled by thiskind of sharpdefinition(G.); No one,neither sledge, nor human, nor animal,there was no trace(L.T.); To each,who has come and who has come,they had to find and indicate a place to stay for the night(Ch.); I wanted to distinguish myself before this,dear to mehuman(M.G.); Between them have long been established thosepurely formal,the relationship that is so common between two relatives(M.G.); Then Dasha was surprised by the “home-grown” of all this,so notoriousboldness(A.T.); Something happenedso unusual in the worldthat everything experienced, familiar seemed to waver in its power over life(Fed.); These,not always firm and slender,lines of poetry were written by a hand as hard as steel(Sim.).

But if the attributive phrase after the demonstrative pronoun closely adjoins it and does not have the meaning of clarification, then it is not separated by a comma from this pronoun (see § 18, paragraph 4).

Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating unions: irresistible,though quiet,the power drew me(T.); Actual,even if not brand newthe topic deserves attention; Sacrifice the past for oneeven dear,he did not dare to meet; It should be noted that this interestingbecause it has not yet been developed by anyone,the topic was chosen by the young researcher.

But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of clarification (semantic and intonation), then a comma is not placed after it (see § 12, paragraph 7). The distinction between these cases depends on the will of the writer.

Notes:

1. Classical writers sometimes singled out with commas as a clarifying definition the participial turnover after the homogeneous definition-adjective. For example, I. S. Turgenev: He made a biglinen covered,bath; A hundred paces from the mill was a small,open on all sidescanopy; From a specialI didn't notice at firstthe stables brought Peacock out. At present, such punctuation is rare (see § 10, paragraph 1).

2. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, more precisely, rather, otherwise etc. However, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory (more precisely, or rather, otherwise semantically equivalent to phrases to put it more precisely, to put it more precisely, to put it another way) are separated by commas: His kindnessrather,his generosity touched me - the predicate is agreed with the nearest preceding word, from which it cannot be separated by a comma; Recently,more precisely,the last issue of the journal published an article of similar content; It should be addedquicker,clarify the data provided in the report; I knew right awayrather,I felt all the charm of catching quails; arctic fox,otherwise polar fox,valued for their fur(here otherwise in the meaning of "that is"; but: The boy must be stopped in time, otherwise he will do such a thing - here otherwise acts as an adversarial union); Marriage,rather,scammers cause considerable damage to enterprises; The review gives detailed analysis economic,more precisely,financial aspects of the project; He is not vindictive and quickly forgetsquicker,even forgives the offenses inflicted on him.

A combination of words can act as a clarifying Moreover: It would be stupidity,Furthermore,madness to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend,Furthermore- admired him.

Possible clarification without introductory words: The plants were saved -watered.