Proposals with clarifying circumstances of time. Clarifying circumstance as a separate member of the sentence

One of the most difficult, in our opinion, rules in the Russian language - punctuation marks with clarifying, connecting and explanatory members of a sentence - is somewhat unfairly costed in teaching aids. Indeed, it is more useful to explain the rule for spelling "not" with parts of speech or complex sentence with several adjuncts. The rule about the use of punctuation marks with clarifying members of the sentence is pushed out, as it were, to the periphery of the Russian language. It remains only to guess why, every year, to the question addressed to the applicant: "Why is there a comma here?", Examiners hear: "This is a clarification." Moreover, this answer is "adjusted" by the applicants both for separate definitions, and for circumstances, and, most often, for applications. As regards independent written works schoolchildren, then the selection of a “clarifying” member of any level is especially successful there - from a homogeneous subject and complement to circumstances and “words similar to introductory words”. When analyzing such works, you constantly hear explanations: "This is a clarifying member." The root of the errors lies in an unsteady understanding of the essence of the clarification, and even in the construction of our manuals, replete with examples from fiction, but not teaching real Russian.

So, first of all, it is necessary to determine what clarification is, how clarification differs from attachment and clarification, which members of the sentence can be in the function of clarifying, connecting and explanatory.

"Clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one," defines the "Handbook of Punctuation" edited by D. E. Rosenthal (Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of Punctuation. - M. AST, 1997, p. 79). (In another manual by a well-known author (Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. - Ulyanovsk, Moscow, 1997, p. 239), clarifying terms are words that "clarify the meaning of words"). But, in addition to this definition, in the text of the above manual, we also find homogeneous members, which "have the nature of a specification", and "clarifying remarks" in a group of homogeneous members, and an additional "clarifying meaning" of isolated definitions; applications that explain or clarify common nouns; revolutions with the value of refinement or attachment. The very concept of "refining", "refining member" is blurred. A student studying a manual either throws out a bunch of "unnecessary notes" from memory, or extends the concept of "clarification" to any use of a double comma (after all, in each case of isolated members, he reads about additional clarifying shades of meaning). It seems, why study several pages about the isolation of definitions, if there is Magic word"clarification"?

Another problem is the examples given by the authors of the manuals. It is often almost impossible to see the difference in a "specifying" and simply isolated member. Compare: In the sky, deep blue, the silver moon was melting. And five minutes later heavy rain, cover. These are examples from different sections of the rule for separating a single definition. Separation in the first case is explained as follows: "carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence" (Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation Handbook. - M. AST, 1997, p. 49), and in the second case - as having a clarifying meaning. Another example: Then Dasha was surprised by the "home-grown" of all this, so sensational, daring. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head. In the second example, there is no clarifying meaning, in the first, from the point of view of the author, it was. How to distinguish? I don’t know about you, but, in my opinion, most high school students should formulate the following rule: “Any sentence member that I, as a writer, want to highlight can be isolated, and this can be explained either as a special semantic load, or as its clarification". Another version of the rule, perhaps more dangerous for the student: "Each rule for non-separation has a special exception - the clarifying meaning requires isolation, so I will separate it just in case - in case I miss this clarifying sense."

The second wording we came up with begins to work when completing tasks from manuals. For example, several sentences are given in which it is necessary to place signs or indicate those where there are no signs. Compare: “Two years later, in early September, I had to visit these places again. One spring, I heard a fragrant conversation between birch and bird cherry in the aroma of buds . The next day, early in the morning, I went to Kosovo. By the morning, still dark, they should be in place "(Tkachenko N.G. Tests on the grammar of the Russian language. Part 2. - M. Iris, 1998, ex. 89-91 ). Schoolchildren must decide where to put the signs and where not. True, in the reference book of Rosenthal mentioned above, it is indicated that it is the author's will to decide whether a drowning member or not. But put yourself in the place of those who test their knowledge, who did not guess the will of the author in the phrases he proposed from the works of the classics. Will they guess the will of the examiner later? So the schoolchildren begin to isolate whatever comes up and explain it by the clarifying nature of the secondary member or turnover.

As a result, we have the following extremely common mistakes in essays and presentations:

*These observations made by Belinsky are still relevant today.

* In his office, in St. Petersburg, Onegin keeps various objects that he does not need.

* In Manilov's office there was a dusty book laid on page 14.

* Once, while hunting, he managed to shoot a seasoned wolf.

In the practice of teaching the Russian language at the preparatory courses and the preparatory department of Moscow State University, the author cited such examples to the students as true ones and offered to explain the meaning of isolation. Applicants easily found explanations, the absurdity of which does not require commentary: as they were made by Belinsky; precisely in the one in St. Petersburg; exactly those that he does not need; dusty, because it is laid down, that is, it is not readable; what happened on the hunt (it's hard to imagine that you can kill a wolf during a ball!). But the need to explain the will of the authors, and not to place commas themselves, leads the guys to the search for such explanations.

It seems that the time has come to more accurately define the rule for separating qualifying members, without resorting to reforming the spelling rules.

1. A clarifying member will be considered such a member of the sentence, which, being after its syntactic counterpart, will narrow the transmitted concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.

2. The circumstances of time can be expressed in pronominal words: then, then, now. In this case, the circumstance of time that follows is isolated, since it specifies the time of action - Then, in childhood, even ice cream seemed sweeter. The next day, March 15, the final examination was scheduled.

The second circumstance of time can limit the time of the first, give it more precise and narrow boundaries. Compare: Reception of visitors on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 18.- in this case, both temporal circumstances indicate a wide time for the action. On Friday, from 11 to 11.30, there will be a distribution of coupons for free lunches. - time is limited very narrowly, which is noted both by the intonation of the sentence and punctuation. We note right away that in the first sentence we have the opportunity to indicate the narrowing of the boundaries of time - reception takes place only on Fridays, from 11 to 18. Proposals in which the second circumstance is isolated require a more careful attitude to the exact time, and not just to the general time suggestions. Every morning from 7 to 10 I visit gym . - in this phrase there is no specification in relation to the exact time, it is usually, it is this time for most people that is associated with the concept of "morning". Early in the morning, at the beginning of the sixth, Masha runs around her house. The concept of "early morning" is rather vague - for someone it is six hours, for someone it is eight, so it needs to be clarified. At rush hour, at three o'clock in the afternoon, I got stuck on Tverskaya.- unfortunately, the reality of our life is such that when we pronounce "rush hour", we specify its time. AT big cities it sometimes stretches for a day.

The circumstance of time can more accurately describe the time of the action, giving it a more detailed and even figurative description: I first came to Paris in the spring, on a sunny and warm day. In winter, on a cold and dank evening, I had to walk home for about an hour.

The isolation of the circumstances of time in other cases depends on the will of the author and on the meaning that we want to give to the whole sentence: In autumn, during a thunderstorm, it is dangerous to walk on this bridge. The phrase can be interpreted approximately as follows: it is dangerous to walk on the bridge during thunderstorms, and the strongest and longest thunderstorms occur in autumn. When writing someone else's text, you can hear the intonational emphasis of the clarifying member. The author does not recommend that schoolchildren create sentences where the clarifying meaning requires such a long interpretation, and, as far as possible, rephrase it ("during autumn thunderstorms ...").

3. The circumstances of the place can also be expressed very vaguely: there, from there, everywhere. The circumstances of the place after them will be clarifying - There, in Moscow, Tatyana found her destiny. From above, from the observation deck, the city seems to be drawn.

Often the specifying circumstance of a place will be the exact name of the place in relation to the wider area - I lived then in Spain, in Barcelona. Every summer they have a rest in Europe, in Austria. He received an apartment in the south of Moscow, in Troparevo.

Most of the circumstances of the place are isolated or not, depending on subjective, extralinguistic factors: In the yard, between the sandbox and the swing, there is a flower bed.- By the presence of a clarifying term, we know exactly the picture of the courtyard. There was a checkpoint on the road ahead.. – the speaker is also on the road.

4. The circumstances of the manner of action are specified, as they carry additional information about the manner in which the action was performed, and this information is more specific - She dressed dull, like an old lady. Only in this way, in silence, could she work.

5. Definitions are isolated if they have a more specific meaning than the specified definition (agreed), which expresses the feature in its general view. Clarifying definitions are most often called color, size, age - She was wearing a light, pale blue skirt. A young girl, about eighteen years old, entered the room.

Almost all manuals provide examples of clarifying definitions for the pronouns that, this, such. Meanwhile, in the text of the rules for separating definitions, it is noted that the attributive phrase after these words is closely adjacent to them in meaning and should not be isolated (see, for example, Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation Handbook, p. 47). And although the authors of manuals always point out the possibility of isolation with the clarifying nature of the definition, it seems to us that when teaching practical literacy, it would be possible to refuse to analyze such examples. Confused in the detection of a clarifying or non-clarifying meaning, the student makes more mistakes than could appear if he learned only one rule. Examples of isolation of definitions with demonstrative pronouns are found mainly in fiction, entirely dependent on the will of the author, and the use of such cases when writing essays and presentations by schoolchildren themselves is unlikely. In dictations, according to the already established practice, the isolation of the clarifying definition with the named pronouns can be considered as an optional sign, non-isolation, in our opinion, is preferable.

6. Formal means to highlight the clarifying member of the sentence are the words or rather, more precisely, rather, otherwise (when you can add "saying" to them), moreover. These words are isolated themselves, the qualifying member after them is not separated by commas. Thus, these words turn out to be introductory, which, in fact, is reflected in the manuals. In our opinion, duplicating them in the rule into clarifying members leads to errors when the student begins to isolate the above words together with the members of the sentence following them:

His honesty, or rather, his truthfulness, did not give him the opportunity to cheat. I immediately understood, or rather, felt my involvement in what was happening.

The word is rather not isolated in the meanings of "better to say", "better", "more willing" - He was not pleased, but rather surprised by her comment. She would rather agree to quit, but not fulfill the absurd demand of her boss.

Let us give as an example the text on which it is possible to consider different cases of isolation of qualifying members:

Typically, institutions work on holidays from 10.00 to 15.00. No one, or rather, most of the people, would prefer not to work at all on such days, because they need to put things in order in the house, prepare a festive dinner, moreover, put themselves in order. On December 31, a young unmarried secretary was on duty at the head office of the Ves Mir company, (comma is optional, given the end of the sentence, you can use a dash or do without a punctuation mark) Lidochka Sergeeva. She was supposed to send confirmations for the arrival of groups of our tourists in warm countries, Spain and Greece, to meet the holiday under the hot rays of the sun. There, at the resort, the meeting of the New Year was supposed to be a special, unforgettable holiday for someone (it can be either a homogeneous member of the proposal or a clarifying one). Lidochka visited Spain in the spring, in May, and now, in the midst of cold winter I fondly remember this trip. Today, the girl sent faxes without the usual envy, with pity. For a week now, since December 23, news programs reported an unprecedented cooling in Europe, especially in Athens and Barcelona. From here, from frozen Moscow, their minus one seems ridiculous, but they, the poor fellows, (apart from the appendix with a personal pronoun) are probably sad.

The door slammed and Lida's friend, Katya Petrova, a girl of about twenty-five, entered the room. On the occasion of the holiday, she was in an elegant, light blue dress. Usually she dressed in a businesslike way, faded and gray. From the threshold, Katya began noisily, loudly and shrillly, to tell something funny about her colleagues at work. Lida frowned: she could only work in silence, calmly and without being distracted, and did not like to participate in these stupid and meaningless (in this case, it is possible to separate definitions after "these" as an author's mark, the rules allow this) conversations. Therefore, Lidochka interrupted her friend and turned the conversation to the problems of Europe, or rather, its southern countries.

Half an hour later, at about noon, Lida, with the help of Katyusha, finished sending faxes and joined the noisy, young and cheerful crowd of her colleagues. The work for today has come to an end and the employees travel company started a joint celebration of a joyful, cheerful and beloved holiday.

The above text shows some typical cases of using clarifying members of a sentence in speech. But no less important will be the work of analyzing the writers' own mistakes. The tendency of some to excessively highlight the circumstances of time, others to the mode of action, the indistinguishability of a group of homogeneous members and a clarifying and clarifying member should be the subject of attention of teachers, school teachers and teachers of different preparatory courses. Work on such errors should be built along the path of creating individual tasks, and not texts from fiction, in which the student is faced with the need not only to apply the punctuation rule, but also to "guess" the individual will of the author.

We now turn to the rules for selection of explanatory members of the sentence.An explanation is a designation of the same concept in different words. Almost any member of the sentence and even the whole sentence can be explanatory. To introduce an explanatory member, coordinating explanatory conjunctions are used, namely, exactly, that is, or (=that is). If these conjunctions are not used in a sentence, they can be inserted. The explanatory term is set off by a comma, but may be set off by a dash, especially if it is at the end of a sentence.

Basic rule: the explanatory member of the sentence is separated by commas on both sides, together with the explanatory union. The explanatory member itself is not separated from the union.- Next week, that is, from the seventh to the thirteenth of March, I will be busy preparing for the conference. His new apartment, namely a two-level 150-meter apartment, was the envy of all his acquaintances. Between the explanatory union and the explanatory member itself, there may be introductory words and introductory constructions - His cousin, or, to be more precise, a second cousin, is the president of a large real estate firm.

Explanatory meaning often has an application. Firstly, it can be a proper name with a common noun, if before the name without changing the meaning you can insert namely, that is, and his name is - His youngest daughter, Larisa, differed from her peers in her quiet and calm character. In this case, the punctuation often depends on the meaning conveyed. For example, in the above example, it is possible to assume that the listener/reader for the first time receives information about someone's daughter or does not firmly remember her name. Or - She went to visit her sister Larisa.- it can be assumed that she has several sisters and it is important for the speaker to indicate the choice of one. If the sister is alone, we will clarify her name and put a comma. Secondly, clarifying applications become in cases where the participants in speech or objects of speech are more accurately called, and the word being defined is more general character – Both father and son were fond of fishing.

The sentence may have an explanatory member introduced without an explanatory conjunction (it can be inserted without changing the meaning). Punctuation in this case remains the same. - For this room, different, light and finely striped wallpapers would suit more than these, red and floral.

If the explanatory term is introduced without the use of the union, while it is at the end of the sentence, a dash can be used - All he wanted was to eat. He had only one dream - to see his hometown at least once. He spent more time to complete the order than the customers allotted him - three months.

If the whole sentence turns out to be explanatory, and it is preceded by the union "namely", then a colon can be used after the union - While doing homework one circumstance should be taken into account, namely: the paper should be drawn up strictly in accordance with the examination requirements.

Possible difficulties with punctuation with explanatory members are related to the following:

When using the union "or", one should distinguish between the cases of its use as an explanatory union (in the meaning of "that is") and as a dividing one (="or"). - Attaching a prefix or prefix does not affect the change in the partial ownership of the word. - here "or" is used in the meaning of "that is", introduces an explanatory term and is isolated along with it. Adding a suffix or suffix along with a prefix often changes the word's part of speech. - here "or" is used in a separating sense. Compare also: The pocket edition of the book, or pocket book, is in high demand because of the relatively low price. Publishers have not yet decided whether to publish them in pocket or regular book format.

Explanatory definitions are separated from the word being defined, but after them a comma is not put (that is, they are not isolated) - The poem "Dead Souls" shows the negative, terrible and ugly sides of Russian reality. Memories of the former broken car no longer bothered him.

Exercise . Arrange punctuation marks using the rules above.

The fourth last part of the novel "War and Peace" is unread by almost all schoolchildren.

Nectarines or a hybrid of peach and apricot is an artificially bred fruit.

There were always nectarines or peaches on the table, because those were Katya's favorite fruits.

His house was considered elite, namely, on the ground floor there was a swimming pool and a gym, in the courtyard there was a guarded parking lot only for residents and guests, each apartment had a winter garden.

From childhood, namely from the age of 11, he had the only dream of becoming a great hockey player, and then an Olympic champion.

His summer cottage of ten acres, a tiny house and a bathhouse he built on his own were the annual gathering place for all friends.

Figure skiing or freestyle is one of the most difficult, but at the same time very beautiful views sports.

This year, an enrollment has been announced for groups wishing to study Korean or Thai, as well as Persian or Farsi.

Either he decided that she would not come, decided not to meet with him anymore, or he was simply offended, but Ivan left the meeting place without waiting for the girl.

The connecting members of the proposal are those members that contain additional explanations or comments. They are entered in the middle or at the end of a sentence and are separated by commas, although dashes may be used. Usually, the adjoining term is introduced by the words even, especially, in particular, for example, in particular, moreover, moreover, and (= and moreover), and, yes, and in general, and only, including ...

Basic rule:affiliate member and connecting offer are separated by commas together with the word introducing this connecting phrase. – Everyone, especially first-year students, went to his lectures to look at the first handsome man of the faculty. He always read, even spoiled his eyesight, but he could not at all tell what he read about. Classmates laughed at him, and rightly so. His apartment was small, and, moreover, very shabby and in a non-prestigious area, so he was embarrassed to invite acquaintances there.

In order to isolate the connecting member (to highlight it from two sides), it is often necessary to consider the entire structure of the sentence. We isolate the connecting member if its removal does not violate the general structure of the sentence, and we do not separate it if the structure of the entire sentence is violated when the connecting member is withdrawn - In this novel, and in the previous one, the writer managed to create a surprisingly accurate image of our contemporary.- in this example, the removal of the connecting member will not violate the structure of the sentence. In this, and in the two previous novels, the main character was Police Major Petrova. - when the connecting member is removed, the structure is violated - "in this ... novels."

A whole sentence can act as an affiliate member: I didn't like going to school, and none of my friends are eager to learn..

By the way, the union "yes and" should be treated very carefully. It can act not only in an attached meaning, but also as a connecting one (= "and") - He went into the forest and got lost.- in this case, a comma is not placed before the union. "Yes and" can be part of the construction "took and did", which is a single predicate, so there is no comma inside the construction - After arguing with friends, Vasya took and ate the toadstool. A stable combination, inside which a comma is not placed, is the construction "no-no yes and" - Pavel no, no, yes, and he recalled his quiet life at home.

Exercise. Fill in the missing signs using the following rule:
All my classmates especially Katya support me.

I did not want to see her, and there is no need for us to meet again.

At your place great experience working with children and especially with kids, so we recommended you.

In mine and in two neighboring apartments, after the overhaul of our house, the plaster fell off the ceiling.

The most experienced athletes, including veterans, volunteered to help organize a children's sports camp.

I fell and it hurt so much that I cried.

During the week of my absence, the floor, window sills, and indeed all the free surfaces in the room were covered with dust.

In my yard, and in the neighboring yard, the hooligans broke all the benches.

Our athletes, mostly skiers, will be our hope for the upcoming Olympics.

Out of boredom, I took yes and went to the competition but unexpectedly won.

Task 2.

In the proposed text, there are isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, clarifying, connecting and explanatory members. Fill in the missing signs and explain them.

In a large clearing cleared of trees, a hare and a fox built two houses at the beginning of a long and cold winter, especially for forest animals. Of course, everyone was surprised at such a strange neighborhood, but the hare and the fox, meeting each other daily, as a result, even became friends, or rather learned not to quarrel. Of course, the fox would not mind having dinner with a bunny that settled nearby, but for the time being it tried to restrain its predatory instinct. In the mornings from seven to nine, the neighbors were engaged in clearing the area around the houses, removing the snow that had piled up during the night, after which the hare had a snack on the crispy carrots stored since autumn, and the fox, probably sniffing the pleasant smell of a young hare, ran to steal rabbits in a village located a mile or a mile and a half from the forest edge . There, in the village, the chanterelle sometimes managed, despite all the precautions taken by the housewives, to grab a chicken for dinner. The fox calmed down only after swallowing its prey and, having had its fill, went to a neighbor to chat. Satisfied with the food, she did not notice that her tomorrow's dinner might be in front of her. So the evening flew by while talking, and the fox and the hare, two sworn forest enemies, managed to finally become friends.

Now, having finished the exposition, we should move on to characterizing the main characters of the story, that is, the hare and the fox. The hare was a serious and positive animal. He built his hut from boards, mainly pine, received from beavers for their help in logging. A strong and durable hut had to stand for more than one year, and besides, starting from spring, the hare was going to start expanding it. Carrying plans for marriage, the hare could not help but understand the need to have a warm house, and especially in the cold season. Therefore, he worked tirelessly all winter, distracted only by lunch and nightly conversations with the fox. By the way, while talking with the fox, the hare thought about the time when small and fluffy hares would run around the clearing and hoped that friendly and warm relations with a neighbor would help him protect his, and not yet born, children.

Now let's talk about the neighbor, that is, the fox. The redhead cunning, as her acquaintances called her, she built her relationship with her neighbor on completely different grounds. The fact is that, having decided to save on building materials, the fox built her house from the most fragile material, that is, from ice. The animals laughed at the cunning but still stupid fox, and rightly so. All at once, with one voice, they started talking about the upcoming global warming climate and began to take bets mostly on "bunnies" when the house starts to melt. But not understanding the reasons for the giggle forest dwellers the fox repeated only one thing, namely: "The hare has a dark hut and my chanterelles are light." Although now, at the beginning of March, it became clear even to a stupid fox that it was necessary to be friends with a neighbor. Therefore, the fox began to use every evening free from her personal affairs and meetings with fox girlfriends to establish good almost family relations with a hare.

Reassured by the imaginary friendliness of a neighbor, the hare lived unperturbed until the arrival of real spring. In one such short week, the snow melted, and with it came the inevitable, and even the predictable end of the fox's house built of light marbled ice. She was cruel and did not do anything special and ask, moreover, senselessly to the houses of her even closest friends. Just going in one evening to chat with a neighbor, the fox did not begin to talk about her mostly far-fetched problems, did not ask about the plans for the life of a romantic and sentimental hare, but simply had a delicious dinner at the same time, having privatized a comfortable built with the expectation of big family house of the unfortunate victim of their predatory designs.

Applications are separated, expressed by turnovers with the meaning of exclusion, inclusion, substitution, additions, beginning with words except for, instead of, except for, apart from, except for, for example, even including, especially:. And I do not know anything tender, except birch(Lesya Ukrainian); Instead of a house, there was only a pile of firebrands, coal, garbage (Yu. Smolich); . Special place in literature for children, poetry occupies, in particular for young readers(V. Bychko)

§ 8 SEPARATE qualifying members of the sentence

clarifying isolated members of the sentence specify or explain the member of the sentence with which they are associated with one syntactic function. With clarifying words, they are associated only with intonation and in explanatory words there is, or, there is, namely toshcho.

can be separated:

1) a definition clarifying the previous definitions: . The sea is blue, even black, only white foam hits the shore(M. Kotsiubinsky). The water at such a time was almost hot, certainly warmer than the morning air, because August mornings were already showing their character (Yu. Zbanatsky)

clarifying definitions can be separated by a dash: . She had a lot of all sorts of knots with seeds - large and small - and once in a while something dried on the windows in her house.(M. Kotsiubinsky);

2) circumstances (place, time, etc.), expressed in adverbs or nouns with prepositions that clarify the previous circumstances: Another moment - and the explosion is somewhere here, very close. Clods of earth fly on her back, a tight air wave beats in her face (V. Kozachenko). Here, in this low hut, my love once lived (A. Malyshko); . It was summer, in suffering(M. Kotsiubinsky);

Note:. Often the separation of such circumstances depends on the desire of the author to emphasize their clarifying character intonation. If there is no such intonation, circumstances are not separated by commas

3) clarifying members of the sentence, join with the help of words or is, is, namely. For example. There are relatives of the field lark. Posmityukha, or crested lark, and jur bai, or steppe lark (L. Skirda); . On the. Polissya there are "vizhary", that is, swamps that never freeze(G. Demyanchuk);

4) clarifying members of the sentence, attached with the help of words even, in particular, including, especially:. AT some cities. Japan, in particular in the city. Uzumi, arrange a celebration of seeing off the cranes(magazine); . It was a pleasure for everyone, especially the winners of the competition

clarifying members of the proposal should be distinguished from homogeneous

§ 9 Punctuation marks in sentences with appeal

1. If the appeal is used at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced without an exclamatory intonation, a comma is placed after it: my weapon, serve the soldiers better than you serve sick hands (Lesya Ukrainian)

2. If the appeal is used at the end of the sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it - the sign that the intonation of the sentence as a whole requires: . Be happy and healthy, black-browed(M. Voronoi); . Get up, sun!(M. Bazhan); -Where are you now, the executioners of my people?(V. Simonenko)

3. If the appeal is used in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas: . How you love, my impetuous heart, you only live with feelings, then you rejoiced, and then calm, that sadness in you without edge and borders(V. Tkachenko)

4. If the appeal at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it, and the next word begins with a capital letter: . Youth!(V. Sosyura)

5. If there are cries about, oh, before the appeal, then they are not separated from the appeal by commas:. Oh days of winter, merge into one day!

6. If the appeal is repeated or homogeneous, then they are separated by a sign (and are written with a capital letter) or a comma:. The wind is violent. The wind is violent, drown out the poisonous sums, keep the original color;;. Mother! (3 tv. G. Chuprynki)

AT simple sentence intonation and meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning are distinguished clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and specified sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

If commas are placed between circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Long away , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, April 12th man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify general meaning pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on two sides, but on one - between the definitions.

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, costume(Saveliev).

But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of a clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which one?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).

5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

a)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- after lessons(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement after lessons, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning by equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Difference between specifying and explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing according to different reasons one or another concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: use of certain types marine plants - algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it connects homogeneous members, and a comma is not placed between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

C) Attaching members of the proposal

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:

Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - This ability for beautiful oral storytelling based on true facts many writers have. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (and- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (and- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

in) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); It occurred to me to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If a isolated member sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: Except big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).

Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

AT recent times there is a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is introductory word, so it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When do members of a sentence separate, and when not? In this article, we will deal with what separate members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, and also what rules for separation exist.

The concept of isolated members of the proposal

So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.

How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?

Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. Commas are used to separate separate members of a sentence in the text.

Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Therefore, it increases stylistic expressiveness. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.

What can be isolated in Russian?

Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.

Why is segregation necessary?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, bring concrete examples for each group.

Isolation of clarifications

First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.

When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?

1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”

2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:

• “Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
• “Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.

3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:

• “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
• “It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
• “A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”

4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

• “Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
• “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
• “Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
• “Many countries accept Russian tourists with great joy, in particular, Turkey is doing this now.”

Separation of add-ons

The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.

Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

• “He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
• “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
• “Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
• “In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
• “And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”

Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”

Separation of circumstance

Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.

1. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed participle turnover. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
2. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
3. Usually two gerunds connected by the union “and” (as well as two single gerunds) are separated as one turn. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample my own path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
4. A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”

There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

1. If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:

   - "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
   “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
   - "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
   - “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
   - "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
   - "In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby parted them in different corners."
   “Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.”

2. If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”

How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. It is easiest to start the search with gerunds, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no worse seen, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of a person's action. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.

Signs of isolation

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.

The role of isolation in Russian

Separation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to achieve attention to these fragments, they play some special role in this or that situation. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test “Isolated members of a sentence”

Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge in students of secondary educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which overflowed into sunshine(2) and went somewhere further”.

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So, what did we find out in the course of this article?

• Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
• Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
• Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.

Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.

One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

Consider two suggestions:

Clarification: In the morning, exactly at eight o'clock, the whole society gathered for tea ...(Turgenev);

Explanation: Fedor received a five, that is, the highest mark.

In the first example, the expression EXACTLY AT EIGHT AM is used to concretize, clarify the meaning of the word MORNING. Such turns are called clarifying. In the second example, the turnover THAT IS THE HIGHEST RATING serves to explain the meaning of the word FIVE. Such turns are called explanatory.

Please note that the clarifying members of the sentence must necessarily come after the word being specified. If in a sentence a word with a more specific meaning comes before a word with a broader meaning, then there are no qualifying members in this sentence. Compare two examples below.

There are new tenants on the third floor of our house.

In our house, on the third floor, there are new tenants.

Sometimes a whole chain of refinements can line up behind one member of a sentence. Consider a sentence from the novel by I. S. Turgenev, in which three circumstances consistently clarify each other.

In Nikolskoye, in the garden, in the shade of a tall ash tree, Katya and Arkady were sitting on a turf bench.(Turgenev).

The explanatory members of the sentence also always come after the explained word and are separated by commas. Errors in isolating explanatory members of a sentence are rare, since explanations are always attached to the main word with the help of special conjunctions THAT IS, OR, as well as using the words EXACTLY, IMMEDIATELY, which are easy to remember. Consider the examples below.

Rostov until the first of September, that is until the eve of the enemy's entry into Moscow, remained in the city(Tolstoy).

Not far away from us, namely in the village of Petrov, unfortunate facts occur(Chekhov).

An exercise

On the same day_ but already in the evening_ at seven o'clock_ Raskolnikov approached the apartment of his mother and sister ... (Dostoevsky).

There_ in the very corner_ below_ in one place, the wallpaper that had lagged behind the wall was torn apart ... (Dostoevsky).

Anna Sergeevna was very rare in the city_ for the most part on business_ and then not for long (Turgenev).

Half an hour later, Nikolai Petrovich went to the garden_ to his favorite arbor (Turgenev).

To the left_ in the wing_ one could see open windows in some places ... (Dostoevsky).

In the middle of the forest_ on a cleared and developed clearing_ the estate of Khorya (Turgenev) towered.

He was sitting near the forge_ on the slope above the river_ above the reach_ against the water mill (Bunin).

In the distance, closer to the grove, axes thudded dully (Turgenev).

Aristophanes was surprisingly lucky - out of his forty comedies, eleven entirely survived_ that is, more than a quarter of everything written_, while only one tenth was selected from the dramas of Euripides, the most popular in antiquity (later nine more plays were accidentally added to it), Aeschylus - about one twelfth, and Sophocles - at all one seventeenth (Yarcho).

Once in the spring_ at the hour of an unprecedentedly hot sunset_ in Moscow_ on the Patriarch's Ponds_ two citizens (Bulgakov) appeared.

True, this could not yet be said positively and definitively, but indeed lately _all over Last year _ her poor head was too exhausted not to be at least partially damaged (Dostoevsky).

In 1717, on November 12, the engine, which was in a secluded room, was put into action ... (Perelman).

On the table_ under the lamp_ lay a torn piece of an old, crumpled newspaper (Nabokov).

We meet every day at the well_ on the boulevard ... (Leromontov).

“I sprayed him! thought Chervyakov. - Not my boss_ someone else's, but still embarrassing. I must apologize" (Chekhov).

And again, as before, he suddenly wanted to go somewhere far away: there_ to Stolz, with Olga, and to the village, to the fields, in the groves, he wanted to retire to his office and plunge into work ... (Goncharov).

He was remarkable in that he always_ even in very good weather _ went out in galoshes and with an umbrella, and certainly in a warm coat with wadding (Chekhov).

On the Neva, from St. Isaac's Bridge to the Academy of Arts, there is a quiet fuss: corpses are lowered into narrow holes (Tynyanov).

Subsequently, during his southern exile, Pushkin met with Maria Raevskaya more than once in Kamenka, and in Kyiv, and in Odessa, and, possibly, in Chisinau ... (Veresaev).

August 12, 18 .. exactly on the third day after my birthday, on which I was ten years old and on which I received such wonderful gifts_ at seven o'clock in the morning_ Karl Ivanovich woke me up by hitting me with a sugar paper cracker on a stick just above my head fly (Tolstoy).

Due to poor road conditions and numerous accidents, the most dangerous was recognized federal highway Moscow-Minsk, and its most emergency section - from the 16th to the 84th km._, that is, from the city of Odintsovo to the turn to Ruza: it was here that 49% of all accidents on the highway occurred.

In Gorokhovaya Street_ in one of the large houses_ whose population would have been the size of a whole county town, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov (Goncharov) was lying in bed in his apartment in the morning.