Syntactic means of the exam. Major tropes and stylistic figures

Phrasal components, which are called figures of speech, differ. These are usually phrases or sentences.

They are expressive syntactic constructions that convey the expression of the text.

If a trope is a word with a figurative meaning (it has to do with vocabulary), then a figure is a part of a sentence that plays a certain function in it (here syntax acquires its rights).

Consider examples various figures of speech.

paraphrase- replacement of a word or phrase with a descriptive expression, turnover.

Greetings, desert corner,

Shelter of tranquility, work and inspiration.

A.S. Pushkin

The light of day has gone out;

Fog fell on the blue evening sea.

Noise, noise, obedient sail,

Wave under me, sullen ocean.

A.S. Pushkin

Inversion- a stylistically significant change in the usual word order.

Where people's eyes break off stubby,

head of the hungry hordes,

in the crown of thorns revolutions

the sixteenth year is coming.

V. Mayakovsky

Anaphora- unity of command, repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence, poetic lines or stanzas.

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slim look...

A.S. Pushkin

Epiphora The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a line of poetry.

Steppes and roads

The account is not over;

Stones and thresholds

Account not found.

E. Bagritsky

Antithesis- contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts.

I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!

G.R. Derzhavin

When in a circle murderous worries

Everything freezes us - and life is like a pile of stones,

Lies on us - suddenly God knows where

We will breathe comfort into our souls,

The past will wrap around and hug us

And a terrible load will instantly lift.

F. Tyutchev

gradation- the arrangement of words and expressions in increasing or decreasing importance.

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry …

S. Yesenin

The earth is warmed by the breeze of spring.
Yet not the beginning spring, and harbinger ,
and even more not a harbinger – hint,
What will happen,
what's next
that the time is not far off.

V. Tushnova

Oxymoron - a combination of words opposite in meaning for the purpose of an unusual, impressive expression of a new concept.

But their ugly beauty

I soon comprehended the mystery

And I'm bored of them incoherent

And deafening language.

M. Lermontov

Toy sad joy that I was alive.

S. Yesenin

Rhetorical question- a turn of speech in an interrogative form that does not require an answer.

What are you howling about, night wind?

What are you complaining about so madly? ..

Either deafly plaintive, then noisy?

F. Tyutchev

Familiar clouds! How do you live?

Who do you intend to threaten now?

M. Svetlov

Rhetorical address- an underlined appeal to something inanimate or to someone unfamiliar.

hello tribe.

Young, unfamiliar! Not me

I will see your mighty late age,

When you outgrow my friends...

A.S. Pushkin

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you in soul.

I'm always glad to see the difference

Between Onegin and me...

A.S. Pushkin

Rhetorical exclamation- an exclamatory statement.

What a summer! What a summer!

Yes, it's just witchcraft.

F. Tyutchev

Default- a figure that provides the listener or reader with the opportunity to guess and think about what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.

Every house is alien to me, every temple is empty to me,

And everything is the same, and everything is one,

But if on the way - a bush

Stands up, especially rowan...

M. Tsvetaeva

Parallelism- a similar construction of adjacent phrases, lines or stanzas.

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing .

M. Lermontov.

I came to you with greetings
Tell what Sun is up…
Tell what the forest wakes up...
Tell what with the same passion...
Tell what from everywhere
It exudes joy for me...

Ellipsis- the omission of a word that is easily recovered from the context.

The beast needs a lair

Wanderer - the road ...

M. Tsvetaeva

The rich fell in love with the poor, man - girl

The scientist fell in love - stupid,

I fell in love with ruddy - pale,

Loved the good - the bad...

M. Tsvetaeva

Parceling- intentional division of the phrase in order to enhance expressiveness, expressiveness.

Any verses for the sake of the last line.

Which comes first.

M. Tsvetaeva

"I? To you? Did you give me a phone? What nonsense!” - not understanding, said Nikitin.

Every day we are faced with a mass of means of artistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are tropes, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of every person.

What is expressiveness?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of a modern person, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

B 8. SPEECH. LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

Trails - the use of the word in a figurative sense.

List of trails

Term meaning

Allegory

Allegory. Trope, which consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image.

In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - a wolf.

Hyperbola

A means of artistic representation based on exaggeration.

The eyes are huge

spotlights.

The ultimate exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character.

Mayor with a stuffed head at Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Where, smart, are you wandering, head? (I. Krylov.)

A means of artistic representation based on understatement (as opposed to hyperbole).

The waist is no thicker than a bottle neck. (N. Gogol.)

Metaphor,

deployed

metaphor

Hidden comparison. A type of trope in which individual words or expressions come together in terms of the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. Sometimes the whole poem is an extended poetic image.

With a sheaf of your oatmeal hair

You touched me forever. (S. Yesenin.)

personification

Such an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings with the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.

What are you howling about, wind

night, What are you complaining about so madly?

(F. Tyutchev.)

Metonymy

A type of path in which words come together according to the contiguity of the concepts they denote. A phenomenon or object is depicted using other words or concepts. For example, the name of the profession is replaced by the name of the instrument of activity. There are many examples: the transfer from the vessel to the contents, from the person to his clothes, from the locality to the inhabitants, from the organization to the participants, from the author to the works.

Will take me forever, When Feather falls asleep forever, my joy ... (A. Pushkin.)

On silver, on gold ate.

Well, eat another plate, son.

Paraphrase (or paraphrase)

One of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech.

King of beasts (instead of lion)

Synecdoche

A type of metonymy, consisting in transferring the meaning of one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: a part instead of a whole; the whole in the meaning of the part; singular in the meaning of general; replacing a number with a set; replacement of a specific concept by a generic one.

All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin.); Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. We all look at Napoleons.

Comparison

A technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon.

The ice that has grown stronger on the icy river lies like melting sugar.

figurative definition; a word that defines an object and emphasizes its properties.

dissuaded by the grove

golden birch cheerful language.

FIGURES OF SPEECH

The generalized name of stylistic devices in which the word, in

unlike tropes, does not necessarily act in a figurative sense.

Term meaning

Anaphora (or one-beginning)

The repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines, stanzas.

I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slender appearance ...

Antithesis

Stylistic device of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms.

And the new denies the old so much!.. It grows old before our eyes! Already shorter skirts. It's already longer!

gradation

Graduality is a stylistic means that allows you to recreate events and actions, thoughts and feelings in the process, in development, in increasing or decreasing significance.

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.

Inversion

permutation; a stylistic figure, consisting in a violation of the general grammatical sequence of speech.

He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps.

Lexical repetition

Intentional repetition of the same word in the text.

I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry! And I forgive you, and I forgive you. I do not hold evil, I promise you, But only you, too, forgive me!

Pleonasm

The repetition of similar words and turns, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect.

My friend, my friend, I am very, very sick.

Oxymoron

A combination of opposite words that don't go together.

Dead souls, bitter joy, sweet grief, ringing silence.

Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal

Techniques used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question is asked not with the aim of getting an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader.

Where are you galloping, proud horse, And where will you lower your hooves? (A. Pushkin.) What a summer! What a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft. (F. Tyutchev.)

Syntactic

parallelism

Reception, which consists in a similar construction of sentences, lines or stanzas.

I look to the future

with fear, I look at the past with longing...

Default

A figure that allows the listener to guess and think for himself what will be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.

You'll go home soon: Look... Well, what? To tell the truth, no one is very concerned about my fate.

Ellipsis

A figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning.

We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. (V. Zhukovsky.)

A stylistic figure opposite to anaphora; repetition at the end of poetic lines of a word or phrase.

Dear friend, and in this quiet House the Fever beats me. Do not find me a place in a quiet House Near a peaceful fire. (A. Blok.)

Expressive - emotional vocabulary

Conversational.

Words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring compared to neutral vocabulary, which are characteristic of the spoken language, are emotionally colored.

Dirty, screamer, bearded man.

Emotionally colored words

Evaluative nature, having both positive and negative connotations.

Adorable, disgusting, villain

Words with suffixes of emotional evaluation.

Cute little hare, little mind, brainchild.

ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

1. Expressive use of case, gender, animation, etc.

I don't have enough air

I drink the wind, I swallow the fog...

We are resting in Sochi.

How many Plushkins got divorced!

2. Direct and figurative use of tense forms of the verb

I come to school yesterday and see an announcement: “Quarantine”. Oh, and I rejoiced!

3. Expressive use of words of different parts of speech.

An amazing thing happened to me!

I received an unpleasant message.

I was visiting her. This cup will not pass you by.

4. Use of interjections, onomatopoeic words.

Here is closer! They jump ... and into the yard Yevgeny! "Oh!" - and lighter than the shadow Tatyana jumped into the other passage.

AUDIO EXPRESSION

Means

Term meaning

Alliteration

Reception of strengthening of figurativeness by repetition of consonant sounds.

The hiss of frothy glasses And the blue flame of punch..

Alternation

Sound alternation. The change of sounds occupying the same place in a morpheme in different cases of its use.

Tangent - touch, shine - flash.

Assonance

Reception of strengthening of figurativeness by repetition of vowel sounds.

The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the dirt, in the spring I am sick. (A. Pushkin.)

sound recording

The technique of enhancing the visualization of the text by constructing phrases, lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture.

For three days it was heard how, on the boring, long road, the joints were tapping: to the east, east, east ... (P. Antokolsky reproduces the sound of wagon wheels.)

Sound-

Imitation with the help of the sounds of the language of the sounds of living and inanimate nature.

When the mazurka thundered... (A. Pushkin.)

ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES

1. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal.

When an empty and weak person hears a flattering review about his dubious virtues, he revels in his vanity, becomes conceited and completely loses his tiny ability to be critical of his actions and his person.

2. Offers with introductory words, appeals, separate members.

Probably, there, in my native places, just as in my childhood and youth, kupavas bloom in the marsh backwaters and the reeds rustle, which made me their rustle, their prophetic whispers, the poet that I became, that I was, that I will be, when I die.

3. Expressive use of sentences of various types (compound, compound, unionless, one-part, incomplete, etc.).

They speak Russian everywhere; it is the language of my father and my mother, it is the language of my nanny, my childhood, my first love, almost all the moments of my life that entered my past as an integral property, as the basis of my personality.

4. Dialogical presentation.

Well? Is it true that he is so handsome?

Surprisingly good, handsome, one might say.

5. Parcellation - a stylistic device for dividing a phrase into parts or even separate words in a work in order to give speech intonational expression by means of its jerky pronunciation.

Freedom and brotherhood. There will be no equality. Nobody. Nobody. Not

equal. Never. (A. Volodin.) He saw me and froze. Numb. Stopped talking.

6. Non-union or asyndeton - the intentional omission of unions, which gives the text dynamism, swiftness.

Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts.

People knew that somewhere, very far from them, there was a war going on.

To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest.

7. Polyunion or polysyndeton - repeating unions serve to logically and intonationally emphasize the members of the sentence connected by the unions.

The ocean was moving before my eyes, and it swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went somewhere to infinity.

I will either sob, or scream, or faint.

trails,

lexical means,

syntactic means.

Consider what specific language means are included in each group. Don't let the amount of theoretical material scare you, I'm sure you are familiar with these concepts. It is only necessary to systematize knowledge on this topic.

TRAILS:

TROPES is a generalized name for stylistic devices consisting in the use of the word in a figurative sense.

METAPHOR - a kind of allegory, the transfer of meaning from one word to another according to the similarity of signs, a hidden comparison in which there is no comparative turnover. For example: Bird cherry sprinkles with snow. (snow is like blossoming bird cherry tassels). The red sun rolled down like a wheel behind the blue mountains (the sun is like a wheel).

Meaning: increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness.

METONYMY - the replacement of one word or concept by another that has a causal or other connection with the first. For example: Here on their new waves All flags will visit us. (the metonymy "all flags" replaces the verbose expression "ships of all countries under different flags")

Meaning: reception of short expressive speech, economy of lexical means.

IRONY (pretense) - the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule. For example: Ay, Pug, know she is strong, What barks at the elephant.

Meaning: creating a comic effect.

HYPERBOLE (exaggeration) - a figurative expression consisting in an exaggeration of size, strength, beauty, etc. For example: ... the rocks trembled from their blows, the sky trembled from a formidable song.

Meaning: the figurativeness of satirical works is built on hyperbolas. Hyperbole is a source of humor, a means of ridicule.

PERSONATION - a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects and abstract concepts. For example: Evening with a blue candle a star Above my dear lit up.

Meaning: increases the emotional expressiveness of the text.

Synecdoche (generalization) - a special case of metonymy, the designation of the whole through its part. For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts.

Meaning: gives speech brevity and expressiveness, enhances the expression of speech and gives it a deep generalizing meaning.

LITOTA (simplicity) - a figurative expression that underestimates the size, strength, significance of the described object or phenomenon. For example: Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble.

Meaning: the simultaneous use of litotes and hyperbole sharply and strongly emphasizes the image being created. The stylistic device of double negation. Serves as a means to create a satirical and humorous effect.

EPITET - a figurative definition of an object or action. For example: On the shore of the desert waves He stood full of great thoughts.

Meaning: Creates a visible image of an object, phenomenon, forms an emotional impression, conveys a psychological atmosphere, mood. Characterizes, explains some property, quality of a concept, object or phenomenon; embodies the writer's worldview. An epithet in the description of nature as a means of expressing feelings, moods. Expression of the inner state of a person.

ANTONOMASIA (renaming) - a trope consisting in the use of a proper name in the meaning of a common noun, a type of metonymy. For example: in the Russian language, the use of the words Donquixote, Don Juan, Lovelace, etc., in a figurative sense, has become fixed.

Meaning: This trope is often used in journalism. It is based on the rethinking of the names of historical figures, writers, literary heroes. In fiction, it is used as a means of figurative speech.

ALLEGORY - an allegorical image of an object or phenomenon in order to most clearly show its essential features (in fables, riddles). The expression of an abstract concept or idea in a specific artistic image. For example: in fables, fairy tales, stupidity, stubbornness are embodied in the image of a Donkey, cowardice - a Hare, cunning - a Fox. The allegorical meaning can receive an allegorical expression: "autumn has come" can mean "old age has come."

Meaning: widely used in Aesopian language, a manner that reveals resourcefulness in the invention of reservations, omissions and other deceptive means. Used to bypass censorship. With the help of allegory, ideas of deep philosophical content are allegorically expressed.

PERIPHRASE or PERIPHRASE (descriptive expression) - a stylistic device that consists in replacing the usual one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a descriptive expression. For example: The lion is the king of animals. Sad time, eyes charm (instead of "autumn").

Meaning: the essential aspects, characteristic features of an object or phenomenon are emphasized.

ARTISTIC SYMBOL - figurative words that replace the name of a life phenomenon, the concept of an object with its conventional designation, reminiscent of this phenomenon and giving it a new, deep meaning. For example: Rain is a symbol of sadness and tears. The cuckoo is a symbol of a lonely yearning woman. Birch is a symbol of Russia.

Meaning: gives the word a new, deeper meaning.

LEXICAL TOOLS:

1. HOMONYMS are words that are different in meaning, but the same in pronunciation and spelling. For example, the plumbing system systematically breaks down, and the repairmen do not have any system in operation.

Meaning: give the language liveliness, expressiveness. They can give a comic coloring, ambiguity, the character of a pun. For example: A person with a good command of the language is required to apply stamps.

2. SYNONYMS are words of the same part of speech that are close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be frightened, to be afraid, to be horrified, to be afraid.

Meaning: testify to the richness of the language, serve to more accurately express thoughts and feelings.

3. ANTONYMS are words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning. For example, early - late, sleep - wake up, white - black.

Meaning: make speech bright, emotional. They serve to create contrast.

4. PARONYMS - words with the same root, similar in sound, but not the same in meaning. For example: prints and typos (have different prefixes), unrequited and irresponsible (have different suffixes).

5. COMMON VOCABULARY - words known to all speakers of Russian, used in all styles of speech, stylistically neutral. For example, spring, water, earth, night.

Meaning: denotes vital objects, actions, signs, phenomena.

5. DIALECTISMS are words belonging to a particular dialect. Dialects are Russian folk dialects, which include a significant number of original words that are known only in a certain area. For example: kochet - rooster, gutar - talk, beam - ravine.

Meaning: cause the reader to have a more vivid idea of ​​the place where the described events develop in order to characterize the character's speech.

6. PROFESSIONALISMS are words that are used in various fields of production, technology, etc. and which have not become common; terms - words that name special concepts of any sphere of production or science; professionalisms and terms are used by people of the same profession, in the same field of science. For example, abscissa (mathematics), affricates (linguistics); the window is free time between lessons in the teacher's speech.

Meaning: used in fiction and journalism as an expressive means for describing the situation, creating a production landscape, speech characteristics of a certain sphere of human activity.

7. JARGONISMS - words limited in their use by a certain social or age environment. For example, they distinguish youth (ancestors - parents), professional (nadomae - shortfall of the landing mark), camp jargon.

Meaning: jargon is used in works of fiction in order to characterize the characters and create the desired color.

8. ARGO - a dialect of a certain social group of people (originally the thieves' language - "fenya"), created for the purpose of linguistic isolation (argonisms are used as a conventional sign, as an encrypted code so that people who do not belong to this group could not understand the meaning of these words). For example: ballerina - master key; kipish - disorder, shu; nix - danger; raspberry - hangout.

Meaning: used in works of fiction with the aim of characterizing a character or creating a special flavor.

9. EMOTIONALLY COLORED WORDS - words expressing attitudes towards objects, signs, actions, etc. For example: a nag (not just a horse, but a bad horse), lie (not just tell a lie, but speak it impudently), crave (not just desire, but desire passionately).

Meaning: serve to express the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about, as well as to characterize the speaker.

10. ARCHAISMS - obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language. For example: young - young, gold - gold; eye - eye, mouth - lips, behold - see.

Meaning: serve to create the flavor of antiquity when depicting antiquity. They perform a bright stylistic role, acting as a means of creating civil-patriotic pathos of speech. They are the source of the sublime sound of speech.

11. HISTORICITY - words that served as the name of the disappeared objects. concepts and phenomena. For example: tivun - an official in ancient Russia, hryvnia - the monetary unit of Kievan Rus, lackey - a person who served in rich houses.

Meaning: they serve to create the color of antiquity, a past era, give the description of past times historical authenticity.

12.NEOLOGISMS - new words that appear in the language. For example: videophone, airbus, Internet.

Meaning: serve to denote those new concepts. which appeared in connection with the development of social relations, science, culture, technology. They are a kind of expressiveness enhancement technique.

13. BORROWED WORDS - words that came into the Russian language from other languages. For example: letter, sail, cedar (from Greek); sandwich, sprats, landscape (from German); veil, coat, taxi (from French); tenor, opera, flute (from Italian); sailor, cabin, boat (from Dutch); basketball, coach, comfort (from English).

Meaning: source of dictionary replenishment.

14. OLD SLAVYANISMS - borrowings from a closely related language associated with the baptism of Russia, the development of spiritual culture.

Peculiarities:

a) combinations RA, LA, LE, corresponding to Russian ORO, OLO, EP. For example: temper - burrows, gates - gates, gold - gold, shore - coast, captivity - full.

b) a combination of ZhD, corresponding to Russian Zh. For example: leader, clothes, need.

d) suffixes STVIE, CHIY, YNYA, TVA, USCH, YUSCH, ASCH, YASHCH. For example: action, helmsman, pride, battle, burning, bearing.

e) prefixes IZ, IS, NIZ. For example: get out, overthrow. Meaning: recreate the color of the era, give an ironic touch.

15. TRADITIONAL POETIC WORDS - a group of words that formed at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, was used mainly in poetry. The main source is Slavism. For example: breg, voice, right hand, forehead, cheeks, fire, bush, lily, roses, myrtle, hand, golden, sweet-sounding, tree, spring, daylight.

Meaning: in the past, high expressive vocabulary, without which not a single poetic work could do. In modern language, ironic use, stylization.

16. FOLK POETIC WORDS - words characteristic of oral folk poetry. For example: kid, dolyushka, path, azure, kruchina, untalented, ant, little thought.

Meaning: create an emotional impression, serve as a means of expressing the national Russian character.

17. Spoken vocabulary is words. which are used in everyday everyday speech, have the character of ease and therefore are not always appropriate in written and book speech. For example: soda (carbonated water), blond (blond, a person with very light hair), gum (chewing gum).

Meaning: in book speech, this context is given a colloquial shade. It is used in works of fiction for the purpose of speech characterization of characters.

18. SPEECH WORDS - words. expressions characterized by simplification, a touch of rudeness, and usually used to express harsh assessments. Colloquial words stand on the border of the literary language, often not desirable even in ordinary conversation. For example: head (head), dreary (unpleasant), vtemyashitsya (strengthen in the mind).

Meaning: a means of speech characterization of heroes.

19. BOOK VOCABULARY - words that are used primarily in written speech, are used in scientific papers, official and business documents, journalism. For example: hypothesis (scientific assumption), genesis (origin), addressee (person to whom the letter was sent).

Meaning: a means of speech characteristics of heroes, phenomena.

20. TERMS - words or combinations of words denoting special concepts used in science, technology, art. For example: leg, hypotenuse, morphology, conjugation, verb.

Meaning: serve for precise, strictly scientific definition of scientific and technical concepts. Used to characterize the depicted environment and language.

21. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS - stable combinations of words that usually have a holistic meaning. For example: work with your sleeves rolled up, cherish like the apple of your eye, put sticks in the wheels.

Meaning: give speech brightness and expressiveness.

22. WINGED WORDS - bright and well-aimed expressions of writers, scientists, public figures, as well as folk proverbs and sayings. For example: Not in horse food. How little has been lived, how much has been experienced.

Meaning: as a figurative means of revealing the internal appearance of the character, the characteristics of his speech manner.

23. EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE VOCABULARY - words that are evaluative in nature (as opposed to neutral vocabulary). For example: words with a positive color - valiant, radiant; words with a negative connotation - upstart, nonsense.

Meaning: the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary is associated with a specific task, a certain stylistic orientation of the text.

SYNTAX MEANS

Rhetorical address- a conditional appeal to someone in the framework of a monologue. This appeal does not open a dialogue and does not require a response. In fact, this statement is in the form of an appeal. So, instead of saying "My city is mutilated," a writer might say, "My city! How you've been mutilated!"

This makes the statement more emotional and personal.

Syntactic means can be divided into 2 groups:

1. associated with repetitions

polyunion,

asyndeton,

syntactic parallelism,

gradation

2. not related to repetitions

rhetorical question,

rhetorical exclamation,

rhetorical appeal,

parceling,

inversion,

paraphrase,

LEXICAL AND SYNTAXIC MEANS

1. Oxymoron - a technique when one concept is defined through its impossibility. As a result, both concepts partly lose their meaning, and a new meaning is formed. The peculiarity of an oxymoron is that it always provokes meaning generation: the reader, faced with a blatantly impossible phrase, will begin to “finish” the meanings. Writers and poets often use this technique to say something briefly and succinctly. In some cases, the oxymoron catches the eye (“The Living Corpse” by L. N. Tolstoy, “Hot Snow” by Y. Bondarev), in others it may be less noticeable, it reveals itself with a more thoughtful reading (“Dead Souls” by N. V. Gogol - after all, the soul has no death, the “dead green of the branches” of the Pushkin Anchar - after all, the green foliage of a tree is a sign of life, not death).

2. Katahreza is a deliberately illogical statement that has an expressive meaning. "Yes, she's a fish! And her hands are some kind of white, fish. It is clear that a fish cannot have hands; the metaphor is built on catachresis.

3. Antithesis - a sharp opposition of something, emphasized syntactically. A classic example of antithesis is Pushkin's characterization of the relationship between Lensky and Onegin:

They agreed. Wave and stone

Poetry and prose, ice and fire

Not so different from each other.

Let us note that in Pushkin the underlined antithesis is partly removed by the next line, which makes the situation ambiguous.

Secondly, analyze the list of terms listed in the task. Group them:

trails mark with the letter "T",

lexical means - "L",

syntactic means - "C".

Here's what we got (list of terms from the 2013 demo project):

1. anaphora - C

2. metaphor - T

3. hyperbole - T

4. professional vocabulary - L

5. parceling - C

6. lexical repetition - C

7. opposition - C

8. epithets - T

9. contextual synonyms - L

Thus, the scope of the search for the specified language tool has noticeably narrowed.

The task says that the first 3 means are paths.

There are 3 of them in the list: metaphor, hyperbole, epithets.

We just have to arrange them in the right order.

We recall the definitions of these language tools, re-read the examples indicated in brackets.

Compare definitions with examples.

We put the numbers in the right order: 2,8,3.

It remains to define the last language tool. To which group it belongs is not specified. Therefore, we exclude only trails from the list, because there should be no repetition of numbers.

We have 6 concepts left. Let's reread the examples. The situation becomes clearer when we turn to these proposals. We are talking about the language tool under number 6.

Mission accomplished!

2. Find words in the review text: tropes, lexical means, syntactic means.

4. Group concepts.

5. Recall the definitions of these concepts, compare with examples.

6. Arrange the numbers in the correct order.

I. Phonetic (sound writing)

II. Lexical (tropes)

III. Stylistic figures

Not all means of expression are presented in this table. In a more convenient and complete form (pdf format), you can download this topic from the links below.