Genres of journalistic style of speech. Problem essay

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.

Essay - 1. A small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). Documentary, journalistic, household. 2. General presentation of some issue. O. Russian history. ( Dictionary Russian language.)

Essay - 1) B fiction one of the varieties of the story, is distinguished by great descriptiveness, affects mainly social problems. 2) A journalistic, including a documentary, essay sets out and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation by their author. (Encyclopedic Dictionary.)

There are essays and small, published in newspapers, and large in volume, published in magazines, and entire essay books. So, at one time, essays by M. Gorky “In America” were published in the magazine. A whole book is made up of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - "Regional Weekdays". Famous books essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

So, based on the definitions of dictionaries, we can conclude that a characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events, which are discussed. It contains the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real, and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, indicates the time of action. In the essay, as well as a work of art, visual means are used, an element of artistic typification is introduced.

The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important issue.

Distinguish travel sketch, which tells about road impressions: sketches of nature, life of people, essay portrait- reveals the personality of a person, his character, and problem essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed, analyzed. Quite often, all its varieties are combined in an essay: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

1. Travel essay.

Very popular travel essay, travel sketches. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for reliable and at the same time artistic description edge, for a story about interesting people, their way of life, for reflections on life.

Travel essay, travel diary, travel notes of connoisseurs and nature lovers help us better understand the environment around us natural environment- its sounds, colors, forms, its mysterious language, to penetrate into the deep essence of natural phenomena.

2. Portrait sketch.

The hero of a portrait essay is a specific person with certain advantages and disadvantages. In a portrait essay, the author gives not only a portrait in the narrow sense of the word, but also a description of the environment in which the hero of the essay lives and works, talks about his work, interests, hobbies, and his relationships with others. All this together helps to reveal the inner world of the hero of the essay.

An external portrait is not only a description of the face, hands, eye color, hair, hairstyle, clothes, it is also a gait, gestures, mannerisms, features of voice, laughter. It is very important to say about the expression of the eyes, look, smile. It is not necessary to describe all facial features. It is enough to capture and convey the brightest, most memorable, most characteristic of a given person.

The “internal” portrait is the character of a person, his inner world: interests, habits, way of thinking, attitude to business, to people, to himself, his usual moods, behavior in different situations, his beliefs and views, feelings and experiences.

Between the external portrait of a person and his "internal" portrait, i.e. character, there is always a connection, but it must be able to notice and express. The character of a person can be expressed in a smile, voice, laughter, in movements, habitual gestures, in characteristic words and turns of speech. In order to notice and understand this connection, a person needs to be seen in different situations, to meet with him more than once, to watch him from the side. And the author of the essay is constantly looking for such linguistic means: words, speech turns, epithets, comparisons, metaphors that would allow the most complete, laconic and at the same time vividly convey the real features of the depicted person and express their attitude towards him.

For completeness and greater reliability of the portrait, the essay uses the biographical data of the depicted person, describes the situation in which the hero operates, the most characteristic and most significant (in terms of the main idea, the main idea) episodes from his life.

How to start an essay? Each author solves this question differently in each case. In the introduction, the author usually talks about something very important for understanding the personality of the hero of the essay. It should interest, intrigue the reader in order to cause a desire to read this essay to the end.

3. Problem essay.

In the center of the problematic essay are socially significant issues: political, economic, moral and ethical, etc. The author of the essay tries to intervene in solving important problems, enters into polemics with his opponents.

In this genre of journalistic style of speech, portrait sketches can be used, but the main thing here is not the character of this or that person, but his attitude to these issues, different points of view, different views. In this essay, you can also find travel notes, sketches. But they also serve as a confirmation of the author's position in the dispute, the expression of a certain point of view, one of the means of proof. An essay of this type is polemical in nature. The problem essay is built according to the type of reasoning.

The means of journalistic style (social and moral and ethical vocabulary, rhetorical questions and appeals, invocative intonations, civil pathos, etc.) are used both in fiction and in poetry - classical and modern.

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Publicistic style and its features

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) are cognate with the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech- informing, transferring socially significant information with a simultaneous impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, suggesting certain ideas, views to him, encouraging him to certain actions, actions.

Scope of publicistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism- article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logicality, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal and their corresponding language tools. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary, various types of syntactic constructions.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific discourse: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways of solving it are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, concreteness, strict validity. It also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, for journalistic speech characterized by passion, invocation. The most important requirement for journalism is public accessibility: it is designed for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

Publicistic articles by literary critics V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovieva, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by prominent Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Plevako. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. The writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, Academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defender or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory, the ability to master the word.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting internal state, human experience, etc.

In a journalistic style, the words are often used: with prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, times- (s-); with suffixes -i (ya), -qi (ya), -izatsi (ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to prefixes, all-, general-, super-.

The vocabulary of journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning words, words with a strong emotional coloring.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they are reminiscent of figurative and expressive means of the artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but the impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressiveness of the language can include epithets (including those that are applications), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (no week, no day, no minute can be lost), it can be intensified by grammatical means: the use of gradational unions and allied combinations (not only ..., but also; not only ..., but also; not only ..., how much). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial turns of speech (including vernacular); the use of literary images, quotations, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parading, puns).

The emotional means of the language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic emphasis on important words, revolutions, separate parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but with a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).

In a journalistic style of speech, as in a scientific one, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role of an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, the countries of the near abroad. In sentences, verbs in the form of the imperative mood, reflexive verbs often act as a predicate.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic constructions.

Genres of journalistic style

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.

Essay - 1. A small literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). Documentary, journalistic, household. 2. General presentation of some issue. O. Russian history. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.)

Essay - 1) In fiction, one of the varieties of the story, is distinguished by great descriptiveness, affects mainly social problems. 2) A journalistic, including a documentary, essay sets out and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation by their author. (Encyclopedic Dictionary.)

There are essays and small, published in newspapers, and large in volume, published in magazines, and entire essay books. So, at one time, essays by M. Gorky “In America” were published in the magazine. A whole book is made up of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - "Regional Weekdays". Famous books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem.

1. Travel essay.

Very popular travel essay, travel sketches. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for a story about interesting people, their way of life, for reflection on life.

Travel essay, travel diary, travel notes of connoisseurs and nature lovers help us to better understand the natural environment around us - its sounds, colors, forms, its mysterious language, to penetrate into the deep essence of natural phenomena.

2. Portrait essay.

3. Problem essay.

oral presentation

The journalistic style of speech includes not only articles, essays, reports, but also oral presentations - speeches, reports.

The main task of an oral presentation is communication, it is an opportunity to convey information to your listener, to convince him to prove his point of view.

In journalistic speeches, colloquial vocabulary, simple sentence structures, incomplete interrogative and exclamatory sentences, appeals are widely used, participles and adverbial phrases, they are replaced by subordinate clauses, homogeneous members. Oral public speech is rich in phraseological units, figurative means, in it more often than in ordinary oral speech, epithets, comparisons, metaphors are used.

In an oral publicistic speech, both commonly used vocabulary, colloquial, and socio-political ones are used. If the speech is on a scientific or technical topic, then some commonly used terms are also used.

Each of us in life more than once had or will have to speak to the audience, to prepare the performance ourselves. It's harder than retelling someone's article, speech, or book. Public speaking requires the speaker to be lively, emotional, passionate about what he is talking about, and confident in what he is saying, the ability to communicate with the public. In an oral presentation, the beginning of speech, the persuasiveness of the argument of the main idea are very important. This is of great importance in cases where the fate of a person is decided, for example, in defense and prosecution in a trial.

Report

The report is a detailed discussion, distinguished by the completeness of the disclosure of the topic and completeness. A report is the most complex and responsible form of oral presentations. In it, as in other oral statements, one can single out the main thesis, the main position that needs to be revealed, proved, and private theses.

The basics of building a report, the requirements for it, are set out earlier (see "Oral presentation"). However, the report, unlike other types of oral presentations, has its own characteristics:

1. The report, like any speech, is prepared in advance. Briefly, in the form of a thesis, each position is outlined. The general thesis is confirmed, revealed by private theses. Evidence is selected for each thesis: facts, examples, figures. The necessary conclusions and generalizations are thought out in advance.

2. Depending on the main idea, the main thesis, the tasks and goals that are set in the report, a speech is built: where to start, how to capture the attention of the audience, how to win over the skeptical part of it and try to convince what you will speak. “For the success of a speech, the course of the lecturer's thoughts is important,” wrote A.F. Koni. - If the thought jumps from subject to subject, is thrown, if the main thing is constantly interrupted, then such speech is almost impossible to listen to. It is necessary to build a plan in such a way that the second thought follows from the first, the third from the second, and so on. or that there should be a natural transition from one to the other.”

3. The report wins if some problems are put before the listeners and they are immediately solved either by the speaker himself or together with the listeners.

4. A report is well received if it somehow touches on the life, interests, problems of the audience you are speaking to, its current concerns or anxieties, perspectives and expectations.

5. Speaking with a report, you can use abstracts and working notes. The specific situation during the performance requires special words and sometimes restructuring the entire performance. Therefore, it is important not to lose the main train of thought, the logical connection between theses, proposals, to prepare logical transitions in advance, to have examples and arguments in stock.

genre journalism style speech

Discussion

One must be able not only to make reports, report, take and give interviews, but also to participate in the discussion of messages, reports of other persons, in dialogues, disputes and discussions on emerging problems, to be an opponent (i.e. to make an objection) on this or that another question. What is important for this?

1. It is necessary to try to argue, to object to argumentation, to prove the truth with scientific, economic justification, to convince not by the power of the voice, but by facts.

2. Turn the defense of views (your own or the speaker, if you support him) into an offensive.

3. Do not get involved in empty polemics and do not give others a reason for such polemics.

4. Find the courage to admit that the enemy of your idea is also right.

5. Try not to resort to the means used by an unscrupulous opponent (distortion of facts, statements, avoidance of the main thing).

Newspaper

Speaking about the journalistic style of speech, one cannot ignore the materials of the newspaper, which is one of the most mass media communications, i.e. communication.

One of the important functions of a newspaper is information. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible is also reflected in their speech embodiment.

For a modern newspaper, analyticity, evidence of presentation, and a confidential tone of conversation have become more characteristic.

But the newspaper is called upon to educate the masses. Therefore, it also performs a popularization function: it reports on new scientific discoveries, new technology, economic and medical problems, forgotten or newly meaningful facts of history.

The vocabulary of the newspaper is characterized by the use of a large number of adjectives and nouns of an evaluative nature, metaphors, phraseological turns, terminological words and expressions (necessarily commented), colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, foreign borrowings.

In syntax newspaper materials relatively simple constructions, an abundance of unusual phrases (especially in headings), the use of a relaxed dialogue form are noted; the use of present tense verbs in the meaning of the past or future.

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Presentation on the topic: genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

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Just like fiction, journalism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is huge. The genres of journalistic style include the speeches of lawyers, speakers, press appearances (article, note, reportage, feuilleton); as well as travel essay, portrait essay, essay. Today we will dwell in detail on the features of the essay genre and its varieties. Publicism, which is called the chronicle of modernity, since it reflects the current history in its entirety, is addressed to the topical problems of society: political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., is close to fiction.

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The word "essay" came into Russian from French and historically goes back to the Latin word exagium (weighing). French ezzai can be literally translated by the words experience, trial, attempt, sketch, essay. This is a prose work of small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously does not claim to be a defining or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

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The main task of an essay is to convey information or explain something. The essay accomplishes this task through direct authorial utterance, which means that neither the characters nor the plot are created in the essay. Typically, an essay involves a new, subjective opinion about a situation and can be philosophical, journalistic, critical, popular science, and others.

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Having a specific topic or issue. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems, by definition, cannot be performed in the essay genre. Some features of an essay An essay expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a particular issue and does not pretend to be a defining or exhaustive interpretation of the subject. As a rule, an essay involves a new, subjectively colored word about something, such a work can have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary-critical, popular science or purely fictional character. The content of the essay evaluates, first of all, the personality of the author - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

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The topic of the essay should serve its purpose - to encourage reflection. It can be a controversial thesis, or a well-known saying. Therefore, the wording of the essay topic usually contains a question and a problem, for example: “Is mercy and compassion necessary in the modern world?” or “Kindness… What is it?” Essay topic

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In an essay, an object or phenomenon serves as a pretext for the thoughts of the writer. Or the writer walks in circles around a particular topic, as if “weaving” or “web” of the story. This quality can be observed by analyzing the names. Often the preposition “O” appears in them, since the title only approximately reflects the content of the work, or is the initial point for the author’s reasoning, or is not directly related to the topic of the essay. It is no coincidence that the presence of unions "HOW", "OR". (“On conscience”, “On the nature of the word”, “How to read a book”). An essay can be devoted to philosophical and historical issues, critical and literary issues, autobiographical facts and much more.

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An essay can be embodied in various literary forms: a moral sermon, an article, a diary, a story, a confession, a speech, and many others. Using their capabilities and crossing genre boundaries, the essay retains its genre independence. ("Confession young man"," A Sketch of the Knowledge of a Prose Writer, "An Unsent Letter from an Actress").

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1. Title page (used mainly in student essays). 2. Introduction essay. The essence and justification of the chosen topic. At this stage, it is necessary to formulate a question that will be answered in the course of writing an essay. In addition, it is important to determine the relevance of the topic and the terms necessary for its disclosure 3. The main part of the essay. Statement of the answer to the main question. This part contains an analysis of the available data and the argumentation of the author's point of view. Depending on the question, the analysis can be carried out on the basis of various philosophical categories, for example: cause - effect, form - content, part - whole, etc. Each paragraph of your essay should contain only one complete thought. 4. Conclusion of the essay. Summarizing the conclusions already made, summing up the general results. In addition, you can repeat the main points of the essay once again, make an illustrative quote, or end the essay with sublime notes. Essay structure

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The structure of the essay is determined by the requirements for it: The thoughts of the author of the essay on the problem are presented in the form of brief abstracts (T). The idea must be supported by evidence, so the thesis is followed by arguments (A). Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experience, scientific evidence, references to the opinions of scientists, etc. It is better to give two arguments in favor of each thesis: one argument seems unconvincing, three arguments can "overload" the presentation, made in a genre focused on brevity and figurativeness. Essay structure Thus, the essay acquires a circular structure (the number of theses and arguments depends on the topic, the chosen plan, the logic of thought development): introduction thesis, arguments conclusion.

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The introduction and conclusion should focus on the problem (in the introduction it is put, in the conclusion - the opinion of the author is summarized). It is necessary to highlight paragraphs, red lines, establish a logical connection between paragraphs: this is how the integrity of the work is achieved. Presentation style: the essay is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, artistry. Experts believe that short, simple sentences of various intonations, skillful use of the "most modern" punctuation mark - a dash - provide the proper effect. However, the style reflects the characteristics of the individual, it is also useful to remember this. When writing an essay, it is also important to consider the following points: Classification of essays In terms of content, essays are: philosophical, literary-critical, historical, artistic, artistic-journalistic, spiritual-religious, etc.

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1.Small volume. There are no hard and fast boundaries, of course. Essay volume - from three to seven pages of computer text. 2. A specific topic and its emphatically subjective interpretation. The topic of an essay is always specific. An essay cannot contain many topics or ideas (thoughts). It reflects only one option, one thought. And develops it. This is the answer to one question. Essay features

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3. Free composition - important feature essay. The researchers note that the essay, by its nature, is arranged in such a way that it does not tolerate any formal framework. It is often built contrary to the laws of logic, obeys arbitrary associations, and is guided by the principle "Everything is the other way around." 4. Ease of narration. It is important for the author of an essay to establish a trusting style of communication with the reader; in order to be understood, he avoids deliberately complicated, obscure, overly strict constructions. The researchers note that a good essay can only be written by someone who is fluent in the topic, sees it from different angles and is ready to present the reader with a non-exhaustive, but multidimensional view of the phenomenon that has become the starting point of his reflections.

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5. Propensity for paradoxes. The essay is designed to surprise the reader (listener) - this, according to many researchers, is its mandatory quality. The starting point for reflections embodied in an essay is often an aphoristic, vivid statement or a paradoxical definition that literally pushes together at first glance indisputable, but mutually exclusive statements, characteristics, theses. 6. Internal semantic unity. Perhaps this is one of the paradoxes of the genre. Free in composition, focused on subjectivity, the essay, at the same time, has an internal semantic unity, i.e. consistency of key theses and statements, inner harmony arguments and associations, the consistency of those judgments in which the personal position of the author is expressed.

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7. Focus on colloquial speech. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid using slang, formulaic phrases, word abbreviations, and an overly frivolous tone in the essay. The language used when writing an essay should be taken seriously. So, when writing an essay, it is important to determine (understand) its topic, determine the desired volume and purpose of each paragraph. Start with a main idea or catchy phrase. The task is to immediately capture the attention of the reader (listener). Comparative allegory is often used here, when an unexpected fact or event is associated with the main topic of the essay.

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1. A mandatory formal requirement of this work is the title. The rest: content, way of presenting thoughts, posing a problem, formulating conclusions, etc. - written at the discretion of the author. 2. The main requirement of a meaningful nature is the statement of the author's view of the problem under consideration. Options are possible here: a comparison of already known points of view and the opinion of the writer, or only the expression of the author's subjective thoughts on the issue under consideration. General recommendations:

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3. As a means artistic expressiveness when writing an essay, the use of various metaphors, associations, comparisons, aphorisms, drawing parallels and analogies, etc. is encouraged. The liveliness and dynamism of the text of an essay is usually given by questions, unexpected transitions, and unpredictable conclusions. 4. When writing an essay, phrases such as "In this essay I will talk about ...", "This essay addresses the problem of ...", etc. should be avoided. It is much better to replace them with questions, posing a problem or addressing the reader, because the main purpose of the essay is to interest the reader, convey the author's point of view to him, make him think about what he has read, and draw his own conclusions on the issues under study. The main thing when writing an essay is to express YOUR point of view.

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Dictionary. Essay - 1. a small literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant).2. General statement of a question. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Essay - 1. in fiction, one of the varieties of the story, it is distinguished by great descriptiveness, it mainly affects social problems. 2. journalistic, including documentary, essay sets out and analyzes various facts and phenomena of public life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation by their author.

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There are essays and small, published in newspapers, and large in volume, published in magazines, and entire essay books. So, at one time, essays by M. Gorky "In America" were published in the journal. A whole book is made up of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - "District Weekdays". Books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin are known.

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The travel essay, travel sketches are very popular. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for a story about interesting people, their way of life, for reflection on life. A characteristic feature of the essay is the documentary, the reliability of the facts and events in question. It calls the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real, and not fictional places of events, describes the real situation, indicates the time of action, the essay, as in a work of art, uses expressive means, and introduces an element of artistic typification. The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem. There is a travel essay, which tells about travel impressions: sketches of nature, people's life are given. A portrait essay reveals a person's personality, his character, and a problematic essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Quite often, all its varieties are combined in an essay: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

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(Description of the hero’s appearance; a story about his business, profession, creativity; individual facts of the biography; description of the character traits of the hero of his speech; episode (or several episodes that reveal the main thing in the hero.) What did you learn from the essay about the Russian writer, master of oral story Heraclius Andronikov? How do you imagine this person? What do you think, what are the main parts of the essay?

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As the beginning of the essay, a description of the appearance of the hero, a description of the scene of action, a description of the environment can be used. The beginning can also be narrative, if the author decides to start the essay with some episode that vividly characterizes the personality of the hero. Everything depends not only on the writing style, but also on the tasks that the author solves in his essay. How to start a portrait essay? An essay is a genre form in which the author's "I", the image of the author (his attitude to reality, to the subject of the image) acts as the engine of plot development, the main organizing factor of the material. Essays can be more or less restrained, strict in terms of the degree of self-expression, in tone (this depends on individual taste and manner), but a close connection between the presentation and the author's "I" remains an obligatory feature of the genre. What do you think is the place of the author's position in a portrait essay?

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What is the place of the author's position in the essay? Let's repeat What genres of journalistic style do you know? What is an essay? What is the nature of the problem essay? What type of speech is used to build a problematic essay? What is a travel essay? Give examples. What is the difference between a portrait sketch and a portrait description in a work of art?

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Topic: genres of journalism. Essay (travel, portrait, problem).

The purpose of the lesson : at deepening and development of ideas about the genres of the journalistic style of speech; improving text analysis skills, teaching how to write a portrait essay.

Lesson objectives:

to distinguish between texts of different styles of speech, to know the signs inherent in each style of speech;

analyze the text of journalistic style in terms of style, type and genre of speech;

determine the types of speech;

determine the topic, idea and problem of the text;

be able to express their position in relation to the formulated problem, to give arguments;

Organizing time.

Hello guys and dear guests!

What is your mood? You will probably agree with me that only in a good mood can you work creatively and interestingly. Smile! Wish each other good luck.

Write down the number in your notebooks, class work

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Knowledge update.

We all watch TV, read newspapers and magazines. But do we always think about what style we can attribute to what we hear, read, see? (Journalistic style)

Where is the publicistic style used? (Scope of application).

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Why do you think the genre is called that? (works for the public)

What is the meaning of this word? (1. Persons who are as visitors, spectators. 2. People, society).

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Repetition and deepening of previously studied material.

1. Conversation

name functions journalistic style.

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2. There are cards in front of you.Write down the genres of journalism

elegy, ballad, romance, feature article, tragedy, sonnet, story, feuilleton, epigram, short story, story, poem, interview, ode, fable, comedy, essay, article, satire.

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3. And now let's formulate with you topic lesson and write in a notebook .

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4. What goals will we set for ourselves ?

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5. Underline in the list of topics only those problems that are the subject of discussion in the journalistic literature. .

Construction of complex sentences ; problems associated with man-made disasters ; presidential elections; solution linear equations; combination of chemical elements; city government work; rating of contemporary music performers; use of scuba gear for underwater repairs; literary analysis of the text.

SLIDE #8 CHECK!!!

IV new material

1.C teacher's catch

Publicism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it reflects the current history in its entirety, addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., and is close to fiction. Publicism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is huge. The genres of journalistic style include the speeches of lawyers, speakers, press appearances (article, note, reportage, feuilleton); as well as travel essay, portrait essay, essay. Let us dwell in more detail on the LATEST genres. First of all, they interest us because we need them in our work: school essays are often written in this genre.

SLIDE #9

PHYS C U L T M I N U T K

2. Working with the textbook

So what is an essay?

What is an essay ? (According to the materials of the textbook p. 272.)

Let's look at some features of the essays.

track (p.272,273,275)

portrait (p.280,285)

problematic (p. 287)

Have you met with these genres of journalism?

3. Group work. (Material from Ryazan newspapers)

Read the essays and identify their genre. Prove it.

(groups report on the work, naming character traits essay that was analyzed).

What style features of the essay can you note?

SLIDE №10

The essay deals with a variety of issues of public life: political, economic, scientific, social, everyday, etc. For thisgenre is characterized by documentary, authenticity, problem statementand options for its resolution.

But after all, the journalistic genre is also distinguished by linguistic means. What?

SLIDE №11

The essay includes both the facts of reality, and artistic images, and the thoughts of the author, who not only describes, describes the phenomenon, but also gives him his own assessment. Artistic images, which are necessarily present in the essay, bring it closer to the artistic style of speech. With their help, the author makes generalizations, goes beyond the limits of momentary documentary. Thus, the essay is usually destined for morelong life than, for example, reportage (operational reporting of any facts of reality).

Application of knowledge and skills

On your tables you see the text of Viktor Sergeevich Rozov. He is a famous Russian playwright, a participant in the Great Patriotic War. In sharply conflicted plays mainly about the youth of the second half of the 20th century (“In Search of Joy”, “Traditional Gathering”, “Forever Alive”, based on which one of the best films about Patriotic war“The Cranes Are Flying”, etc.), he raises questions of morality, civic responsibility, recalls the traditions of the Russian intelligentsia. Check out his thoughts on what happiness is.

Happiness

(1) People want to be happy - this is their natural need.

(2) But where is the very core of happiness? (3) I will notice right away that I only reflect, and do not utter truths, which I myself only aspire to. (4) Is it hidden in a comfortable apartment, good food, smart clothes? (5) Yes and no. (6) No - for the reason that, having all these shortcomings, a person can be tormented by various spiritual hardships. (7) Does it lie in health? (8) Of course, yes, but at the same time, no.

(9) Gorky wisely and slyly remarked that life will always be bad enough so that the desire for the best does not die out in humanity. (10) And Chekhov wrote: “If you want to be an optimist and understand life, then stop believing what they say and write, but observe for yourself and delve into it” (11) Pay attention to the beginning of the phrase: “If you want to be an optimist ...” (12 ) And yet - "understand yourself."

(13) In the hospital, I lay plastered for almost half a year on my back, but when the unbearable pains passed, I was cheerful.

(14) The sisters asked: “Rozov, why are you so cheerful?” (15) And I answered: “What? It’s my leg that hurts, but I’m healthy.” (16) My spirit was healthy.

(17) Happiness lies precisely in the harmony of the individual, they used to say: "The Kingdom of God is within us." (18) The harmonic structure of this “kingdom” largely depends on the personality itself, although, I repeat, the external conditions of a person’s existence play an important role in its formation. ((19) But not the most important. (20) With all the calls to fight with the shortcomings of our life, which have accumulated in abundance, I still, first of all, highlight the struggle with myself. (21) You can’t wait for someone to come from outside and will make you a good life.(22) You must enter the battle for the "honest little" in yourself, otherwise - trouble.

(V. Rozov)

- Define text style, text type and speech genre.

(The style of speech is journalistic, the type of speech is reasoning-thinking, the genre is a problematic article)

- Prove. (students prove)

- Determine the topic of the text(the theme of the text is happiness).

Main problems:

1) the problem of happiness (what is human happiness? What is the ratio of internal and external attributes of happiness?);

2) the problem of harmony (who or what can make a person happy?)

(Happiness consists not only and not so much in material attributes; to be happy, one must constantly work on oneself.)

- Formulate your opinion on the problem posed by the author of this text, give arguments in defense of your position

Homework

Collect material for an essay about your comrade, friend or adult, already working person (Ex. 425).

vocabulary work

Write the words in your notebook and explain them lexical meaning.

Controversy, discussion, dispute, dialogue, dispute, opponent, proponent.

What word is new to you?

Opponent - is the one who disputes the thesis.

Proponent - one who puts forward and defends a thesis .

Reflection

"Today's lesson for me..."

Students are given a card in which they need to underline the phrases that characterize the work in the lesson in three areas.

	I am in class
1.Interesting	1.Worked	1.Understood the material
	2.Rested	2. Learned more than I knew
3.Don't care	3. Helped others	3. Didn't understand

Thank you for the lesson!

Genres of journalistic style

- certain "relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types" of works "( MM. Bakhtin) operating in the media. Usually there are three groups of genres: informational (note, reportage, interview, report); analytical (conversation, article, correspondence, review, review, review) and art-public. (essay, essay, feuilleton, pamphlet). In the listed genres, those features and characteristics that the function contains are realized. style.

Journalistic texts perform two main functions: the communication of information and the impact on the mass addressee. The complex stylistic picture of this style is due to the duality of its functional nature. This dual unity predetermines the main stylistic principle of journalism, which V.G. Kostomarov calls unity, conjugation of expression and standard. The first, informing, function is manifested in such style features as documentary, factual, formal presentation, objectivity, restraint. Another, influencing, function is determined by open, social appraisal (see. social appraisal) and the emotionality of speech, appeal and polemic, simplicity and accessibility of presentation. Information genres are more characterized by the function of the message, while analytical genres are characterized by the function of impact.

However, these features in different genres give rise to many variations. The expression of the author's principle is modified in genres. For example, the genre of a note does not imply an open manifestation of the author's presence, while in the genre of reportage, an event is transmitted through the author's perception of it. The action of the constructive principle is variable in different genres. So, for example, expression increases from informational materials to artistic and journalistic ones, while, accordingly, the standard is reduced.

As a result of such differences, some researchers deny the unity of newspaper-publics. style and consider the public. only analytical and artistic-public. texts, excluding from the number of publics. informational texts However, this approach seems to be inappropriate. One cannot but agree with the statement: “At the heart of the distinction between the concepts of journalistic style and the language of journalism lies a narrow understanding of style, in which the ratio of the named units turns out to be more quantitative than qualitative. A broader interpretation of style, taking into account two types of indicators (intralinguistic and extralinguistic - ed.), turns out to be preferable, since it allows one to characterize linguistic entities in detail and thereby establish their similarities and differences, as well as specific features in their composition" ( I.A. Veshchikova, 1991, p. 24). Consequently, not only analytical and artistic-journalistic, but also informational texts are journalistic: "The long-standing dispute - whether news information is journalism - is meaningless: any message published in the media, designed for a certain perception by the audience and bearing the stamp of the author's personality, - publicistic" ( Kreuchik, 2000, p. 141). Thus, despite the fact that stylistic differences between genres can be quite significant, this does not contradict the idea of the unity of journalistic style. On the contrary, the function style "sets the general setting for the use of language tools and the way of speech organization" ( G.Ya. Solganik), therefore, without such a general approach to the study, which allows us to implement the concept of funkts. style, it is impossible to reveal the characteristic features of individual genres. But, on the other hand, it is possible to reveal the features of the functional style as a whole only as a result of a thorough study of the specifics of its genre implementation.

Consider the stylistic features of the most common genres of newspaper journalism.

Chronicle- a genre of news journalism, a secondary text, which is a collection of messages stating the presence of an event in the present, near past or near future. A chronicle message is a text of one to three or four sentences with the general meaning "where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen." The main indicators of time are the adverbs "today", "yesterday", "tomorrow", allowing you to correlate the event with the date of the message about it. The timing signal can be implicit: meaning " just now, soon" is given by the genre itself, its ascertaining content. In the same way, the indication of the place can be implicit, for example, in the chronicle of city events there is no need to mention the name of the city in each message (an expression like " Bike ride today" will be clearly understood as " take place in our city", if there is one or two more sentences in the message, a more specific indication of the place of action may appear). The presence of an event is fixed by an existential verb in different forms(has taken place, will take place, is open, planned, is happening, is going to, will gather, is working, etc.). Typical formulas at the beginning of the newsreel: "An exhibition opened in Moscow yesterday", "Today a meeting is taking place in Yekaterinburg", "Tomorrow an opening will take place in Perm".

A selection of chronicles is compiled on a thematic or temporal basis, for example: "Crime Chronicle", "Actual", "Official Chronicle", "News in the middle of the hour" etc. The heading is very often the title of a rubric and goes from issue to issue, from issue to issue.

The X genre is used in all media, i.e. in newspapers, radio and television. In the form of this genre, announcements and conclusions of television and radio news are made out. Ascertaining messages are often introduced into the heading of newspaper materials, so a newspaper page can be read as a kind of scattered chronicle, fixing the main current events.

Reportage- in the narrow sense of the word, this is a genre of news journalism in which the story of the event is conducted (in the electronic media) or, as it were, is being conducted (in the press) simultaneously with the deployment of the action. In radio and television reporting, all means that convey the presence of the speaker at the scene of the event are used in a natural way, as the only possible ones, for example: "we are in the hall of the regional museum", "now the rescuer is attaching the ladder", "right in front of me" etc. In writing the same means are used to simulate the simultaneity of an event and a story about it: this is the crust. tense of the verb combined with the perfect, such as "I see that the lifeguard has already gone up to the third floor", elliptic and one-part sentences ( we are on a rocky plateau, it's cloudy today), the author's "I" or "we" in the sense of "I and my companions".

R.'s composition provides for the fixation of the natural course of an event. However, very few events, and even then only in electronic media, are transmitted in real time from beginning to end (a football match, a military parade, the inauguration of the President). In other cases, time has to be compressed by selecting episodes. This raises the problem of editing episodes. A complex event consisting of a series of parallel actions such as the Olympics is transmitted in real time as a sequence of episodes of different actions, for example: "now the Russian gymnasts are doing floor exercises, they are going on the carpet ...", "and now we are being shown the performances of the Romanian gymnasts on the uneven bars". In the recording, the event is also transmitted as a sequence of edited episodes, due to editing here you can achieve clear emphasis on important points events and expand the author's commentary. The written text, in principle, is not able to reflect the event as a whole, so the author of the report has to state only the brightest episodes of the event, trying to convey this brightness in a word by selecting the most significant details. And the greater the role of montage, the more and more the possibility of including a detailed and detailed author's commentary in the text increases, as a result of which a special kind of genre may appear - analytical R. Such a text is an alternation of reported fragments of an event and various kinds of commentary inserts, reasoning, which, however, should not obscure the moment of the journalist's presence at the scene of the event from the reader. The reporter can entrust the commentary to a specialist - a participant in the event, then an element of an interview appears in the report about the current event as a whole or about its individual moments. This is an important way of dynamizing the presentation, enriching the content and form of the text. With the help of linguistic means, the addressee can be involved in the presentation, for example: "we are with you now ...".

In modern journalism, a report is often called a text of an analytical nature, which emphasizes the active actions of the journalist, taken by him to clarify the issue, even if there are no attempts by linguistic means to create the effect of the presence of the speaker on the scene. Such a work includes interviews with specialists, presentation and analysis of documents, often with a message about how the author managed to obtain them, stories about a trip to the scene, about meetings with eyewitnesses. Since R. assumes the active actions of the author, the compositional core is the event elements, although the content of the text is aimed at analyzing the problem. This technique of dynamization in the presentation of the problem enriches the arsenal of ways to present analytical material to the reader.

Interview- multifunctional genre. These may be news journalism texts, i.e. a dialogic form of presenting a just-accomplished or current event. These can be analytical texts representing a dialogical discussion of the problem. All these works that are far from each other in content (how far the note is from the article) are united by only one thing - the form of dialogue that the journalist conducts with an informed person.

"News", informational I. meaningfully is a short or extended note, i.e. it states the event and gives brief information about its details. The journalist asks questions about some details of the event, and the informed person answers them briefly.

Analytical I. - a detailed dialogue about the problem. The journalist in his questions asks different aspects of its consideration (the essence, causes, consequences, solutions), an informed person answers these questions in detail. The role of the journalist is by no means passive. His knowledge of this problem helps him to raise questions on the merits and thus participate in the formation of the concept of the text, in the formulation of theses, which are formed from the premise of the journalist's question and the interlocutor's answer.

Between the described extremes there is an infinite number of I., different in subject matter, in volume and quality of information, in tone, etc. For example, in all media, portrait interviews and interviews are popular, combining characterization of the face and disclosure of the problem (the hero against the background of the problem, the problem through the prism of the character of the hero).

I. in electronic media is a dialogue that implements the patterns of public spontaneous speech. From the side of a journalist, this is a combination of questions prepared and freely arising in the course of a conversation; expression of response evaluation, lively, often very emotional reaction to them (agreement, disagreement, clarification, etc.); statement own opinion on the topic under discussion. The journalist makes sure that the interlocutor does not deviate from the topic, explains the details (including terms) that could be incomprehensible to listeners or viewers. On the part of the interviewee, this is a deep awareness of the problem, which ensures the formation of the content side of speech, the spontaneity of which is manifested only in the unpreparedness of a specific form of answer. The answer is built in accordance with the current conversation, depends on the form of the question, on what was said earlier, on the momentary remark of the journalist. At the level of form, all the features of dialogic spontaneous oral speech are manifested: a special rhythm provided by syntagmas close in length, pauses, word search, incompleteness of syntactic constructions, repetitions, picking up replicas, repeated questions, etc.

I. in the press is a written text that conveys an oral dialogue and retains some signs of spontaneous oral speech. For example, at the junction of replicas, the structural incompleteness of the second replica is preserved, the repetition of the first replica, the use of demonstrative pronouns, the meaning of which is revealed in the previous someone else's replica. Inside the replicas, moments of searching for a word, understatement, etc. are saved.

I. very often is an integral part of a journalistic text of another genre: reportage, article, essay, review.

Article- an analytical genre in which the results of the study of an event or problem are presented. The main stylistic feature of the genre is the logical presentation, the reasoning that unfolds from the main thesis to its justification through a chain of intermediate theses with their arguments or from premises to conclusions, also through a chain of secondary theses and their arguments.

In terms of language, at the level of syntax, there is an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: unions, introductory words logical nature, words and sentences denoting the type of logical connection, such as "let's give an example", "consider the reasons", etc. At the level of morphology, the genre is characterized by grammatical means that allow expressing the formulation of patterns: the present abstract, singular with a collective meaning, abstract nouns. At the level of vocabulary, there is the use of terms, including highly specialized ones with explanations, as well as words that name abstract concepts. Thus, language means are used to formalize the result of the author's analytical activity, which reveals the patterns of development of the phenomenon, its causes and consequences, and its significance for the life of society.

Public. S., however, is not scientific. articles. These are works of various forms. The main sources of variation in the form of newspaper writing are the composition and stylistic orientation of the text. S. can be built as a reasoning from thesis to proof or from premises to conclusions. Compositionally, C. enrich various inserts in the form of clearly written episodes of the event, included as factual arguments and reasons for reasoning, or in the form of a mini-interview, which also performs an argumentative function, compare, for example, the argument "to authority".

S. are especially diverse in stylistic orientation. S., focused on the scientific style, maintain this orientation most often only in terms of the logical content of the text. Reasoning in them can be emotionally colored. In accordance with the general bookish nature of the presentation, figures of oratorical syntax appear, but not for the sake of forcing pathos, but for the sake of emphasizing thoughts. Book emotional-evaluative vocabulary is also included.

Orientation to razg is widely used. style. At the same time, the number of techniques that imitate friendly, interested oral communication with the reader on a serious issue sharply increases in S. In the syntax, constructions appear that imitate colloquial speech: unionless proposals, transmitting causal relationships, colloquial type of attachment. Decrease the length of sentences. The text is saturated with colloquial vocabulary expressing an emotional assessment of the subject of speech.

Analytical speeches of a critical nature can combine oratorical syntax and irony, elements of colloquial syntax and reduced emotional and evaluative vocabulary, comic techniques (puns, parody of famous texts, etc.).

Feature article– artist-public. a genre that requires a figurative, concrete-sensual representation of a fact and a problem. Thematically, the essays are very diverse: they can be, for example, problematic, portrait, travel, event. Since O. is a work with a high degree of generalization of life material, the author and the event are drawn by the author in the process of analyzing an actual social problem. O.'s text harmoniously combines vividly, expressively conveyed events, convincingly drawn images of heroes and deep, evidence-based reasoning. The combination of event, subject and logical elements of the essay content depends on a number of factors. First of all, it is determined by the type of composition chosen by the essayist. If an event composition is used, then the narrative is constructed as a story about an event, in the presentation of which, as in a fictional story, the plot, the development of the action, the culmination, and the denouement stand out. The author's reasoning, the description of the characters interrupt the action for a while, but then the unfolding of the text again follows the course of the event. If a logical composition is used, the construction of the text is determined by the development of the author's reasoning, episodes of one event or several different events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning, an argument for the thesis, an association by similarity or contrast, etc. Occasionally essayist composition is used in O., in which the development of the text is carried out through associations, sharp transitions from one subject of speech to another. However, it must be taken into account that the outwardly chaotic presentation hides the purposeful development of the author's thought, the course of which the reader must understand by interpreting the associative links of textual elements.

In addition to the type of composition, the type of narrator influences the unification, as well as the linguistic design of the meaningful elements of the narrative. The narrative is used in the form of the third and in the form of the first person. In the form of a third person, the narrator can act as an off-screen observer or an off-screen commentator. In the first case, the event about which the story is being told appears before the reader as if proceeding on its own, the author's presence is detected only indirectly - in the choice of words denoting the details of the essay world and evaluating them, in the suspension of the narration to introduce formulations that reveal the journalistic concept. Narrator - off-screen commentator is more active. Without revealing himself in the form of "I", he can vigorously intervene in the action, interrupting it with digressions into the past (retrospective) or running ahead (prospection, i.e., a presentation of future events that the hero cannot yet know about). Such a narrator often comments at length on what is happening and makes an assessment of it.

The most diverse functions of the narrator are in the form of the first person. Sometimes a journalist uses the "I" of the hero, i.e. O. is built as a story of the hero about himself. But most often the author's "I" is used, in which the narrator acts as a textual embodiment of the real personality of the journalist. The functions of such a narrator are varied. So, he can act as a participant in the event, the analysis of which is devoted to O. Most of all, journalists are attracted by the form of the narrator-researcher. In this case, the layout of the essay material is based on a story about the study of an event, which as a result unfolds before the reader not in the way it actually happened, but in the order in which the researcher learned about it.

Thus, O. can be built, firstly, as a story about real event, which unfolds in its natural sequence or with its violation in the form of retrospections and prospectuses and which is interrupted or framed by the author's reasoning, conveying the journalistic concept to the reader. In this case, the author can act as an off-screen observer, an off-screen commentator, a participant in the event, an interlocutor of the hero telling about the event. Secondly, O. can be built as a story about a journalistic investigation, and in the form of a presentation of conversations with the characters, the content of the documents read and considerations about what he saw, the reader learns about the events and the people who participated in them, as well as about the problem that the journalist sees in facts given. Thirdly, O. can represent an emotionally charged reasoning of a journalist about a problem. In the course of the reasoning, events are described, characters are described, which allows such a reflective narrator to reveal the problem on visual life material.

Narration is characterized by pictorial writing: concrete, vivid, visual details are required to represent the hero and the event, which in some cases are drawn as actually observed by the narrator in the course of research, travel, meeting with the hero, and so on.

And the narrator who observes, and comments, and participates in the event, and explores the situation, cannot be impassive. The current social problem, events and people appear before the reader in the light of the author's emotional assessment, as a result of which the essay text is colored in one tone or another.

With different types of narrators, communication with the reader is built differently. The presentation in the form of a third person or in the form of the "I" of the hero does without a direct appeal to the reader. On the contrary, the author's "I" is most often combined with active communication with the reader, especially in the form of "we" with the meaning "I, the author, and my reader."

Various combinations of types of composition, types of narrator, tone and ways of communicating with the reader create a wide variety of essay forms.

Feuilleton- art-public genre, representing an event or problem in a satirical or, less often, humorous coverage. F. can be targeted, ridiculing a specific fact, and non-addressed, exposing a negative social phenomenon. The text can consider one event or several events, attracted by the author on the basis of the similarity between them and thus demonstrating the typical nature of the analyzed phenomenon.

F.'s form is caused by several factors. Its composition is determined by what meaningful component of the text becomes the basis of the presentation. If the author makes the event the core of the text, we get an event-based feuilleton, which is a story about the incident full of comic details. If reasoning becomes the basis of the presentation, event elements are introduced as arguments to the author's judgments. In both cases, events can be not only real, but also imaginary, often fantastic. Between eventful and "reasonable" F. there is a mass of texts that combine analytical and event elements in different ways.

The connection of content elements and their linguistic design depend on the type of narrator. For example, a F. can be constructed as a story about an event with a final formulation of the author's assessment of what has been stated. At the same time, the author chooses the form of a third person and, as it were, does not interfere in the course of the event. F. can be constructed as a story about the study of the event. In this case, a first-person narrator is used, subordinating the presentation of information about the event and the expression of assessment to the story of the progress of the investigation. The narrator in the form of the first person can also be a participant in the event. The reflective narrator builds the text as a reasoning about the phenomenon, while, as it were, remembering the events that led him to this or that thought.

All these compositional and speech techniques determine the general structure of the text and in themselves do not contain anything comical, which is why they are used not only in the feuilleton, but also in other genres, for example, in an essay, report, review. But F. is a genre of the comic, and he resorts to various sources of comic effect. The main ones are the comic narrator, the comedy of situations and the verbal comedy.

A comic narrator can be a participant or researcher of an event, acting in the mask of a simpleton, a loser, a bungler, a fool and other unsympathetic personalities, his ridiculous actions make it possible to reveal the real shortcomings of those situations that are condemned by the feuilletonist. The comic reasoning narrator constructs reasoning as a proof by contradiction, i.e. he ardently praises what is actually denounced in the feuilleton. The comic of the provisions is either found in a real situation, or is achieved by transforming a real situation by exaggerating, emphasizing its shortcomings, or is introduced into the text by creating an imaginary situation that models the shortcomings of a real situation. Verbal comedy is irony, sarcasm, pun, stylistic contrast, parody of styles and famous works, and other techniques for creating a comic effect. It is necessarily present in the feuilleton of any type and any composition.

In the last decade and a half, significant changes have taken place in the genre system of the newspaper (see Linguistic and stylistic changes in modern media).

Genres of journalistic style of speech. Problem essay

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