Themes of projects on astronomy school. Research work on astronomy "From artistic images to astronomical phenomena

Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of the Republic of Crimea
Small Academy of Sciences "Seeker"
Direction: astronomy, astronautics
Space project of modernity
"Chu - Ge - Zaur" or comet 67R / Churyumov - Gerasimenko
Work completed:
Ermakova Polina Anatolyevna,
student of the 8th grade of the municipal educational institution "Stalnovskaya school" Dzhankoy district
Scientific adviser:
Ermakova Marina Sergeevna,
physics teacher of the municipal educational institution "Stalnovskaya school" Dzhankoy district

.
Dzhankoy district - 2016
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………3
MAIN PART
SECTION 1
1.1. Comets - "time capsule"……………………………………..5
1.2. History of comet 67R/Churyumov – Gerasimenko…………………7
SECTION 2
2.1. Goals and objectives of the project……………………………………………..9
2.2. Program and duration of the project……………………………...12
2.3. Technical support of the project……………………………….14
2.4. Project implementation ………………………………………………..18
SECTION 3
3.1. Achievements and results of the project………………………………...25
CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………28
LIST OF USED SOURCES…………………………30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………..33
INTRODUCTION
Comet Chu-Ge-Saurus
Majestic, mysterious, musical
Traveling, glowing, melting
Is there water and life on a comet?
space mission
Object of study: comet 67R/Churyumov – Gerasimenko
Subject of study: chemical composition, activity of the comet nucleus
The purpose of this work: to explore and talk about a space project, the purpose of which is to test the hypothesis of the origin and evolution of the solar system, the origin of life on Earth
Objectives of the study: to analyze the available information about the comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko, to collect and summarize information on the progress and results of the Rosetta space mission using the information system of the space sites of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency ESA, Roskosmos, DLR, European Space Operations Center (ESOC) in Darmstadt
Hypothesis: comets brought water and life to Earth.
Relevance: the space project is at the completion stage. Landing on a comet is considered the "third epochal event" in space exploration after the flight of Yuri Gagarin and the landing of US astronauts on the surface of the Moon.
Research methods: collection, analysis, systematization, generalization of information on the progress and results of the Rosetta space mission using the information system of space sites of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency ESA, Roscosmos, ESOC (European Space Operations Centre) in Darmstadt
The practical significance of the study: thanks to the descent to the surface of the comet nucleus, access to the relic material of the solar system will be obtained, which will allow testing the hypothesis about the possibility of transporting water and organic macromolecules by comets.
Research will provide an opportunity to shed light on how life originated in the universe.
SECTION 1
1.1. Comets - "time capsule"
According to scientists, the nuclei of comets carry in their composition the "original substance" in the form in which it was at the origin of the solar system. There is reason to believe that comets are its oldest objects - they formed on the periphery of a protoplanetary cloud and could bring water and organic compounds to the ancient Earth, from which life subsequently formed. Many fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of comets are still unanswered, so this expedition is extremely important. Including because it helps to reveal the secrets of the past of our own home.
The substance of the comet is primary, from which the solar system was formed 4.5 billion years ago, the planets were formed. And comets have preserved this substance in its original form. The planets recycled it, because due to gravity, this substance was compressed. The sun is also from primary matter. But thermonuclear reactions in the bowels of the Sun have changed this substance beyond recognition, and there we see mainly hydrogen and helium.
There are also other small impurities. But nothing has changed in comets, there, as in a refrigerator, the substance has been preserved in a frozen form. What did comets give the Earth? They brought water to Earth, because 3-4 billion years ago there was a powerful bombardment of the planet by comets. They rained down like from a cornucopia. And in comets, about 80% is ice. Some of it evaporated, and some of it filled in the depressions on the planet, and oceans formed on Earth. The fact that comets were the source of water on Earth is confirmed by the isotopic composition of water in the nuclei of comets and water on our planet.
Comets have complex organic matter. For example, glycine is an amino acid. And without it, not a single living being can do. It remains to find the amino acids from which DNA is formed - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) - and from which the spirals of our DNA molecules are composed. This is a spiral, that is, a periodic structure, and when it divides, then any part of this spiral is reproduced, and it is immortal, as long as there is water, oxygen, and heat on Earth. This is how life began on Earth. It is difficult to say how it happened, the probability is very small, but, nevertheless, it happened. And comet matter became the source of life on Earth.

Rice. 1.1. Comets - the primary substance of the structure of the solar system
1.2. History of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Rice. 1.2. Comet 67R/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Comet Churyumov - Gerasimenko was discovered on October 23, 1969 by the Soviet astronomer Klim Churyumov in Kyiv on photographic plates of another comet - 32P / Comas Sola, taken by Svetlana Gerasimenko in September at the Alma-Ata Observatory (the first picture showing the comet was taken on September 20, 1969 of the year). He found another comet near the edge of the photograph, but initially thought it was a fragment of comet Comas Sol. When studying subsequent photographs, it was found that this object moved along a different trajectory and thus is an independent comet.
Index 67P means that this is the 67th discovered short-period comet.
It belongs to the group of short-period ones (its period of revolution is 6.6 years), the dimensions of the semi-major axis of the orbit are slightly more than 3.5 astronomical units, the linear dimensions of the nucleus are of the order of several kilometers.

Rice. 1.3. Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko, 1975
Comet 67P belongs to the periodic, to the family of Jupiter
When calculating the trajectory of the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet, it was revealed that its orbit was changing. Until 1959, the comet's perihelion was at a distance of about 2.7 AU. e. from the sun. Then, as a result of the gravitational influence of Jupiter, this distance was reduced to 1.29 AU. e., which it remains to this day.

SECTION 2
2.1 Aims and objectives of the Rosetta project
The main goal of the mission is to study the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet in order to collect information about how the solar system was born and evolved.
The Rosetta project is the fruit of new research directions jointly carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Americans planned to carry out an asteroid flyby and a meeting with a comet, the Europeans were working on an apparatus for returning core samples to Earth.
The project, approved by the ESA Science Program Committee on November 4-5, 1993, was named Rosetta in honor of the Rosetta Stone, a slab found in Egypt in 1799 by a soldier in Napoleon's army. Three texts identical in meaning were found on the slab, two in ancient Egyptian (one in hieroglyphs, the other in demotic writing), and the third in ancient Greek. As much as the trilingual inscription allowed the founder of Egyptology, Jean-Francois Champollion, to penetrate the mystery of ancient Egyptian writing, so the data brought by the Rosetta probe should have helped to reveal the history of the origin of the solar system.
On March 12, 2003, as part of the preparation of the ESA Rosetta mission, photographs of the comet were taken using the Hubble Space Telescope, from which its three-dimensional image was built. The dimensions of the comet nucleus were determined - 3 × 5 km.
The Rosetta spacecraft launched on March 2, 2004. The main goal of the mission is to study the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet in order to collect information about how the solar system was born and evolved. Rosetta reached the comet in the summer of 2014, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit a comet.
The landing site of the probe on the “head” of the comet, approved on October 14, 2014, was named “Agilkia” (lat. Agilkia) - after the name of the island on the Nile, to which the ancient Egyptian cult structures were transferred from the island of Philae before the latter was flooded during the construction of the Aswan Dam.
The main goal of the expedition, which was planned for 2003, was the comet 46P / Virtanen, discovered on January 17, 1948 by the American Carl Alvar Wirtanen in a picture taken at the Lick Observatory. However, for reasons related to doubts about the reliability of the launch vehicle, the launch was postponed. The probe was no longer in time for comet Virtanen, and it was reoriented to comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko, and the launch time was postponed to 2004. The goals and objectives of the program have not changed in general: the probe approaches the comet and lands a lander on its nucleus. The latter determines the parameters and examines the chemical composition of the nucleus, and, together with a nearby flyby probe, studies changes in the comet's activity over time.
When the reliability of the carrier was confirmed, in March 2004, Rosetta started. A month earlier, on February 5, the landing probe received a new name "Fila" (Philae) - the name of an island on the Nile near the city of Rosetta, where an obelisk was found with a hieroglyphic inscription mentioning King Ptolemy VIII and queens Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III. These names became for Champollion the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs. Although the island's Latin name is Philae, program participants pronounce the lander's name as Philae.

Fig.2.1. Mission "Rosetta"
2.2. Program and duration of the project
2.2.1. Project program: Flight program:
Launch (March 2004)
First flyby of Earth (March 2005);
Flyby of Mars (February 2007);
Second flyby of the Earth (November 2007);
Encounter with the asteroid Steins (September 5, 2008);
Third flyby of Earth (November 13, 2009);
Encounter with the asteroid Lutetia (July 10, 2010);
Inactivity (May 2011 - January 2014);
Approach to comet Churyumov - Gerasimenko (January - May 2014);
Comet Mapping (August 2014);
Descent module landing (November 12, 2014);
Comet research (November 2014 - December 2015);
Perihelion passage (August 2015);
End of mission (December 2015).
Rosetta's tasks:
Flyby of the planet Mars, asteroids, comet satellite, landing on its surface (19)
Launch:
March 2, 2004 07:17:00 UMC
Flyby: planets Mars, asteroids Lutetia and Steins.
Launch pad: Kourou spaceport, France, Guiana
Launch vehicle: Ariane - 5
Flight duration: 12 years, 2 months and 22 days
Specifications: weight 3000 kg, power 850 watts. 192.2.2. Scheme of the program of the project "Rosetta"
1 - March 2004: spacecraft launch
March 2, 2005: First Earth flyby
3 - February 2007: flyby of Mars
4 - November 2007: Second flyby of Earth
5 - September 2008: Approach to the asteroid Steins 6 - November 2009: Third flyby of the Earth
7 - July 2010: approach to the asteroid Lutetia
8 - July 2011: putting the spacecraft into sleep mode
9 - January 2014: KA awakening
10 - August 2014: comet orbital launch
November 11, 2014: lander landing on the surface of a comet
12 - December 2016: completion of the project. 19
Fig.2. 2. Scheme of the program of the Rosetta project
2.2.3. The Rosetta mission to study the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet has been extended until September 2016.
The European Space Agency (ESA) in June 2016 decided to extend the Rosetta mission to study the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet for another nine months.
The launch of Rosetta took place more than 10 years ago - on March 2, 2004. And in the summer of 2014, the device reached its intended goal - comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko. In November, the Philae probe was dropped on the surface of a space object, but due to an unsuccessful landing, it ended up in the shadow and exhausted its energy reserve in 57 hours, going into sleep mode. However, about a week and a half ago, Philae showed signs of life by contacting the Rosetta station. This gave the ESA specialists hope for the possibility of conducting new experiments. The Rosetta program has been extended until September 2016. The mission was previously scheduled to end in December 2015.
2.3. Project technical support
2.3.1. Construction and design
Rosetta was assembled in a clean room in accordance with COSPAR requirements. Sterilization was not as important, since comets are not considered as objects where you can find living microorganisms, but they are hoped to find molecules that are the precursors of life.
The device receives electrical energy from two solar panels with total area 64 m² and 1500 W (400 W in sleep mode).
The main propulsion system consists of 24 two-component engines with a thrust of 10 N. The device had at the start 1670 kg of two-component fuel, consisting of monomethylhydrazine (fuel) and nitrogen tetroxide (oxidizer).
The cellular aluminum hull and electrical wiring on board were made by the Finnish company Patria. The Finnish Meteorological Institute manufactured the probe and lander instruments: COSIMA, MIP (Mutual Impedance Probe), LAP (Langmuir Probe), ICA (Ion Composition Analyzer), water search device (Permittivity Probe) and memory modules (CDMS/MEM).

Fig. 2.3. Scheme of the Rosetta space probe
Outwardly, Rosetta is similar to a conventional geostationary communications satellite: a characteristic “box” measuring 2.8 × 2.1 × 2.0 m with two solar panels (their span reaches 32 m when opened). The interplanetary station with a launch weight of 3065 kg is equipped with a propulsion system with a fuel reserve of 1719 kg, which provided all maneuvers on the trajectory and entry into orbit around the comet's nucleus.
Scientific equipment weighing 165 kg includes 11 devices and instruments:
the OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System) complex for detailed imaging of the nucleus and gas-dust shell of a comet, as well as asteroids;
ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer ALICE for analysis of the gas composition of the coma (part of the comet's head) and tail, including finding the rate of formation of H2O, CO and CO2;
mapping spectrometer of the visible and thermal infrared (IR) range VIRTIS (Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) for studying the properties of soil and emitted gases;
microwave probe MIRO (Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter) for determining the subsurface temperature of the comet nucleus and asteroids, as well as measuring the gaseous components of the coma (H2O, CO, NH3, CH3OH) and the rate of their formation;
spectrometer of ions and neutral atoms ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) to determine the elemental, isotopic and molecular composition of coma;
secondary ion mass spectrometer COSIMA (Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer) for determining the elemental and isotopic composition of dust grains originating from the comet nucleus, analysis of the inorganic and organic phases in them;
dust environment sensor MIDAS (Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System) for determining dust density, size and shape of dust particles;
comet dust analyzer GIADA (Grain Impact Analyzer and Dust Accumulator);
the PRC (Rosetta Plasma Consortium) plasma complex for determining the properties of the core and the inner part of the coma, monitoring activity and studying interaction with the solar wind;
emitter of the CONSERT (Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission) radiosonde for studying the large-scale structure of the nucleus;
RSI (Radio Science Investigation) equipment for precise radio monitoring of the orbit for navigation near the comet, determining the mass and density of the nucleus, probing the coma and solar corona using the radio occultation method.
2.3.2. Lander scientific equipment
The total mass of the descent vehicle is 100 kg. The 26.7 kg payload consists of ten scientific instruments. The descent vehicle was designed for a total of 10 experiments to study the structural, morphological, microbiological and other properties of the comet's nucleus. The basis of the analytical laboratory of the descent vehicle are pyrolyzers (for studying the chemical and isotopic composition of the Philae comet nucleus), a gas chromatograph (capable of analyzing various mixtures of organic and inorganic substances) and a mass spectrometer (for analyzing and identifying gaseous pyrolysis products). 19
Fig. 2.4. Scheme of the Philae lander
Philae small hexagonal lander dimensions
1.0 × 1.0 × 0.8 m had a mass of 100 kg, of which 21 kg falls on 10 scientific instruments:
alpha particle and X-ray spectrometer APXS (Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer) to determine the elemental composition of the soil;
combined gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer COSAC (COmetary SAmpling and Composition) for analysis of rock samples and assessment of their content of volatile components;
gas chromatograph Ptolemy to measure the ratio of stable isotopes in the key volatile components of the comet's nucleus;
a complex of six CIVA microcameras for panoramic surface surveys and a spectrometer for studying soil samples;
ROLIS (Rosetta Lander Imaging System) camera for shooting during the descent, with a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels;
receiver and repeater of the CONSERT radiosonde for studying the large-scale structure of the nucleus;
MUPUS sensors (MUlti-PUrpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science) to measure the density, temperature and mechanical properties of the surface;
magnetometer and plasma detector ROMAP (Rosetta Lander Magnetometer and Plasma Monitor) to study magnetic field comet nucleus and its interaction with the solar wind;
a set of three SESAME (Surface Electric Sounding and Acoustic Monitoring Experiments) instruments for analyzing the physical and electrical properties of the soil, acoustic sounding and measuring dust settling;
subsystem SD2 (Drill, Sample, and Distribution subsystem) for drilling, sampling and distribution of soil
2.4. Project implementation
2.4.1. Flight
On February 25, 2007, the Rosetta flew near Mars. During the flyby, the Fila descent vehicle for the first time operated autonomously, powered by its own batteries. The instruments of the descent vehicle took pictures of the planet from a distance of 1000 km, and data on the magnetic field of Mars were obtained.
November 8, 2007 discovered "asteroid" 2007 VN84, which is likely to collide with the Earth. Astronomer Denis Denisenko was the first to report that the alarm was false: it was just Rosetta preparing for a gravity assist near Earth.
On August 4, 2008, the asteroid Steins fell into the spacecraft's field of view. On August 14, 2008, the flight trajectory was corrected, which ensured a flyby of 800 km from the asteroid Steins on September 5.
On September 6, Rosetta transmitted close-up images of the asteroid. On its surface, 23 craters with a diameter of more than 200 meters were found. Narrow-angle camera NAC (Narrow-Angle Camera) switched to safe mode a few minutes before the approach, and the shooting was carried out by a wide-angle camera WAC (Wide-Angle Camera), which significantly worsened the resolution of the images.
On the evening of July 10, 2010, the spacecraft approached the asteroid Lutetia. Rosetta took many pictures of the asteroid.
10:00 UTC (11:00 CET) January 20, 2014, the Rosetta spacecraft woke up from an internal timer. The signal from the device was received at 18:17 UTC (19:17 CET). Preparations have begun for the meeting with the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet.
2.4.2. The work of the apparatus near the comet
In July 2014, Rosetta received the first data on the state of the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. The device determined that the nucleus of the comet, which has an “irregular” shape, releases about 300 milliliters of water into the surrounding space every second. On August 3, 2014, an image with a resolution of 5.3 meters / pixel was obtained from a distance of 285 km.
On August 7, 2014, Rosetta approached the comet's nucleus at a distance of about 100 km.
2.4.2.1. "Successful Landing"
Images of the comet's surface were obtained using the OSIRIS system (the scientific image processing system installed on the Rosetta). At the beginning of September 2014, after analyzing the images, a surface map was compiled with the identification of several areas, each of which is characterized by a specific morphology. In addition, the Alice ultraviolet spectrograph did not detect spectral lines that would indicate the presence of areas of the comet's surface covered with ice; at the same time, the presence of hydrogen and oxygen in the comet's coma is recorded.
The decision was made to land on the surface of the comet's nucleus on November 12, 2014. Agilkia region was chosen as the landing site.
On October 15, 2014, ESA specialists confirmed the main landing site of the Philae spacecraft. Rosetta was in a circular orbit, 10 km from the center of the comet's four-kilometer nucleus. This allowed a closer look at the primary and secondary landing sites to complete the hazard assessment (including boulder restrictions).
On November 12, 2014, ESA reported the undocking of the Philae spacecraft from the Rosetta probe, a signal about this was received at 10:03 local time at the European Space Flight Control Center in Darmstadt. The descent to the surface of the comet's nucleus took him about seven hours. During this time, the device took pictures of both the comet itself and the Rosetta probe. The landing of the module was complicated by the failure of the rocket engine pressing the apparatus to the ground, which increased the risk of bouncing off the comet. In addition, the harpoons that were supposed to fix the Philae on the surface of the comet did not work. At 16:03 UTC, the vehicle landed.
On November 14, 2014, the Philae lander completed its main scientific tasks and transmitted all the results from the ROLIS, COSAC, Ptolemy, SD2 and CONSERT scientific instruments to Earth via Rosetta. In addition, the craft was raised 4 cm and rotated 35° in an attempt to increase the illumination of the solar arrays.

2.4.2.2. "Communication Lost..."
On November 15, 2014, Philae went into power-saving mode (all scientific instruments and most onboard systems off) due to onboard battery exhaustion (contact lost at 00:36 UTC). The illumination of the solar panels (and, accordingly, the power generated by them) was too low to charge the batteries and perform communication sessions with the device. According to scientists, as the comet approached the Sun, the amount of generated energy should have increased to values ​​sufficient to turn on the apparatus - such a development of events was taken into account when designing the apparatus.
2.4.2.3. Fili responded...
On June 13, 2015, Philae exited the low power mode, communication with the device was established.
Seven months later, on June 13, 2015, Philae showed signs of life: two-way communication was established for 78 seconds. The second contact with the probe was made on June 14: on this day, the communication session lasted about four minutes, constantly interrupted. This was followed by contacts on June 19 (almost 19 minutes with interruptions), June 20 (31 minutes with numerous interruptions) and June 21 (about 11.5 minutes with a long break).
AT last time the signal from Philae was received on June 24: then the "communication" lasted 17 minutes and 11 seconds with numerous connection failures. After that, the probe was silent.
Attempts to establish contact with the probe were made at the end of October, when the Rosetta station approached the comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. However, the chances that Philae would restore work were not very good.
On August 13, 2015, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko reached perihelion, the point of its closest approach to the Sun. The researchers managed to conduct several communication sessions. But subsequently, the probe fell silent again, and so far there are no signals from it.
At the point of closest approach to the Sun, the comet and the Rosetta station were at a distance of about 186 million km from our star. In this area, a space object appears once every six and a half years - this is how long the period of revolution of a comet around the Sun lasts.
Now 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and Rosetta are moving at a speed of approximately 34.2 km/s. The pair is located at a distance of about 265.1 million km from the Earth.
The Rosetta Science Program will run until September 2016. This will allow to collect a lot of important scientific information in addition to that already received.
The current position and trajectory of comet 67P and the Rosetta space module can be seen on the interactive map:
Rosetta's interactive flight map, an interactive diagram of Rosetta's orbital motion.
2.4.2.4. "Philae is dead, Rosetta is alive!"
Attempts to awaken the Philae probe on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko have been abandoned.
The Rosetta station will crash into the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
On February 12, 2015, the German Aviation and Cosmonautics Center (DLR) officially announced the termination of attempts to establish communication with the Philae probe on the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
The comet is moving away from our star, due to which the temperature on it drops below minus 180 degrees Celsius. Philae is simply not designed to work in such conditions. In addition, during the stay on the space body, the solar panels of the probe were covered with dust, which made it difficult for the already insufficient energy generation.
“Unfortunately, the probability of establishing a connection with Philae is practically zero, and we will no longer send any commands to the device,” DLR said.
As for the Rosetta station, it is still functioning properly. But a little more than six months are left before the completion of the mission: in September, Rosetta will be lowered to the comet's surface.
Participants of the Rosetta mission to study the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko decided on future fate this spacecraft. It was originally planned to complete the Rosetta mission in December 2015, but then scientific program was expanded until September 2016. After this date, the station will move too far away from the Sun and the generation of energy in the required amount will become impossible.
After the mission is completed, the Rosetta station will be smashed against the surface of the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. However, this will be preceded by a long descent, during which the onboard equipment of the station will collect and transmit to Earth a number of scientific indicators.
In fact, it is Rosetta that will perform part of the tasks that were originally assigned to the Philae module. The latter, having shown signs of life last summer, could not restore working capacity.
The extra time will allow for a number of new experiments, some of which will be quite risky. The station will have to fly within 10 km of the comet's surface to obtain detailed images that may help pinpoint the location of the Philae probe.
On August 13, the comet will be at its minimum distance from the Sun, after which it will begin to move away. This will allow Rosetta to collect information about the gradual fading of activity and changes in the nature of the processes occurring on the comet. By the end of September 2016, the station will be too far from our luminary, due to which the generation of energy by solar panels in the required quantity will become impossible. It is assumed that after that Rosetta will be lowered to the surface of the comet. The mission of the Rosetta station will end in September 2016, because due to the distance from the Sun, the generation of energy in the required amount will be impossible. The finale of the program will be the fall of the device on the surface of the comet.
SECTION 3
3.1. Achievements and results of the project
3.1.1. Chemical composition of gases emitted from the coma (cloud surrounding the nucleus)
The comet exudes "aromas" of rotten eggs (hydrogen sulfide), stables (ammonia), formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid. Plus, traces of methanol and sulfur dioxide were found.
Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko surprises with an abundance of various "smells". Initially, the researchers believed that as an object approaches the Sun, the most volatile molecules, in particular carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, will be emitted first.
Scientists at the European Space Agency (ESA) have detected a "high content" of oxygen in a cloud of dust and gas surrounding comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), but have not yet been able to explain its origin. The presence of oxygen molecules on the icy comet, which caused surprise to scientists, was discovered after receiving data sent from the Rosetta probe.
The stunned scientists did not expect to find oxygen molecules on the comet, because, despite the fact that this element is the third most abundant in the universe, its molecules very easily form compounds with other elements, resulting in, for example, water or carbon dioxide. .
The ESA calls the find unexpected, as "there are not many examples of interstellar O2 detected today."
Kathrin Altwegg of the University of Bern, a member of the research team, said that oxygen could have been incorporated into the comet at the time of its formation, possibly as a result of a collision, but this theory goes against the grain. existing model formation of the solar system.
It turned out that there are no “caves” inside 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The comet has a porous structure; it contains four times more dust than ice.
Previously, it was also found that 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko is one of the darkest objects in the solar system. The comet's albedo is only 6%. For comparison: the corresponding indicator of the Moon is 12%, the Earth - about 37%.
Rosetta recorded vibrations electromagnetic field comet, the frequency of which is from 40 to 50 MHz. By frequency conversion, these vibrations were brought into the sound range that the human ear can perceive - the "voice of a comet."

3.1.2 Characteristics of the comet
The comet has a porous structure and 75-85% of its volume is void. The temperature on the illuminated side fluctuates between -183 and -143 °C. The comet has no magnetic field.
The force of gravity on the core is about 50 thousand times less than on Earth, and the earth's 100 kg turned into ... 2 g.
The core has irregular shape, and in the first approximation can be described as consisting of two parts fastened together. The dimensions of these fragments are estimated as 4.1 × 3.2 × 1.3 km (most) and 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.0 km (smaller), the volume is 25 km³. This form is associated with the origin of the comet as a result of the merger of two other celestial bodies. Parts of the comet formed separately, after which they collided with each other. According to scientists, the collision occurred at a low relative speed of the two bodies - about 1.5 m/s.
ESA publications compared the shape of the comet's nucleus to a toy rubber duck. According to the latest estimates, the mass of the comet is 1013 kg (10 billion tons) with an error of 10%, the rotation period is 12 hours 24 minutes.
The South Pole, which is in a state of polar night for most of the comet's orbit (5.5 years), is rich in water and carbon dioxide.
In 2014, with the help of Rosetta, experts discovered molecules of 16 molecules on a comet. organic compounds, including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in a coma, four of which - methyl isocyanate, acetone, propanal and acetamide - have not been previously encountered on comets. Also, "Rosetta" showed the presence of polymer molecules on the surface of the comet, formed under the influence of radiation, and the absence of aromatic compounds. The comet has more than a hundred formations of ice, which turns into vapor with dust particles as the comet approaches the Sun. In 2016, it was announced that frost had been found on the comet. Scientists, after analyzing more than 3 thousand samples captured in the vicinity of the comet, came to the conclusion that the comet's coma contains molecular oxygen.
The composition of water vapor on a comet is different from that of Earth's water vapor. In May 2015, scientists discovered the so-called balancing rocks on the comet. The comet's surface is divided into 19 regions named after ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses.
3.1.3. Orbit characteristics:
Eccentricity (e) - 0.64102
Semi-major axis (a) - 3.4630 a.u.
Perihelion (q) -1.2432 AU
Aphelion (Q) - 5.6829 a.u.
Orbital period (P) - 6.44 years
Orbital inclination - 7.0405 ""
3.1.4. Physical characteristics:
Weight - 10 13 kg Average density - 0.47 gcm3 Dimensions - 4.1 x3.2 x 1.3 km (most)
2.5 x 2.5 x 2.0 km (smaller part) .
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of the data obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn:
Comets - frozen "construction debris" left after the formation of the solar system, in fact, turned out to be a mixture of water ice and dust. If all the matter of the core is compressed, it would be denser than water, but in reality, Rosetta registered a much lower density and made leading scientists think: is the “time capsule” riddled with caves and caverns?
Now we can assume that this mystery has been solved: comet 67P is not an ice cube, but rather a meringue cake, quite hard, but at the same time very light, glued together from a myriad of powdery dust particles.
The calculated mass of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko turned out to be slightly less than 10 billion tons. mathematical models The shape used images from the OSIRIS camera, which made it possible to determine the volume of the core at about 18.7 km3, which means that the density is 533 kg/m3 (approximately that of dry wood).
The analysis showed that the chemical composition of cometary water differs from that of the earth - this largely contradicts the hypothesis that comets delivered water to the Earth and other planets of the solar system.
It is too early to close the last page of the grand epic Rosetta (the total cost of the mission is estimated at 1.3 billion euros), but it is worth summing up intermediate results. The undoubted result of the flight - and one of the greatest achievements of astronautics - was the first soft landing on such a specific celestial body as the nucleus of a comet.
According to ESA Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain, Rosetta's research program to study comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is worthy of the Nobel Prize. "I hope that Nobel Prizes will be awarded based on the results of the research programs carried out by the Rosetta and Philae spacecraft."
Thanks to the descent to the surface of the core, access to the relic material of the solar system was obtained, which made it possible to test the hypothesis about the possibility of water and organic macromolecules being transported by comets. Research allowed to shed light on how life originated in the universe.
Scientists continue to analyze the data received from the lander, in particular about the temperature on the surface of the comet, the composition of its constituent materials. So it turned out that the object has a porous structure, on the surface and in the gas and dust cloud around the nucleus, called a coma, there are organic molecules, water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
After analyzing the information, it was concluded that the central body is homogeneous, but very loose. Scientists estimate that it is 75% dust particles and 25% water ice.
In general, the mission was completed successfully.
During your stay research apparatus on a surface
and near comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko assembled
a huge array of scientific data, the analysis of which showed that
that the icy body of the comet, which is the remnants of material, from
which formed the objects of the solar system, has
more diverse nature and more complex structure,
than scientists previously believed.
It is clear that these are far from all the results of the mission - it will take years to fully study and analyze them. It is possible that new discoveries are ahead that will help to better understand the history of the solar system and our planet.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
1. Rosetta official website
1.http://rosetta.esa.int2.http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/content/search?SearchText=rosetta&SearchButton=Go2.Project blog
http://www.livejournal.com/magazine/478322.html3.Wikipedia
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumova_-_Gerasimenko4. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/9042185. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/916101?from=related-grid&from-source=9185926. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/9205487. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/9068978. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/subjects/kometachg9.Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/92161210. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/92276311. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/92308012. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/92802513. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/92833814.News Opening of the "time capsule"
Igor Afanasiev, Dmitry Vorontsov, Alexander Ilyinhttp://www.3dnews.ru/92840515.News Opening the "time capsule" Site - http://www.3dnews.ru http://www.3dnews.ru/offsyanka17. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/92841118. Project news
http://www.3dnews.ru/928411/page-2.html19. Rosetta spacecraft https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)20. Rosetta website https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rosetta_(spacecraft)21. Comet song http://astronews.ru/cgi-bin/mng.cgi?page=news&news=666322. Comet movement animation https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov_-_Gerasimenko#/media/File:NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_(cropped).gif23. Video about the comet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WORqSa1Dh_U&index=7&list=PLgx5PMpgonqUD1aO3g0bZ_a7VKg8VGTeS Landing on the comet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tya-Jc28Fj8How it was https://www .youtube.com/watch?v=VV5gaTDvIe0 Comet fables and tales https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGCQN6xVYbk24..Interactive map of Rosetta's flight http://sci.esa.int/where_is_rosetta/25. Interactive diagram of Rosetta's orbital motion: http://wpc.50e6.edgecastcdn.net/8050E6/mmedia-http/download/public/videos/2014/08/006/1408_006_AR_EN.mp4http://wpc.50e6.edgecastcdn.net/ 8050E6/mmedia-http/download/public/videos/2014/10/013/1410_013_AR_EN.mp426.DLR website
http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/27. ESOC (European Space Operations Centre) in Darmstadt
http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESOC APPS

Launch vehicle -42R

Comet Virtanen - the original goal of the project

New Norcia Station

Geographic map comets

Rosetta space probe, Philae lander and comet 67P

Philae lander and comet 67P

Comet 67R / Churyumov - Gerasimenko

Topics of research papers about Space

Astronomy project topics about space:

And from our window you can see a little space

asteroid hazard.

Our big house and who we are in it

Infinite twinkling stars

In the world of stars

View from space

exploding stars

Influence of the magnetic field on the spectra of stars

The universe is far and wide...

The universe is our home

Universe: the mystery of origin

The height of the luminaries

Computational astronomy. Programs for processing astronomical data.

The galaxy is the stellar home we live in

galaxies

Where to find invisible?

The movement of stars as proof of the development of the universe

daytime stars

Is there water on other planets?

Are there miracles outside of our planet?

Life is the development of the Universe

Life Permitted by the Universe

Out of hearing. Our address in the universe

Riddles of time

Mysteries of the starry sky

starry sky

Our Galaxy

About space

space age morning

On physical phenomena on Earth and in space under weightless conditions

star patterns in the sky

Star Trek

Stars in a person's life

Stars far and near

The stars are calling

Stars, chemical elements and man

starry sky - great book nature

And the stars are getting closer...

How the universe works

Space strangers are stars

To the stars!

How to survive in space?

How to reach the star?

Computers in space.

Space activities: the reverse side

space food

Space disasters

space travelers

Space technologies in Everyday life person.

space zoo

Space elevator - new technologies of an old invention

Space debris as a source of contamination of near-Earth space

Space in painting

Space in the present and future

Space and man

What do students know about space?

What do we know about space?

Space begins on Earth.

Wormholes in space

space world

Records of the Universe

Birth of the Universe, evolution, death of stars

The birth and death of a star

The future of humanity

In search of a system of peace

Time and time machine

Time cannot be stopped, but measured?

spaceship geometry

Apocalypse hypothesis

Journey through the solar system

How many planets are in the solar system?

solar system

Solar system: satellites of the giant planets

The dispute of scientists: how many planets in our solar system

The structure of the solar system

Are there planets outside the solar system?

Secrets of the solar system

Research topics about the Sun

In the rhythm of the sun

Interaction of the Sun and the Earth

The influence of solar activity on some aspects of human life

The influence of solar activity on the Earth

The influence of solar activity on some aspects of human life

The influence of solar activity on humans

Sunset

solar eclipses

A star called the sun

The study of solar activity and parameters of the Sun according to the data of the Coronas satellite

Interesting facts from the life of the Sun

Investigation of the movement of sunspots

Solar Energy Research

The sun is the closest star to us

Magnetic storms and their impact on human health and school performance

Why is the sun called a star?

Past, present and future of the Sun

May there always be sunshine!

The most interesting about the Sun

Solar activity and its impact on human health.

Sun. The influence of the Sun on the life of the Earth.

Solar eclipse

Solar eclipse and changing weather conditions

The sun and its impact on the environment

Is the sun a double star?

Sun: structure and influence on the Earth

The sun is the source of life. Current state Problems

Sun. What do we know about him?

The sun is the source of life on earth

Sundial

Sunny Bunny - what is it?

Secrets of the Sun

Echoes of solar storms.

Earth Research Topics

Project topics about planet Earth:

And yet she turns

Earth's atmosphere: history of exploration

White Nights

Interaction of the Sun and the Earth

Influence of cosmic processes on the rhythms of the Earth

Origin of life on earth

Gravitational forces and their significance on the scale of the planet Earth

If the earth were square

Mysteries of the Northern Lights

The origin of the earth

Eclipses from Earth and from space

The earth and its neighbors

The use of satellite imagery to determine the area of ​​land

How are you, planet Earth?

Spaceports of the planet Earth

spacecraft for remote study of the Earth.

Space exploration of the Earth.

Earth's magnetic field

Changing Earth

Myths and hypotheses about the origin and structure of the Earth

Planet Earth in ABCs and quizzes (surface of the Earth)

Minerals of the Earth and space

Earth's gravity

Origin of the Earth

The origin of the Earth and man (based on the myths of different peoples)

Radiation belts of the Earth. Is it dangerous to fly into space?

Rainbow is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena

Birth of the planet Earth

Aurora Borealis - what is it?

Why does a rainbow appear

Creation of a system for protecting the Earth from potentially dangerous space objects

Secrets of the third planet

Theories of the origin of the Earth

The evolution of ideas about the nature of auroras

Empirical evidence for the rotation of the earth

The influence of the moon on living organisms

The influence of the lunar phases on earthly life

The influence of the moon on nature

The influence of the phases of the moon on the performance of schoolchildren

The influence of the phases of the moon on the growth and storage of plants on the example of vegetable crops

Mysteries of the phases of the moon

Mysterious Moon

Lunar eclipses

Hello Luna!

changing moon

Moon exploration. Lunar bases of the future

How the Moon is explored by humans

Moon watching

Who stole the moon?

Moon - natural satellite Earth

The moon is the first station on the way to space

Lunar eclipses

My observations of the moon

A little about the moon

New Moon

First expedition to the moon

Why is the moon so different?

Why doesn't the moon fall to earth?

Smeshariki on the Moon

Earth satellite

Secrets of the Moon

Amazing Moon

Experimental determination of the angular diameter of the Moon.

Venus Research Topics

Venus - morning star

Riddles of the beauty of Venus

Beautiful and mysterious planet Venus

Mars Research Topics

Everything we know about the planet Mars

Is there life on Mars?

The mysterious planet Mars

And apple trees will bloom on Mars...

Exploration of Mars by automatic interplanetary stations

Mars colonization and terraforming

Modern exploration of Mars

Mystery of the red planet Mars.

Topics of research papers about Jupiter and Saturn

Is life possible on Jupiter's moon Europa?

Space travel to Jupiter

Observation of Jupiter and its satellite

Jupiter giant planet

Identification of the characteristic features of the planet Saturn according to astronomical data

observations

Planet Saturn.

Research Topics on Neptune and Pluto

Discovery of Neptune and Pluto

Structure of Neptune

The structure of Pluto

Topics of research papers about comets, asteroids, meteorites

Asteroid danger - myth or reality

Asteroids are minor planets

Interaction between the solar wind and the cometary atmosphere

The study and development of asteroids in the solar system

Exploration of the Msta meteorite

Tunguska meteorite

Comets - tailed wanderers of space

Space Lilliputians, or the World of Asteroids

Metals in space

meteorites

Meteorites and astroblems

Meteors and meteorites

Ice meteorite in the Earth's atmosphere

Where does a comet have a tail?

falling celestial bodies

Fissile Nuclear Asteroid Interceptor

warheads

Rendezvous with a comet

One hundred years of the mystery of the Tunguska meteorite

passion for comets

The mystery of the Tunguska meteorite

Tunguska meteorite

What are comets?

Research Topics in Astronomy

astronomical umbrella

Astronomical determination of geographic latitude using the simplest

fixtures.

Astronomy in pictures

Astronomy in the poetry of I. Bunin

Astronomy for elementary grades

Astronomy on the coordinate plane

Astronomy on the plane and in space

Qualitative problems in astronomy

Coordinate plane: familiar and new

Collection of problems in astronomy

History of astronomy

The history of the emergence of astronomy. ancient observatories.

Epigraphs for the lessons of astronomy.

I am a stargazer!

Research Topics in Astrology

Astrology: pros and cons

Astronomical aspect of astrological predictions.

In the constellation Pisces

Do you believe in horoscope?

Does the sign of the zodiac affect learning activities?

Choice of profession. Zodiac signs advise

Horoscope and my friends

Starry sky. Zodiac signs

Stars and constellations

The zodiac signs of our students.

zodiac constellations

Stones of the zodiac signs

Can you believe in a horoscope?

Can forecasts be trusted?

My zodiac sign

Features of the personal qualities of students, due to their date of birth.

Tales of the starry sky. Zodiac.

Aircraft and Aviation Research Topics

Project topics about aviation:

Aviation. aircraft models

America is an example of progress

Apache vs Night Hunter

Aircraft and aerodynamics

Airbus A-380

Aerodynamics

Airplane of Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky.

Paper airplanes - flight qualities

Valery Pavlovich Chkalov

Airspace of Ukraine

All-altitude multipurpose front-line fighter.

Civil Aviation. Aviation rescuers

DI. Mendeleev is a researcher of aeronautics.

Long-haul aircraft Il-96-300

The Golden Age of Aeronautics

From the history of aircraft

Making a radio-controlled model aircraft

What is an airplane trail made of?

Research of model properties of various models of paper planes.

History of aeronautics. From Icarus to...

How did they escape from captivity?

How does a person use aircraft?

Aircraft classification

Line aerobatic model aircraft "Luftmeister"

Pilots don't die, they fly away forever

Pilots are not born, pilots are made!

Small aircraft of different generations

I would like to go to heaven! Small aviation

Aircraft models

Full description of aircraft

Why does a kite fly?

Could dinosaurs fly?

What is an airship

Development of aviation in Ukraine.

Topics of research papers about Extraterrestrial (UFO)

Extraterrestrial (UFO)

extraterrestrial life

extraterrestrial civilizations

Blue blood: myth or reality?

Life in the Universe

The mysterious world of aliens

Earthly and unearthly: facts and evidence, fantasies and reflections...

UFO - the mystery of the universe

UFO - the mystery of our planet

UFO. Myth or reality

UFO: what, where and why?

Myths and hypotheses about the origin of UFOs

Maybe we are not alone?

Are we alone in the universe?

Why do we mistake UFOs for alien ships?

Mind outside the Earth: does it exist?

Sun and Earth in the Universe. Is there life on another planet?

Among the methods of astronomy, otherwise the methods of astronomical research, three main groups can be distinguished:

• observation,
• measurement,
• space experiment.

Let's take a look at these methods.

Astronomical observations

Remark 1

Astronomical observations are the main way to study celestial bodies and events. It is with their help that what is happening in near and far space is recorded. Astronomical observations are the main source of knowledge obtained experimentally

Astronomical observations and processing of their data, as a rule, are carried out in specialized research institutions (astronomical observatories).

The first Russian observatory was built at Pulkovo, near St. Petersburg. The compilation of star catalogs of stars with the highest accuracy is the merit of the Pulkovo Observatory. We can say that in the second half of the 19th century, behind the scenes, she was awarded the title of "astronomical capital of the world", and in 1884 Pulkovo claimed the zero meridian (Greenwich won).

Modern observatories are equipped with observation instruments (telescopes), light-receiving and analyzing equipment, various auxiliary devices, high-performance computers, and so on.

Let us dwell on the features of astronomical observations:

• Feature #1. Observations are very inert, therefore, as a rule, they require rather long periods of time. Active influence on space objects, with rare exceptions that are provided by manned and unmanned astronautics, is difficult. Basically, many phenomena, take at least the transformation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis to the orbital plane, can only be recorded through observations over several thousand years. Consequently, the astronomical heritage of Babylon and China of a thousand years ago, despite some inconsistencies with modern requirements, is still relevant.
• Feature #2. The process of observation, as a rule, takes place from the earth's surface, at the same time the earth carries out a complex movement, so the earthly observer sees only a certain part of the starry sky.
• Feature number 3. Angular measurements performed on the basis of observations are the basis for calculations that determine the linear dimensions of objects and the distances to them. And since the angular sizes of stars and planets, measured using optics, do not depend on the distance to them, the calculations can be quite inaccurate.

Remark 2

The main instrument of astronomical observations is an optical telescope.

An optical telescope has a principle of operation determined by its type. But regardless of the type, its main goal and task is to collect the maximum amount of light emitted by luminous objects (stars, planets, comets, etc.) to create their images.

Types of optical telescopes:

• refractors (lens),
• reflectors (mirror),
• as well as mirror lenses.

In a refractor (lens) telescope, the image is achieved by the refraction of light in the objective lens. The disadvantage of refractors is an error resulting from blurring the image.

A feature of reflectors is their use in astrophysics. In them, the main thing is not how light is refracted, but how it is reflected. They are more perfect than lenses, and more accurate.

Mirror-lens telescopes combine the functions of refractors and reflectors.

Figure 1. Small optical telescope. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Astronomical measurements

Since measurements in astronomical research are carried out using various instruments and instruments, we will briefly review them.

Remark 3

The main astronomical measuring instruments are coordinate measuring machines.

These machines measure one or two rectangular coordinates from a photographic image or spectrum diagram. Coordinate measuring machines are equipped with a table on which photographs are placed and a microscope with measuring functions used to aim at a luminous body or its spectrum. Modern devices can have a readout accuracy of up to 1 micron.

Errors may occur during the measurement process:

• the instrument itself
• operator (human factor),
• arbitrary.

Instrument errors arise from its imperfection, therefore, its accuracy must be checked beforehand. In particular, the following are subject to verification: scales, micrometric screws, guides on the object table and the measuring microscope, reference micrometers.

Errors associated with the human factor and randomness are stopped by the multiplicity of measurements.

In astronomical measurements, there is a widespread introduction of automatic and semi-automatic measuring instruments.

Automatic devices work an order of magnitude faster than conventional ones, and have half the mean square error.

space experiment

Definition 1

A space experiment is a set of interconnected interactions and observations that make it possible to obtain necessary information about the studied celestial body or phenomenon carried out in space flight (manned or unmanned) in order to confirm theories, hypotheses, as well as improve various technologies that can contribute to the development of scientific knowledge.

The main trends of experiments in space:

1. The study of the course of physical and chemical processes and the behavior of materials in outer space.
2. The study of the properties and behavior of celestial bodies.
3. The influence of space on man.
4. Confirmation of theories of space biology and biotechnology.
5. Ways of space exploration.

Here it is appropriate to give examples of experiments carried out on the ISS by Russian cosmonauts.

Plant Growth Experiment (Veg-01).

The objective of the experiment is to study the behavior of plants in orbital conditions.

Experiment "Plasma Crystal"- study of plasma-dust crystals and liquid substances under microgravity parameters.

Four stages were carried out:

1. The plasma-dust structure in a gas-discharge plasma at a high-frequency capacitive discharge was studied.
2. The plasma-dust structure in a plasma was studied in a glow discharge with direct current.
3. It was investigated how the ultraviolet spectrum of cosmic radiation affects macroparticles, which can be charged with photoemission.
4. Plasma-dust structures in open space under the action of solar ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

Figure 2. Experiment "Plasma Crystal". Author24 - online exchange of student papers

In total, more than 100 space experiments were carried out by Russian cosmonauts on the ISS.

The paper tells about the history of the holiday Cosmonautics Day, presents a brief biography of Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.

Topics of projects on astronomy, cosmonautics and aviation (grades 3-11) (a summary of the projects can be found on the website https://project.1september.ru)                                April 12 - Cosmonautics Day of the Soviet cosmonautics 50 years of space era, but still it revolves! Do we know the history of space exploration? And from our window you can see a little space "And I want to fly" Aviation Aviation. Aircraft models Agro-industrial complex of Yakutia: current state, problems and development prospects America - an example of progress Apache vs. Night Hunter postcards in the PowerPoint graphics editor Astrology: pros and cons Astronomical aspect of astrological predictions Astronomical umbrella Astronomical determination of geographic latitude using the simplest devices Astronomy in pictures Astronomy in I. Bunin's poetry Astronomy for elementary grades Astronomy on the coordinate plane Astronomy on the plane and in space Atmosphere of the Earth: history of development Airbus A-380 Aerodynamics Airplane Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky B.V. Chernyatiev is an honorary citizen of the city of Kotelnich, Kirov Region White Nights Bereginya. Who names the constellations? Golden eagle - a bird and a man Infinite twinkling stars Infinite space Biosuit for flying to other planets Boeing 747 The Great Red Spot - the mystery of the planet Jupiter Our big house and who we are in it The future of mankind Paper birds                                    paper aircraft - flight qualities of fast wings in the world of stars in search of a system of stars in search In the rhythm of the Sun In the constellation Pisces V.N. Chelomey - the winged genius of Science City Valery Pavlovich Chkalov Valery Chkalov - the legend of Russian aviation Up the stairs leading down Leading space powers of the world (Russia, USA, China) Great steps in space exploration Great aircraft designer Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev Great designer Mars' greatest opposition Venus - the morning star Do you believe in horoscope? Vertical Flight Solar-Earth Interaction Solar Wind-Comet Atmosphere Interactions Viewed from Space Exploding Stars Space Exploration History Quiz Space Alphabet Quiz Does the Moon Affect Hair Growth? Does the sign of the zodiac affect learning activities? Influence of the Moon on living organisms Influence of the activity of the Sun on some aspects of human life Influence of cosmic processes on the rhythms of the Earth Influence of the lunar phases on terrestrial life Influence of the moon on nature Influence of the magnetic field on the spectra of stars Influence of weightlessness on the human organism Influence of solar activity on the Earth Influence of solar activity on some aspects of human life (on the example of the Orenburg region) The influence of solar activity on a person The influence of the natives of Altai on the development of astronautics The influence of the phases of the moon on the performance of schoolchildren The influence of the phases of the moon on the growth and storage of plants on the example of vegetable crops grown in the Nizhny Novgorod region Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial civilizations Extraterrestrial civilizations - search problems Military equipment Military aircraft of Russia during the First World War Airspace of Russia Is life possible on the satellite of the planet Jupiter - Europe? A possible solution to the problem of environmental pollution of the Earth in the XXI century. Placement of a waste storage facility at Lagrange points L4/L5 of the Earth–Moon system Emergence of life on Earth Realization of dreams into reality Time Time and time machine Time cannot be stopped, but can it be measured? All-altitude multi-role front-line fighter The universe The universe in the view of ancient people The universe is distant and endless... The universe is our home The universe: the secret of origin Everything we know about the planet Mars Choice of profession. Signs of the zodiac advise Height of the stars Aerobatics: show or defense of the country Revealing the characteristic features of the planet Saturn according to astronomical observations Gas giants of the solar system Galaxy - the star house in which we live Galaxies Where and how rockets take off Where to find the invisible? Generator of extraordinary ideas: Sergey Pavlovich Korolev Geography of space places in Russia Geometry of spaceships A hero of our time (about M.Kh. Manarov) Apocalypse hypothesis Global problems of the development of human civilization in outer space Blue blood: myth or reality? Horoscope and my friends Gravitational forces and their significance on the scale of the planet Earth Citizen of the Universe Civil aviation. Aviation rescuers D.I. Mendeleev - researcher of aeronautics Long-range aircraft Il-96-300 Two minutes of astronomical happiness The movement of the stars as evidence of the development of the Universe "Grandfather of Russian aviation" B. I. Rossinsky and my family Cosmonautics day The day when the rockets "Day Stars" do not start Prehistoric observatories Report on natural history on the topic "Jupiter" The road to space begins with the cosmodrome The ancient observatories of the world and their significance in the development of astronomy If the Earth were square Is there water on other planets? Is there life inside the planets? Is there life on the moon? Is there life on Mars? Are there miracles outside of our planet? Женщина, покорившая космос Женщины-космонавты                                                    Women-Cosmonauts of Russia Animals in Space. Flight on geophysical rockets Animals storm space Animal astronauts Life in creative burning Life in the Universe Life and death within space Life and creative activity M.V. Lomonosov Life on the planets of the solar system Life is the development of the Universe Life allowed by the Universe Out of earshot. Our address in the Universe The dependence of the health of the inhabitants of the polar village Belaya Gora on the activity of the Sun Mysteries of time Mysteries of the starry sky Mysteries of the beauty of Venus Mysteries of the northern lights Mysteries of the phases of the moon Mysterious Moon Mysterious planet Mars Mysterious planet Neptune Mysterious planet Saturn Mysterious planet - Pluto Mysterious world of aliens Tasks are interesting ! Sunset Newton's laws and their application Laws of planetary motion The origin of the Earth Eclipses from the Earth and from space Eclipses: solar and lunar A star called the Sun Starry life, or Cosmic tragedies Starry sky Starry sky. Zodiac signs Star dogs Star patterns Star patterns of the sky Star path Stars in human life Stars far and near Stars call Stars, chemical elements and man Star highway of life of Professor G.A. Tokaev Starry sky - a great book of nature Stars in triangles Stars and constellations Hello, Moon! "Green" genealogy Earth and its neighbors Earthly and unearthly: facts and evidence, fantasies and reflections... Do you know what he was like? Signs of the zodiac class students Signs of the zodiac, crocheted Signs of the zodiac. Culinary habits Zodiac constellations Golden section Golden age of aeronautics Starry sky "And the stars are getting closer..." And apple trees will bloom on Mars... Playing with time Ideas of Russian cosmism in art From the history of aircraft Making a radio-controlled model aircraft Super Sportster Ep Changeable moon Measurement of large distances. Triangulation The study of the laws of jet propulsion The study and exploration of asteroids in the solar system The study of the names of the celestial bodies of the solar system The study of solar activity and parameters of the Sun according to the Coronas-Photon satellite Illustrative and methodological guide on the topic: "The Universe" Does the Universe have a beginning? Engineering Talents of Russia: G.E. Langemak Interesting facts from the life of the Sun Information project “Wealth given to people. K. E. Tsiolkovsky "The use of balloons to collect space debris The use of space imagery to determine the area of ​​land Exploration of Mars by automatic interplanetary stations Research on the hydrochemical state of the waters of the Ytyk-Kyuel village Research on the movement of sunspots Research on evidence of the expansion of the Universe based on existing scientific theories Exploration of space Exploration of model properties of various models of paper planes Study of the Msta meteorite Study of the economic efficiency of using Glonass information and satellite technologies by ground agricultural equipment and agricultural aviation in the production of agricultural products in the Belorechensky district of the Krasnodar Territory Study of solar energy Research work "Astronomy. Tunguska meteorite "Research work" Starry sky" Research work "What does the track of an airplane consist of?" Research work about the Moon Research project "Time Machine" Research project in biology "Lunisolar gardener's calendar" Research project of 4th grade students "The Solar Planet" systems" Historical digression in verses on the topic "Space and we" History of aviation of Abysky district of the Republic Саха (Якутия) История авиации и космонавтики через историю МАТИ История астрономии                                      History of Velikie Luki airport History of aeronautics History of aeronautics History of aeronautics. From Icarus to ... The history of the emergence of astronomy. Ancient observatories The history of the space suit The history of space in the collection of stamps The history of one planet The history of the development of cosmonautics The history of Russian cosmonautics Calculation of time To the stars! How the moon is explored by people How to survive in space? How to reach the star? How did they escape from captivity? How to become an astronaut? How are you, planet Earth? How the Universe works How does a person use aircraft? How man conquers space, and how space serves man Calendars of time Calendar question Calendar Calendar of significant dates (2011, Space) Calendar and time Stones of the zodiac signs Stones and legends Qualitative tasks in astronomy Classification of aircraft The Ursa Major bucket through the eyes of earthlings and aliens Whom they take in astronauts? Colonization of Mars Colonization of Mars and its terraforming Rings of Saturn Rings of Saturn Comets - tailed wanderers of space Computer presentation "The sun is the closest star to us" Computer presentation on astronomy Computers in space Aircraft design bureaus Conference "Lomonosov - the genius of Russian science" Coordinate plane: familiar and new Cord flight model aircraft "Luftmeister" Russian Space Harbor Space activities: reverse side Space food Space research program "Hello, Moon!" Space catastrophes Space Liliputs, or the world of asteroids Space strangers - Space travelers                                                                         Space technologies in everyday human life Space threats Space zoo Space elevator - new technologies of an old invention Space debris Space debris as a source of contamination of near-Earth space "Space debris" Space travel Space travel to Jupiter Cosmodromes of the planet Earth Cosmonaut A.G. Nikolaev in the Komsomolsky district Cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov Cosmonautics Cosmonautics USSR Cosmonautics Cosmonautics in the postage stamps of our country Cosmonautics and space flight Space in painting Space in the present and future Space far and near Space and man Space as a premonition. Ruslan Komaev Cosmos begins on Earth Cosmos. Other Space. Stars Space: past - present - future Beautiful and mysterious planet Venus Red planet - Mars Wormholes in space Who are you, Galileo Galilei? Who stole the moon? Where are the cosmic messages going? "Legend of the century" - Valentina Tereshkova Legends of the starry sky Legends and myths of the starry sky Legends of space flights Ice meteorite in the Earth's atmosphere Medicinal plants of the Kukmor region of the Republic of Tatarstan Aircraft Aircraft in space exploration Do books fly into space Do books fly into space? Pilots do not die, they fly away forever. Magnetic storm magnetic field and their effect on human health and schoolchildren's performance                                                                                     Small aircraft of different generations Small bodies The alluring world of space Mars Mars is a beautiful and amazing planet Mathematical statistics in the life of 5 "B" class Medical and biological training of astronauts Medicine in space International flights under the program "Intercosmos" Interplanetary travel Changing Earth Moon-crystal, month-hook, month-bagel, month-pod Metals in space Meteorites Meteorites and astroblems Meteors and meteorites Methodical passport research project on the topic “The influence of the moon on the vital activity of plants” The world of stars The world of space The world of my hobbies: “Observations of the starry sky” The world of watches Worlds and anti-worlds The mission of man in space Myths in astronomy Myths and the power of stars Myths and hypotheses about the origin of UFOs Myths and hypotheses about the origin and the structure of the Earth Myths and legends about the constellations Myths and constellations Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov: pages of life Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel - the son of the land of Ilimsk The Milky Way I would like to go to heaven! Small aviation Models of space and aviation equipment Model (model) of the Vostok spacecraft Model of the solar system Maybe we are not alone? Can the sun go out? Can you believe in a horoscope? Can forecasts be trusted? My observations of the Moon My zodiac sign My space My favorite constructor My discovery of the Universe Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Are we subject to the stars? We are the stars of the galaxy Soap bubbles of the Universe N.M. Бударин - славный сын земли Чувашской НЛО - загадка Вселенной                                         UFO - the mystery of our planet UFO. Myth or reality of UFO: what, where and why? To the Moon along the Kondratyuk route (forgotten name in astronautics) On which of the planets of the solar system can you build a take-off and landing module with a residential complex? Observation of the Moon Observation of Jupiter and its satellite Observation of the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun June 6, 2012 Observation of the Sun Observations of rare astronomical phenomena Towards the stars We need Great Russia. S.P. Korolev Science cosmonautics and its creators Research project "We are the children of the Galaxy" Scientific and religious concepts about the origin of the Universe Scientific research in space Our space home Our space Our Galaxy Sky wanderer Sky and Earth of cosmonaut - artist Alexei Leonov A little about the Moon Is participation necessary women in space flights? Pros and Cons Unusual vehicle - "flying saucer" for the exploration of Mars An unusual and probable event on the Zainsk land Unusual phenomena in the sky The unique planet Nikulin Gerald Nikolayevich New Moon New words in Russian Oh woman, how many in this word! About space About physical phenomena on Earth and in space (under weightlessness) About ensuring human life in space flight The image of Yuri Gagarin in the art of Palekh Are we alone in the universe? He was the first ... He showed us the way to the future ... They paved the way into space Dangerous space objects - meteorites Optical instruments Space station "Mir" Space exploration Space exploration: pros and cons Main stages of space exploration Features of students' personal qualities, due to their date birth Discovery of Neptune and Pluto Where did the Earth come from? Where does a comet have a tail? Отправляемся в полет Падающие небесные тела                                                     Fall of meteorites Natural monuments of the Pechenga region The first expedition to the Moon The first in space The first in space The first cosmonaut of the planet Yu.A. Gagarin The first cosmonaut - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin The first flight into space Asteroid interceptor with multiple nuclear warheads Glider 2010 Dinosaur planet Planet Earth in ABCs and quizzes (Earth's surface) Planet Mars and its satellites Planet Saturn Planet of the solar system - Jupiter Planet Jupiter Giant planet Jupiter Planets Planets of the solar system Planets of the terrestrial group in the paintings of great artists Space explorers Space explorers Half a century in space Mineral resources of the Earth and space Flight into space Flight begins on Earth Rocket flight Flights in reality and in a dream Full description of aircraft Aurora - what is it? Why doesn't the moon fall to earth? Why is the moon so different? Why does a kite fly? Why planes fly Why do we mistake UFOs for alien ships? Why does a rainbow appear Why is the sun called a star? Presentation "Spacecraft on stamps of different countries" Presentation "Secrets of the Moon" Presentation "Black holes" Transformation of the planets of the solar system Application of composite materials in rocket and space technology Application of the Archimedes force in technology Earth's gravity Attraction of the starry sky Problems of outer space exploration Problems of small aviation (aviation general purpose) Checking the viability of the aircraft. Wings Wings on the Star Sky project “Aircraft” Project of a space aircraft with an active solar sail origin                                                                                                             thing                       Origin of the Earth and Man (based on myths of different peoples) Breakthrough of the Professional Labor Strategies of the Modern Youth of Bashkortostan Passage of Venus on the Disk of June 6, 2012 Transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun June 8, 2004 Past, Present and Future of the Sun May there always be sunshine! Journey in the air Journey through the solar system Journey through the solar system Journey through the solar system Journey through the constellations Path to the sky Radiation belts of the Earth. Is it dangerous to fly into space? The rainbow is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena The development of aviation in Russia The development of Russian cosmonautics Exposing a large-scale hoax of the 21st century Mind outside the Earth: does it exist? Rocket Rocket - the road to space Jet propulsion. Successes in outer space exploration Records of the Universe Abstract "The hypothesis of extraterrestrial life" Drawing "Somewhere in outer space" Birth of the Universe, evolution, death of stars Birth of the Solar System Birth and death of a star Birth of the planet Earth The role of the Novosibirsk region in space exploration Russian projects to improve reusable of ships Russian space Website "Space through the eyes of children" Website "Planets of the Solar System" Orthodox Samara The most interesting about the Sun Solar-powered aircraft Aircraft we build ourselves Airplanes Aircraft Aircraft of the Great Patriotic War The most "space and astronomical" district of Moscow Saturn and its disappearing rings Collection of problems in astronomy Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya Appointment with a comet Sergei Pavlovich Korolev Symmetry in the plant kingdom Tales of the starry sky Tales of the starry sky. Zodiac How many planets are there in the solar system? How many planets are in the solar system?                                                                  thing  Scorpio in me Glorious sons of the Algazin land Glorious son of the Drozhzhanov land Complex world of the space age (dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the flight of the first man into space) "Service of the Sun". History and work of the Ussuri Astrophysical Observatory Smeshariki on the Moon Dogs in space Dog space. Detachment of space mongrels Soviet cosmonautics The content of space fiction in Russian literature Constellation Ursa Major Constellation of the solar system Constellations Constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor Constellations of the starry sky Constellations and myths. Secrets of the starry sky Constellations and planetary systems Constellations over the city of Yadrin Constellations of the northern sky Creation educational game"Journey in orbit" Creation of a planet and life on it Creation of a system to protect the Earth from potentially dangerous space objects Solar activity and its impact on human health Solar system Solar system in the Universe Solar system: satellites of giant planets Solar eclipse Solar eclipse and changing weather conditions Solar eclipses in the city of Slavgorod Sundial Sundial "Solar House". We and our neighbors Sunny bunny - what is it? Sun Sun and Earth in the Universe. Is there life on another planet? The sun and its influence on the surrounding world The sun as a source of energy Is the sun a double star? The sun is the source of life on earth The sun is the source of life. The current state of the problem The sun is the source of life The sun is the source of life on Earth The sun. What do we know about him? Sun: structure and influence on the Earth Scientists dispute: how many planets are in our solar system Ways of counting time. Calendars Satellites of the Earth Satellites of Mars - Phobos and Deimos Satellites of Saturn Article "Moscow Speaks and... Shows" One Hundred Years of the Tunguska Meteorite Mystery                              pages from the history of the cosmonautics of the page of the creation of passion on comets the desire for the solar system of the galaxy. outside the solar system? Mysterious inhabitants of space Mystery of the Stony Tunguska Mystery of the ninth planet Mystery of red Sirius Mystery of the red planet Mars Mystery of the Tunguska meteorite Mystery of the Universe Mystery of the Solar system Mystery of the Sun Mystery of the planet Mystery of the third planet Mystery of the black hole Such different weddings… Is such an empty space vacuum? Telescope "Hubble" - a journey through the Universe Telescope - device and history Dark matter Theoretical calculations light aircraft PA1 Theories of the origin of the Earth Theory of the Big Bang Theory of the Big Bang Thermoelectric current sources for planetary exploration Test work No. 1 - "How to open a job?" Test work No. 2 Technical project "Conquerors of space heights" Explanatory dictionary of astronomical names (a manual for the educational program of the astroclub "IKAR") Astronomical Tomsk Workers of Baikonur - natives of the Kovylkinsky region Nebulae Tunguska meteorite The Sun has all houses "Nature has no bad weather" Amazing Moon Amazing burrows The wonderful world of stars Could dinosaurs fly? The unique star Ural to space Morning of the space age Educational multimedia complex "Physics and Astronomy" for the 8th grade The doctrine of the noosphere as a new stage in the development of the worldview of mankind Film "Space" Film "Moon" Fractals                                                  Chemistry of stars and planets of the “space race” (USSR - - USSR - USA) Tsar Rocket Man in space Man in open space Black shark Black holes Black holes Black holes of the Universe "Honor and motherland are above all" Four-legged cosmonauts What affects the fate of a person? What do students know about space? What do we know about space? What is an airship What are stars? What are comets? What is space debris and is it dangerous for planet Earth? What is a sunbeam? Wonders of the world Wonders of nature - a rainbow Black hole - a mystery of space Black holes Stepping towards the stars School conference "M.V. Lomonosov - the genius of Russian science" Evolution of the Universe Evolution of stars Evolution of ideas about the nature of auroras Exoplanets Experimental determination of the angular diameter of the Moon Electronic encyclopedic dictionary of astronomy Elements of local lore in the study of astronomy Empirical evidence of the rotation of the Earth Star energy Encyclopedia of one word. Everything about the sun Epigraphs for astronomy lessons This mysterious planet - Phaeton Stages of a long journey This mysterious house - the Universe This mysterious world Echoes of solar storms Yu.A. Gagarin Yu.A. Gagarin in the fate of my family Jupiter - the largest planet in the solar system Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin Yuri Gagarin - Man of the Earth Yuri Gagarin - a citizen of the Universe I am an astrologer!