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The role of water in nature and human life
Water - life source, Source of bright days. Look immaculate In a fast flowing stream. Everyone wants to drink You save the rivers Lakes, oceans And small ponds.
Waterfall
Where is water on Earth? Water is a unique wealth of living nature. It is difficult to find a place on our planet where there would be no water.
Ocean
Sea
- Water is a liquid.
- Pure water is transparent. If we dip a spoon into a glass of water, we can easily see it. The water is colorless.
- Water has no smell.
- Many substances dissolve in water.
- Water expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
- When heated to 100 degrees, water turns into steam.
Three states of water
solid liquid gaseous
Ice, snow, hail. Water Steam
The value of water in nature
Water on Earth is the most common substance. According to evolutionary theory Life on Earth originated in water. Water plays a vital role in nature. Water is the habitat of many plants and animals.
The water cycle in nature
The importance of the water cycle in nature is simply enormous. It is this process that allows animals and plants to receive moisture, which is so necessary for their life and existence.
Water pollution
Water pollution is the process of saturation of water bodies with harmful substances, production wastes and household waste, as a result of which water loses most its functions and becomes unsuitable for further consumption.
- Main sources of pollution:
- Oil refineries
- Heavy metals
- radioactive elements
- Pesticide
- Effluent from city sewers and livestock farms.
- Household waste
Lecture plan 1. Introduction. 2. Physiological significance of water. 3. Hygienic value of water. 4. Economic and technical importance of water. 5. Epidemiological significance of water. 6. Requirements for the quality of drinking water. 6.1 Epidemiological safety of water chemical composition water Radiation safety of water Organoleptic properties of water. 7. Indicators of chemical contamination of drinking water 8. Methods of water disinfection. 9. Special methods for improving water quality.
An adult's body consists of an average of 65% water. With age, its amount of water in the human body decreases. The human embryo contains 97% water, the body of newborns - 77%, by the age of 50 the amount of water in the body is only 60%. The bulk of water (70%) is concentrated inside the cells, and 30% is extracellular water.
8 Drinking water is water fit for ingestion established standards quality In accordance with SanPiN Drinking water must be safe in epidemic and radiation terms, harmless in chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties 3.2. The quality of drinking water must comply with hygienic standards before it enters the distribution network, as well as at the tapping points of the external and internal water supply network
9 80% of diseases in the world are due to lack of clean water. Good quality water important factor human life Water contains potential toxic elements
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER All biochemical reactions associated with the processes of digestion and assimilation nutrients, flow into aquatic environment. Together with salts, water takes part in maintaining the most important physiological constant of the body - the magnitude of osmotic pressure. Due to the low viscosity, as well as the ability to dissolve various chemical substances and enter into weak bonds with them. Water is the main part of the blood and plays a role vehicle. Water is the foundation acid-base balance in the body, since it exhibits the properties of both acids and bases. All processes of assimilation and excretion in the body also take place in the aquatic environment.
EXOGENOUS WATER daily requirement a person in water is 2.5-3.0 liters. Water enters the human body through drinking and food. FROM drinking water a lot of macro- and microelements enter, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iodine, fluorine, etc.
EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM THE BODY At rest, the following amount of water is excreted from the human body: through the kidneys - 1.5 l / day through the lungs - approximately 0.4 l through intestinal tract- about 0.2 l. Another 0.6 l of water is released through the pores of the skin in the process of thermoregulation of the body. Every day, about 3 liters of water are excreted from the human body at rest. When working, in hot shops, in the summer in the field, in pathological conditions, the excretion of water can increase up to 8-10 liters.
Symptoms of dehydration of the human body (E. Adolf, 1952) With a decrease in water in the body (in% of body weight), the following is observed: 1-5% - thirst, malaise, economy of movement, loss of appetite, reddening of the skin, irritability, drowsiness, fever body% - dizziness, shortness of breath, feeling of crawling "goosebumps" in the limbs, a decrease in blood volume, stopping salivation, cyanosis, slurred speech, heaviness of walking% - delirium, swelling of the tongue, difficulty swallowing, deafness, weakening of vision, lethargy and numbness of the skin , painful urination, anuria % of body weight at an air temperature above 30 0C is fatal. 25% is lethal at any temperature.
Hygienic value of water Water is used for: removing sewage through the sewer network - 41%, keeping the body clean - 37%, cooking and washing dishes - 6%, for drinking - 5%, washing clothes - 4%, cleaning housing and public premises - 3%, watering streets and green spaces - 3%, car wash - 1%.
Epidemiological significance of water Polluted water can cause: the occurrence of acute gastrointestinal infections such as cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, acute infectious enteritis, etc., which largely depends on the conditions of water supply, sanitary cleaning of the population places, the level of sanitary culture of the population.
Good-quality drinking water should be: 1. Epidemiologically safe. The water must not contain pathogenic microbes, viruses and other biological inclusions hazardous to the health of consumers. 2. Not harmful in chemical composition (that is, to be the most favorable from a physiological point of view). And do not limit its use in everyday life. 3. Safe in terms of radiation. 4. HAVE GOOD ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES (be transparent, colorless, have no taste or smell).
Survival of pathogenic microorganisms in water Microorganisms Survival (in days) in water Well River E. coli Causative agents of typhoid fever 71, Bacteria of dysentery Vibrio cholerae 1-920.5-92 Leptospira 7-75 up to 150 Causative agents of tularemia Brucella 4-45-
Microbiological indicators of drinking water safety Name of indicators Units of measurement Standards 1 Number of bacteria in 1 cm 3 of water that is being studied (CFM) Colony-forming units (microorganisms) / cm 3 CFU / cm 3 no more than 100 * 2 Number of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group (colony-forming microorganisms) in 1 dm 3 of water that is being studied (BGKP index) Colony-forming units (microorganisms) / dm 3 no more than 3** 3 / 100 cm 3 CCW / 100 cm 3 absence *** 4 Number of pathogenic microorganisms in 1 dm3 of water under study Colony-forming units (microorganisms) / dm 3 CCW / dm 3 absence *** 5 Number of coliphages in 1 dm 3 of water under study Plaque-forming units/dm 3 BOO/dm 3 no ***
Toxicological indicators of the safety of the chemical composition of drinking water Name of indicators Units of measurement. Standards (not more than) Hazard class Inorganic components 0.13 7Nitratesmg/dm 3 45.03 8Ftormg/dm 3 1.53
Organic components 1 Trihalomethanes (THM, sum) mg/dm 3 0.12 chloroform mg/dm 3 0.062 dibromochloromethane mg/dm 3 0.012 tetrachlorocarbon mg/dm 3 0.0022 2 Pesticides (sum) mg/dm 3 0.0001** 4) mg/dm 3 4.0- 2Total organic carbon mg/dm 3 3.0- Note: * - the value indicated in brackets is allowed when water is treated with reagents that contain aluminum; ** - the list of control pesticides is established taking into account the specific situation.
When drinking water with an increased concentration of nitrates, methemoglobinemia may occur, which is accompanied by toxic cyanosis nitrites. The latter, absorbed into the blood and combined with blood hemoglobin, form methemoglobin, which is not able to carry oxygen.
Increased fluorine content Fluorine content in water over 5 mg/dm 3 causes damage not only to the teeth but also to the osteoarticular apparatus. The increased content of fluorine - more than 1.5 mg / dm 3 causes fluorosis, which is manifested by damage to the enamel of the teeth in the form of pigmented yellow and brown spots.
Name of indicators Units of measurement Standards (no more) Hazard class 1 Odor PR * 2- 2 TurbidityNOMe * 0.5 (1.5) ***- 3 Color degree 20 (35) - 4 Taste PR * 2- 5 Hydrogen index, pH, in the range of one 6.5-8 ,6- 6 Mineralization total (dry residue) mg / dm (1500) - 7 Hardness total mg-eq / dm 3 7 (10) - 8 Sulfate mg / dm (500) 4 9 Chloride fume g / dm (350) 4 10 Copper mg / dm 3 1.03 11 Manganese mg /dm3 0.13 12Irong/dm3 0.33 13Chlorophenolmg/dm3 0.00034 Organoleptic indicators of drinking water quality
The general hardness of water is mainly determined by the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates and other calcium and magnesium compounds in it. There are carbonate (removable) and permanent hardness (irremovable). Calcium from many food products is absorbed only by 30%, while calcium in drinking water is absorbed by 90%.
Chlorides (chlorine ion). Fresh waters mainly contain up to mg/dm 3 chlorides. If their number exceeds mg / dm 3, such waters have a salty taste and adversely affect gastric secretion. Chloride content in tap water drinking water should not exceed 250 mg / dm 3, in some cases up to 350 mg / dm 3 is allowed.
Sulfates (sulfate ion) in amounts above 500 mg/dm 3 give water a bitter-salty taste, can cause dyspepsia (especially with a high magnesium content in water at the same time) in people who are not accustomed to such water. The content of sulfates in drinking water should not exceed 250 (350) mg / dm 3.
Salts of iron (more than 0.3 mg / dm 3) and manganese (more than 0.1 mg / dm 3) give the water an astringent taste. The taste of tea prepared with such water also deteriorates significantly. Such water is unsuitable for some processes in Food Industry gives butter, cheese and other food products unpleasant aftertaste, in everyday life (stains linen during washing, etc.). Chemical indicators of water source pollution. These include substances that are contained in the urine and feces of people and animals, or their decay products ( organic compounds, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, etc.). These compounds, by themselves, in the amounts that they occur in fresh water are harmless to human health and only indicate contamination of soil and water. But along with them, water can also contain pathogenic microorganisms.
Special methods for improving water quality Deodorization is achieved by water aeration, treatment with oxidizing agents, filtering through a layer of activated carbon, etc. Iron removal is performed by aeration in cooling towers. Softening - filtration through ion exchanger filters. Desalination - ion exchanger filters, electrodialysis, freezing. Decontamination - filtration through ion-exchange filters Defluorination of water - ion-exchange filters. Fluoridation is the addition of silicofluoride or sodium fluoride to water.
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Water, you have no taste, no color, no smell, you cannot be described, you are enjoyed without knowing what you are! You can't say that you are necessary for life! You are life itself! You fill us with joy that cannot be explained by our feelings ... You are the greatest wealth in the world ... "Antoine de Saint-Exupery
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STRUCTURE OF THE WATER MOLECULE. A WATER MOLECULE CONSISTS OF 2 HYDROGEN ATOMS AND 1 OXYGEN ATOM, WHICH ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER AT AN ANGLE OF 105°
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES H2O At t≥0 At t=100 At t≤0
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hydrosphere fresh water salt water atmospheric water 4% 95% 1%
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Land waters Glaciers Groundwater Lakes Rivers Swamps 49% 47% 1% 1% 1%
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Diagram of the World Water Cycle
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Baikal. Semi-ovals of wooded mountains, The touch of blue patterns And rocks cut by a rampart, And the sky that has fallen into Baikal. And he himself is majestic and eternal In a granite carved frame, And all - to the bottom - is translucent, And all - to the droplet - dear. And the Angara's obstinate flight, And the cry of the wind, and the rumble of turbines, And the pine-birds over the cliff, And the wild barguzin wind. All this, without which it is impossible to be far away and wide expanse And you are unthinkable, Russia, And you are unthinkable, Siberia.
Slide 9
Decomposition (electrolysis) of water
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Heavy water slows down the vital functions of the growth and development of many microorganisms. Some bacteria tolerate 70% or more heavy water concentration in the medium, while plant cells can develop normally at concentrations of heavy water no more than 50-75%, and animal cells no more than 35% heavy water.
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The Volga is a river in the European part of Russia, one of largest rivers the globe and the largest in Europe. The length of the river is 3530 kilometers (before the construction of reservoirs - 3690 kilometers).
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Currently, about 45% of industrial and approximately 50% of agricultural production in Russia is concentrated in the Volga basin. Of the 100 cities in the country with the most polluted atmosphere, 65 are located in the Volga basin. The volume of polluted effluents discharged into the basins of the region is 38% of the total Russian.
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Water is the most important substance that is part of living organisms. What kind of water do we drink? Questions: - Have you thought about what kind of water you drink? Why should water be boiled? . In the laboratories of waterworks, microbiologists monitor the water daily. The number of microbes in water after its special treatment is sharply reduced. For example, a study of water in one of these laboratories showed that there were 5639 bacteria in 1 ml of river water; after passing the water through the sump, 138 bacteria were found in the same volume, and after filtration - only 17 bacteria
Slide 14
arsenic 27 cadmium 0.5 chromium 75 mercury 0.1 lead 18 cobalt 20 iron 4 copper 40 zinc 90 nickel 50 Content heavy metals and arsenic in bottom sediments of the Volga in %
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER. PURE (DISTILLED) WATER IS A COLORLESS LIQUID WITHOUT ODOR AND TASTE THE ONLY SUBSTANCE THAT EXISTS ON EARTH IN THREE AGGREGATE STATES BOILING POINT 100°С CRYSTALLIZATION (MELTING) TEMPERATURE 0°С
Slide 17
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER. 1. WITH METALS. a) very active metals when interacting with water, they form hydroxide and hydrogen 2Na + 2H2O = 2K + 2H2O = Ca + 2H2O =
Slide 18
b) metals of medium activity, when interacting with water, form metal oxide and hydrogen when heated Zn + H2O = c) low-activity metals do not react with water
Slide 19
2. WITH OXIDES. a) metal oxides, when interacting with water, form hydroxides CaO + H2O = b) oxides of non-metals, when interacting with water, form acids SO3 + H2O =
Slide 20
In third world countries, only one person in five can drink pure fresh water. - 470 million people on the planet experience acute water scarcity - 22 million children die annually from lack and excessive water pollution. Water scarcity on the planet
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80% 90% How much water is in living organisms?
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The value of water for humans
In the human body, water: humidifies oxygen for breathing; regulates body temperature; helps the body absorb nutrients; protects vital organs; lubricates the joints; helps convert food into energy; participates in metabolism; removes various waste products from the body. For the normal operation of all systems, a person needs at least 2 liters of water per day. Without water, death will come in 5 days.
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Water application
The industry of our country every second consumes as much water as the Volga carries it. To obtain 1 ton of steel, 150 tons of water are consumed, paper - 250 tons, synthetic fibers - 4000 tons. Many chemical processes are accelerated in the presence of water, i.e. water plays the role of a catalyst. But water directly takes an active part in reactions, for example, in the production of acids, lime slaking, and hydration processes. Water is required for the processes of setting and hardening of binders - cement, gypsum, lime.
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Popular wisdom says: the first bread is bread, the second bread is the spirit, the third bread is water. water protection
Slide 25
Measures for the protection of water bodies
Monitoring the level of water pollution. Installation treatment facilities in enterprises; Saving water (turn off the tap, reduce the pressure when you wash your face, brush your teeth, wash dishes, etc.) Planting and protecting plants along the banks of reservoirs. Rational nature management; Creation of protected areas.
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Conclusions:
met with physical and chemical properties water and its composition; gained knowledge about water as the most common substance on Earth, revealed economic and environmental problems modernity associated with water scarcity and pollution on the example of the study of the Volga River and Lake Baikal, revealed the role of water in nature and human life, ways rational use water resources.
Slide 27
Homework
Homework to choose from: 1) write an essay “The role of water in nature” 2) make a crossword puzzle on the topic “Water” 3) think up a fairy tale about water What substances does water interact with?
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2 slide
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The purpose of my work is to study the composition, quality, value of water in nature for humans. Work tasks: using scientific literature in biology and ecology, find material on the structure of water, its significance in nature and for humans, compile a table on the presence of minerals in water; using the data of the table "Mineral substances in water", the data medical encyclopedia, calculate the amount of these substances in water, their daily allowance, find alternative sources of these minerals; conduct environmental and chemical studies of water. Methods of work: descriptive, observational, comparative, monitoring.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER FOR HUMANS For the human body, water is the second most important substance after oxygen. Water regulates body temperature, humidifies the air during breathing, ensures the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body, protects and buffers vital organs, helps convert food into energy, removes toxins and waste products of vital processes. It is no coincidence that a person can live without food for more than 4 weeks, and without water - no more than 7 days. With my research, I want to prove the need to use clean water for food.
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Description of the slide:
Definition of smell. The method is based on determining the intensity of odor at temperatures of 20 and 60 degrees. 250 ml. We put each sample into the flasks at 20 degrees, closed the stopper and shook. The flasks were then opened in turn and the character and intensity of the odor were immediately determined using standard criteria.
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Description of the slide:
Determination of turbidity Turbidity of water causes solid insoluble residues suspended in water. To determine the turbidity of the water, I used samples taken from wells, because. the rest of the water samples were fairly clear. Using an analytical balance, I weighed the filters, then filtered 1 liter of water from each well through a watering can. Then she dried the filters with sediments and weighed again. The difference in the weight of the filter with sediment and a clean filter is determined by the total amount of substances undissolved in water.
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Description of the slide:
Hydrochemical research - Determination of smell. - Determination of turbidity - Biotest on onions. - Iron content in water
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BIOTEST ON ONIONS For the experiment, we placed the bulbs in water with salt, vinegar, ordinary tap water and mineral water. After 10 days, we measured the length of the root systems. From the experience on the onion, I came to the conclusion that the most useful for the human body is mineral water, which meets all the requirements, including contains the necessary amount of minerals necessary for our body.
8 slide
This material will give children the opportunity to independently answer the following questions:
Without which there will be no life on earth?
Why doesn't water disappear?
Where is water contained, its states and conditions?
How does a person use water?
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Slides captions:
The role of water in human life
What happened to the flower? The flower withered without water!
Our planet Earth, it consists of water by 70% Man also consists of water by 70%
Where is water found on Earth? OCEAN LAKE SEA RIVER STREAM
STATES OF WATER VAPOR - GASEOUS ICE - SOLID WATER - LIQUID
PROPERTIES OF WATER WATER HAS NO TASTE ODOR COLOR CAN DISSOLVE CERTAIN SUBSTANCES TAKE ANY SHAPE DYE IN DIFFERENT COLORS
HOW DOES MAN USE WATER? HYGIENE PROCEDURES FOOD AND BEVERAGE
Let's learn a poem Have you heard about water? They say she is everywhere. In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean And in a faucet. How the icicle freezes. It creeps into the forest with fog, It’s called a glacier in the mountains (Crawls into our house with fog, Boils on our stove, Dissolves sugar in tea (We don’t notice it). We are used to the fact that water is always our companion! , do not get drunk, I dare to report to you: We cannot live without it.
CHECK YOURSELF: WITHOUT WHAT THERE WILL NOT BE LIFE ON EARTH? WHERE IS WATER ON EARTH? WHY DOESN'T THE WATER DISAPPEAR? WHAT STATES AND PROPERTIES OF WATER DO YOU KNOW? HOW DOES MAN USE WATER? TELL THE POEM TO YOUR PARENTS AT HOME.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
summary of the lesson "Water in human life"
Abstract of the open complex lesson on familiarization with the outside world for children of senior preschool age ....
Water in human life (open session)
To improve children's knowledge about the importance of water in human life: water is the source of life, it is necessary to maintain life and ensure human health; about the properties of water: transparent, without color and...
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