13 years old adult. Doctors' consultations

When a girl reaches puberty, parents begin to worry about how to survive the transitional age of their daughter at 13 years old. During this period, the child may change beyond recognition.

Moms and dads are not always ready for the changes that await their children in adolescence. The body and psyche of a teenager are transforming very quickly. It sometimes seems to parents that in front of them is not the child they raised and loved for so many years. This is an outsider, a stranger.

The main mistake of most mothers and fathers is that they refuse to accept the grown-up daughter as she has become. It is especially painful to get used to the "new" person in the mother's family. Having given birth to a daughter, a woman wants her girl to always remain small and defenseless. Mothers are jealous of their friends, believing that only they themselves can be close people for their daughters.

If parents want to maintain a good relationship with their teenage daughter, they should give up the desire to turn back the clock, to force the girl to become small and dependent again. It is unacceptable to reproach the child for the fact that he has ceased to be the same. Don't blame him for changing.

What can parents expect?

Mentally prepare for the puberty of your child should be in advance. One day parents may notice that:

The opinion of friends for their thirteen-year-old daughter began to mean more than the opinion of dad and mom. The authority of peers for a teenager is very high. A daughter can spend much more time with her friends than with her mother, who is always offended by such a “betrayal”.
My daughter has new tastes. Some new teen hobbies shock parents. The child may start listening to the music of some alternative artist, want to get pierced or tattooed.
Their girl fell in love. Adolescence is the time of first love. The object of feelings is often classmates with whom a teenager spends most of his time. A thirteen-year-old girl in love is capable of the most desperate act. The most dangerous cases of unrequited love.

The daughter changed her style of dress and behavior. In adolescence, girls tend to go to two extremes. Some want to become adult girls as soon as possible, wear high-heeled shoes and revealing dresses, do manicures, dye their hair. Other girls are distinguished by the behavior characteristic of boys: they wear men's clothes, are rude, use profanity, and at the first opportunity try to take part in a fight. Over the past 2-3 decades, teenagers are increasingly fascinated by youth subcultures such as emo or goth. A large number of black items with symbols of death may appear in the girl's wardrobe.
Daughter is addicted to social networks. Excessive is observed in all modern mankind, regardless of age and country of residence. However, adolescents have much more time and opportunities to communicate through social networks than an adult working person.
My daughter has idols. Athletes usually become idols of teenage boys. Girls find idols among representatives of show business. Both a woman and a man for whom girls have unrequited feelings can become an idol. The presence of an idol often affects the choice of profession. Boys want to become famous football players, boxers, hockey players, etc. Girls dream of becoming a singer or actress. The choice of a child does not always find the support of parents.

Danger to life

A smoking girl is no surprise these days. Drinking alcohol by minors is generally not considered something forbidden. More and more teenagers are trying hard drugs.

The daughter went on a diet and began to lose weight dramatically. Persuasion from parents usually does not help. Many girls, knowing how their relatives will react to their decision, carry out a secret diet. At the table, they eat the usual amount of food, and after eating they make themselves vomit in the toilet. Mom and dad are perplexed: the child eats well, but at the same time melts before our eyes.

How to stay away from everything

Noticing changes in their child, parents seek to immediately redo it. Most of all, moms and dads are afraid for their daughters. The easiest and most affordable way to “save” your daughter from the cruel world is to ban everything. However, this method will not only not solve the problem, but will also lead to its growth. A well-known proverb states that the forbidden fruit is sweet. In adolescence, strict prohibitions do not give the desired result. The child is sure that his parents are behind the times, too old-fashioned, do not understand anything, etc. Do not be offended by such an opinion about yourself. Moreover, fathers and mothers should be glad that their child is changing. The lack of change should be alarming. This may indicate a delay in mental, and possibly mental development.

Adequate response

You can react to your daughter's behavior like this:

There is nothing wrong with a girl spending more time with her friends than with her mother. An adult woman is unlikely to be interested in discussing guys, teen shows, popular music, or school events. But it is on these topics that girls most often talk. At the same time, the daughter will not be interested in discussing with her mother her colleagues at work, the rise in food prices and other typically feminine topics that are often discussed by married ladies. Parents should show an unobtrusive interest in the people with whom their children communicate, but at the same time not try to become part of the company. Friends and girlfriends can be invited home for your daughter's birthday. This is a good opportunity to get to know them better. If the parents do not like someone in their daughter's company, this should be said as delicately as possible. It is necessary to give convincing reasons why the girl should not communicate with such a friend. The presence of the company in any case is much better than the complete absence of contact with peers. A child should not become an outcast in adolescence.

The new tastes of the daughter cannot be treated sharply negatively. The conflict of tastes between two generations is quite common. Probably, today's moms and dads once also argued with their parents because they did not allow them to wear fashionable clothes or listen to music that was popular during their youth. However, if the parents are categorically against tattoos, nose piercings, etc., this should be reported to the daughter. It is necessary to find a middle ground: to avoid permissiveness and at the same time not to put a ban on everything.
The first feelings of a teenager should be taken very carefully, especially if the daughter herself revealed her secret to her parents. In no case should you ridicule or scold the child, say that he is too small for such things. You can not criticize the one whom the daughter fell in love with. Teenage love rarely ends with something serious, and even more so with a wedding. In less than a year, the daughter will forget the guy without whom she cannot imagine life today. Modern teenagers strive for "adult" love by entering into. Not all girls really want this. But the desire not to become a "blue stocking" and the desire to keep the guy make the teenager go against his principles. It should be explained to the daughter that early intercourse is harmful both to her physical and mental development. The girl must understand that she does not have to do anything just to please someone. At the same time, the daughter needs to be told about the means of protection against unwanted pregnancy and genital infections. The child must be given the choice. Often teenagers commit unlawful acts solely in defiance of their parents. If the forbidden fruit ceases to be such, interest in it quickly disappears.
Changing the style of clothing and behavior is not a direct evidence of the degradation of children. Girls are more scrupulous in choosing clothes than boys. They do not want to look old-fashioned and somehow fall behind their peers. The desire to become part of a subculture is quite natural. Goths and emo in most cases are no different from their peers, who do not consider themselves to be any of the subcultures. There is an opinion that strangely dressed guys and girls have suicidal tendencies, use drugs and alcohol in uncontrolled quantities. In fact, we are talking about individual cases, and not about the rule. A teenager is often driven by a desire to stand out from the crowd, to become different from everyone else, to feel his exclusivity.

Until recently, the danger of social networks was that teenagers forgot about their studies and spoiled their eyesight, sitting in front of the monitor for hours. Today, communication sites have become a real danger. Teenagers mindlessly enter into dialogues with strangers, who often turn out to be intruders. Children are deceived to receive information about the financial situation of the family. Pedophiles are also interested in communicating with teenagers. The perpetrator may ask the child to send him nude photographs of himself, promising money for this. The teenager never receives the promised money, and the picture makes it possible for the pedophile to blackmail the child. One should also be afraid of the daughter's entry into the so-called death groups, which have recently become widespread. In such groups, unknown perpetrators offer teenagers to commit suicide. Parents should talk to their daughter as often as possible about the possible dangers that lie in wait for her on social networks. You can register on the same site and communicate with your child while away from home. The daughter will appreciate the "advanced" father and mother.
The presence of an idol also should not frighten parents. During adolescence, children need guidance. Instead of scolding a child for decorating his room with posters of his favorite musician or athlete, it is much better to read the biography of a celebrity, to understand why the daughter liked this person. Love for an idol can also be turned in a positive direction. If a girl likes some actress or singer, it is probably worth asking her to go to an acting or vocal studio. Some of today's celebrities have become famous only because they imitated their idols as children. There is also a high probability that in 2-3 years the daughter will forget about her ideal.
In order not to have to treat the daughter from any addiction, the prevention of bad habits should be dealt with from early childhood. First of all, parents should reconsider their behavior. A mother with a cigarette in her hands, telling her daughter about the dangers of smoking, looks unconvincing. If no one in the family has bad habits, the child will not consider Sunday gatherings of adults with alcohol as the norm. The emphasis should be on a healthy lifestyle, and not on the word “no”. The more often a teenager is forbidden, the greater will be his desire to do something forbidden. The reason to start drinking, smoking or taking drugs may be the desire to keep up with peers. A cigarette or a bottle of beer becomes an indicator of adulthood or symbolizes the ability to cross established boundaries. The task of parents is to explain to their daughters: an adult is not someone who drinks and smokes. A mature person is distinguished by the ability to take responsibility for their actions and take their life seriously.

In the struggle for their harmony, girls go to extreme measures. According to modern canons of beauty, extra pounds are one of the most unpleasant cosmetic defects. A teenage girl can be invited to play her favorite sport. The child must understand that this is the safest way to keep fit.

Parents often criticize their children. At the same time, fathers and mothers tend to forget that as children, they caused their relatives no less anxiety. A constructive dialogue with a child should begin with a self-critical attitude towards oneself.

Adolescence is a rather difficult period of life, both for the child himself and for the people around him. More recently, the little baby laughed happily in her mother's arms, and now the grown-up daughter is spinning in front of the mirror, critically evaluating her figure and appearance.

Teenagers are very self-critical, they tend to attribute non-existent flaws to themselves and get seriously upset about this. In teenage girls, often all the failures and imaginary problems of a "global scale" revolve around being overweight. “I’m too fat, I have a very big belly (legs, arms, hips),” a thirteen-year-old girl says to herself and begins to actively look for the answer to the question: “How to lose weight at 13?”

Therefore, before looking for all kinds of means, how to lose weight at 13, you should first realistically assess the situation and think about whether it is worth losing weight at all? Indeed, at this age, problems with appearance are often simply far-fetched, and there really are no grounds for emergency measures.

Weight loss at 13 - is it necessary?

For any teenager, the question of his appearance is a painful topic. An extra pimple on the nose or the appearance of freckles are perceived as a universal disaster and a terrible shame (“What will classmates say!”). If such trifles can lead to depression, what can we say about a slightly protruding stomach or slightly plump legs - in the understanding of a teenager, this can take on the scale of a disaster.

Girls are especially susceptible to such experiences, since appearance for a future woman plays a crucial role. At the age of thirteen, the topic of excess weight can be very acute and, as a rule, unreasonable. An extra two or three kilograms is not yet a reason to wonder how a girl can lose weight at the age of 13, because this is easily corrected by physical exercises, gymnastics or dancing.

But what is a child to do, whose fullness is not at all the result of his wild imagination, but a sad fact? With the development of civilization, such blessings as an abundance of nourishing refined food (various fast foods, sweets with an excess amount of refractory trans fats, liquid sugar flavored in the form of lemonade), information technologies that have firmly seated teenagers have come into our lives and the lives of our children. in cozy armchairs and sofas, mass propaganda that has led to the fact that football is perceived as an addition to a can of Coca-Cola and a bag of chips or nuts.

All this was the sad result of the fact that the question of how to lose weight for a child of 13 no longer seems absurd. It is worth walking along the streets of our cities, and the problem of excess weight in adolescents becomes obvious. How can a 13-year-old girl lose weight if she spent the whole day at the computer, eating sandwiches and drinking them with fizzy lemonade? Even walking in the fresh air, teenagers do not part with high-calorie foods: salted nuts, fried crackers or chips.

So what should a really fat teenager do, how to lose weight at 13?

How to lose weight for a teenager at 13 years old - sport or diet?

Losing weight at the age of 13 with the help of conventional diets is dangerous for a growing body - hormonal changes during this period are most rapid, and insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals (which always happens with a diet) can lead to pathologies of physical development and some diseases.

So is it possible to lose weight at the age of 13 without harm to health, and how to do it?

First, you first need to visit an endocrinologist. If a child has signs of incipient obesity, then only a doctor will decide how to lose weight for a teenager of 13 years old. A specially selected low-calorie diet and some medications prescribed if necessary will help a 13-year-old child lose weight as safely as possible for a developing body.

Secondly, if the problem of excess weight is not so acute (within 4-6 extra pounds), then losing weight at the age of 13, as well as possible, will help active sports: running, swimming, football, volleyball, etc.

For girls of 13 years old, losing weight as quickly as possible becomes the number 1 goal, and they go towards it with enviable stubbornness. Little women, ignoring the recommendations of nutritionists, try all kinds of diets from glossy magazines, often harming themselves and their health. They don’t even think about how to lose weight at the age of 13 correctly, so that both the figure and well-being remain in perfect order.

For most teenagers, all it takes is shedding a few pounds to get back to normal for their age, and it's not that hard to do. To do this, you just need to follow some recommendations that allow teenagers of 13 years old to lose weight as efficiently as possible and with health benefits.

Weight loss rules for teenagers

Refuse white bread, rich pastries and confectionery;
Effective weight loss at the age of 13 requires completely forgetting about hamburgers and other fast food products, crackers, chips, salted nuts, etc.;
Lemonades and store-bought juices contain a lot of sugar, so they should not be consumed;
You can’t eat up to satiety, it’s better to eat less, but more often (it’s better to eat 5-6 times a day);
Vegetables, fruits, dairy products and cereals should be on the teenager's table every day;
Meat and fish should be consumed 3 times a week. It is advisable to give up smoked meats, deep-fried dishes, and popular chicken-fries;
Dough products are too heavy for the stomach and have a high calorie content, so dumplings, dumplings, pies and pizza are blacklisted, allowing only occasionally;
It is difficult to lose weight at the age of 13, if you do not give up ice cream and condensed milk - these products do not benefit, but only harm your health and figure;
A sedentary sedentary lifestyle is the enemy of harmony and beauty, especially in adolescence. How to lose weight for a child at 13 without active movement, hiking or cycling? This is simply impossible, so you need to move a lot, instilling in yourself the habit of physical activity.

An example of a teenage diet

A diet that allows a teenager to lose weight at the age of 13 without health consequences should be balanced, have a low calorie content and, at the same time, saturate the body with all the vitamins and microelements it needs.

An example of a menu for losing weight at 13 years old:

Breakfast: cottage cheese with fruits or berries, an apple, tea;

Second breakfast: two soft-boiled eggs, tomato;

Lunch: soup with oatmeal in meat broth, veal steak, fresh vegetable salad;

Afternoon snack: two apples;

Dinner: vegetable stew, kefir.

It must be remembered that puberty occurs in adolescence, and, therefore, the psyche is too vulnerable, it is still difficult for a teenager to cope with the changes taking place with him. Therefore, the task of adults and, first of all, parents is to help grown-up children adapt to the beginning of youth as painlessly as possible and gain self-confidence, helping both in deed and in word. Then the problem of excess weight will be solved.

Physiological characteristics of a child at 13 years old

Average, growth the child is 158 cm, the weight 40 kg.

The body develops swiftly. In girls, the hips and breasts increase, in boys, the testicles and muscle mass.

Mental and mental development

Main characteristics adolescent at 13 years of age are:

emotionality;
increased excitability;
categoricalness;
inability to predict the consequences (drug addiction, pregnancy, etc.);
secrecy;
sociability.

A teenager divides the world into black and white. Anyone who disagrees is not a friend. He does not perceive notation, but listens to authority and friends.

Parents useless yell at a teenager. This will lead to anger, alienation, or a desire to do evil. It is important to be able to keep confidence, love and respect, even if the child provokes several times a day. It is necessary to treat him as an equal to yourself, as an adult, to reckon with his convictions. However, education should not be left to chance. Responsibilities housework and family traditions have not been canceled.

Upbringing

At the age of 13, the child feels adults wants to have his money. A lot of guys are getting jobs. Others begin to behave like ill-mannered kids: they impatiently demand things, do not consider their parents, they may start smoking. It is difficult to put up with this, but you can try to change the situation, find him useful business. The teenager has inspiration and strength, it is necessary to direct them in a peaceful direction (for example, in sports, technology, creativity).

Parents should

Do not scold, do not yell at a teenager, but try to explain calmly and patiently.
Encourage and support good beginnings for a child. Sincerely rejoice in his achievements.
To control food.
Know who the teen is talking to is engaged during free time from study.
Giving more freedom.

No matter how complex your offspring has, he remains your child, son or daughter. He needs to know that you will help, and don't judge that mom and dad won't betray, they won't leave.

Diarrhea in a child can accompany a wide variety of diseases. However, this symptom is dangerous in itself, especially when it comes to young children. A well-known doctor and author of books and articles on children's health, Yevgeny Komarovsky, tells what the danger of diarrhea is and what parents should do if such a "trouble" happened to their child.

About the problem

Diarrhea is a manifestation of the body's ability to get rid of bacteria and viruses, of which there are a great many around the child. Neither the water that the baby drinks, nor the food, nor the air is sterile. What can we say about playing in the sandbox, crawling on the grass, on the floor, etc. A person has several such protective “systems”: saliva is designed to destroy microbes at the stage of getting into the mouth, bronchial and nasal mucus protect the respiratory organs from getting into them bacteria and viruses, gastric juice effectively destroys those microorganisms that managed to enter the body through the mouth and reach the digestive organs unharmed. Bacteria, which are indigenous inhabitants, are waiting in the intestines of "intruders". Their task is to prevent malicious agents from taking root.

Diarrhea in a child can be caused by an intestinal infection that enters the mouth through unwashed hands, poorly washed vegetables and fruits, through water, with food. Often these are bacteria.

Certain viruses, such as rotavirus, also cause diarrhea. The intestinal mucosa is an excellent breeding ground for their reproduction, and therefore digestion is disturbed, the intestinal mucosa is irritated and diarrhea occurs.

Danger of diarrhea

The most serious danger of diarrhea lies in the likelihood of dehydration.. The younger the child, the higher this risk. Salts of potassium, calcium, and sodium, which are extremely important for life, come out with feces. Liquid is rapidly lost. Therefore, it is not so scary if a child at 3 years old goes to the toilet five times a day and does not show signs of dehydration, as if five times diarrhea happened to a 6-month-old baby. After all, the reserves of water and mineral salts in the crumbs are much more scarce, he loses them at a faster pace.

Severe dehydration can cause serious disorders of the nervous system, as well as be fatal to the baby.

Treatment

If diarrhea is caused by a viral infection, and in addition to frequent trips to the toilet, there are all signs of a viral illness, you should not feed the child with antiviral drugs, they do not help and their effectiveness has not been clinically proven. Antibiotics are also inappropriate, since they do not act on viruses. No special treatment is required, it is enough to provide the child with the right assistance and prevent dehydration. If the diarrhea is the result of food poisoning or an intestinal infection, the treatment approach should be the same.

First of all, you should make sure that the baby is not dehydrated.

If a child does not pee for 6 hours, if he cries with dry eyes, without tears, if he has blue circles under his eyes, facial features are sharpened, he has dry lips, tongue, dry mucous membranes - these are very disturbing symptoms. The immediate help of doctors is required, you need to call an ambulance.

To prevent such a dangerous condition, the actions of parents with diarrhea should be coordinated and clear:

The child needs to drink. And drink a lot. All drinking should be warm, about 20 degrees, so that the liquid is absorbed and absorbed by the body as soon as possible. If the child refuses to drink from a cup, it should be fed with a spoon, little by little, but often. If he does not drink from a spoon, as children under 7-9 months old often do, then you need to draw liquid into a disposable syringe without a needle and drink drip from it. If the baby resists this method, you should not wait and persuade, you should immediately call an "ambulance" so that it is possible to introduce liquid to the child by drip.
The child needs to restore the balance of salts. To do this, Komarovsky advises using ready-made pharmaceutical bags with oral rehydration agents. Suitable "Smekta", you can buy "Regidron" or "Humana-Electrolyte". These drugs must be in the home first aid kit of every family. If diarrhea has already happened, but there are no such drugs, you can use a recipe that has received the full approval of the World Health Organization: add a teaspoon of salt and the same amount of soda per liter of water. You can drink the child with this solution.
You need to control the discharge. Drinking should stand out. As long as the baby, who has not yet reached the age of one, walks in diapers, mom has nothing to worry about. At any time, she can measure the amount drunk by the child, and after 3 hours weigh his used diaper on an electronic kitchen scale to understand whether the water is normally excreted. If the child is already going to the potty, control is also not difficult. But for a child at 2 years old, who has already mastered the toilet with a high degree of probability, you will have to follow on his heels.
The child does not need food. Do not try to feed him at any cost. Diarrhea will pass much faster if the baby is hungry. Give food only when he asks. You can not eat fatty, sweet, drink carbonated drinks and milk with diarrhea. It is better to give porridge, mashed potatoes, yeast-free bread croutons, vegetable soup in lean broth.
Activated charcoal - in the right dosage. Another useful drug that should be in the home first aid kit. Parents should remember that activated charcoal is dosed 1 tablet for every 10 kilograms of body weight at a time. Thus, a child weighing 10 kilograms is given 1 tablet, and a baby whose weight is 15 kilograms is given 1.5 tablets. Modern medicine recommends modern enterosorbents that are easier to take. If the financial possibilities of the family allow, you can buy and keep Enterosgel in the first-aid kit in such a case.

Nutrition after diarrhea

When the diarrhea has ended successfully, you do not need to immediately cook all those cutlets for your son or daughter and carry all the cookies that the child did not eat while he was ill. A few more days should follow a sparing diet. In the diet of a child from 1.5 years old, there may be cereals, tea, vegetable soups without meat. A kid from 2 years old can add one small curd to tea without additives, pieces of fruit and food coloring.

Then the diet should be increased gradually, daily adding new products to the peanut menu, starting with boiled meat, steam cutlets and ending (last) with a piece of chocolate or his favorite candy.

Doctor Komarovsky's advice

Safe home remedies for diarrhea are fasting and drinking. Everything else, including the use of antidiarrheals in children, must be agreed with the doctor.

If diarrhea occurs in a baby under one year old, you should definitely consult a doctor. For children under one and a half years old - the rule is exactly the same, provided that during the day the baby does not get better. Urgent hospitalization requires the presence of bloody impurities in the stool.

When contacting a doctor, be sure to remember what the child ate in the last 24 hours, what changes in his behavior were. It will be great if the doctor can personally assess the type of feces on the diaper: their color, smell, texture.

With an intestinal infection, a sick little one should immediately allocate separate dishes, a towel and bed linen. It can be extremely contagious, and therefore it is worth protecting other family members, especially children, from possible infection.

Folk remedies that "experts" recommend on the Internet to treat diarrhea, especially garlic or onion enemas, can be extremely dangerous for a baby. If you drink enough water and make up for the lack of mineral salts, then diarrhea will recede without complications quickly enough (1-2 days). If diarrhea continues, alternative medicine will not help, but going to a completely traditional doctor will help.

How to treat diarrhea in a child, see Dr. Komaorovsky's program.

Each mother in the process of raising a child is faced with such an unpleasant phenomenon as diarrhea, otherwise - uncontrolled loose stools, in which the process of defecation without the possibility of restraining the urge to defecate occurs more than 5-6 times a day. The total number of acts of defecation depends on the age of the baby and the reasons that caused this process in the body.

Is diarrhea harmless in children?

What does the well-known pediatrician Komarovsky think about this? Diarrhea in children, in his opinion, at first glance may seem a very harmless phenomenon, so to speak, a temporary misunderstanding.
However, parents should not be mistaken about this, because certain health problems can be a provocateur of the alarming state of the child's body. Therefore, a mother with a baby must definitely seek the advice of a doctor in order to determine with him the causes that caused diarrhea in the child.

Komarovsky - the most famous pediatrician

Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky is a doctor of the highest category, the author of a large number of scientific papers and books, the host of his own television program, who has received a large quota of trust from millions of parents. He has been associated with the field of healthcare for more than a quarter of a century. Since 1983, after graduating from the Kharkov Medical Institute, he worked in the regional infectious diseases hospital. In 2000, he moved to a private clinical center as a leading consultant in pediatric admissions. Since 2006, patients have been receiving patients in their own private clinic.

A wide parental audience is familiar with the famous pediatrician from the television show "School of Doctor Komarovsky", which launched in the spring of 2010 on the Ukrainian TV channel "Inter". Also, Evgeny Olegovich often takes part in television programs devoted to medical topics, and inspires maximum confidence in matters related to children's health.

Diarrhea while breastfeeding

According to Dr. Komarovsky, diarrhea in children can be triggered by breast milk, which, with the mother's diet, has got substances that irritate the digestive organs of the newborn. The baby’s stomach, which is still forming, cannot cope with them and signals about the problems that have arisen with diarrhea. What should mom do? Identify an unfavorable product and refuse to use it for a while, as well as adhere to a diet in which breast milk will only benefit the baby.

Maybe the cause of diarrhea is in infant formula?

How else does Dr. Komarovsky explain the reasons for the deterioration of well-being in children? Diarrhea in children can be caused by individual intolerance to products that come both with breast milk and during complementary foods. It has been observed that breast-fed infants suffer from indigestion less frequently than formula-fed infants. After all, bait mixes are often provocateurs of loose stools, with which the mother tries to diversify the baby's diet. If a child has diarrhea, what should I do? Komarovsky advises, at the first sign of its manifestation, to abandon the mixtures that provoked intestinal upset and return to a more adapted diet.

Causes of dehydration

Overfeeding, inflammatory processes in the body, infectious diseases, pathologies of the internal organs of the gastrointestinal tract are also provocateurs of uncontrolled bowel movement, says Dr. Komarovsky. Diarrhea in children, even the most common, can cause dehydration, causing anemia, weight loss, decreased immunity and other negative consequences.

When is diarrhea safe?

Diarrhea in a child Komarovsky considers normal if frequent loose stools are associated with a change in diet, ongoing physical processes in the body (for example, teething), as well as the experiences of the baby.
In very young children, loose stools can be observed throughout the day about 20 times, which is considered quite acceptable. By 3 years of age, stools are usually mushy, yellow or brown, and 1 to 3 bowel movements per day.

If the loose stool in a child has not stopped by the age of 3 and pesters him with the same intensity, you should urgently contact a pediatrician who, in order to make the correct diagnosis, will try to identify the causes of the disease as accurately as possible.

The doctor will be interested in the duration of the bowel disorder, the frequency of stools and urination, the consistency of feces, weight loss, tears during bowel movements, blood and mucus in the stool, as well as associated signs: vomiting, rash, fever, abdominal pain. Also important is information about the child's visits to childcare facilities, illnesses among family members at the time of the survey, sources of drinking water, etc.

Diarrhea provocateurs in older children

Diarrhea in older children can be caused by:

substandard or prohibited products;
infectious lesions and acute inflammation;
lack of food enzymes;
inflammatory processes;
helminthic invasions;
poisoning;
chronic diseases of the digestive system;
acute leukemia;
the use of antibiotics that cause intestinal upset and dysbacteriosis;
stress;
strong emotional stress.

What should a mother do if a child has diarrhea without fever for some time? Komarovsky on this occasion says that, most likely, there is a violation of the function of digestion, and this may be due to both physiological and psychological factors. A change in the consistency and color of feces, their acquisition of wateriness, the presence of impurities with a sour smell can be observed against the background of an expansion of the baby's menu.

Parents are often worried about the question: “If a child has diarrhea, how to treat it?” Komarovsky advises giving a sick baby a medicine that slows down intestinal motility (Loperamide, approved for use from 6 years old) and supports its microflora (Linex). Before taking medication, be sure to consult your doctor. In mild cases, a medical specialist will recommend drinking plenty of fluids instead of diarrhea remedies.

Diarrhea and fever in a child

Komarovsky explains to his patients that sometimes, against the background of diarrhea, an elevated temperature can be observed, which the parents of infants often associate with the eruption of the first teeth in the baby. Indeed, for young children, the growth of new teeth is stress, to which the baby's body reacts with frequent loose stools. If parents are sure that indigestion is due precisely to this cause, then they can give the baby a medicine that slows down intestinal motility. Along the way, the use of fastening products is recommended: a drink made from raisins or rice water. The main thing is that these funds are suitable for the age of the child.

The danger of rotavirus infection

Also, adverse symptoms may indicate the presence in the body of a rotavirus infection, discovered quite recently - in 1973. Translated from Latin, the word rota means "wheel", since the virus under a microscope is vaguely shaped like a wheel.

Rotavirus infection is spread through food, as well as through household contact. Regardless of the living conditions and the degree of hygiene, almost all children are ill with rotavirus. The highest percentage of infection with such an infection is among babies in the age category from 2 to 6 years. With rotavirus, vomiting, diarrhea in a child without fever can occur. Komarovsky recommends that you definitely visit the attending physician, pass the tests prescribed by him, on the basis of which the causative agent of the disease will be identified. Guided by an accurate diagnosis, the pediatrician will be able to prescribe an effective treatment. As a rule, antimicrobial drugs ("Enterofuril") are prescribed. Parents are advised not to give their child any medication on their own. The maximum of what they can help their child with is to give them plenty of fluids to stop dehydration, sorbents (activated carbon, Enterosgel, Polysorb).
To normalize the child's condition, it is recommended to use fever-lowering agents (Paracetamol) and provide a diet selected by the attending physician according to the child's age and the course of his disease.

If diarrhea is accompanied by vomiting

Intestinal disorders, accompanied by vomiting, as well as pain in the abdomen (determined by palpation in the epigastric zone), indicate a possible poisoning or the presence of harmful microbes in the intestines that cause the development of harmful infections.
The manifestation of vomiting and diarrhea is a kind of attempt by the body to defend itself and get rid of pathogenic microbes that destroy the microflora. The real cause for concern is the unnatural color of the feces: green indicates a bacterial pathology, black indicates internal bleeding. You should be alarmed if you find bloody discharge or a large amount of mucus in the feces. It is also very dangerous to vomit without diarrhea in a child. Komarovsky claims that the painful condition itself will not go away, so the child should be urgently hospitalized. No self-treatment is allowed: only a doctor's consultation and the use of prescribed drugs.

Parents at such moments need to give their child plenty of fluids to drink (you can give Regidron) and not force them to eat a lot, since for a weakened body, eating in the usual volume will be a heavy burden. After 8-12 hours, at the end of rehydration therapy aimed at replenishing fluid in the body, you can gradually introduce into the diet foods that are characterized by easy absorption: rice, bananas, crackers, dried bread.

When is hospitalization necessary?

If the manifestation of vomiting is observed against the background of other adverse symptoms, you should consider hospitalizing the child, because food poisoning should be treated only under the supervision of experienced doctors. This is exactly what Dr. Komarovsky advises to do in doubtful situations. Vomiting, diarrhea in a child cause the loss of a huge amount of fluid, which leads to dehydration for 2 days. It is quite difficult to make up for her losses, because the baby during such a period refuses water and food due to poor health. The most dangerous is the manifestation of such symptoms in children under the age of 1 year. Doctors first cleanse the stomach by washing it, after which they apply symptomatic therapy aimed at alleviating the condition of a sick child. In the process of such treatment, doctors must be able to determine the cause of the disease and prescribe appropriate medications.

What should parents do? Be sure to contact a medical specialist for therapeutic measures aimed at replenishing the electrolyte composition of the blood and replenishing fluid reserves.

In our country, it is difficult to find a person who would never have heard of such a pediatrician as Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky. He became known to a wide audience through the program School of Doctor Komarovsky, the first broadcast of which took place back in 2010. Each issue of this program is dedicated to one childhood disease, and the doctor talks about it in such a simple and understandable language that thanks to this he has won hundreds of thousands of fans throughout the post-Soviet space.

Evgeny Olegovich graduated from the Kharkov Medical Institute, and his pediatric practice began in 1983 at the Kharkov Regional Children's Infectious Diseases Hospital, where he worked until 2000. This was followed by a transition to a private clinic, and subsequently - the opening of his own center "Clinic".

In addition to the “School of Doctor Komarovsky”, Evgeny Olegovich is the author of numerous books that have become bestsellers, as well as scientific papers and articles on pediatrics. In addition, he is often invited to various medical television programs as a consultant.

Why is diarrhea dangerous for a child?

For children, diarrhea is a huge danger. If diarrhea does not stop for a week, then this can cause complete dehydration of the child's body. In the case of prolonged diarrhea, there is an uncontrolled release of fluid into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, there is a violation of the absorption of fluid and other substances in the body.

With abundant and frequent diarrhea, children lose a huge amount of fluid. As a result, the activity of cells and intercellular substances in the child's body is significantly reduced, and the blood thickens. Dr. Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky identified three stages of dehydration in a child with diarrhea. In the first stage, children are less likely to urinate. The baby's mouth is dry, and there are no tears when crying. At the next degree of dehydration, children become lethargic, lethargic and sleepy. The activity of the child is significantly reduced, the skin becomes dry and lose elasticity. Moreover, there is a sinking of the eyes. The third stage of dehydration is characterized by severe swelling of the extremities. The child refuses to take liquids, shows anxiety and is naughty. The skin becomes marbled, and there are involuntary convulsive muscle contractions. In newborns, diarrhea may occur in connection with feeding with dry mixtures. Scientists have proven that babies who are fed breast milk are much less likely to show signs of allergies and diarrhea.

Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders is not recommended to be postponed because it can harm the child. Self-medication can also significantly harm.

Causes of diarrhea, diarrhea according to Komarovsky

The frequency of manifestation of signs of diarrhea in a child is primarily due to his age. For a breastfed baby, as determined by the pediatrician Komarovsky, the color and density of feces are not so important. What matters is the general condition of the newborn and his state of health. For a baby less than a month old, liquid bowel movements are normal. And the frequency of loose stools can reach ten times a day, and sometimes more. Parents do not need to worry about this, if the baby has a normal state of health and mood.

With age, the frequency and abundance of stools in children changes. Closer to the year the child defecates less often. This is due to the fact that the digestive organs in infants are not fully formed. The digestive enzymes that aid in the digestion of food in an infant's body cannot yet handle all the food. In this regard, any food can cause diarrhea. These signs must be taken into account by parents of babies when changing the diet. The likelihood of diarrhea should not cause concern to parents.

Dr. E. O. Komarovsky identified another cause of diarrhea in children - an intestinal infection. This disease occurs in children almost as often as an acute respiratory viral infection. Intestinal infections can be viral or bacterial in nature. The most common cause of the disease is rotavirus infection, which affects a lot of children around the world. In turn, if this infection is diagnosed in time and professionally, the problem is successfully eliminated.

Of course, not only this infection causes diarrhea in a child. It is likely that the virus is transmitted from an infected person or from poorly prepared food, which is typical in the case of salmonellosis.

In infants, diarrhea can be caused by a state of high psychological stress, provoked, for example, by the formation and growth of teeth. This is far from always the cause of diarrhea in a child, since teething is an individual process and has completely different symptoms (fever or its absence).

Do not forget about dysbacteriosis, which also leads to indigestion. In addition, it may be difficult to digest and assimilate food. The most terrible causes of diarrhea are intestinal poisoning. Such diseases, as a rule, appear in connection with the use of spoiled food. Intestinal infections, in addition to diarrhea, can cause fever, nausea, lethargy, dizziness, and reflex eruption of stomach contents.

Dr. Komarovsky: how to treat stool disorder in a child

Diarrhea, diarrhea in childhood is a fairly common phenomenon, since the protective functions of the intestines in babies are not yet sufficiently developed. It is a frequent urge to go to the toilet, which the child is not able to restrain. The frequency of bowel movements is individual and depends on factors such as the age of the baby and the type of feeding (natural, mixed or artificial). However, on average, their number is at least 5-6 times a day.

Since diarrhea in children is not a direct disease, but only a symptom of an ailment, it should be combated by influencing the ailment itself. In addition, the consequence of diarrhea for a child is considered very dangerous - dehydration of the body, which leads to disruption of the work of all organs and systems, and in severe cases, to death.

Before the treatment of diarrhea, both in an adult and in a child, it is necessary to establish the cause that led to its appearance. After all, we often underestimate the seriousness of the situation and, at first glance, a harmless disorder of the stool can hide a serious problem. First of all, when diarrhea occurs in a child, you should seek medical help and delay is inappropriate here. You should not conduct experiments with the health of the baby and self-medicate - this approach carries an unreasonably high risk of complications, and sometimes mortal danger.

The causes of stool disorder, the appearance of diarrhea (frequent loose stools, diarrhea), as a rule, are:

1 bacterial or viral infectious bowel disease;

2 food poisoning;

4 renal failure;

5 liver diseases;

6 dysbacteriosis;

7 diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

8 inflammatory processes in the digestive system.

As for breastfed babies, their stool disorder in the form of diarrhea often provokes the introduction of complementary foods. Another common cause of diarrhea is overeating, as well as eating incompatible foods. Diarrhea in a child not only signals the presence of an ailment in the body, it also implies adequate therapy to eliminate signs of dehydration.

Dr. Komarovsky: diarrhea in a child, not accompanied by fever

The term diarrhea implies an increase in bowel movements with the release of liquid stools. In addition, feces may contain some impurities, such as blood and mucus, as well as have an unpleasant odor and an uncharacteristic color. The causes of indigestion without an increase in body temperature can be physiological and psychological moments.

It should be noted that as the child grows older, the consistency and color of his stool changes. And this is a completely natural process. Often, diarrhea in a baby is a response to the introduction of unfamiliar foods into his diet. The following factors should alert an attentive parent: an unpleasant putrefactive or sour smell, a change in the color of feces to green or black, a large amount of brown mucus.

In addition, the age of the child should be taken into account. So, for newborn babies, frequent loose stools in the form of diarrhea is the norm, this should not be a cause for panic. In children under three months of age, feces are often mushy and white or yellowish in color, and defecation occurs three or more times a day. If parents have doubts about the frequency and nature of bowel movements, then you should contact your doctor for a complete diagnosis and treatment if necessary. Often, the causes of diarrhea in babies are such benign factors as changes in diet, increased anxiety, or teething. However, its consequences in the form of dehydration of the child's body should be eliminated without fail. In addition to dehydration, there are other serious complications, for example, a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, a sharp weight loss, a weakened immune system, and others. Timely admission to the hospital will help to avoid such complications, as well as quickly restore the child's well-being.

Dr. Komarovsky: diarrhea with fever

Diarrhea, diarrhea, combined with high body temperature, should undoubtedly alert parents. To write off these symptoms for teething or overeating will not work, with a high probability this indicates a viral infection in the baby's body. For example, rotavirus, salmonellosis, dysentery and others. In this case, parents should first contact a medical institution for treatment. In addition to pharmaceutical preparations, it is necessary to maintain a stable condition of the baby by following a sparing diet and establishing a drinking regimen. The diet is selected in this case in accordance with the age of the child and the severity of the disease, but it is definitely not worth overfeeding the child.

Dr. Komarovsky: vomiting in combination with diarrhea

This combination of symptoms is quite common. Often, pain in the abdomen is also associated with diarrhea. The cause of abdominal pain in a child and diarrhea, as a rule, are food poisoning and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines.

In this case, the child's body, as it were, cleanses itself of pathogenic microbes through the appearance of a gag reflex and stool disorder. However, the consequences of such cleansing in the form of severe diarrhea and dehydration of the body are quite dangerous, in addition, in childhood it develops rapidly, and if the child still refuses to drink, then hospitalization is indispensable. In the conditions of inpatient treatment, the baby will not only select the necessary drug therapy, but also make up for fluid losses with the help of an intravenous infusion of an isotonic solution.

Dr. Komarovsky: vomiting, diarrhea and fever in a child

The combination of all these symptoms is extremely dangerous. In cases of such severe food poisoning, it can be very difficult to predict how the disease will proceed and how everything may end. Therefore, the only correct decision of the parents in this case will be an immediate call for an ambulance to the child, followed by his hospitalization. Only in the hospital will the baby be able to make an accurate diagnosis and carry out the necessary measures, including gastric lavage, as well as all the necessary first aid for food poisoning.

Dr. Komarovsky: diarrhea as a reaction to teething

Many parents believe that diarrhea in a child always accompanies teething, but this is an erroneous opinion. For each child, this process takes place individually - for some it is absolutely imperceptible, while others receive a whole range of symptoms that make parents worry and bring sleepless nights. The main signs of the imminent appearance of teeth, as a rule, are considered nasal congestion, fever and loose stools. However, many pediatricians do not associate the appearance of diarrhea and fever with teething. This is rather due to the weakening of the body's immune forces during such a period and an increased risk of catching any infectious disease.

Dr. Komarovsky: diarrhea in a child, methods of treatment

The main mistake of parents in the treatment of diarrhea is the use of antibiotics. This is absolutely impractical, it is better to do with drugs that can normalize the contractile functions of the intestine, as well as maintain its microflora. In addition, you should not self-medicate or rely on the experience of relatives and friends, only a specialist with a medical education can prescribe certain drugs. It often happens that the doctor will advise not to carry out drug therapy, but to limit himself to establishing a plentiful drinking regimen.

How to give first aid to a child with diarrhea before the doctor arrives?

Parents can take initial measures without the help of a doctor if the doctor cannot examine the patient for several hours after the onset of diarrhea.

The main goal for adults is to stop persistent diarrhea and most effectively interrupt the process of dehydration of the body.

In case of diarrhea in a newborn, follow these instructions:

1 Offer your baby breast milk or infant formula. Do this as often as possible, in case the baby does not reject food;

2 Drink the baby with special fluids to restore the salt and water balance in the body (they can be bought at the pharmacy), 60 ml or 120 ml after meals;

3 Drink the baby until he quenches his thirst.

In the case of children older than 1 year, it is necessary:

1 Make changes to the diet so that the child eats dietary meat, vegetables and fruits, a variety of dairy products;

2 Give the child a liquid solution to restore the norm of water in the body, 120 ml after bouts of diarrhea and / or reflex eruption of the contents of the stomach;

3 Drink the required amount of water.

The main treatment prescribed by a doctor usually consists of taking medications. It is worth remembering that any medical substances can be prescribed only if an intestinal infection is detected in the baby's body.

With proper diagnosis and further treatment, the symptoms of the disease disappear within three or four days. Do not use antibiotics or strong drugs on your own, as this can worsen the child's condition and endanger his life. It is best to contact a pediatrician if there are signs of diarrhea and dehydration. Self-medication is inappropriate for a child's body.

Often young parents are lost when vomiting appears and diarrhea begins in the child. Komarovsky E.O. explains the causes of such an unpleasant phenomenon in babies.

Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky is a pediatrician living in Kharkov. He worked for many years in healthcare in Ukraine. A specialist of the highest category, who for a long time treated small patients in the Kharkiv Regional Children's Infectious Diseases Hospital. Author of numerous books and articles.

Causes of diarrhea in children

For babies who are breastfed, reusable loose stools (diarrhea), vomiting (regurgitation) during the day is the norm. Children under one year old can not yet control their actions.

The amount of discharge of liquid feces depends on many reasons:

baby's age;
type of feeding (breast or artificial);
type of nutrition (with artificial feeding).

Diarrhea is a condition when the stool freely fills any capacitive form.

Diarrhea is a spontaneous loose stool that causes temporary discomfort.

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to identify the cause of vomiting and diarrhea, as it is necessary to determine the methods of treatment and what drugs will need to be used, hospitalization will be required or not.

The reason may be:

worm infestations;
gastroenteritis;
liver disease;
viral infection;
emotional overexcitation;
overeating at the first feeding;
eruption of the first teeth.

With diarrhea, the stools change color, become watery, and smell of fermentation.

Dr. Komarovsky says that in infants, loose stools up to 20 times a day are not a cause for concern.

And doctors should be contacted only if there is a discrepancy in the frequency of bowel movements or if there is a change in the behavior of the child. If the baby has “lethargy” in behavior, he refuses to eat, he has severe vomiting - this is no longer just a small problem and discomfort. If diarrhea lasts more than a day, then it may indicate a malfunction in the body. Dehydration may occur, so it is necessary to show the child to the doctor. The doctor will take measures aimed at neutralizing microbes and will assist in restoring the water balance.

Making independent decisions can be detrimental to the baby.

Loose stools with a high temperature can be in infants more than once a year during teething.

Komarovsky E. O. believes that the aggravation of diarrhea with high fever and vomiting indicates the presence of an infection in the child. It can be both intestinal and rotavirus in nature.

Follow a strict diet.
Don't overfeed.
Give antipyretics.
Do not limit drinking.
Show it to a specialist, since it is unlikely that when teething, a child under one year old will have prolonged loose stools and fever.

If a child under the age of one year, in addition to abnormal bowel movements (diarrhea) and temperature, has vomiting and complains of abdominal pain, then this may not be a reaction to the appearance of teeth, but poisoning or a manifestation of infection. Dr. Komarovsky advises for these manifestations to call experienced specialists and entrust the treatment to them. These symptoms may indicate food poisoning and the body's attempt to rid itself of germs. But nausea and diarrhea can dehydrate a child's body in a couple of days. He does not want to eat or drink when he is sick. The hospital will take all necessary measures to eliminate dehydration.

It must be remembered that the older the baby becomes, the more diverse his menu becomes. Physiological secretions change from a lighter color to a darker shade. Abnormal stools should be considered green or black, having a sour smell or brown mucus. What to do in this case? First of all, you need to immediately decide whether this is a consequence of the appearance of teeth. Secondly, to exclude changes in feeding and nervous shocks of the child. And if changes in fecal mass and vomiting have not gone away, then you need to contact your pediatrician.

Teething

If the baby began teething, Dr. Komarovsky advises paying attention to the following:

increase in body temperature;
runny nose;
increased secretion of saliva;
possible diarrhea;
slight vomiting.

What should parents do in this situation:

Contact the pediatrician to examine the child.
Try to give plenty of fluids.
Give a drug that slows down intestinal motility.

During teething in children under one year old, the immune system is greatly weakened.

The child can easily become infected. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor him during this important period of life. And do not be afraid to consult with a specialist if necessary.

After ten years, each child begins a new and completely different life. Nature cannot be deceived: the first changes appear, both in physiology and in other areas. Clinical psychology of children and adolescents shows that every year of life is a new step in development.

From child to teenager

At each stage, both the child and his parents expect new and interesting features. Often the older generation is frightened or alarmed by the behavior of the child, and they do not even understand what should be done and where to turn. Therefore, it will be useful for them to know about age-related changes that occur with each person. And also to understand the difference between the psychology of a teenager at 13 and 16 years old.

12 years old - already a teenager or still a child?

Many parents treat their children subjectively and consider them not quite adults, sometimes even despite the fact that they have reached a “respectable” age. But in order to avoid problems, it is worth understanding that a twelve-year-old person already belongs to the category of “teenagers”. And from this age, parents should take their child more seriously, taking into account all the features that a teenager's psychology has. 12 years - the age when the child begins to undergo the first changes.

From about this moment, a person tries to associate himself with the adult contingent. This may occur in the form of copying other people's mannerisms in order to appear older. Boys begin to pay attention to their physical condition. The question of how they look becomes their number one priority. Girls also begin to pay special attention to their external data. During this period, they can already experiment with cosmetics. Therefore, parents should not be afraid of this and forbid it. It is best to choose a child of better quality products with the lowest content of "chemistry".

At the first stage of adolescence, a certain slowness appears in a person. Do not be afraid - this is a normal phenomenon, since at this moment the connection between memory and thinking changes. The child understands that the process of thinking is inherently connected with the ability to recall the knowledge that was obtained earlier. There is a more conscious memorization and comprehension of the material read. During this period, a person begins to listen to what adults say about him. This sensitivity to the opinions of others often leads to the appearance of far-fetched fears.

13 years old - teenage dawn

The psychology of a teenager is amazing and unpredictable. 13 years is the age when hormonal changes occur. Therefore, the child's mood can change markedly. And if he suddenly became more nimble, sharp - this does not confirm the fact that a “difficult” teenager is growing up in your family. Such changes are a normal psychological factor. The child begins to perceive himself as an adult who has the right to his opinion, his desires. And this is partly correct. After all, he should strive for independence, and after a certain period, “separate” himself from his parents. Of course, this is very difficult for parents to come to terms with, and often they make the biggest mistake of trying to suppress any desires of the child. This can lead to disastrous consequences.

They also concern the intimate sphere of the changes that the psychology of a teenager has. 13 years is the age when there is an increased sexual desire, and, oddly enough, this happens more on the part of girls. Of course, the boys are also beginning to be interested in this topic, but the peak of their interest occurs a little later. At this age, teenagers are critical of their external data. This is due to the fact that there is a desire to be like your idol, who has a perfect figure, excellent hair and the most beautiful eyes.

14 years old - the age of self-awareness as a person

At the age of 14, a teenager actively begins to defend his rights. Sometimes parents can get the feeling that their child is doing everything in spite and in defiance. But this is absolutely not true. At the very least, a teenager does not set a specific goal for himself - to challenge everything. Often he himself is not sure what he really needs and important. But the desire to stand out, to show - "I am different!" - huge. Therefore, there is misunderstanding between parents and children. In order not to aggravate the situation, when a conflict is brewing, it is better to smooth out sharp moments. It is important to understand that the child is not trying to piss you off or deliberately piss you off - these are age features.

Communication is important!

Also during this period, the child pays great attention to communication. It is very important for him to be accepted and not rejected. And also to have friends with whom you can talk about everything. Indeed, at this age there are a lot of exciting topics and sensitive issues with which you will not go to your parents.

The psychology of a teenager at this age, of course, is undergoing significant changes. And if the parents noticed this transition in time and were able to change tactics in relations with the child, then often this minimizes problematic moments. In such a situation, a teenager is in no hurry to run away from home or do something out of the ordinary. He hears his parents and can compromise.

16 years old - the way to adulthood

What is special about developmental psychology? A teenager becomes an adult. At this age, many already have their first love, and perhaps the first disappointments. For some teenagers, this age means the appearance of sexual relations. But do not panic: not everyone at the age of sixteen is ready to take this step. However, parents should start talking about sex so that the child is aware of all the consequences. If dad or mom can’t start a conversation, then you can buy the appropriate literature and give it to your child. A teenager must understand that this is the period when he is responsible for all his actions. By the way, in Cuba this age is considered the age of majority.

At this age, the psychology of a teenager is more extensive and multifaceted. In addition to physical, sexual, hormonal changes, there are other features - the child begins to pay attention to philosophy. His outlook on life changes markedly. And those questions that did not bother him before, today come to the fore. During this period, a person may exaggerate his abilities, as everything looks more simple, accessible and rosy. This is the psychology of a teenager. 16 years is a huge layer in which there is a lot of faith, desire, aspirations. A person is at the peak of his emotional development.

Note to parents

Don't be afraid of transition. This is an inevitable stage in the life of every person. And if you want to soften this time, try to understand why the child does this and not otherwise. The psychology of a teenager may seem strange and unpredictable to you, but it is absolutely not so. Only you are able, like no one else, to understand your child and help him overcome this period. It may be harder for him than it is for you. After all, a teenager is just beginning to understand himself and those around him, and all changes are complex and incomprehensible for him.