Examples of sentences with appeal in Russian. Offers with appeals

An appeal is a word or a combination of words that direct speech refers to the person to whom the speech is addressed. For example, Sasha go get some bread; Young friend, always be young; And you, Dasha, will you go to the cinema?

Addresses are like introductory words in the sense that they, like introductory words, are distinguished by commas in writing, but are not members of the sentence, so they are not underlined when parsing. An appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. At the beginning of the sentence: Yuri, did you do your homework? In the middle of the sentence: Can you play the violin, Klava? At the end of the sentence: Why do you need a broken bicycle, Pavel?

At the beginning of a sentence, an appeal can be separated by a comma or an exclamation point if the appeal is pronounced with a raised exclamation. You can say: Kolya, go take out the trash. But you can also say this: Kolya! go take out the trash. Unlike introductory words, appeals are not distinguished by dashes, but only by commas. There is a pause after the calls.

The appeal is not always easy to find in the text. For example, are you Dear friends, come back tomorrow. An inexperienced student can single out an appeal in a sentence like this: And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. Therefore, it is important to be careful when highlighting the appeal.

Thus, appeals can consist of one single word (Vladimir, put a hat on your head, otherwise it’s cold outside) and common when two or more words are used: And you, snow blizzards, where are you rushing ?.

It should also be noted that there are also such appeals that can be scattered throughout the sentence, that is, one part can be, for example, at the beginning of the sentence, and the second at the end of the sentence. For example, Where are you, honey, going, girl. Such appeals are typical colloquial speech.

Sometimes the particle "o" is used together with addresses. For example, O my youth, where have you gone? In such cases, the particle "o" is not separated by a comma from the treatment, but is a single treatment.

The main thing to remember

• appeals are common and non-common;
• not underlined;
• appeals and introductory words are not the same;
• separated by commas.

213. Read an excerpt from a Russian folk tale"Fox with a rolling pin". After the address, pause (Ι) and pronounce them with a convocative intonation. What are the purpose of making sentences with appeals?

Sentences with appeals for the purpose of the statement are interrogative.

214. Read, find an appeal. How do they stand out in oral speech and on a letter on a letter? Write, emphasizing the appeal.

The appeal is separated by commas in the letter. If the appeal is at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it. In oral speech, appeals are distinguished by vocative intonation.

215. Rearrange the appeals in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Read your sentences aloud.

1. Mom, res e shi (words) me to go to the book fair today. - Allow me, mother, to go to the book fair today. - Let me go to the book fair today, mom.
2. Guys, do not forget to prepare for the Russian language Olympiad. - Do not forget, guys, to prepare for the Russian language Olympiad. - Do not forget to prepare for the Russian language Olympiad, guys.

216. Make sentences according to the schemes. (Ο stands for inversion).

1. Kolya, when will you wake up?
2. Mikhail Igorevich! Congratulations on your anniversary!
3. You, Anyuta, need to read more.
4. How comfortable it is with you, Marya Ivanovna!

217. Read Russian folk song. In which sentences are the underlined words used as references, and in which are they subject?

Oh how I love my cow.
How can I give her some nettles.
Eat your heart out cow(appeal) my;
You eat to your heart's content brown cow (appeal) my!
How I love my cow!
I’ll pour a hearty drink for a cow:
To be full cow (subject) my,
To cream brown cow (subject) gave.


218. Think of a situation when it is appropriate to address a young doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Rybakov, calling him:

Nikolay Ivanovich;
- Nikolai;
- son (son);
- Mr. Rybakov;
- colleague;
- young man;
- doctor.

Compose and write down 2-3 sentences with appeals. Make diagrams.

1. Nikolai Ivanovich, we are waiting for you in the ninth office. (appeal of colleagues at work).
2. Nikolai, do you think we will have time to drop into the stadium today? (friend's call) ?
3. Son, help me, please, bring the sofa into the living room. (mother's address to her son).
4. We are glad to see you, Mr. Rybakov, at our conference! (appeal at a business meeting)!
5. Well, colleague, let's start bypassing. (appeal of a colleague with whom good relations) .
6. Young man, let me pass. (appeal of a stranger).
7. When will you discharge us, doctor? (patient's request).

219. Make sentences with appeals to to a stranger in the following situations:
- you want to know the way;
- you ask the seller to show the goods;
- You ask what time it is.

Please tell me how to get to the stop. Please, show me that crystal vase. Sorry, can't tell me what time it is.

220. How differently (by last name, first name and patronymic, in a word with a diminutive - affectionate coloring) can address your parents (acquaintances, neighbors) different people? Make 5 sentences with different appeals addressed to one person.

Marinochka, let me help you cook dinner. Marina Petrovna, today at ten o'clock in the morning we will have a meeting. Dear Marina! Happy Birthday! Well, tell Kolka, aunt Marina, not to fight. Where's our salt, Marin?

221. Read fragments from M. Gorky's letter to his son. Write out sentences with appeals, put the necessary punctuation marks. What can be said, judged only by this appeal, about the attitude of M. Gorky to his son?

Offers with appeals: I am sending you, my friend, the book "The Living Word", it contains the best (words) samples (sample c) of the Russian (words) language ...
Goodbye! I hug you, my child!
Judging by the appeals, we can say that M. Gorky loved his son very much.

AT writing there are frequent cases of using elements such as appeals or interjections. They are necessary to create the desired color in the narrative, as well as to designate the subject being addressed. Punctuation when using these words has its own characteristics, which you need to know.

1. Spelling of commas when referring.

First, let's define the term "conversion".

Appeal is a word or phrase that names the participant in the action to whom the statement is addressed.

It may not necessarily be an animate person, but an inanimate object too. In the system of the Russian language, this unit is given a peripheral place, and the appeal is not a member of the sentence.

In the letter, the appeal is separated by commas. If the sentence contains words related to the appeal, then they, together with it, are separated by commas from the rest of the statement. For example:

• Dear colleagues, a moment of attention.
• Father Vasily, I came to you for help.

Note. Sometimes an appeal can be highlighted with another punctuation mark, such as an exclamation point. This is done in order to highlight the person to whom they are addressing:

• Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
  Steppe azure, pearl chain
  You rush as if like me, exiles
  From the sweet north to the south. (Lermontov)
• Hey dove! deceive others with it; You will also receive from the assessor for not frightening people with devilry. (Gogol)

2. Spelling of commas in interjections.

Interjections are a separate class of unchangeable words that serve for grammatically unformed expression of emotions, feelings and wills..

This is a unique group of words that is not included in the syntactic system of the Russian language. She only points out different reactions and emotions, but does not name them. It has its own spelling rules.

Usually in writing interjections ("eh", "oh", "hey-gay", "ah", "oh", "well", "hey", "op", "oh", "ay", "ay- ah-ah”, “oh-oh-oh”, etc.) are distinguished by commas (sometimes to enhance emotionality, exclamation marks):

• Hey, hey, that's not good! he scolded and shook his finger.
• Oh, I'm tired of everything, I'll leave.
• Oh, you were a playful child (Pushkin).
• Oh, the board is ending, now I will fall! (A. Barto)
• Oh what a woman, what a woman! I would like this! (gr. "Freestyle")
• - Ege-ge-ge! Yes, both birds are from the same nest! Knit them both together! (N.V. Gogol)

Note. The particles "o", used when addressing, as well as "well", "ah", "oh" are homonyms of the same interjections. However, in writing, these particles are not separated by commas:

• O field, field, who dotted you with dead bones? (Pushkin)
• But I do not want, oh my friends, to die. (Pushkin)
• Oh, you are a goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich! (Lermontov)
• Well, Onegin? You are yawning? (Pushkin)
• Oh what are you!

APPEAL

The concept of circulation

A word or combination of words that names the addressee of the speech, is an inversion. Most often, proper names act as addresses; less often - nicknames of animals or names of inanimate objects.

The appeal can stand outside the sentence or be part of it, located anywhere - at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle, at the end. Even being included in the composition of the proposal, the appeal does not become a member of it, i.e. does not have a coordinating or subordinating connection with other words and retains the isolation of its position and grammatical independence. For example: - Children, go to the rooms! - Anna Afanasyevna (Kupr.) shouted from the dining room; I don't feel well, Christia, I don't know what to do! (M. G.); Give me a paw, Jim, for good luck (Ec.); My end! Beloved Russia and Mordva! By the parable of the darkness, you, as before, are alive (Es.).

The appeal is accompanied special vocative intonation. She especially highlights the appeal that stands outside the sentence: Father! Father! Leave threats, do not scold your Tamara (L.).

Such appeals are easy turn into special independent sentences - vocative.For example: - Grandma! - Olesya (Kupr.) said reproachfully, with an arrangement. The handling here is complicated functionally; it not only names a person, but conveys various shades of meaning accompanying this name: reproach, fear, joy, reproachfully condescending attitude, etc., i.e. conveys subjective modality. Offers-addresses are especially rich in intonation shades.

The vocative intonation of a standing address at the beginning offers, somewhat weakened Fair-haired wind, how happy you are! (Pinch.).

Appeal worthwhile inside sentences, may have an intonation of introductory (quick pronunciation rate, lowering of the voice) or an exclamatory intonation (in this case, the addition of a particle o conveys special poetry and pathos), for example: Crush, crush, night wave, and irrigate the banks with foam ... (L.); Let me be covered with cold earth, oh friend! always, everywhere my soul is with you (L.).

Appeal located in the end sentences can be weakly highlighted intonationally if it does not have special semantic or expressive functions, for example: - What's your name, beauty? - asked the student affectionately (Kupr.). However, the general exclamatory intonation of the sentence can contribute to the emphasis of the appeal: Hello, people of peaceful labor, noble workers! (Pan.)

Handling, except main function - to attract the attention of the interlocutor, may have more evaluation function when the called person (or object) is characterized from one side or another, such appeals are often expressive words- But, mother, you are my dove! You are in your seventh decade (Pan.); - Shut up, worm! - Slavyanov (Kupr) threw him with a tragic gesture. Such appeals rich in intonation shades of pronunciation:Wait, honey! Sing along! (Cupr.); Yes, what did you do, you stupid head? (Cupr.); Ah, my dear, life is so beautiful (Kupr.); Hang around here, Labardians! (Kupr.).

Ways of expressing appeals

To express addresses in the Old Russian language, there was a special form of the vocative case. Remains of it can be found in the literature of the 19th century, for example: What do you want, old man? (P.). Such forms partially preserved in modern Russian as interjections and interjectional expressions:Lord, my God, my God, my fathers, my lights and some others.

In modern Russian language of address expressed in the nominative case of a noun or a substantiated part of speech. For example: What, boy, got you through? (Cupr.); We, comrades, are great patriots of the plant (Pan.); You, Nastasya Ilyinichna, are lucky in life (Pan.); - Hello, sixth! - I heard the thick, calm voice of the colonel (Kupr.); Use life, living (Beetle).

AT colloquial speech special forms of nouns are common for expressing appeals - truncated, for example: Tanya, Tanya ... (M. G.); Mom, what about you? (Fed.). Spoken language is characterized reception of repetition of references with a particle(reinforced call to attention): grandmother? What about grandma? You are alive? (Paust.); - Ivan, and Ivan, - Listar pestered him ... (M.-Sib.).

AT folklore works there are special types of calls, which are tautological repetitions: path-path, friends-comrades, sadness-longing.

For works of art- especially poetic and oratorical - are characteristic common appeals. Usually these are nouns, equipped with agreed and inconsistent definitions, applications, and even attributive clauses. These appeals characterize an object or person, convey an attitude towards it. For example: - Dear Nadia, my dear girl, - says my mother, - do you want something? (Kupr.): Farewell, dear forest, forgive me, golden spring (Es.); A young mare, an honor of the Caucasian brand, why are you rushing, daring? (P.); Black, then reeking howl! How can I not caress you, not love you? (Ec.); The stars are clear, the stars are high! What do you keep in yourself, what do you hide? Stars that conceal deep thoughts, with what power do you captivate the soul? (Ec.); Come, chained to the canvas by the power of my power, look from it at these tailcoats ... (Garsh.).

The appeal is often expressed pronoun with particle o. This appeal is usually accompanied by attributive clauses, for example:O you, whose letters are many, many in my portfolio! Sometimes I look at them sternly, but I can’t throw them into the stove (K).

Common Treatments can be quite lengthy, their characteristic quality then becomes the content of the proposal:You, gray from the ashes of the burned villages, hanging the shadow of your wings over life, you, who were waiting for us to crawl on our knees, you did not awaken horror, but you awakened rage in us (Tvard.); A soldier's son who grew up without a father and ahead of time matured noticeably, you are not excommunicated from the joys of the earth by the memory of a hero and father (Tward).

Common calls can be broken down. This is characteristic of colloquial speech or speech that reproduces colloquial: Stronger, horse, beat, hoof, minting a step (Bagr.); Where, smart, are you wandering, head? (Cr.).

Appeals can line up in a homogeneous row, for example: Sing, people, cities and rivers, sing, mountains, steppes and seas (Surk.); Hear me, good one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isak.).

Homogeneous Treatments may formally coincide with a combination of an appeal and an application with it, for example: To you, the Caucasus, the harsh king of the earth, I again dedicate a careless verse ... (L.). The inversion here is the word Caucasus, it is propagated by the application harsh king of the earth.

In colloquial speech, as addresses can be used unmanaged prepositional case forms. Such forms are contextually or situationally determined. They call the addressee of the speech according to a single, situationally identified feature. For example: FROM higher education, step forward! (Kar.); Hey on the boat! Release the port side (B. Paul.); Hey, there, in the boats, don't get under the wheels! (B. Paul.).

The scope of applications is very wide. They are a characteristic accessory of colloquial speech, especially dialogic. main function such appeals name of the addressee of the speech. In speech, poetic and oratorical appeals perform special stylistic functions: are carriers of expressive-evaluative meanings; as a rule, they are metaphorical: You are my abandoned land, you are my land, a wasteland, unmowed hayfield, a forest and a monastery (Es.); Flash, last needle, in the snow! Arise, fire-breathing mist! Throw up your snowy ashes! (Bl.); Recede, like an ebb, all daytime, empty excitement, loneliness, stand, like a month, above my hour! (Bruce); Wandering spirit! You stir the flame of your mouth less and less. Oh, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings! (Ec.); Sorry homestay. What has served you, and I am already pleased with that (Es.); O wisdom of the most generous Indian summer, I accept you with joy (Berg.); “Forgive me, goodbye, my dryness!” - he said with the words of the song (Shol.).

According to etiquette, in our country it is customary to distinguish between two main and most common forms of addressing a person.

Official address

In modern Russian, there is no generally accepted address for a man or a woman, as in the West or in the East (Mr., Miss, Madam, Hanym Efendi, etc.).

• If we know the initials, then the official form is the name and patronymic of a person (sometimes you can also observe with the addition of a surname). The dialogue also uses the pronoun plural"YOU":

! This applies to both familiar and unfamiliar people:

Our lecturer on the history of Russia in the 20th century will be Professor Ivanova Maria Petrovna. - Our lecturer of Russian history of 20 th century will be Ivanova Maria Petrovna.

• The semi-official form only allows the use of the first name.:

• If we don't know a person , then the most used words at the beginning of the conversation:

« woman"(middle-aged and older)," young woman" (youth), " girl" (child).

Young man, do you know if there is a post office nearby? - Fellow, do you know whether there is a post office nearby?

! An unnamed address is also acceptable, when we do not know in advance with whom the communication will be ( for example, messages in instant messengers, a call to a call center or letters to the support service on websites). In this case, it is enough to say hello politely and go straight to the reason for your request:

Good afternoon! Can you please tell me if this phone model is still available? I can't find it in the search on your site. - Good afternoon! Could you, please, say the availability of this smartphone model? I can't find it in search on your website.

Informal appeal

If we talk about the informal form of address, then here it is necessary to divide it into a live dialogue and communication in the Internet space and instant messengers. In all the examples below, the personal pronoun is mainly used singular"YOU", in more rare cases "YOU".

• In a personal conversation it is possible to start a conversation with a person immediately by name or with the addition of family ties to the name, or without a name at all. The latter option is possible if two people take part in the conversation or it is clear to whom the question is addressed:

Uncle Sasha, do you want more coffee? - Uncle Sasha, would you like more coffee?

Can we celebrate two birthdays on the same day? Raise your hands if you like this idea. - Maybe will celebrate birthday party on the same day? Raise your hands who likes this idea.

• When writing to in social networks or messengers , as a rule, an abbreviated form is used, without addressing by name with a transition immediately to the topic of conversation. The pronoun "YOU" is also more common here: