What is the sound of a consonant deaf paired solid unpaired. Consonant sounds of the Russian language (hard-soft, voiced-mute, paired-not paired, hissing, whistling)

Consonant is formed when the exhaled air passes through the oral cavity with overcoming obstacles, created by the language, lips, teeth, sky. All consonants are made up of the noise that is created when this happens. In some consonant sounds, in addition to noise, a voice is involved, which is created by the vibration of the vocal cords.

Comparison with vowels. Vowel sounds consist only of a voice (tone), while consonants may contain a voice, but they necessarily contain noise in their composition. During the formation of vowels, the exhaled air passes freely through oral cavity, and in the formation of consonant sounds, the air overcomes the obstacles created by the organs of speech.

Classification of consonants.

Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. Consonants are different

• according to the degree of participation of voice and noise: sonorants (voice prevails in education with a small amount of noise), noisy voiced (consist of noise and voice) and noisy deaf (consist only of noise);
• at the place of noise formation, depending on where and by what organs of speech an obstacle is formed that the flow of exhaled air overcomes (labial, lingual, etc.).

Consonant sounds differ in a number of ways, but they are most clearly opposed to each other in terms of voicedness / deafness and hardness / softness, which is important when distinguishing words by ear: pond - rod; chalk - chalk.

To designate consonant sounds in writing - 21 consonants: b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, w.

But, there are much more consonant sounds - 36: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [ h], [h'], [th'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [ n], [n'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '], [c], [h'], [w], [u'] .

The reason for this discrepancy is that the softness of paired consonants is indicated not by a consonant letter, but by a vowel (E, E, Yu, I, I) or b.

Voiced and voiceless consonants.

• voiced
  • formed by voice and noise.
  • letters L, M, N, R, Y denote the most voiced consonant (sonor) sounds that are formed in with a predominance of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [m '], [n '], [l '], [p'], [d']. They do not form pairs in sonority / deafness - always sonorous.
  • B, C, D, E, G, H — noisy voiced [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [b '], [c '], [g '], [e '], [g '] , [з'], consist of noise and voice, have paired sounds in sonority / deafness.
• Deaf (noisy deaf)
  • pronounced only from noise (without voice):
  • P, F, K, T, W, S - [n], [p '], [f], [f '], [k], [k '], [t], [t '], [w], [s], [s '] - deaf, have paired voiced;
  • X, C, H, W - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '] - always deaf, do not have paired voiced / deafness.

In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

In weak positions, which depends on the position of the sound in the word, consonant sounds can change according to voicing / deafness: voiced paired consonants change to the corresponding paired deaf (stunned), and deaf paired ones change to the corresponding paired voiced consonants (voiced). These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. Weak position is a sign of spelling.

Strong positions in voiced/deafness

(as we hear, so we write):

• before vowels: owl [owl], forests [l'esa];
• before sonorants [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [th ']: light [sv'et] - ringing [ringing], change [sm'ena] - treason [izm'ena], break off [atlamat '] - bummer [bummer], take away [atn'at '] -tray [padnos], means [remedies] - zrazy [zrazy] etc.;
• before [in], [in ']: your [your] - two [two], your [your '] - ringing [ringing];
• for paired voiced consonants, a strong position is before voiced consonants: building [buildings'e];
• for paired deaf people - before deaf consonants: bowl [bowl].

Weak position in terms of voicedness / deafness:

• at the end of a word: mushroom [flu] - flu [flu], fruit [raft] - raft [raft], code [cat] - cat [cat], genus [mouth] - mouth [mouth];
• voiced paired consonants are stunned before voiceless consonants: low [niska], booth [butka];
• deaf paired consonants are voiced before paired voiced consonants (except [in], [in ']): passed [built], threshing [malad'ba], light [light];

Hard and soft consonants.

Soft sounds differ from hard ones in that when they are pronounced, the tongue performs an additional action: its middle part rises to the hard palate.

Strong positions in hardness/softness:

• before vowels: nose - carried, they say [they say] - mel [m'el];
• at the end of a word: chalk [m'el] - chalk [m'el '], blow - hit, corner - coal;
• for sounds [l], [l ’], regardless of position: shelf [shelf] - polka [shelf];
• for sounds [s], [s '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [p] , [p '] before [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '], [b], [b '], [n], [n '] , [mm'] : jar [bank] - bathhouse [bank'ka], snowstorm [blizzard] - earring [ser'ga], hut - carving.

Weak position in hardness/softness:

• Changes in consonant sounds in hardness / softness can be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
• a hard sound changes to a paired soft one before soft consonants (more often s, s, n, p before any soft consonant):
  • n -\u003e n ', p -\u003e p 'before h ', w ': drummer [drum'sh'ik], lamplighter [fanar'sh'ik];
  • s –> s’ before n’, t’: song [p'es'n'a], bone [kos't'];
  • s –> s’ before n’, d’: life [zhiz'n '], nails [nails'd'i];
  • in some other combinations: door [d'v'er'], ate [s'y'el];
• a soft consonant becomes hard before a hard one: horse - horse

If deaf and voiced sounds are indicated by letters, then hard and soft sounds are indicated by other means.

Designation of softness of paired consonants:

• letters I, E, Yo, Yu : sluggish - cf. shaft, ser - sir, carried - cart, hatch-bow;
• before a letter And consonants are always soft (except W, W, C): feast, peace, sieve;
  after Zh, Sh, Ts (they are always hard) it is pronounced [s], not [and]: fat [fat], zhito [zhyta], bump [bump].
• soft sign b:
  • at the end of a word: stump, stand - cf. camp, steel - became, fry - heat, reality - was, all - weight, stranded - chalk;
  • softness of the consonant [l ’] before any other consonant: herring, July, polka;
  • softness of a consonant before a hard consonant: earlier, only (cf. sense), bitterly (cf. hill), bathhouse (cf. bank), radish - rarely, dawn - vigilantly, pebble - jackdaw, coals - corners, hemp - foam;
  • The softness of a consonant that comes before other soft ones ([g '], [k'], [b '], [m ']) is indicated by the soft sign b only if, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: earrings (soft [p '] before soft [g ']) - earring (soft [p '] before hard [g]), eight - eighth, lights - lights. But, bridge [mos't'ik] - without b, because bridge [bridge] - [c] solid before solid [t], tail - tail, rostik - growth.
• Softness of consonants H, W before other consonants is not indicated, because. H, W are always soft: stove-maker, kidney, power, assistant.

Hardness is indicated

• the absence of a soft sign in strong positions,
• writing after a consonant vowel letters A, O, U, S, E
• in some borrowed words, a hard consonant before E: [FanEt'ika].

Other consonant changes

• Simplifying a 3-4 letter consonant group (unpronounceable consonant): co lnts e [co nc uh], tro stn ik [tra s'n‘ik], se RDC e [s'e rc uh, hello vstv wow [healthy stv uy’], le stn itza [l'e s'n' itza] and etc.
• Assimilation (assimilation) of consonants at the place of formation: mid astier [ sch‘ast’y’e], gr zch ik [gr sch' ik], ssh it [ w yt’], szh at [ and at’], get rid of [and and: yt’] and etc.
• Change —tsya, -tsya in verbs starting with [ ca]:we to be[we ca], my tsya[my'e ca] and etc.
• Change Thu - [pcs] / [h't]: thu o [what], thu oby[shtoby], not thu o [not h't a] and etc.
• Double consonants: wa nn a [wa n: a], tra ss a [tra With: a], mi ll ion [m'i l'and he] and etc.

Sounds can change in several ways at once: counting [patch'sch'ot] - sch-> [u'], d + [u']-> [h'u'].

Spelling consonants.

• At the root of the word:
  • verifiable
  • unpronounceable
  • unverifiable
• Consonants at the end of prefixes:
  • to z (s);
  • to other consonants
• Consonants (except n) in suffixes of nouns and adjectives
  • -schik (-chik);
  • -sk- and -k-;
• Letters -n- and -nn- in suffixes.

References:

1. Babaitseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5 - 9 grade: textbook for in-depth. study Russian language. / V.V. Babaitsev. - 6th ed., revised. - M. Bustard, 2008
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
4. Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011

At home and on the street, we can hear many sounds: human footsteps, the ticking of a clock, the sound of rain, the singing of birds, the horn of a car. However, the sounds of human speech stand apart and differ from others, because with their help you can form words. It is known that all sounds of the Russian language are divided into two groups: consonants and vowels. When forming vowels for air, there is no barrier in the oral cavity. But in the case of the pronunciation of consonants in the oral cavity, an obstacle arises. So, what can be what groups they are divided into, what does the expression "paired consonants" mean?

Voiceless and voiced consonants

The division into these groups is as follows: voiced consonants are pronounced with the help of noise and voice, but the deaf ones consist of one noise. The first and second can form pairs of deafness / sonority. Correlative pairing is represented by 12 rows. For example: "d" - "t", "g" - "k", "z" - "s" and others. Such sounds are paired consonants. But not all consonants can pair up. They are not formed by voiced "n", "m", "l", "d", "r", as well as deaf "c", "x", "u", "h". On the letter, sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters. It's important to be careful. Paired and unpaired consonants at the end of a word or in the middle before a consonant may sound the same, but be marked with different letters. To check their spelling, you need to find a word with the same root, so that after the checked consonant there is a vowel, and the sound leaves no doubt about the spelling. For example:

gris b- gri b s, gri pp- gri pp ozny;

ro t- ro t ova (cavity), ro d- ro d ova (castle).

Depending on the position of the tongue during the pronunciation of sounds, all consonants are divided into hard and soft. They are different phonemes. Paired consonants and unpaired consonants are distinguished. Examples of pairs: "in" - "in," , "k" - "k," , "p" - "p," and others. icon ( , ) denotes the softness of the sound during transcription. Steam does not form soft "u", "h", "d", as well as always solid "w", "g", "c". Of course, it is very important to distinguish between paired consonant sounds, hard and soft. Sometimes they even distinguish words. For example:

m ate - m ol, me l- me l b.

AT " m ate" and "me l b "highlighted consonants are soft, and in words" m ol" and "me l"- solid. Thanks to this special pronunciation, words are not confused.

When writing words, the softness of consonants can be indicated in the following ways:

• With the help of "y". For example: skates, elk, hit.
• Using the letters "i", "i", "e", "ё", "yu". These cases are: a wheel, a toss, a ball.

It is important to remember that in the middle of a word before a consonant, softness is not indicated by a soft sign in the following combinations: "st", "schn", "nt", "rsh", "ch", "chk", "nsh", "nch". Pay attention to the words: LF ina, spo rsh itza, mo st iki. In the highlighted combinations, the first consonant is heard softly, but is written without

The letters "ya", "e", "ё", "yu" can represent the vowels "a", "e", "o", "y" + the softness of the consonant in front of them. In other cases (at the beginning of a word, after after "b", "b") they mean two sounds. And before the sound "and" consonants will always be pronounced softly.

So, one could notice that the creation of pairs is a feature that is very characteristic of the consonant system of the Russian language. Paired consonants are combined into groups and at the same time opposed to each other. Often they help to distinguish words.

Homework: transcribe a poem by A.S. Pushkin
I remember a wonderful moment
You appeared before me
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.

In the languor of hopeless sadness,
In the anxieties of noisy bustle,
A gentle voice sounded to me for a long time
And dreamed of cute features.

Years passed. Storms gust rebellious
Scattered old dreams
And I forgot your gentle voice
Your heavenly features.

In the wilderness, in the darkness of confinement
My days passed quietly
Without a god, without inspiration,
No tears, no life, no love.

The soul has awakened:
And here you are again
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.

And the heart beats in rapture
And for him they rose again
And deity, and inspiration,
And life, and tears, and love.

In Russian 6 vowels:a, o, u, i, s, uh. Vowel sounds are characterized as stressed and unstressed. The basis of vowel sounds is the voice.
Consonants classified as deaf - voiced and hard-soft.Consonant sounds can have pairs according to these characteristics (paired sounds) and not have them (unpaired).
Unpaired voiced sounds (sonor): [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n "], [r], [r "], [th"].
Unpaired deaf: [x], [x "], [c], [h "], [u"].
Pair voiced:[b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [g], [h], [h "].
Pair deaf:[n], [n "], [r], [r "], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [w], [ k], [k "].

Unpaired solid sounds : [c], [g], * (although in the words reins, yeast - w is a soft sound), [w].
Unpaired soft sounds : [h "], [u"], [th"].

Used to record speech phonetic transcription, which is built on the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between sound and its graphic symbol.
Transcription is enclosed in square brackets, in words of two or more syllables stress is indicated. If two words are united by a single stress, they make up one phonetic word, which is written together or with the help of a league: in the garden [fsat], [f sat].
In transcription, it is not customary to write capital letters and put punctuation marks (for example, when transcribing sentences).
Words with more than one syllable are stressed.
The softness of a consonant sound is indicated by an apostrophe: sat [s "el].

The transcription does not use iotized vowels i, u, e, e. Uses to indicate unstressed vowels transcription icons[a], [s], [and], [y], [ie] (“and, prone to e”), [ye] (“s, prone to e”), [b] (“er”) , [b] ("er").

When are the sounds [a], [ye] and [b] pronounced, and when [ie] and [b]?
Their distinction depends on the position in relation to the stress and to the beginning phonetic word. So, in the first pre-stressed syllable (the syllable before the stressed vowel) and in the position of the absolute beginning of the word, the unstressed vowel is longer than in the other unstressed syllables (non-first pre-stressed and post-stressed); it is in these positions that the vowels [a], [ye] and [ie] are pronounced.

First pre-shock sound oh oh denoted by alpha (or house).

The sounds [a] and [ye] are found after solid consonants ([ye] - only after [g], [w], [c]) and are indicated in writing by the letters a (sama [sama, horses [lyshyed "ej"]) , o (catfish [herself]), e (turn yellow [zhyelt "et"]).

The sound [ie] occurs after soft consonants and is denoted by the letters e (blizzard [m "iet" el "), a (hours [h" iesy]), i (row [r" iedok]).

Sound [b] pronounced after solid consonants in the non-first pre-stressed and stressed syllables and is denoted by the letters a (locomotive [pravos]), o (milk [málako]), e (yellowness [yelt "izna]).

Sound [b] pronounced after soft consonants in the non-first pre-stressed and stressed syllables and is indicated by the letters e (transition [p "bp" ihot]), i (ordinary [r" davoj "]), a (hourly [h" bsavoj "]).

When pronouncing voiced consonant air flow creates vibrations of the vocal cords. If the vocal cords are not involved, then the sound is considered deaf.

But in Russian, a voiced letter does not always mean a voiced sound (and vice versa: a voiceless consonant does not always mean a voiceless sound). It depends on the position of the letter in the word.

Voiced consonant often stunned at the end of a word. For example, in the word "colander" we read "k" at the end, because the sound is in a weak position. Can also be stunned before a voiceless consonant. For example, we pronounce the word "gait" as "plowing".

To determine which letter will be written correctly, the letter must be placed in a single-root word in strong position(that is, before a vowel or consonants M, L, H, R).

For example: “boat” - “boat”, “mushroom” - “mushroom”.

Table

Also paired in deafness / voicedness are pairs of soft consonants, from those indicated in the table. For example: "b' - p'", "v' - f'".

Hard and soft

In words, the same letter can denote both hard and soft sounds. This is due to the influence of subsequent consonants on softness/hardness. Before A, O, U, S, E sound hard consonants, before I, E, E, Yu, I - soft.

Table

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Shown in letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of first square brackets used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. Transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates softness of pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

• Vowels. They can be easily pulled. When they are created, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. vowel length - basis of vocal art(singing, "singing smooth").
• The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the lips, which close and open during speech, prevent the free passage of air.

The consonants are divided into:

• deaf and voiced. The deafness and sonority of the sound depends on the operation of the speech apparatus;
• hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Deaf in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? Phi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

voiced

When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. vibrations deform sound wave , and not a clean stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.

To voiced consonants belong: b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiced and voiced).

It is due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched different words close in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does parity mean? Two letters that are similar in sound, in the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonant sounds. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide, and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u b about f '].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this is unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced with softness. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

• sonoras - [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p ']. When they are pronounced, the air current hits the upper sky like a dome;
• hissing - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in the context. Are the sounds [h], [th], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are spelled the same but sound different. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.

When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-i, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-e.

Two-vowel vowels (i, ё, u, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or soft sign and a double vowel. For example, the word jung. It is pronounced as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m '] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, S do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.

Difference example:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon a] - [L 'u k], [m 'o d] - [m o r 'e], [d o m] - [d' a tel].

Pronunciation rules:

• hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, former;
• soft are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
• hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s], there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
• solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, house;
• consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: scarf - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
• always soft before b: elk, pulp.
• exceptions to the rules:
  • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
  • always soft J, Ch, W: white, black, pike.

Attention! A voiceless letter does not always denote the same sound. It depends on the position in the word.

Hard and soft sounds

Stun

The Russian language has the concept of stunning - some voiced sounds like deaf consonant sounds from a pair.

This is not a speech defect, but on the contrary, it is considered a criterion for its purity and correctness. But this rule only works with paired consonants. For example, [r] in speech is often replaced by [x]. This refers to a defect, since [r], close to [x], is considered hallmark Ukrainian language. Its use in Russian speech is incorrect. The exception is the word God.

Rules and examples:

• the letter is the last in the word: tooth - [zup], hole in the hole - [pr o r u n '];
• after the letter there is a deaf consonant: russula - [raw cheese Shk a].

There is a reverse process - voicing. means that in speech the deaf are pronounced as paired voiced. Voicing is justified when they are in front of voiced consonants: deal - [z d 'el k a].

Consonants voiced and voiceless hard and soft

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Russian language lesson in 5th grade