Rules to make public speaking accessible to listeners. Choosing a topic for public speaking

Not always the topic of the speech is given to us by someone in advance. Often

have to speak to free theme, and then fuss-

raises the question: what topic to choose for a public speech?

What to tell the audience? When choosing a topic, it is very important to balance

between the interest of the subject matter for you and for the audience

First, of course, the topic must be interesting and meaningful.

For you. Do you know why the first performance is usually the most

successful and emotional? Because the speaker charges the audience

with his enthusiasm, passion and interest in the topic in which he only

recently figured out. Because the speaker conveys his delight

from the novelty of the material he had just learned.

Sincere interest in the topic cannot be imitated, depicted

or fake. Any audience can easily feel how

you are close and interested in what you yourself tell. Therefore, in-

Interest in the topic of the speech is a key success factor.

interestingly. At the same time, I understand that management training

one or the construction of distribution may be more in demand,

but I won't take them. Not because I'm lazy or don't need money.

I must burn with the topic of the training, it must be 100% mine, this

should be close to me. Otherwise, there will be no effect, you

the performance will not be bright and memorable and, as a result,

there will be no learning outcome.

Somehow from one of the specialists and trainers in public speaking

captivity, I heard that the listeners are a vessel that must be filled

a thread. If you really use metaphorical descriptions, then, in my opinion

look, the public is not a vessel, but rather a torch that needs to be

burn. And involvement in the topic, sincere interest in it, extensive knowledge on the topic are the very fire that can be used to

burn the feelings of the audience. Don't fill it up, better kindle it."

“What to do if the theme is predetermined, but it is clearly in-

Teresa does not cause? Friends, the answer to-

asks for itself. The only way is to interest

themselves, to find something new and unusual in the topic of the speech. You were given

topic "Control of the production of siphon-nails and spacers

whiter in conditions of poor visibility at the enterprise? hmm, sympathy

I do. Try to approach this issue a little wider than usual.

Look at the history of this issue, study innovative techno-

logy in this area, find funny stories, adventurous-

in production. In any topic you can find interesting and exciting

touching aspects.

If you have to speak with the same topic, like "La-

skovy May" with "White Roses", then constantly bring something new

into a speech. New facts and examples, fresh statistics, relevant

nye images. Even famous musicians speaking with the same

a hit for many years in a row, from concert to concert they change the arrangement

his hitch. Otherwise, you can go crazy.

Secondly, of course, the topic should be interesting for the audience as well.

torii. We perform for the audience, so its interests are primary.

It is listener prediction that will help determine which

choose a topic for a specific audience.

At the same time, remember that any topic can be turned in such a way

at once to satisfy the interests of a wide variety of audiences.

Questions of lifting the moratorium on the death penalty will be of interest

lawyers, judges and human rights activists in the first place. However

if we turn the topic into the mainstream of what each of us can become

victim of a miscarriage of justice, interest and attention to the topic will awaken

any person.

Thirdly, you need to think about the wording of the topic.

The title of the speech should be short, capacious, bright, figurative

nym, attracting attention and, of course, intriguing.

Public speaking is a speech in front of an audience, a presentation of some information, possibly with the display of visual material, for a specific purpose.

The goals of public speaking can be very different: to inform, explain, interest, convince, convince, induce to action or inspire.

Depending on the purpose, the types of speeches are also divided: informational (narrative, descriptive, explanatory), propaganda (inspiring, persuading, inciting to action) and entertaining.

In modern practice, depending on the specific scope of application, public speaking is divided into the following types:

1) academic (lecture, scientific report, scientific report). Distinctive features- scientific terminology, reasoning, logical culture, communication of information of a scientific nature;

2) judicial (accusatory or defensive speech). Distinctive features - analysis of the factual material, use of expert data, references to the testimony of witnesses, logic, persuasiveness;

3) socio-political (speech at a meeting, propaganda, rally speech). Such speeches can be inviting or explanatory. Distinctive features - a variety of visual and emotional means, features official style, the use of political and economic terms;

4) social and household (welcome, drinking, memorial speech). Distinctive features - an appeal to feelings; free presentation plan; use of comparison, metaphor, solemn style.

The first stage of any kind of public speaking is preparation - defining the topic, selecting material and collecting additional information. A good presentation is determined by the depth of content (substance) and the form of presentation (style). Both require time and hard work. In order for your speech to reach its goal, collect as much information as possible about the intended audience: who you are addressing, how many people there will be, find out their age, range of issues of interest, level of education, professions of your future listeners. Find out how knowledgeable they are about your presentation. The more material you have collected, the easier it will be for you to convey information to the audience, as well as answer questions, consider and refute objections, including those that are obviously provocative and dishonest. But do not strive to embrace the immensity in one speech. What you say, the options that you offer, must be understandable and acceptable to the interlocutor. Do not get carried away with terminological vocabulary, an excessive amount of statistical calculations, proving how smart and eloquent you are. Your goal is to be understood.

Speech is composed in accordance with the laws of logical thinking. It should contain an unusual message, arousing interest, or a vital circumstance. Abstract reasoning alternates in speech with concrete facts illustrating these reasoning. Bright, persuasive argumentation, fresh, exciting information, material compiled in the form of a search for truth, makes the audience perceive the speech with bated breath. The facts that are given in public speech must be verified, all conclusions must be thought out and verified.

The second stage is the presentation of the prepared material. Here you need to meet three conditions: adjust to the audience, capture its attention and observe how the information is perceived, whether the reaction matches the one you expected.

At the beginning of the speech, it is important to concentrate the attention of the audience, to establish contact and relative ease in communicating with those present.

It is necessary to begin your speech with a strong and persistent desire to achieve your goal. Speech has a response from the listener only when in the mind of the speaker he himself, the audience and the word merge into one. To do this, you need to know what the speaker will talk about. If the speech is not thought out and planned in advance, the speaker cannot feel confident in front of the audience, and confidence is one of the main components of success.

Every public performance must meet a number of basic requirements.

The first of these is certainty, clarity. Listeners must clearly understand all the words and expressions used by the speaker. When a speaker uses words unfamiliar to the audience, uncertainty and misunderstanding arise. You must present the proposed information in an accessible, clear manner. You should strive to ensure that your information is heard and correctly understood.

The modern audience wants the speaker to speak as simply as in a personal conversation. In a good speaker, listeners do not notice the manner of speaking, they perceive only the subject in question.

For persuasive influence, it is necessary that the level of speaking correspond to the level of understanding. Arguments should be taken from the field of activity of the listeners, the information should be acceptable in terms of gender and age characteristics and, if possible, clearly presented.

The next mandatory requirement for public speaking is consistency. It is achieved when the presentation goes from the known to the unknown, from the simple to the complex, from the description of the familiar and close to distant. Consider the composition of the speech. Limit your presentation to 20 minutes, because most people are not capable of long and attentive listening. Most often, a three-component structure is used: introduction (5-10% of the speech time), main part, conclusion (5% of the speech time).

At the beginning of your speech, briefly list the main ideas that you are going to reveal. In the course of the presentation, you dwell in more detail on certain provisions that, in your opinion, are of interest to the audience. In conclusion, it is necessary to summarize the speech, repeat the main conclusions and provisions, and call for action. The beginning and end of the performance must be connected to each other. What is said at the end is better remembered by the listeners.

It is very important to observe the compositional proportionality of the material, it is reasonable to combine the old and the new, theoretical and practical material, positive and negative information, rational and emotional in the speech.

The most important condition oratory is the ability to use images and pictures. Without this, speech is always pale and boring, and most importantly, it is not capable of influencing feelings and, through them, on the mind. Real public speech should excite and excite not only thoughts, but also feelings. Only colors and images can create a living speech, one that can impress listeners. Speech, consisting of reasoning alone, cannot stay in people's heads, it quickly disappears from memory. The task of the speaker is to influence the feelings of the listeners. A strong feeling, human experiences always affect the mind, leaving an indelible impression.

To activate attention, to form mental tension and emotional tone in the human psyche, experienced speakers use subtle rhetorical devices, quotations, and examples.

Oratory necessarily includes the culture of speech and knowledge of the norms of the literary language. There are a number of common mistakes in oral speech: Wrong choice of words, use of superfluous words, use of close-sounding words, misunderstanding of the meaning of words. Errors in the pronunciation of sounds and their combinations, in stress are also unacceptable.

The speaker's speech literacy is manifested in the ability to adapt speech to a specific situation and the art of intonation. With the help of intonation, increase, decrease in the speed of speech, its volume, thinking and emotional perception are involved. Important words and thoughts stand out intonationally, with special energy, pauses are made before their utterance.

In order for the impact to be as effective as possible, you need to learn how to control your voice. The voice is able to convey, simply and beautifully express our thoughts and feelings. Speech should be sufficiently audible, and this depends on a well-placed voice and the ability to use it in various conditions. The ability to control the voice is associated with the development of speech breathing. Change the volume of your voice and the speed of speech, show your excitement and interest in relation to the issue under discussion.

The sound quality of speech depends on the brightness, distinctness of pronunciation - diction and on the compliance of speech with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation.

Even in the process of preparing for a speech, you should strengthen faith in your ability to manage an audience, train in mastering specific rhetorical techniques.

There is a rule: if you want to master some art, practice constantly, persistently, tirelessly. In oratory, it is necessary to master the technique, mechanisms, culture of speech with the help of a system of training, exercises, combined with the practice of speaking. Learning to speak and express your thoughts is to eliminate stiffness, to help a person feel free, at ease, confident, inspired and behave correctly in front of an audience.

Ask someone who is not an expert in your field to listen to you and offer their opinion. Was it interesting to listen to you? Does your speech make sense? Are you speaking clearly?

Did you meet the allotted time, what was successful in your presentation, what were the shortcomings and why did they arise?

Most likely, from the first time you will not be satisfied with the result, because you will spend a lot of unnecessary words, and you will have the feeling that you did not say something very important. Then you need to think over your ideas again, choose the right words, remove unnecessary ones and explain something with diagrams or drawings. Practice until you feel confident and have almost memorized your performance. The speaker must thoroughly know the material of his speech. It's not a bad idea to have reference material handy for those who want a more detailed rationale. It also inspires confidence, calmness, firmness in the argumentation of the informational message.

It is very important to learn how to overcome the so-called "oratory fever" or excessive excitement. Many people experience its symptoms: nervousness, fussiness in hand movements, pallor or, conversely, excessive blush, red spots on the face, rapid pulse, etc. All this not only hinders movement, but also leads to "mental clamp", inability to think effectively . You need to master the ability to create a friendly and at the same time businesslike atmosphere.

In no case should your speech take the form of just a verbatim transmission of the material or reading the text on one note, not paying attention to punctuation marks, since in such a speech there is almost no contact with the audience.

To maintain contact with the audience or to restore it, you can use the following techniques:

2) focus on those who interfere with the performance;

3) introduce an extended pause, creating a climax in the text;

4) suddenly ask the audience a question;

5) use visual aids, diagrams, diagrams, pictures illustrating reasoning;

6) change the pace of speech, emphasizing important thoughts by paraphrasing them.

There are also several ways to influence a person's perception of information. To do this, it is important to determine in what modality (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) information can be presented in the best way. Visual modality is in most cases the most successful option. Visually, you can imagine a large amount of information at the same time, which means that all complex objects (with many details), systems with complex processes and relationships can be perceived as a whole.

Create a "rod" visual image, i.e. at first, say only the most basic, emphasizing this. After that, gradually move on to the details, complementing and expanding this image. Complete the verbal description with drawings, diagrams, diagrams. This is especially useful in cases where your interlocutor is having difficulty building a visual image.

To help the person create a visual image of what you are talking about, try to describe as accurately as possible how you imagine the item or event you are talking about, using as many words as possible. detailed description, do not be afraid to repeat what is most significant. Add emotional coloring, i.e. speak with enthusiasm, interest, highlight the most important points. The most memorable and persuasive speakers are those who speak from the heart. Use gestures: when a person talks about what he sees in his "mind's eye", he begins to "draw" it in the air with his hands, and, oddly enough, this often helps the interlocutor.

Use your hands, face, and upper body to emphasize the most important points with gestures to make your thoughts more vivid and lively. In combination with words, gestures also speak, enhancing their emotional sound. Gesticulation can be classified according to its purpose: expressive, descriptive, pointing, imitative. Gestures are used in descriptions, if desired, to indicate a place and movement, they help to bring the necessary clarity to the presentation.

But using gestures correctly is a difficult task. Use gestures as you feel the need for them. Gesticulation should not be continuous. Do not gesture with your hands throughout the speech, because not every phrase needs to be underlined with a gesture. Make a variety of gestures, do not indiscriminately use the same gesture in all cases when you need to give expressiveness to words. Gestures must meet their purpose. Their number and intensity should correspond to the nature of the speech and the audience (for example, adults, as opposed to children, prefer moderate gestures).

For more effective impact on listeners, use the following methods:

1) the effect of the first phrases. Immediately draw attention to yourself as a person. For example: "I'm glad to meet you";

2) the effect of quantum ejection of information. To prevent loss of audience attention, “placers” of novelty are needed;

3) the effect of argumentation. Use convincing and accessible evidence for the audience to assimilate, especially if the arguments are related to the sphere of professional interests of those present;

4) relaxation effect. Psychologically unite different people in the hall, set them up for empathy. Humor, a joke, a sharp word will help to rally people in intellectual activity, to keep and strengthen their attention;

5) analogue effect. If two phenomena are similar in one or more respects, then they are probably similar in other respects;

6) the effect of imagination. The mental efforts of the listener in the absence of the proper completeness of information stimulate assumptions, conjectures, dreams, fantasies;

7) the effect of the discussion. Discussion is one of the varieties of dispute as a verbal competition. Its goal is to achieve the truth by comparing different opinions. A prerequisite for the discussion is the presence of a problem that is entertaining for those present in order to involve them in an exchange of views. Build a general summary from the most interesting judgments;

8) ellipse effect. This is the omission of a structurally necessary element of statements, which in this context is easily restored. It was used by Arkady Raikin during performances, talking with the audience, paused so that they themselves thought out the ending of the phrase or the words missing in it and finished them in chorus. The audience willingly joins in co-creation with the speaker. When answering your questions:

1) never say: "I agree, but...", or even: "Yes, but..." Such expressions are controversial, since the word "but" carries an aggressive meaning and suggests resistance. Say instead: “I agree, and…” or “I understand why you think so, and…” or even “I respect your opinion, and…” The word “and” is much less controversial and shows your desire to come to consent. Such expressions can stop disputes from the very beginning. They will help you navigate to your topic, not just answer questions;

2) when answering a deliberately false assumption, give it a definition. Don't try to defend yourself, just say, "That's the wrong conclusion. Actually I said that…” and repeat your thought;

3) if the question is not logical, do not say that it is "bad" or "stupid", humor will be an effective weapon against it, in addition, it will help you win the support of the audience. However, when using humor, connect it to the logic of the question or your topic, not to the person. Answer the question without offending the person who asked it;

4) when answering tricky questions, determine what the main idea is in the question. Ask the questioner for their name to win a few seconds. Begin your answer by calling the person by name and briefly expressing your sympathy, then continue: “If I understand the question correctly, you are mainly concerned about…” If you are extremely brief, you will not give the questioner time to interrupt you. In the first 45 seconds of the answer, the speaker is interrupted very rarely. Therefore, in the first minute of your answer, you need to answer the main part of the question. Say something positive and give an interesting example.

In the communication of the speaker with the audience, an important role is played not only by the form of speech, but also by his entire appearance. A good overall impression of the speaker's appearance, mannerisms, posture and gestures is essential to the success of a speech. But there may also be a negative side, since external data can divert the attention of listeners from the content of the speech.

You must be sure that your appearance meets the requirements of the audience and the environment. Carefully approach the choice of clothing.

Since you need to control the attention of people, it is very important not to remain invisible. If you show up in a pale blue suit, a pale blue shirt, and a pale blue tie, you will simply be ignored and most likely not listened to. It is also important not to blend into the background. Of course, it is better to know in advance what will be behind you during the performance. If it suddenly turned out that you are merging with the background, then take off your jacket, because there is no other way out. It's better to look a little extravagant than to let the audience ignore you. From a distance, small details blend together: a small-check suit can cause dizziness, and stripes can cause ripples in the eyes. For performances, wear a navy blue or charcoal suit, always a plain, white or very pale plain shirt, and a tie that matches the color of the suit.

Dress in a modern, but not flashy way so that the audience can listen to your performance without being distracted by your outfit.

Nothing on you or in your possession should bind freedom of movement. Do not wear tight-fitting suits that restrict the movement of the shoulders and arms.

The face should be serious, but not gloomy. To do this, you need to practice in front of a mirror. Study your face. What happens to the eyebrows, forehead? Smooth out the incoming folds, straighten frowning eyebrows. If it has a “frozen” expression, practice weakening and tensing the facial muscles. Say phrases saturated with various emotions - sadness, joy, and so on, observing that facial expressions also take part in this.

Do not worry and do not forget about inner confidence. Calmly head to the podium. Don't go through your notes as you go, don't button up your coat or jacket, don't fix your hair, don't straighten your tie. All this must be thought about in advance. Do not speak until you are in a comfortable and stable position. As soon as you take your seat, address the presidium and then the audience. Pick a specific form of address like, “Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen…” and get started.

That is main reason Fear of public speaking in front of a large audience? How to learn to make fiery speeches and stop being afraid to speak in public?

Hello, friends! Alexander Berezhnov is in touch and I am glad to see you on the pages of our blog!

I know that I have already intrigued you with such a headline and all this will really be in the article.

And how does it relate to public speaking? - you ask.

I assure you, all these tricks are directly related to overcoming the fear of public speaking! Checked by my 7 year old practice.

Public performance – interesting topic! Note that the title of the article is not "How to Learn to Speak in Public in an Hour (Day, Week)?" because it's actually impossible, it's all a painstaking and gradual process. Who in the subject - will confirm my words.

If you have read the previous articles, you probably noticed that they all have a practical focus. Here my friends and I share our experience and summarize the accumulated knowledge. They are obtained as a result of hard and regular work. And it is not just words.

1. My public speaking experience

In 2010, in the city of Stavropol, we created a club with like-minded people "charismatic speaker", which regularly held classes, invited interesting guests (politicians, businessmen, actors, TV presenters), went out into the "fields" and trained to speak in public, overcoming their fears and complexes.

Today our club has switched to a new format and with colleagues we also conduct trainings in public speaking in youth institutions of the city of Stavropol and Stavropol Territory. All this is done free of charge. Thus, everyone can improve their public speaking skills.

The topic of public speaking is very close to me. From the second grade, I began to perform on stage, studied vocals and choral singing, performed solo in the city of Stavropol and beyond as a performer of classical and patriotic songs.

Therefore, today I am not only not afraid to speak, but also love to do it very much, I teach these skills to others. He has spoken before several thousand people at city and regional events, held mass actions as a presenter, was a speaker at round tables various levels, held presentations of projects in different cities He gave interviews on TV and radio.

Many of my friends and acquaintances say:

“Don’t feed him with bread,” just let him speak!”

Indeed, public speaking is my passion! I have been doing this consciously and regularly for 7 years now.

Experiment

Before writing the article, I conducted a large survey among my friends and acquaintances (surveyed about 50 people). Among the respondents were people of both public and non-public professions.

I only asked them two questions:

1. “Do you like public speaking? (yes/no) and why?
2. What are you afraid of when speaking in public?

It turned out that most people are really afraid to perform. Among the main fears my friends identified:

• fear of appearing ridiculous in front of an audience;
• fear of losing the logic of the story;
• fear of letting your team down(if you are a trusted representative of such a team);
• fear of "talking too much" from excitement.

As a result of the survey, I found out that there is a direct relationship between the size of the audience, the level of the event and the status of the listeners present.

That is, the larger the audience, the more solid the event and the higher the status of the guests, the more difficult it is to perform in front of such an audience.

Public speaking is as much an art as writing music, writing poetry, carving wood, etc. I would even say that it is more difficult than the examples given, since psychology plays a huge role in public speaking, inner mood and personality of the speaker.

The topic of public speaking is very extensive, it includes a huge theoretical base dedicated to the posture of the speaker, appearance, the style of presenting the material, the art of speaking, facial expressions, gestures, the ability to hold the attention of the audience, and so on.

I am convinced that all this can only be learned through regular practice.

And in the article we will talk about the psychology of public speaking, and in particular about the fear that many people have at this moment and how to overcome it.

2. Why do most people experience overwhelming fear in public speaking? main reason

So, friends, before you do any business, you need to turn to the theory of this business.

In order to overcome fear in public speaking, you need to know why it occurs.

Fear is a defensive reaction of the body that helps us avoid fatal errors and threats to life. Moderate fear, or rather, slight excitement is a useful and necessary emotion at the time of our speech. It helps us concentrate better and not lose our train of thought. But excessive fear to the point of trembling in the knees is main adversary any speaker!

2.1. So what is the main cause of fear in public speaking?

It's all about our ancient instincts.

Since ancient times, people did everything together, that's how it was easier to survive. Together they hunted and escaped from wild animals. Together they defended themselves from the raids of other tribes. That is, it was not accepted and even dangerous to separate from the team.

And any public speech is, first of all, an expression of one's individuality, most often one's own point of view. Here you just need to stand out from the crowd and be "not like everyone else."

For most people this is very difficult to do.

3. Public installation “Be like everyone else! Don't stand out!"

Since early childhood we were taught to be obedient and humble, doing the will of adults: parents, educators, teachers.

Remember yourself in kindergarten... This is the same secure institution as a school, institute, army and even a prison. Here we went for a walk, for lunch, and attended other collective events. Still, after all, a person is a herd animal and feels uncomfortable alone. And most importantly, it can develop only in society.

Surely you remember famous fairy tale about the boy "Mowgli", who grew up among the animals. But few people know that modern mankind knows dozens of such examples. This is especially true for India. There, children were lost in the jungle and brought up in animal packs. Wolves and other animals replaced their parents.

Even after they were found by civilized people, such children could never become people in the modern sense. They did not speak, but howled at the moon and ran on all fours. Therefore, it is psychologically very difficult for many of us to accept the very essence of public speaking, especially if we were brought up in an environment of "non-public" people.

Another interesting fact.

Scientists have proven that at the time of public speaking, many people release the same amount of adrenaline as when skydiving.

Fear of public speaking has been found to be second fear after the main thing - the fear of death, and for some it even comes first!

3.1. How can we overcome this ancient instinct?

Friends, the easiest way to do this is simply to realize that modern world changed, new "rules of the game" appeared. Public speaking, and leadership itself, has become very important element modern people. These qualities are especially pronounced in those who have great ambitions and want to achieve a lot in life.

Friends, remember!

People are afraid to speak in public because of the fear of criticism, i.e. if you are afraid to speak in public - this is a signal, a kind of small call to the fact that you are highly dependent on someone else's opinion and you have self-doubt.

This is very important to know. Since if we want to solve a problem, we clearly need to understand the cause of its occurrence. As a doctor, before treating a patient, he sends him for tests or conducts appropriate examinations in order to accurately diagnose.

So, we have established that the fear of public speaking is common to many people. It is a fact!

Have you ever thought that speaking in public is very useful? This trains your communication skills, erudition, allows you to develop the ability to correctly formulate thoughts and make them more consistent.

You have noticed that many professional speakers are far from poor people, and this is also no coincidence. Remember, we drew a parallel between fear of public speaking and self-doubt. I think everyone understands that in order to earn money you need to be a self-confident person. Otherwise, your success will be very unstable.

So, dear readers, we come to the most important thing!

4. Practical techniques and exercises to overcome the fear of public speaking. "Fast" and "slow" methods

There are basically two ways to solve this problem:

1. Slow;
2. Relatively fast (stressful).

Example

You can learn to swim slowly, that is, go to the pool, study with an instructor, wearing a special swimming vest. Then you will gradually, in a few weeks, learn to swim, and this will not affect your emotional state.

The second way is fast, but rather "stressful". I think you already guessed what he suggests.

A person who cannot swim is taken out in a boat to the middle of the lake and thrown out of it. In this situation, the "teachers" assume that the instinct of self-preservation will immediately force the poor fellow to act, and he will learn to swim in a couple of minutes.

Of course, extremes are not always good, but their dosed use clearly helps in life.

How can such an example be projected to overcome the fear of public speaking?- you ask. But this is already interesting.

So, let's move on to the practical part:

4.1. "Slow Way"

I will summarize it in three main principles:

Principle #1: Familiar audience and interesting topic

I suggest starting small. This is how great things begin. Gather at home a few of your friends - like-minded people. You must be doing something together. Whether it's sports, computer games or work.

Agree with them that on the day of the meeting you will present them with a very interesting information. Prepare yourself and do it as if you are in front of a large hall and hundreds of people are watching you. Give it your all, don't give yourself any favors!

I also train from time to time. This keeps you in shape. When your friends, acquaintances or relatives look at you, then there is nothing to be afraid of, especially if you speak on a topic that is interesting to you. In this case, your performance will certainly be very worthy.

Principle number 2. Don't compare yourself to others, develop your own personality

I'm sure you've noticed that every good speaker has his own way of speaking. Just remember our Russian comedians: Evgeny Petrosyan, Vladimir Vinokur, Maxim Galkin, Viktor Koklyushkin, Elena Vorobey. Politicians: Vladimir Putin, Vladimir Zhirinovsky. TV presenters and actors: Vladimir Solovyov, Tina Kandelaki, Vladimir Pozner.

All of them are loved by the audience, but each has its own unique image, which is inherent only to them, thanks to their charisma.

Find yourself, your unique image. The view of your friends from the outside will help you with this. Ask them what style do you perform best in? How do they perceive you? And based on this analysis and your own feeling, develop your own style of presenting a public speech.

Principle number 3. Practice!

Participate in performances, discussions, take the initiative wherever there is an opportunity to speak publicly. If you have time and desire, find like-minded people and create a discussion club. At first, it can be placed at home, and later transferred to the base of your work, study or public organization.

And now we will get rid of fear by stressful methods ...

4.2. "Quick Way"

As I already wrote, there are certain technologies that allow you to quickly get rid of the main problem - the critical perception of others. To do this, you need to increase your stress resistance through certain exercises.

The logic here is very simple: if you can withstand a strong critical assessment of people (necessarily strangers!), Then you can speak in public and not worry about it for sure!

Go!

Exercise number 1. "Cleanliness is the key to health"

You dress up as a cleaner (cleaning lady), take a bucket of water, a rag and a mop, go to the nearest bus stop public transport, preferably on a weekend, so that there are fewer people on the buses.

Then get on the bus, and saying: "Cleanliness is the key to health", start washing it with your accessories. =) At the same time, you are talking with puzzled passengers and the driver. After driving 5-6 stops, you get off, paying the fare, and repeat this exercise 5 more times. I advise you not to start this exercise alone, as it will be quite embarrassing for you to do it alone.

Exercise number 2.

Surely in the summer on the streets of your city you can find points selling ice cream. Usually this is a refrigerator, next to it there is an umbrella from the sun and a girl (rarely a guy) sells ice cream. Your task is to approach the girl and offer your help in selling her ice cream. Tell us a little about yourself, say that you are undergoing training and this is part of your task.

Compose a quatrain about the company that owns the outlet, then start inviting people passing by with it.

Your the main task- increase sales at the time of your active actions! Do this for 20 minutes. Repeat the exercise 3 times a day at different points.

Exercise number 3. "With a pacifier in the mall"

Buy a regular baby pacifier, put it in your mouth, and go on a field trip to the nearest mall. It can also be a market or similar crowded place. Approach different outlets with the air of an interested buyer. It is best if there are several other passers-by nearby. Stand with a pacifier in your mouth in line for groceries. When it's time to buy, look at the seller without removing the pacifier from your mouth, place an order.

Put the groceries in your bag and move on as if nothing had happened. Watch the reactions of others...

Exercise number 4.

Take the laundry detergent box and pour it into another container. Clean the box thoroughly. After that, pour powdered sugar into the box (crushed granulated sugar), take a spoon and head to the cafe. It is best if there will be many visitors. Right in front of them, take out a box of laundry detergent with powdered sugar and start eating it with a spoon right in front of people and cafe staff.

Walk around the establishment with a demonstrative view. If you are asked questions, answer them, and at the end of the answer, offer to try your delicious powder.

I myself personally went through the first two exercises, and went through tougher ones, which I won’t write about. I think you get the point.

A lot more can be done based on these exercises. It all depends on your imagination and moral readiness.

I will say that it is best to alternate these methods.

That is, you first give yourself a shake-up, and then speak publicly several times in a row, but already having greater stress resistance. Your level is rising and how in computer games, starting from the first level, in the process of gaining experience, it increases.

I know that many will say, but where do you get the courage for such exercises. Friends, but you wanted to go fast, and for everything fast you need to pay something, in this case, stress. But I assure you that nothing bad will happen to you, and panic fear in public speaking, it will turn into only a slight excitement, which will only help you.

Please take the survey:

5. Video of the most disastrous public performance...

Finally, I present to your attention the video with the most disastrous public speaking in front of the camera. I'm sure you will like it :)

Meet! Petr Polyachkin- speaker of the 21st century! (4:34)

It is unlikely that anyone does not understand how public speaking differs from any other speech act: of course, speaking to the public, whatever it may be, is a monologue, an oral monologue, the purpose of which is to influence the public in one way or another. And although there is a classic scheme of oratory, consisting of several stages, but the creative solution of such a speech is always very effective.

Koni's example

So, for example, one of the founders of the Russian advocacy, A.F. Kony once defended in court a disabled hunchback who inflicted grievous bodily harm on a neighbor who, day after day for years, called him a freak when the disabled person passed by his house. The defendant, who never responded to an insult, once suddenly could not stand it, grabbed a stone and threw it at his offender, breaking his head. And at the trial of A.F. Kony thought up an original public performance. He stood up and addressed the jury: "Gentlemen of the jury!" - and shut up. After a pause, he repeated his remark and fell silent again. Then again also. The assessors whispered nervously, and after the fourth such appeal they shouted at A.F. Coney: "Are you kidding us?" Then Kony said: “I addressed you politely only 4 times, and you were already nervous. And how should my client have felt, listening to insults day after day for many years? The disabled person was acquitted. Public speech by A.F. Koni reached his goal.

That is why at the first - pre-communicative - stage of the speech, it is necessary to think over its purpose and clearly understand its topic. A.F. Koni knew what he wanted to achieve, since further the algorithm for his preparation was obvious: to assess the nature of the audience and the situation, and then proceed to the text itself.

The text, as in the case of Koni, should be concise and bright. This cannot be done without a clear understanding by the speaker of what goal he wants to achieve. So, shortly before the invasion of Napoleon, Alexander I hosted French diplomats, already realizing that war could not be avoided. The emperor clearly understood the purpose of his speech: it was necessary to convey to the French the senselessness of Napoleon's undertaking, its doom. His speech was magnificent in its brevity and vividness of impact: “Here is a little Europe,” he said, going up to a map hanging on the wall, “but big Russia, - he took a couple of steps so that his hand touched Far East. - In case of failure, you can only retreat as far as Paris, but I can retreat even as far as Kamchatka! And at the same time, every inch of this land will be hostile to you, not a single woman will stop fighting. Russia may lose individual battles, but there will never be a defeated Russia.” The ambassadors and diplomats left shocked.

The more precise and expressive the speech, the more preparation it requires. And the point is not only in its speech design: it is necessary to assess the composition of the audience, to be able to put yourself in the place of future listeners. And even if the audience is not homogeneous, it is necessary to think over the speech so that no one gets bored, so that the goal of the speech is achieved in relation to everyone.

Case in London

For example, in 1777 in London on an open litigation dealt with the case of a doctor who, contrary to the prohibition catholic church performed a caesarean section on a mother with many children, who could not give birth to the tenth child and was dying. The lawyer set a goal not only to protect his client, but also to draw public attention to the fact that the church should not interfere in such cases. He knew that the audience would be the most diverse, so he decided to say something that is clear to everyone, regardless of class and education, about the right of children to have a mother. "Gentlemen," he addressed the judges, the jury, and the public. – Yes, my client violated the ban of the church. But would it be better for God and the church if the woman died and nine children were left starving orphans? and sat down, signaling that he had finished his short speech. And reached the goal!

Pavel Vlasov

A public speech, well-structured, carefully prepared, can greatly influence the public outlook and give results that the author-orator himself did not expect. So, for example, in the novel by A.M. Gorky's "Mother" Pavel Vlasov, who was arrested under a political article, refused to escape, prepared by his comrades, in order to make a speech at the trial! And he thought it through painfully. He did not care what sentence he would be given, but there was a goal - to convey his faith to a large number of people. If you analyze his speech, then you can learn oratory from it.

Pavel understood that the speech would be in court, so he began with such an opening: “Man of the party, I recognize only the court of my party ...”, and with this one phrase he immediately placed himself above the circumstances and above the power that judges him. He seemed to have become taller - and the hall froze. His speech is divided into clear parts, each of which begins like a refrain: "We are socialists ...", "We are workers ...", "We are revolutionaries ...", and this "refrain" so strengthened emotional stress that "everyone felt the strange, captivating power of his faith," writes Gorky.

The novel, undeservedly forgotten, provides an excellent example of the inner dramaturgy of the hero’s speech: Pavel thought out not only the beginning, but also the plot (“We were arrested as rebels ...”), and the climax (“How can you destroy the workers - those who are you, comrade judges, feeds?...”), and the denouement: Paul’s speech ended with the life-affirming “And it will be!” - nothing to add, everything has been said, everything is clear, everything is exhaustive. To build such a speech is worth a lot.

Summary

There are no trifles in public speaking. Even the science of proxemics was formed - the science of the temporal and spatial organization of communication. Even the arrangement of furniture (tables and chairs) plays big role, because you can stand up so that you feel separated from the audience; you can set up a table and seat listeners at it in such a way that you create, as it were, two confrontational sides; you can create a conference atmosphere with furniture, etc. It is unacceptable: modern tendencies The development of public speaking presupposes dialogism.

We observe in the media public speeches based on a dispute, including parts of interviews, discussions, polemics ... This is quite in the spirit of ancient traditions! Dialogic speech is very important for lawyers, sales representatives, middle managers. However, do not think that this is a kind of know-how!

In Mamin-Sibiryak's novel Privalov's Millions, the son of a small merchant asked his father for help in opening his shop. The father said that if the son could convince his comrade, a very stingy merchant, to buy a harp that no one had needed for a long time, then the son could count on his help. And the son thought over his “performance”, sitting down with a harp right on the porch of the stingy merchant’s house. He paid the found beautiful girl, who knew how to play the harp, and when the merchant arrived at his house, this public performance was a success: the girl played so gently that the “organizer” of the performance did not have to say anything: the effect of surprise worked! - The harp was bought, and the "sellers" were invited to the merchant's house. Thus began the independent path of the young man ...

So, the organization of public speaking is a matter to which you can devote your life, constantly improving in such a complex and necessary art.

Many of you are wondering: how to choose a topic for a presentation Oratory Club?

There are at least 2 ways:

The Public Speaking Club knows successful examples of speeches prepared in both ways. In any case, the topic of your speech should captivate you, inspire you and, of course, should be related to the art of public speaking, rhetoric, eloquence, communication in order to interest other members of the club.

In addition, remember that people come to the Public Speaking Club to learn how to speak in public, keep fit, train and improve, so those presenters who give everyone the opportunity to speak are greeted with special gratitude.

The world of oratory is beautiful and multifaceted, and you can formulate countless topics of interest for speaking, studying, discussing, arguing.

We have prepared a hint to help you navigate.

5 main sections, each of which has a kaleidoscope of important subsections and fascinating topics:

1. Monitoring the state of the speaker
How not to worry during public speaking?
- speaker's energy

2. Sound (How do we speak?)
- The sound of speech (breathing, voice, speech rate, articulation, diction, intonation, etc.)

3. Video sequence (What do we show and how do we look?)
- Stage movement, gestures, demeanor, image
— How to use visual materials (projector, whiteboard, etc)

4. What are we talking about?
- Culture of speech + Style (we understand this very broadly: purity and literacy, beauty, expressiveness, creativity)
- Improvisation (both verbal and just a reaction to unforeseen circumstances. Here is humor and the ability to joke)
- The structure of the performance (Laws of composition)
– The content of the speech (Invention of ideas, topoi, laws of logic)
- Expressiveness of speech (lexical, syntactic, phonetic).
- Conciseness
— Logic

5. Interaction with the audience
- Attracting and controlling the attention of the audience
- Answering questions, managing a complex audience, neutralizing public terrorists
– Theory of the dispute (argumentation, etc.)
— Effective speech (how to make your speech effective, achieve the desired goal - to convince, induce to action)

Now the list of the most relevant topics for speeches in the Oratory Club is as follows:
1. Energy of public speaking
2. Speed ​​of speech
3. The role of pauses in public speaking
4. The speaker's vocabulary is the key to success
5. Ways of inventing ideas for public speaking (Topos)
6. How to answer questions (including "difficult" ones)?
7. Storytelling
8. How to give compliments correctly