A dash in an incomplete sentence. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions

Once upon a time, when I was little, I lived with my grandmother in a house near the forest. I really liked this forest. It seemed so mysterious and fabulous that I often ran away to play there. Grandma was very angry. She told me not to run away there, especially after dark. But at dusk this forest was so beautiful that I couldn't help but run away.

I remember how one evening, while my grandmother was dozing, I quietly got out of the house and ran into the forest. I loved the smell of the leaves so much, the mysterious shadows among the trees that can only be seen at dusk. That evening I went so far into the woods that I got lost. I wandered for a long time, looking for the way to the house. But she couldn't find her. For the first time in the time that I walked in this forest, I was frightened. I cried and called my grandmother. But she didn't come.

It was happiness for me when I saw a girl among the trees. I ran to her shouting "Aunty, I'm lost, wait." She stopped. I ran up to her and began to pull at the hem of her long skirt. She hugged me. Having calmed down a little, I again told that I was walking in the forest and got lost. When she asked where I live, I described my grandmother's house. She said she would take me home. On the way, she talked to me. I found out that she has a son, my age, he also ran away into the forest and now she is looking for him. I said that I often walk here and if I see the boy, I will tell him that his mother is looking for him. She just smiled.

Soon we came to my grandmother's house. Grandmother ran out to meet me very alarmed. She led me into the house, paying no attention to the woman. At home, she began to scold me. When I said that everything was fine and that a woman brought me, whom she should thank, and not pretend as if she did not exist at all. I told my grandmother that she should be ashamed, demanded that my grandmother come out and apologize to her. But instead of leaving, my grandmother looked at me in surprise.
- Which woman should I thank, granddaughter? Grandma touched my forehead. - You came alone.

I ran out into the street. The woman was nowhere to be found. She must have gone looking for her son again. No matter how I tried to prove to my grandmother that that woman had brought me, she kept saying that I came alone and there was no woman with me. A little later, my grandmother asked me about her. I described her as I remembered. Grandmother sighed and told me a story that was unlike any of the ones she used to tell me.

Once there was a house nearby, where a woman with a little son lived. Her husband left her and did not come to see her. Her son was her only joy. But one day he went to play in the forest and disappeared. The police, along with her, searched for a long time, but found nothing. A week later, the search was stopped. But the woman could not leave everything so simply. She continued to look for him in the forest herself. She walked day and night through the forest, in search of her son. But I didn't find it. In the end, she hanged herself in the forest. She thought that if he died, then she would find him in the next world, even in the form of a ghost. But apparently, she still hasn’t found him even so, since she walks there in the forest. That's why I keep asking you not to play in the woods after dark. Now you know everything.

Grandma's words shocked me. In the morning I called my mother. She came and took me home. Mom asked Grandma to come with us, but Grandma refused. I came to her in the summer, but I didn’t go to the forest anymore. Then my grandmother died. I was already 16. After the funeral, my grandmother's house passed to me and my parents. We go there every summer. Sometimes, sitting on the porch, I look at the forest. In the evening, sometimes I still see that woman among the trees... she is still looking for him...

Very far. The initial meaning is somewhere far away in the forest, since the middle places, the kuliga are a cleared forest glade. " Vulnerable point". Achilles' mother held her son by the heel, dipping him into the waters of a magical river to make him invulnerable. Only the heel of Achilles did not touch the water. And he was killed by an arrow that hit the heel. 6

In Japan, this item is called wakizashi, which literally means stuck on the side. What is this item? In the Komi language: blue-eye; bald - needles. Translate the word sinlys into Russian from the Komi language. Which milk product easy to cook, judging by its name?

1. What proverb calls for the maximum use of livestock reserves? 2. What proverb refers to a zealous digger who, due to his evil nature, commits illegal actions against another subject, but as a result he himself becomes a prisoner of his own trap? 3. What kind of feathered population serves as accounts when summing up the results of the agricultural season? 4. What proverb warns that a skilled worker is the bogeyman of the labor process? 5. Which proverb talks about influence atmospheric phenomena for religious ceremonies?

"Extra Fourth" Each line has an "extra" word. Hint: you need to pay attention to the meaning of the morphemes Stool, parquet floor, rocket man, adjuster. Sing, hiss, memorize, speak. Exaggerate, calm, amusing, interrupt. Submariner, janitor, collector, stove-maker.

Fragments of sentences "lost each other." Help everyone find their mate: 1) About a man who was very frightened, they say that ... ... ... a mountain fell off his shoulders. 2) About someone who runs away very quickly, they say that he has ... ... a tooth does not fall on a tooth. 3) About a person shivering from the cold, they say that he has ... ... heels sparkle. 4) If a person experiences great relief, then they say that he has ....... soul went to the heels. 5) If a person is in an awkward position, then they say that he ...... knocked off his feet. 6) If a person is tired of the hassle and running around, then they say that he ....... sat in a galosh.

Fix it speech errors: 1) By the end of the competition, the 10-A class team turned out to be in a better position. 2) The participants of the creative expedition spoke about the prospects for the future. 3) The worker was fired for absenteeism without a good reason. 4) At the scientific seminar, the author stated main point this book. 5) After the first debut, the young actor began to receive film offers.

"Cunning Comma" Read three sentences. Why is it that in the first of them, rolling up the sleeves, it is highlighted with commas on both sides, in the second - the comma is only in front of these words, and in the third it is not at all? 1. The father turned on the tap and, rolling up his sleeves, began to wash his hands. 2. You must go out into the field, rolling up your sleeves to work. 3. We must roll up our sleeves and immediately start creating a new project.

Do you need a comma in these complex sentences? Ivan Ivanovich has large expressive eyes of tobacco color (?) and his mouth is somewhat similar to the letter Izhitsu. If it had not rained, the greenery would have dried up long ago (?) and the earth would have been covered in cracks and wrinkles. Sailors (?) fuss at the pier and ships solemnly sail into the sea.

In the first sentence, a comma is not put, since Ivan Ivanovich's addition is common to two parts. In the second sentence, the comma is not put, because the conditional adnexa if it had not rained is common to the two main ones. In the third sentence, a comma is placed, since the member at the pier is not common to both parts. 12

Which sentence is punctuated incorrectly? 1) As soon as the rain stopped and the sun came out, he ran out into the yard. 2) This forest and the strong and courageous people who lived in it seemed mysterious and mysterious. 3) And on ordinary days, this magnificent entrance is besieged by wretched faces: projectors, searchers for places, and an elderly man, and a widow. 4) However, she left and did not say where. 5) I'm only afraid that if I scream, Earth break off the axle.

Since ancient times, there have been many mystical secrets about the forests. People are attracted by their beautiful landscapes and gray fogs over the grass. In some forests, you can get a boost of energy, while in others, on the contrary, it becomes ill, dizzy, weakness is felt throughout the body. All this is due to the fact that in the forests, according to the beliefs of psychics, shamans and some foresters, some mysterious forces, evil or good spirits, as well as various mystical creatures.

Black Bamboo Hollow

One of the most anomalous zones in the world is the Black Bamboo Hollow, located in the southern part of China. You can get into it only through the stone gate on the slope of Mount Mean. It is strange that people who come here disappear without a trace, leaving no trace behind. So in 1950 more than a hundred people disappeared. Car accidents that have occurred near this place usually end in the death of people. Planes flying over this forest crash more often than anywhere else in the world. For several decades, scientists, geologists and cartographers disappeared without a trace as a result of the sudden appearance of fog, which, after dissipating, left no signs or clues about where all these people could have disappeared.

In Japan, on the island of Honshu, there is a famous mystical forest at the foot of Mount Fuji, called Aokigahara or "Sea of ​​Trees". This forest began to grow right on the lava plateau after the volcanic eruption, which makes this place already quite unusual. In appearance, the soil looks intimidating, since the roots of plants and trees could not fully go deep through the lava, which is why all the bowels around were turned out.

This place became famous thanks to a huge number suicides committed here. Tourists are forbidden to turn off the marked path deep into the forest, as it is easy to get lost, and because of the magnetic anomaly, compasses show the wrong direction.

There are many legends about the ghosts that are in this place, as if they are dead souls who have not found peace. In times of wild famine, the poor brought their young children to this forest and left them so that more food would go to adult family members. The brought child was dying of hunger. He could scream and call for help, but no one heard him because of the density of the trees, and the forest itself did not allow him to go out on his own. Now these souls are trying to avenge their death and are in search of new victims.

Some locals say they saw the white outlines of wandering ghosts in the depths of the forest. These ghosts are the souls of suicides. They do not find rest in the afterlife and wander in ours. At night you can hear them moaning.

The famous Romanian forest of Transylvania. "Dracula" was written thanks to Bram Stoker's walks in these mysterious places. Here people often see flying saucers, ghosts, and also hear children crying. The locals call this forest the "Devil's Lair", as strange things happen in it, and people who get here tend to leave it as quickly as possible. Such a desire is evoked by the forest itself, and the legs involuntarily drag a person away.

This forest received the name Hoya-Bachu in honor of a shepherd who grazed about two hundred sheep. They wandered to the edge of the forest, and he tried to direct them back, when suddenly a fog descended, and after scattering all the sheep disappeared without a trace. No signs of reprisal against animals were found, and forest windbreaks would not allow animals to go further into the depths of the forest. Since then, no one has ever seen his sheep, and the shepherd, shortly after this incident, lost his mind and subsequently died under mysterious circumstances.

After this incident with the sheep, people in this place began to disappear, which is happening to the present. One young couple decided to refute the local legends and went into the forest. The next day, only the mad-eyed girl returned. She couldn't explain where the guy had gone, what happened to them, or where they were.

Another case was in August 1968, when a military officer, at the age of 45, decided to spend his day off in the forest. After numerous warnings from the locals, he nevertheless decided to stay and invited his wife and friends along with him. Having set up camp, he went to look for firewood, when suddenly an unidentified flying object hovered in the sky. Completely without noise, the UFO flew up into the sky. The military man managed to take several photographs, which were later recognized as the best in Europe. It was not possible to fake a photo at that time.

Alexander Swift, who is a biologist, spent about ten years in this scary forest while studying local plants and animals. He gave an interview that during his stay in the Transylvanian Forest, he often heard various voices where they could not simply be, he periodically experienced feelings of fear and anxiety. It is strange that he did not die, but he also could not leave, as if the forest did not want to part with him and somehow inexplicably held him.

After many years of work, the scientist developed photographs taken during all the strange incidents in the forest, and many of them showed incomprehensible and unknown figures. All the material of the biologist, together with photographs, was confiscated by the Romanian special services.

An ordinary forest in the American city of Siler City (North Carolina) hides a strange mystery. Here in the middle forest areas there is a small clearing on which nothing grows. From the outside it may seem that this is bare land, damaged by fire or vandalism, but for several centuries not a single bush, tree or blade of grass has grown here. Those who have visited this forest know that even animals bypass given place side.

The first settlers came to this area at the beginning of the 18th century, while the devil's glade already existed. According to legend, it is believed that the rituals of the Indians were performed on this mysterious site, who left their monastery because of the American people and held a grudge against them. On their side stood the Great Spirit, who marked this forest as the possession of the Indian people.

There is another legend. In the 12th century, these lands were inhabited by Celtic Druids, who were distinguished by paganism and dissent. It's no secret that the druids performed magical rituals. The area, which is 12 meters in diameter, was their place of sacrifice and sacred altar. This absolutely bare land is filled with powerful energy that is not subject to anyone, even nature. Those who visited her at least once felt anxiety, anxiety and discomfort. It is also believed that this clearing was a place where alien ships landed repeatedly. Their cosmic fuel and energy simply burned out all life on it.

The forest got its unusual name because of the burned down manor civil war and the American Wars of Independence. This mysterious forest area is located in the state of Virginia, Matthews County. Two centuries ago, an important American port was located here, near which there was a forest (near the Chesapeake Bay). Since the beginning of the 18th, cases have been recorded in this forest when ghosts dressed in armor and with swords in their hands appeared there. Among the locals, this area is called the ghost forest.

The forest of the old house is visited not only for ghosts and skeletons, but also to find secret pirate treasures. There is a legend that pirates who passed near the port hid in the forest and buried their treasures in this way. Many treasure hunters, having gone in search, never came back. They are considered missing. According to local residents, this zone is guarded by the souls of pirates.

This mysterious place is disputed among scientists, ufologists, shamans and mystics. The forest is located in the state of Maine (USA), Randolph County. The forest is considered sinister due to the regular appearance of flashes of light and bright inexplicable orbs. During the day, the forest looks like an abandoned thicket: overgrown with grass Railway, abandoned cars and lack of trails. At night, strange things happen here. Noise, light and bright flashes are noted not only by visitors to the forest, but also by residents of nearby small towns.

The English ghost forest is filled with spirits and ghosts. These phantoms are very warlike, they frighten everyone who dares to enter it. This is due to the fact that robbers Tom King and Dick Turpin used to live and hide in these massifs, who robbed everyone who entered their territory. A little later, this forest began to be carefully guarded and controlled by the British authorities. Due to the fact that the forest is located near London, dozens of corpses began to be found here (victims of murder, rape, robbery). With this, the whole strangeness of the forest of Epping is connected. In addition to ghosts, here you can see lights, phantoms and hear sinister laughter.

This forest is located in Germany, on the land of North Rhine Westphalia. There is a mysterious and mystical sanctuary called Externstein. In appearance, it looks like a column of five stones, each more than thirty meters high and resembles the English Stonehenge. Scientists still have not been able to explain their mysterious appearance. Local legends say that the devil himself erected these stones in just one night.

Exterstein has a large number of caves and passages. Some of them were used for religious ceremonies. The remains of ancient people were found in these rocks, which caused a disagreement between scientists on the question of the period of their life. Some claim that they lived in the Stone Age, others in the twelfth century, others in the Middle Ages. Examination of the remains does not give an exact answer.

Physicists from the city of Bochum, who conducted research in this place, took a little rock for laboratory analysis. It turned out that in 1100 BC, fires were already lit in the rocks. Therefore, the appearance of people in Exterstein was at least three thousand years ago. Also, some scientists consider this date to be incorrect, arguing that people lived here at least 6 thousand years ago.

A comparison of the English and German Stonehenge revealed the surprising fact that the location of both was at the same latitude. In one, tribes worshiping the sun lived, in the other, the sun shines directly on the altar inside the rock, on the day of the summer solstice. And on the day winter solstice the sun enters a similar hole in another Stonehenge. These amazing facts and coincidences haunt many scientists and simply lovers of mysticism.

Another amazing fact is that in Ekstrstein the altar and grottoes are located at the intersection of the energy and water flows of the earth. In such a place there is a zone of strong positive energy. The measurements on the Bowie scale in front of the altar were about 50,000 units. At healthy person there are only 6,000 - 7,000 units of Bowie. Even a minute being near this place fills a person with a special warmth from the inside, while there is a feeling of euphoria, accompanied by slow deep breathing. Therefore, during the war years, the Nazis, who were obsessed with the occult, frequented here to conduct their initiation rites for officers.

It is located in the north of England and has many mystical secrets. All the people who have been in this forest say they have seen ghosts. Some even felt the touch of ghosts, others heard the sounds of running horses, as if someone was nearby grazing a herd.

The wife of the Earl of Leicester, Amy Robsart, mysteriously broke her neck in this forest. A few years later, the husband was hunting in the same forest and saw the ghost of his deceased wife, who said that death awaited him in 10 days. And so it happened. He passed away after an unexplained illness. So there was a legend about whoever meets the earl's wife in Wichward Forest, death awaits him.

Near the English village of Pluckley there is a strange forest that is home to about 15 ghosts. The legend says that the locals took the robber to the forest and hacked him to death with swords, tied to a tree. Since then, the spirit of the deceased has been wandering in the forest, not giving anyone peace. Heartbreaking screams are heard at night. These are the souls of those who got lost in the forest, thanks to the deceased robber, and died of hunger.

In the screaming forest, the ghost of a man walking simply along the path was often seen, as well as a hanged military man in 18th-century clothes. All this is seen and heard by both the inhabitants of the village itself and just passing tourists. Even the air in this area is saturated with an intoxicating aroma, and with a long stay, a deterioration in hearing and vision is recorded.

In other parts of the forest, for example in the east, the image of a carriage with horses, the ghost of a mill worker in a black robe, often appears. To the north, you can see the ghost of an old school teacher hanged near the road. A woman in a white dress and a flower in her hands appears in the library. South of Plunkley and downtown, locals see the Rosecourt suicide, as well as the ghost of a screaming man who's been hit by a cellar wall.

This forest is located in Massachusetts and has an alternative name - the Bridgewater Triangle. The area of ​​the forest is 520 kilometers. Here people often watch unidentified flying objects, meet strange animals and evil ghosts. locals consider the forest cursed, as there are many Indian graves where devilish murders, sacrifices, mystical rituals and terrible crucifixions were performed.

Many skeptics have met UFOs and ghosts in this place. Some have even seen troll-like images and heard voices that do not exist in nature. Lovers of mysticism should definitely visit this place to test their resilience.

Radioactive Forest (Red Forest)

This unusual site surrounds Chernobyl. Due to an accident in 1986, radioactive dust was released over a large radius. All trees (leaves, branches and roots) have acquired a reddish-brown color. It would seem nothing out of the ordinary. A huge area of ​​forested areas has acquired its bloody color due to radiation, but anomalous and inexplicable things are happening here. In addition to being potentially dead, such trees do not decompose. Trees don't rot and leaves don't fall off. Their density has increased. Also, the trees are not affected by bacteria or fungi. The same thing happens with other vegetation. It is believed that after the radiation, real monsters began to be born both among animals and among people. This area is closed to tourists.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russia) there is a completely ordinary forest located on the top of a mountain. If you go a little deeper, you can stumble upon a strange clearing, in the center of which there is a small hole. According to scientists, this is the mouth of a volcano, which opened due to the fallen Tunguska meteorite. People have the opposite opinion. This place is called the Devil's Graveyard. Those who passed through the forest to this clearing often died afterwards. Over 30 years, there are more than 100 dead and about the same number missing.

There is a legend that this is one of the most powerful anomalous zones in Russia. Trees do not grow here, animals or birds do not live, and all living things die prematurely. People left this area long ago, but you can still see unidentified flying objects, light beams and balls. It is believed that the Devil's Cemetery is nothing more than a teleport to a parallel dimension. Those who do not pass through it die, the rest disappear without a trace.

On one of the islands, in the forest, in Mexico lived a hermit - Don Julian Santana. Once he saw a little girl drown while holding a small doll in her hand. Don decided to pay tribute to the child and hung one doll on thousands of trees. Now this forest is empty, only tourists come here. But those who have visited this place claim that this forest island is filled with evil spirits. They have repeatedly deceived tourists with phantoms and ghostly appearances, frightening them and forcing them to leave the sinister place. According to legend, Don Julian Santana died in the same canal as the little girl.

Sinister, creepy and mysterious forests hide many secrets. Some are still legendary to this day. simple people and tourists did not disturb the peace of the dead and spirits. Others have powerful energy that can heal, give strength and unusual abilities. To visit these forests or not - the choice is yours. Perhaps a journey into the mysterious forests will forever change you and your attitude to the world, or maybe you will become a witness to an alien mind and reveal everything mystical secrets hiding in the shadows of the forests.

Dash in incomplete sentence

1. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the text of the sentence itself and a pause is made at the gap, for example: Yakov came from Voronezh, Gavrilafrom Moscow(A.N.T.); Some points are explained in the introduction, otherswhen the relevant theoretical questions are presented.

2. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted or even without a omission, for example: It seemed to everyone that the life that he himself leads is one real life, and which is led by a friendthere is only a ghost(L.T.).

3. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate), for example: On the tablea stack of books and even a flower(A.N.T.). But (with no pause): In the corner is an old leather sofa(Sim.). Usually a dash is placed in parts of a sentence of the same type, for example: In all windowscurious, on rooftopsboys(A.N.T.); Here ravines, further steppe, even furtherdesert.

Intonation and connecting dash

A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks up into verbal groups, in order to clarify the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence; compare: it hostel for workers; This is a hostelfor workers. Such a dash is called intonation.

The connecting dash is placed:

1. Between two or more words to indicate limits:

a) spatial: Moscow train Mineral water; space flight earth Venus;

b) temporary: geographical discoveriesXVXVIcenturies, in JulyAugust;

c) quantitative: there will be ten in the manuscripttwelve (1012) pages; weighing three hundredfive hundred tons.

In these cases, the dash replaces the meaning of the word "from ... to". If, between two adjacent numerals, it is possible to insert a union according to the meaning or, then they are connected by a hyphen, for example: after two or three hours(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: after 2-3 hours).

2. Between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any teaching, scientific institution, etc., for example: Dokuchaev's doctrineKostychev; Kant's cosmogonic theoryLaplace.

Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members not connected by unions

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by unions, for example: stirred, woke up, sang, rustled, spoke(T.); They said this and that.

Notes. 1. Do not put a comma:

a) between two verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole, for example: I'll come and visit(L.T.); Buy go(M.G.); Sits sewing;

b) in stable expressions, for example: For everything about everything scolds her(Cr.); talked about this and that.

2. They are not homogeneous members and are not separated by a comma, but are connected by a hyphen:

a) paired combinations of a synonymic nature, for example: there is no end to the edge, with joy-fun, mind-reason, truth-truth, clan-tribe, life-being, friend-friend, friend-comrade, friend-acquaintance, country-power, strength-power, customs-orders, benefit-benefit, rank-rank, wedding-marriage, honor-praise, alive and well, such and such, off and on, spinning, spinning, asking, praying, sleeping, resting, lovingly expensive;

b) paired combinations of an antonymic nature, for example: purchase and sale, income-expenditure, export-import, acceptance-issue, questions-answers, hardness-softness of consonants, fathers-children, up-down, back and forth;

c) pair combinations based on associative connections, for example: songs-dances, mushrooms-berries, birds-fishes, tea-sugar, bread-salt, cups-spoons, knives-forks, hands-feet, name-patronymic, husband-wife, father-mother, brothers-sisters, grandfather- grandmother, water-feed, young-green.

2. Common homogeneous members of a sentence, especially if there are commas inside them, can be separated by a semicolon, for example: On the writing-table lay a heap of finely written papers covered with a heavy marble press; some old leather-bound book, which the owner, apparently, had not touched for a long time; an ink-stained pen with a nib that was no longer usable(G.). Wed: Raisky looked at the rooms, at the portraits, at the furniture, and at the greenery gazing cheerfully into the rooms from the garden; I saw a cleared path, everywhere cleanliness, order; listened to how half a dozen dining room, wall, bronze and malachite clocks alternately struck in all the rooms(Gonch.).

3. A dash is placed between homogeneous members to express opposition, for example: They don't live here paradise (Kr.); I'm not asking for lovepity!(M.G.).

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions.

Definitions are homogeneous if:

a) indicate the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet;

b) denote various features of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.(T.).

Each of homogeneous definitions directly refers to the noun being defined, so a constructive union can be inserted between them. Wed: pure, calm moonlight; a cup of thick, strong coffee etc.

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, if at the same time, in the conditions of the context, they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.), for example: He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me.(T.); Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains.(L.); Gray strands shone in thick, dark hair(M.G.); pale, stern face; cheerful, good-natured laughter; deserted, inhospitable house; affectionate, lively eyes; proud, brave look; dry, chapped lips; heavy, angry feeling; grey, continuous, fine rain etc.

As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: His pale blue, glassy eyes(T.).

Synonymous (in terms of context) definitions are also homogeneous, for example: Quiet, modest river(Ch.); silent, timid, timid girl. In a series of such definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, forming a semantic gradation, for example: Joyful, festive, radiant mood(Seraph.); In autumn, the steppes completely change and get their unusual, special, incomparable appearance.

The role of homogeneous definitions is usually played by the adjective and the participial phrase following it, for example: An elderly man with a lush beard that was beginning to turn gray entered.

As a rule, agreed-upon definitions that appear after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs(P.). The exception is terminological combinations, for example: pipes thin-walled electrowelded corrosion-proof; late winter pear.

Homogeneous are definitions that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word, for example: Six months later, long, cold nights give way to short, warm ones.

2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, for example: big stone house(size and material); white round stones(color and shape); beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. Such definitions can become homogeneous if they are united common feature, for example: Our terrace now stands on new, brick pillars.(the unifying feature is “strong”).

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective, for example: a new leather briefcase, an interesting children's book, a warm July night, a bright birch grove, transparent window panes etc. Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions consist of combinations of qualitative adjectives, for example: old gloomy house, interesting rare editions and etc.

Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by opposing conjunctions ah, but, yes,(meaning "but") however, though and others, for example: Gavrila wanted to object something, but compressed his lips(T.); The days were cloudy but warm(Ax.); The solution is correct, although not the only one.

The homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the adversative union and not at the end of the sentence, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it, for example: Previously, he lived not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg and studied at the university there. Wed also: the most important, but not the only source of information; the most important, although not the only source of information; the most important, if not the only source of information etc. (after the union of the adversative, concessive, conditional). The same after a homogeneous member with affiliations and also, and also, and etc., for example: Cinema, as well as radio and television, are media mass media for millions of people.

When an opposing union is omitted, not a comma is put, but a dash, for example: Not a birda jet plane flies by with a projectile; The student was not only intelligent talented.

Instead of a comma, a semicolon can be placed before the adversative union if there are commas inside common homogeneous members, for example: During the day, he spoke to me more than once, served me without servility; but I watched the master like a child(T.).

2. Between homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by single connecting unions and yes(in the meaning of "and"), dividing unions or, either, comma is not used, for example: Irina spoke loudly and confidently; Vasya lost a lot of weight, only skin and bones remained; It will happen now or never.

before the union and, connecting two homogeneous predicates, a dash is placed to indicate the consequence contained in the second predicate, or to express a sharp opposition, a quick change of actions, for example: running there and I find you both(Gr.); At this time, someone from the street looked at him through the window.and immediately left(P.).

Less often in these cases, a dash is placed after the union and, for example: So I figured it all out suddenly decided(Dost.); Ask for a calculation on Saturday andmarch to the village(M.G.).

If union and has an attaching meaning (often in this case a heterogeneous member of the sentence is attached), then a comma is placed before it (the same before the joining union yes and) for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one.(Sharp); It used to cry, cry, and calm down; I love my mother very much, and I love my sisters too.

The comma is not placed before the adjunct and, followed by a demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to strengthen the preceding noun, for example: The old people sang along with everyone else. Also: It's nice to be next to him.(part of the predicate is added). But (no union i): Boys, they are not afraid of the dark.

No comma before conjunction yes and in connecting meaning, in combinations of type took it and got angry(with the same verb form take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action), combined no no yes and for example: So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(T.); The image of a poor girl, no, no, yes, and appeared before my eyes.

Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating unions and... and,Yes... Yes,no no,or or,whether... whether,or either,then... then and others, for example: Now you can’t hear the knock, and the scream, and the bells(T.); Everywhere shone close, then distant lights(Bab.).

2. With two homogeneous members with a repeating union and the comma is not put if a close semantic unity is formed (usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them), for example: All around was light and green(T.); The coastal strip went in one direction and the other(Sem.); It is of interest both lexically and grammatically; Exemplary order both inside and outside the house; He labored in both cold and heat; Yes and no. In the presence of explanatory words, a comma is usually placed, for example: Everything around has changed: both nature and the character of the forest(L.T.). Also: This can end well or badly (and meaning "or").

3. If the number of homogeneous members is more than two, and the union is repeated before each of them, except for the first, then a comma is placed between them all, for example: I myself hate my past, and Orlova, and my love(Ch.); Other owners have already grown cherries, or lilacs, or jasmine(Fad.).

4. If union and connects homogeneous members in pairs, then the comma is placed only between paired groups (there is no comma inside such pairs), for example: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden platform built in the form of a shell.(Fed.).

5. If the union is repeated in the sentence not with homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them, for example: This virgin forest and the strong and courageous people who lived in it seemed mysterious and mysterious. Wed: The sun rose and flooded the water surface, and the sunken forest, and Kuzma with waves of light and heat.(Seraph.) (only homogeneous members are separated by commas).

A comma is also not put if two homogeneous members with a union and between them form a group closely related in meaning, united by the union and with third homogeneous member, for example: The water had long since drained off in the Terek and quickly ran away and dried up in the ditches.(L.T.).

No comma is used in expressions like 20 and 40 and 60 together make 120(no enumeration of homogeneous members). Same in expression 20 plus 40 plus 60 is 120.

6. Unions whether... or, standing with homogeneous members of the sentence are not equated to repeating unions, so the comma before or not set, for example: Whether he will continue his work or limit himself to what has been done is a question not yet decided.

7. A comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by repeating unions and, neither for example: and day and night, and laughter and grief, and old and young, and this way and that, neither fish nor meat, neither day nor night, neither alive nor dead, not two, not one and a half, neither more nor less, neither this nor that, nor give or take, neither back nor forth etc.

Homogeneous members connected by pair unions

1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions like... so,not like,not only but,not so much... how much,how...so much,though...but,if not... then,as much as etc., then the comma is placed only before the second part of the union, for example: One must be diligent in both large and small things; Thoughts, though not new, but interesting; Will return, if not tomorrow, then the day after tomorrow; compare: Most of their faces expressed, if not fear, then anxiety.(L.T.); Alexander's apartment, although spacious, is not elegant and gloomy.(Ch.).

2. After a homogeneous member following the second part of the pair union and not ending the sentence, a comma is not put, for example: Your words are not only fair, but also convincing and undeniable.

3. Inside comparative conjunctions not that ... but,not that ... but (but) comma before what and to not set, for example: Not that cold, but still cool. Not in a hurry, but a little in a hurry.

Generalizing words with homogeneous terms

1. After the generalizing word, a colon is placed before the enumeration of homogeneous members, for example: There were writing utensils on the table: pens, pencils, felt-tip pens.

If after the generalizing word there are words somehow, namely, that is, for example, they are preceded by a comma and followed by a colon, for example: The guests talked about many pleasant and useful things, such as nature, dogs, wheat...(G.)

If there is no generalizing word before the enumeration, then the colon is used only when it is necessary to warn the reader that the enumeration follows, for example: The meeting was attended by:...; The Assembly decides: ...; To get the mixture you need to take: ... etc. This is usually found in business and scientific speech.

A colon is not placed before homogeneous members expressed by proper names if they are preceded by a common application for them or a defined word that does not act as a generalizing word (when reading in this case, there is no warning pause characteristic of a generalizing word), for example: The revolutionary democrats Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov played big role in the social development of Russia; There are many tributaries near the Volga, Don, and Dnieper rivers.

2. After the enumeration, a dash is placed before the generalizing word, for example: Children, old people, womeneverything is mixed in a live stream(Seraph.).

If, after the enumeration, the generalizing word is preceded by introductory word or phrase (in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then a dash is placed before the last one, and a comma after it, for example: Wheat, oats, sunflower, corn, potatoesin a word, whatever you look at, everything is already ripe, everything required the master's troubles and caring, diligent hands(Bab.).

3. If the enumeration after the generalizing word does not end the sentence, then a colon is placed before the enumeration, and after it - a dash, for example: And all this: and the river, and the forest, and this boy reminded me of the distant days of childhood.