Slavs in the second half of the first millennium. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

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Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors.

In the VI-VIII centuries. Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and populated the vast expanses of the East European Plain.

The formation of large tribal associations of the Slavs is indicated by the legend contained in the Russian chronicle, which tells about the reign of Prince Kyi with the brothers Shchek, Khoriv and sister Lybid in the Middle Dnieper. The city of Kyiv, founded by the brothers, was allegedly named after the elder brother Kyi.

The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Dnieper in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs: glades, Novgorod (Priilmensky) Slovenes, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Polochans, Northerners, Radimichi, Buzhans, Volynians, Ulichi, Tivertsy.

The Slavs, developing the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The neighbors of the Slavic tribes in the north were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: the whole, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordva, Mari. In the lower reaches of the Volga in the VI-VIII centuries. settled nomadic people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. A significant part of the Khazars converted to Judaism. The Slavs paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. Slavic trade went through Khazaria along the Volga trade route.

Occupations, social system, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. The main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. Arable agriculture developed on the black earth lands. The slash-and-burn system of agriculture was widespread in the forest zone. Trees were cut down the first year. In the second year, dried trees were burned and, using the ashes as fertilizer, they sowed grain. For two or three years, the site gave a high harvest for that time, then the land was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site. The main tools of labor were an ax, as well as a hoe, a plow, a knotted harrow and a spade, with which the soil was loosened. Sickles reaped (harvested) crops. They threshed with chains. The grain was ground with stone grinders and hand millstones. On the chernozem lands, plowed agriculture developed, which was called fallow. There were many fertile lands in the southern regions, and plots of land were sown for two to three or more years. With the depletion of the soil, they moved (shifted) to new areas. As the main tools of labor here they used a plow, a ralo, a wooden plow with an iron plowshare, that is, tools adapted for horizontal plowing.

The main producer was a free communal peasant (smerd) with his own tools. The Slavs were also engaged in animal husbandry, horse breeding, mining and processing of iron and other crafts, beekeeping (beekeeping), fishing, hunting, and trade.

In the VI-VII centuries. among the Slavs, there was a process of disintegration of tribal relations, inequality arose, a neighboring community came to the place of the tribal community. Remnants of the primitive communal system were preserved among the Slavs: veche, blood feud, paganism, peasant militia, consisting of warriors.

By the time the state was formed among the Eastern Slavs, the tribal community was replaced by a territorial, or neighboring, community. The community members were now united, first of all, not by kinship, but by a common territory and economic life. Each such community owned a certain territory on which several families lived. There were two forms of property in the community - personal and public. House, household land - personal, meadows, forests, reservoirs, fishing grounds - public. Arable land and mowing were to be divided between families.

At the head of the East Slavic tribal unions were princes from the tribal nobility and the former tribal elite. The most important issues of life were decided at public meetings - veche gatherings. There was a militia ("regiment", "thousand", divided into "hundreds"). A special military organization was the squad, which, according to archaeological data, appeared in the 6th-7th centuries.

Trade routes passed mainly along the rivers. In the VIII-IX centuries. the famous trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" was born, linking Northern and Southern Europe. It originated in the ninth century. From the Baltic Sea, along the Neva River, the caravans of merchants got to Lake Ladoga (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the Smolensk region and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by "drag routes". The western coast of the Black Sea reached Constantinople (Tsargrad). The most developed lands of the Slavic world - Novgorod and Kyiv - controlled the northern and southern sections of the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. At an early stage of their development, they believed in evil and good spirits. A pantheon of Slavic gods gradually developed, each of which personified the various forces of nature or reflected the social and social relations of that time. At the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods was the great Svarog - the god of the universe, reminiscent of the ancient Greek Zeus. The Slavs revered the god of the Sun Dazhdbog, the god and goddess of fertility Rod and women in childbirth, the patron of cattle breeding, the god Veles. In the VIII-IX centuries. Iranian and Finno-Ugric gods “migrated” to the Slavic pantheon: Khors, Simargl, Makosh. As the communal system decomposed, the god of lightning and thunder, Perun, came to the fore among the Eastern Slavs. Pagan Slavs erected idols in honor of their gods. Served the gods priests - Magi.

A complete guide to preparing for the exam

Series: Unified State Exam

Publishers: AST, Astrel, VKT, 2009

Hardcover, 320 pages.

The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, contains in full the material of the course "History of Russia", which is checked at the unified state exam.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of the content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - the USE control and measuring materials.

The guide contains the following sections of the course: "History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century", "History of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries", "Russia in the 19th century", "Russia in the 20th - early 21st centuries".

A short form of presentation ensures maximum effectiveness of self-preparation for the exam. Sample tasks and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

At the end of the book, a reference chronological table and a dictionary of historical terms and concepts are given in the volume that is necessary for the successful passing of the exam.

Foreword

Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

Topic 2. Old Russian state (IX - first half of the XII century)

Topic 3. Russian lands and principalities in the 12th - mid-15th centuries.

Topic 4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th centuries.

Section 2. History of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries.

Topic 1. Russia in the 17th century.

Topic 2. Russia in the first half of the 18th century.

Topic 3. Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Domestic policy of Catherine II

Section 3. Russia in the 19th century

Topic 1. Russia in 1801–1860 Domestic and foreign policy of Alexander I

Topic 2. Russia in the 1860s-1890s Domestic policy of Alexander II. Reforms of the 1860s–1870s

Section 4. Russia in the XX - early XXI century.

Topic 1. Russia in 1900–1916 Socio-economic and political development of the country in the early twentieth century.

Topic 2. Russia in 1917–1920 Revolution of 1917. From February to October. dual power

Topic 3. Soviet Russia, the USSR in the 1920s-1930s. Transition to the New Economic Policy

Topic 4. The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 The main stages and battles of the Great Patriotic War

Topic 5. USSR in 1945–1991 USSR in the first post-war decade

Topic 6. Russia in 1992–2008 The formation of a new Russian statehood

Reference chronological table

Dictionary of historical terms and concepts
Foreword
This handbook is addressed to schoolchildren and applicants. It will allow you to repeat the main content of the school course in the history of Russia and prepare well for the unified state exam in history.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of the content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - the USE control and measuring materials.

The guide contains the following sections of the course: "History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century", "History of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries", "Russia in the 19th century", "Russia in the 20th - early 21st centuries".

Each topic of the book contains a brief historical background, presented in a concise and accessible form, as well as sample tasks used in the USE test and measurement materials. These are closed tasks with the choice of only one correct answer out of four possible (part 1 (A); tasks to establish the correct correspondence and establish the correct sequence of letters or numbers, open-type tasks with a short answer in the form of one or two words (part 2 (B) ; essay assignments involving the writing of a detailed answer (part 3 (C). All sample assignments are compiled in accordance with the content and structure of the USE test and measurement materials in history.

The answers to the tasks will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

At the end of the book, a reference chronological table and a glossary of concepts and terms are given in the volume that is necessary for the successful passing of the exam.

The book will also allow history teachers to organize in the final grades the final repetition of the educational material that is necessary for the successful passing of the exam in the history of Russia.

Tasks with a detailed answer (part C) involve writing a short written work. They allow graduates to demonstrate in-depth knowledge of the subject, often beyond basic training. During the examination, the evaluation of the results of this part of the work is carried out by a special expert commission. Focusing on predetermined criteria, the experts make a decision on the evaluation of the work.

The tasks of part C are different in their form and focus. The first three tasks are built on the basis of some historical source and test the ability to analyze a historical document (determine the time, place, circumstances, reasons for creating the source, the position of the author, etc.). For each correct answer to tasks according to a historical source, 1-2 points are given. The maximum score is 6 points.

The tasks of part C are aimed at testing various types of educational activities: 1) characterize, systematize, 2) analyze and argue various historical versions and assessments, 3) the ability to compare historical events, phenomena, processes. It is important to remember that when evaluating the answer to the task of analyzing historical versions and assessments, experts pay attention to the presence of their own attitude to the proposed controversial issue. The maximum score for each of the tasks in Part C is up to 4 points. Thus, the total maximum score for completing tasks in part C is 22 points.

When evaluating answers to tasks with a detailed full answer, the validity of ideas by facts and arguments or generalizations of facts by concepts is taken into account. It is necessary to state only the most significant facts relating only to this particular issue, without going beyond it. If the question contains a historical term, be sure to disclose its meaning in a clear and concise manner. At the same time, the student's answer can be written concisely, in free form or in the form of abstracts, in the proposed or other sequence of tasks.

It is important to remember that answers should not be verbose. As a rule, the answer to each task should not exceed a few sentences. You should not write down light wording that does not reflect the content of the educational material being asked - this will take time, but will not add points to the answer. Work should be built in a certain logic. If there is not enough time, it is necessary to indicate the main thing in a short form, but in such a way that the logic of the answerer is clear to the experts. Abbreviations of words, except for generally accepted ones (RF, USSR, Council of People's Commissars), are best avoided.

When scoring, experts take into account only correctly presented facts, arguments, concepts, etc. For incorrectly indicated elements of the answer (mistakes), 0 points are given, i.e. incorrect answers are not taken into account when setting the final score (they are not deducted from the total score) . Grammar errors are also not taken into account, but even in conditions of lack of time, one must strive to avoid them.
^ Section 1. History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century.
Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors.

In the VI-VIII centuries. Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and populated the vast expanses of the East European Plain.

The formation of large tribal associations of the Slavs is indicated by the legend contained in the Russian chronicle, which tells about the reign of Prince Kyi with the brothers Shchek, Khoriv and sister Lybid in the Middle Dnieper. The city of Kyiv, founded by the brothers, was allegedly named after the elder brother Kyi.

The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Dnieper in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs: glades, Novgorod (Priilmensky) Slovenes, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Polochans, Northerners, Radimichi, Buzhans, Volynians, Ulichi, Tivertsy.

The Slavs, developing the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The neighbors of the Slavic tribes in the north were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: the whole, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordva, Mari. In the lower reaches of the Volga in the VI-VIII centuries. settled nomadic people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. A significant part of the Khazars converted to Judaism. The Slavs paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. Slavic trade went through Khazaria along the Volga trade route.

Occupations, social system, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. The main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. Arable agriculture developed on the black earth lands. The slash-and-burn system of agriculture was widespread in the forest zone. Trees were cut down the first year. In the second year, dried trees were burned and, using the ashes as fertilizer, they sowed grain. For two or three years, the plot gave a high harvest for that time, then the land was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new plot. The main tools of labor were an ax, as well as a hoe, a plow, a knotted harrow and a spade, with which the soil was loosened. Sickles reaped (harvested) crops. They threshed with chains. The grain was ground with stone grinders and hand millstones. On the chernozem lands, plowed agriculture developed, which was called fallow. There were many fertile lands in the southern regions, and plots of land were sown for two to three or more years. With the depletion of the soil, they moved (shifted) to new areas. The main tools used here were a plow, a ralo, a wooden plow with an iron plowshare, that is, tools adapted for horizontal plowing.

The main producer was a free communal peasant (smerd) with his own tools. The Slavs were also engaged in animal husbandry, horse breeding, mining and processing of iron and other crafts, beekeeping (beekeeping), fishing, hunting, and trade.

In the VI-VII centuries. among the Slavs, there was a process of disintegration of tribal relations, inequality arose, a neighboring community came to the place of the tribal community. The Slavs retained the remnants of the primitive communal system: veche, blood feud, paganism, peasant militia, consisting of wars.

By the time the state was formed among the Eastern Slavs, the tribal community was replaced by a territorial, or neighboring, community. The community members were now united, first of all, not by kinship, but by a common territory and economic life. Each such community owned a certain territory on which several families lived. There were two forms of property in the community - personal and public. House, household land - personal, meadows, forests, reservoirs, fishing grounds - public. Arable land and mowing were to be divided between families.

At the head of the East Slavic tribal unions were princes from the tribal nobility and the former tribal elite. The most important issues of life were decided at public meetings - veche gatherings. There was a militia ("regiment", "thousand", divided into "hundreds"). A special military organization was the squad, which appeared, according to archaeological data, in the 6th-7th centuries.

Trade routes passed mainly along the rivers. In the VIII-IX centuries. the famous trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" was born, linking Northern and Southern Europe. It originated in the ninth century. From the Baltic Sea, along the Neva River, the caravans of merchants got to Lake Ladoga (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the Smolensk region and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by "drag routes". The western coast of the Black Sea reached Constantinople (Tsargrad). The most developed lands of the Slavic world - Novgorod and Kyiv - controlled the northern and southern sections of the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. At an early stage of their development, they believed in evil and good spirits. A pantheon of Slavic gods gradually developed, each of which personified the various forces of nature or reflected the social and social relations of that time. At the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods was the great Svarog - the god of the universe, reminiscent of the ancient Greek Zeus. The Slavs revered the god of the Sun Dazhdbog, the god and goddess of fertility Rod and women in childbirth, the patron of cattle breeding, the god Veles. In the VIII-IX centuries. Iranian and Finno-Ugric gods “migrated” to the Slavic pantheon: Khors, Simargl, Makosh. As the communal system decomposed, the god of lightning and thunder, Perun, came to the fore among the Eastern Slavs. Pagan Slavs erected idols in honor of their gods. Served the gods priests - Magi.
^ Sample assignments

A1. In the pre-state period, the Eastern Slavs developed two centers in

1) Novgorod and Dnieper

2) Volga and Baltic

3) Baltic and Black Sea

4) The Volga region and the Don
Answer: 1.
A2. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs

1) Germans

3) Romans

4) Khazars
Answer: 4.
A3. The transition from a tribal community to a neighboring one among the Eastern Slavs occurred as a result of

1) formation of unions of tribes

2) development of arable farming

3) the emergence of feudal estates

4) the need to defend against nomads

Answer: 2.
A4. The occupation of breeding bees and obtaining honey among the Slavs was called

1) beekeeping

2) architecture

3) cooperage

4) pottery
Answer: 1.

A5. Read an extract from the work of a Byzantine historian and point out what this testifies to.

“They believe that only God, the creator of lightning, is the master of all, and bulls are sacrificed to him and other sacred rites are performed. They worship rivers and nymphs and all sorts of other deities, make sacrifices to all of them, and with the help of these sacrifices they also perform divination.

1) Christianity was established among the Eastern Slavs

2) among the Eastern Slavs, the main occupations were fishing and navigation

3) pagan beliefs were common among the Eastern Slavs

4) the Eastern Slavs had no contacts with other countries
Answer: 3.

IN 1. Set the correct correspondence between the concept and the definition.

Answer: 3512.
Arrange in the correct sequence from north to south the rivers and lakes that were part of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks."
A) Lake Ladoga

B) catch

D) Ilmen

Answer: AGVB.
^ Topic 2. Old Russian state (IX - first half of the XII century)
The emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. In the IX - the first half of the XII century. there is a process of folding the early feudal state among the Slavs.

The history of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus) can be conditionally divided into three large periods:

1) IX - the middle of the X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes;

2) the second half of the X - the first half of the XI century. - the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Holy and Yaroslav the Wise, the heyday of the Kyiv state;

3) the second half of the XI - the second half of the XII century. - the transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to specific orders.

Norman theory. One of the sources of knowledge about the origin of the Old Russian state is The Tale of Bygone Years, created by the monk Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century. According to her legend, in 862, the Varangian prince Rurik was invited to rule Russia. Many historians believe that the Varangians were Norman (Scandinavian) warriors who were hired and took an oath of allegiance to the ruler. A number of historians, on the contrary, consider the Varangians a Russian tribe that lived on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and the island of Rügen.

According to this legend, on the eve of the formation of Kievan Rus, the northern tribes of the Slavs and their neighbors (Ilmen Slovenes, Chud, all) paid tribute to the Varangians, and the southern tribes (Polyans and their neighbors) were dependent on the Khazars. In 859, the Novgorodians "expelled the Varangians across the sea", which led to civil strife. Under these conditions, the Novgorodians who had gathered for a council sent for the Varangian princes: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit (order) in it. Come to us and rule over us." Power over Novgorod and the surrounding Slavic lands passed into the hands of the Varangian princes, the eldest of whom Rurik laid, as the chronicler believed, the foundation of the Rurik dynasty.

In 882, another Varangian prince Oleg (there is evidence that he was a relative of Rurik) captured Kyiv and united the territory of the Eastern Slavs, creating the state of Kievan Rus. So it happened, according to the chronicler, the state of Rus (also called Kievan Rus by historians). Thus, the cities of Kyiv and Novgorod the Great became the centers of the unification of the Slavic tribes into a single state.

The legendary chronicle story about the calling of the Varangians served as the basis for the appearance in the eighteenth century. the so-called Norman theory of the emergence of the Old Russian state. Its authors were German scientists Miller and Bayer. MV Lomonosov opposed this theory. The dispute over the origin of the Russian state between historians continues to this day.

Russia under the first princes. In 907 and 911 Oleg made trips to Byzantium and concluded profitable trade agreements with her. According to the agreements, Russian merchants had the right to live at the expense of the Greeks in Constantinople, but were obliged to walk around the city without weapons. At the same time, the merchants had to carry written documents with them and warn the Byzantine emperor in advance about their arrival. Oleg's agreement with the Greeks made it possible to export the tribute collected in Russia and sell it in the markets of Byzantium.

Under Oleg, the Drevlyans, northerners, and Radimichi were included in his state and began to pay tribute to Kyiv. However, the process of incorporating various tribal unions into Kievan Rus was not a one-time action.

Under the son of Rurik, Prince Igor (912-945), Russia expanded even more, but in 945, during the collection of tribute - polyudya - Igor was killed by the Drevlyans. Power passed to his wife Olga. She brutally avenged the death of her husband. But she also went for a kind of reform, establishing the order and size of the polyud. “Lessons” were introduced, i.e., clearly established amounts of tribute, and places were established where tribute was brought - “graveyards”. The consequences of this simple measure were significant: under Olga, an orderly and organized system of taxation began to take shape, without which the state cannot function. "Graveyards" then became the supporting centers of princely power.

During the reign of Igor and Olga, the lands of the Tivertsy, the streets, and finally the Drevlyans were annexed to Kyiv. Olga was the first of the Russian rulers to be baptized.

The son of Igor and Olga - Svyatoslav (964-972) in the course of numerous campaigns annexed the lands of the Vyatichi along the Oka, defeated the Volga Bulgars and Khazaria. He tried to bring the borders of Russia closer to Byzantium and went on a campaign to the Balkan Peninsula. However, the struggle with Byzantium ended unsuccessfully. On the way to Kyiv in 972, Svyatoslav was ambushed and killed by the Pechenegs.

After a struggle for power, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich ascended the throne of Kyiv, who later received the title of Saint. During the years of his reign (980–1015), a defensive system of the southeastern borders of Russia was created from the Pechenegs (notches and watchtowers), and in 988 Russia was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The spread of Christianity often met with resistance from the population, who revered their pagan gods. Christianity established itself slowly. On the outlying lands of Kievan Rus, it was established much later than in Kyiv and Novgorod. The adoption of Christianity was of great importance for the further development of Russia:

1) Christianity affirmed the idea of ​​the equality of people before God, which contributed to the mitigation of the cruel customs of the former pagans;

2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and the territorial unity of Kievan Rus;

4) the adoption of Christianity played a big role in the development of Russian culture, served as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine Russia into Russia, and through it, ancient culture.

A metropolitan appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople was placed at the head of the Russian Orthodox Church; the church in some areas was headed by bishops, to whom the priests in towns and villages were subordinate.

In general, the policy of St. Vladimir contributed to the development of the statehood and culture of Russia, the growth of its international prestige.

After the death of Vladimir I, one of his sons, Yaroslav, who later received the nickname the Wise (1019–1054), defeated Svyatopolk the Accursed in civil strife, who killed the brothers Boris and Gleb. Under the leadership of Yaroslav, the Pechenegs were finally defeated, the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv was erected, schools and a library were opened. At this time, the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery arose, chronicle writing and the compilation of the first written code of laws "Russian Truth" began. Dynastic marriages strengthened ties with European countries. The growth of the power and authority of Russia allowed Yaroslav to appoint for the first time the statesman and writer Hilarion, who was Russian by birth, as Metropolitan of Kyiv.

With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Russia at that time was the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and proclaimed the principle of "everyone keeps his fatherland." However, the strife continued even after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kyiv throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsy. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Teachings to Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Russia finally disintegrated into separate principalities.

A common form of land ownership was the votchina, i.e., paternal possession, passed from father to son by inheritance. The owner of the estate was a prince or boyar. All the free population of Kievan Rus was called "people". The bulk of the rural population was called smerds. Russkaya Pravda reflected the beginning of the process of enslavement of the peasants. The code of laws speaks of "purchases" and "ryadoviches." The impoverished peasants borrowed "kupa" from the master - grain, livestock, money. The purchase was supposed to work off the debt to its creditor, but was often unable to do this and fell into dependence forever. In other cases, the peasants (ryadovichi) entered into an agreement - a "row" - according to which the prince or boyar pledged to protect them and help if necessary, and the peasants to work. There were also serfs - a category of dependent population, close in position to slaves.

Culture of Ancient Russia. Writing and education. The letter and the alphabet were known in Russia even before the adoption of monotheism, and Christianization contributed to the further development of literacy and the spread of writing. This fact is confirmed by a large number of finds of birch bark letters with texts in various cities of Russia, especially in Novgorod the Great.

Literature. In literature, the chronicle genre is widespread. The most famous is The Tale of Bygone Years, written by the monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century. Metropolitan Hilarion in the middle of the 11th century. a work of a religious and journalistic nature, "The Word of Law and Grace", was created. In the campaigns, epics were formed - solemn epic works that tell about the struggle against the steppes, the courage and resourcefulness of merchants, the courage of heroes.

Architecture. In church architecture, there was a strong influence of Byzantium. Ancient Russia adopted the Byzantine type of cross-domed church. Such buildings include St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Shortly after the construction of the Kyiv Cathedral, the St. Sophia Cathedral appeared in Veliky Novgorod, whose architecture is already showing distinctive features.

Painting. Painting also developed under significant Byzantine influence. From the powerful southern neighbor, the technique of mosaics, frescoes and icon painting came to Russia.

Applied art. Jewelry art, which used the technique of granulation, filigree and enamel, reached a significant flourishing in Ancient Russia. The grain was a bizarre pattern created from thousands of tiny soldered gold or silver balls. The filigree technique required the master to create patterns from thin gold or silver wire. Sometimes the gaps between these wire partitions were filled with multi-colored enamel - an opaque vitreous mass.
^ Sample assignments
When completing the tasks of part 1 (A) in the answer sheet No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing, put an “x” in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.

A1. The activities of Metropolitan Hilarion, Prince Yaroslav the Wise are connected with

Answer: 3.
A2. The main trading partner of the Old Russian state was

1) Byzantium

3) Tmutarakan

4) Scythia
Answer: 1.
A3. A picturesque work of art of small forms was called

2) splash screen

3) filigree

4) miniature
Answer: 4.

A4. The congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097 was convened with the aim of

1) organize a campaign against the Polovtsy

2) stop internecine wars

3) agree on the amount of tribute

4) accept a new Sudebnik
Answer: 2.
A5. The establishment of polyudye testified to

1) the beginning of the political fragmentation of Russia

2) the existence of the custom of blood feud among the Slavs

3) the emergence of tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs

4) the emergence of the early feudal state of the Eastern Slavs
Answer: 4.
A6. Read the excerpt from the document and indicate during which event the treaty contained in the document was adopted.

“Why are we destroying the Russian land, raising enmity against ourselves ... From now on, we will unite in one heart and will protect the Russian lands. Let everyone keep his fatherland ... and on this they kissed the cross.

1) conclusion of an alliance against Batu Khan

2) the congress of princes in Lyubech

3) adoption of Christianity

4) the adoption of "Russian Truth"

Answer: 2.
A7. Of these features characterize the Old Russian state

A) the process of turning combatants into landowners

B) the gradual development of written legislation

C) the existence of the Zemsky Sobor

D) the growth of cities, the development of crafts and trade

D) vassal dependence on the Pechenegs

E) the growing decline of culture
Specify the correct answer.
1) ABG

Answer: 1.
A8. Which of the following concepts denoted the categories of the dependent population of Ancient Russia?

A) Cossacks

B) purchases

B) dead

D) serfs

Answer: 3.
The tasks of part 2 (B) require an answer in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers, which should be written first in the text of the examination paper, and then transferred to the answer sheet No. 1 without spaces and punctuation marks. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the names of the princes and the events associated with their activities.

For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.


Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet No. 1 (without spaces and any symbols).
Answer: 1453.
IN 2. Arrange the events in chronological order.

Write the letters that denote the events in the correct sequence in the table.

A) the unification of Kyiv and Novgorod under the rule of Oleg

B) the establishment by Princess Olga of "lessons" and "graveyards"

C) the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate by Prince Svyatoslav

D) the murder of Prince Igor by the Drevlyans

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet No. 1 (without spaces and any symbols).
Answer: AGBV.
AT 3. Which three events, from the following, characterized the reign of the great Kievan prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich?

1) the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate

2) creation of a notch line on the southern borders of Russia

3) the formation of a military-political union of Russia with Byzantium

4) organization of the congress of princes in the city of Lyubech

5) adoption of Christianity

6) the defeat of the Pechenegs

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet No. 1 (without spaces and any symbols).
Answer: 256.
To answer the tasks of part 3 (C), use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the task number (C1, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it.

Tasks С4-С7 provide for different types of activities: presentation of a generalized description of historical events and phenomena (C4), consideration of historical versions and assessments (C5), analysis of the historical situation (C6), comparison (C7). As you complete these tasks, pay attention to the wording of each question.

C5. Historians who put forward and supported the "Norman theory" of the origin of the Old Russian state believed that statehood was introduced to Russia from outside, by the Varangians.

What other points of view on the origin of the Russian state do you know? Which point of view do you find more convincing? Name the facts, provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.
Answer:

Course of National History Devletov Oleg Usmanovich

1.1. Eastern Slavs in the 1st millennium AD. e. Formation and heyday of the ancient Russian state

The first millennium of the new era is called the time of the "great migration of peoples." Its first wave was the migration of Asian tribes (Goths, Huns). In the middle of the 1st millennium, the Western Roman Empire perished under their onslaught. The second wave (IV-VII centuries) is associated with the settlement of Slavic tribes from the Baltic to the Black and Mediterranean Seas. In the middle of the millennium, Turkic tribes (Bulgars, Khazars, etc.) appeared in Eastern Europe. Finally, the fourth wave of migration was the Arab conquests in the second half of the millennium. Under their rule was North Africa and almost the entire territory of modern Spain and Portugal.

Conquests and wars, trade and cultural ties, violence and good neighborliness - existed side by side and at the same time, forming a bizarre and complex fabric of history. There was a process of disappearance, mixing, emergence of the majority of European peoples and states. The period of the Middle Ages began, characterized by the spread of feudal social relations. At the turn of antiquity and the Middle Ages, five centers of ancient civilization played the most important role in world history: the Han Empire in China, the Kushan Empire in Central Asia, the Gupta Empire in India, the Sassanid Empire in the Middle East and the Roman Empire. Slave states existed in Africa. Most of the peoples of Asia, America, Africa lived in a primitive communal society.

Such states as England, France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Sweden, Russia, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Japan, the states of the Arab East, etc., enter the historical arena.

The problem of the origin and settlement of the Slavs is still debatable. It can be assumed that the separation of the Slavs from the Indo-European community occurred in the process of transition to arable farming. Currently, there are two most common theories on the issue of the ancestral home of the Slavs. According to one, such an area was the territory between the Oder and the Vistula, according to another, it was the area between the Oder and the Middle Dnieper.

From these areas began the resettlement of the Slavs. In the 7th century Slavs appeared in the Balkans. Neighbors called them "wends". One of the tribes that settled in Southern Europe called themselves the Slavs. Over time, this name began to be called all the Slavs. Slavs settled most of the Balkan Peninsula.

The Kyiv chronicler wrote down the legend that the Slavs came to the Dnieper region from the Danube. In the north, a powerful stream of Slavic colonization rushed from the territory of the Baltic Slavs to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bLake Ilmen and the Volkhov River. In the east, the Slavs entered the interfluve of the Oka and Volga. On the shores of the Baltic and on the upper Volga, the Slavic tribes met with the Balts and the Finno-Ugric population. Local tribes, finding themselves in the zone of settlement of the Slavs, gradually assimilated. This process was especially intensive in the Volkhov River basin, where one of the most numerous East Slavic tribes, the Ilmen Slovenes, settled.

The Krivichi tribes lived on the watershed of the Dnieper, Western Dvina and Volga. In the north, the Krivichi settled in the Pskov region. The Vyatichi advanced most deeply to the east. Polotskians lived along the banks of the Western Dvina, among the swamps - Dregovichi, to the south, in the Dnieper region - glade and Drevlyans, on the eastern bank of the Dnieper - Radimichi and northerners. In total, there are 15 Slavic tribes settled on the territory of the East European Plain.

Polyany and other tribes living in the forest-steppe zone grew wheat and millet. In the north, rye began to be cultivated using the cutting method. Peasants chopped and burned trees (coal turned into fertilizer needed on poor forest lands), uprooted stumps and plowed arable land. After 10–15 years, the land was depleted. Farmers had to clear new areas. Bread was the main food of the people, which is why the grain was called "zhit" (from the word "live"). The Slavs raised livestock, hunted fur-bearing animals, elks, wild boars, forest birds. Fishing and beekeeping (gathering honey from wild bees) occupied an important place in the life of the Slavs. Among the goods that the Slavs exported to neighboring countries, contemporaries primarily named furs and honey. Skins of martens since ancient times served as an equivalent of exchange. Over time, silver money began to be called kuns.

The beginning of the ancient Russian state. The formation of the state is a natural stage in the development of society. This is a long process. In historical science, back in the 18th century, a dispute arose about the formation of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. For a long time, the Norman theory was considered generally accepted, which recognized the decisive role of the Scandinavian warriors (the Slavs called them Varangians) in the formation of the state in Russia. But the underestimation of the role of the Varangians in the political life of ancient Russian society is just as wrong, here the anti-Normanists come into conflict with the historical sources known to us. We can say that the state of the Eastern Slavs was formed not thanks to the Varangians, but with their participation.

Historians - Normanists refer to the "Tale of Bygone Years" - the oldest Russian chronicle. Chronicle tells that in 862 to end the civil strife, the inhabitants of Veliky Novgorod sent ambassadors to Scandinavia with a proposal to the Varangian leaders to become their rulers. “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no dress (order) in it. Yes, go to reign and rule over us. Three Varangian brothers responded to the invitation:

Rurik , who became a prince in Novgorod, Sineus - in Beloozero and Truvor in Izborsk. From this event, the alleged creation of the state among the Eastern Slavs began.

Most historians believe that Sineus and Truvor are legendary figures (translated from the Old Swedish language - the language of the Varangians, the words "sine hus truvor" mean "with a house and a squad"). At the same time, even anti-Normanists admit that the chronicle story is based on the historical fact of the reign of the Varangian Rurik in Novgorod, who laid the foundation for the dynasty that ruled Russia Rurikovich. It was quite possible that the Varangians seized power in Novgorod by force, followed by the registration in the annals of the act of their “voluntary” calling.

After the death of Rurik, Prince became his successor. Oleg (Helg). In 882, Oleg undertook a campaign against Kyiv. He dealt with the Varangians Dir and Askold, who ruled in the city, and transferred his princely table from Novgorod to it.

The capture of Kyiv made it possible to politically unite the lands located along the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

Oleg was replaced by the son of Rurik - Igor (912–945). In 945, the greed of the prince during the collection of tribute outraged the Drevlyans, they killed the squad, and the prince was executed.

Igor's widow - princess Olga (945–957), having avenged the death of her husband to the Drevlyans, she was forced to streamline the collection of tribute, establishing “lessons” (the amount of tribute) and “graveyards” (places of its collection). In the following decades, the Grand Dukes of Kyiv were Svyatoslav (957–972), Vladimir (980-1015), Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054).

Thus, under the rule of Kyiv (around the Polyan tribe), the formation of the Old Russian state (community of tribes) - Kievan Rus. But the remnants of the tribal system persisted for a long time - this is the military squad system of organizing princely power, elements of military democracy (the relationship between the prince and the squad, the militia), the existence of the veche system in cities and tribal associations, blood feud.

At the head of the state was the Great Kyiv Prince, who had a council of the most noble and powerful princes and boyars. Under the prince, the administrative apparatus consisted of combatants, who were in charge of collecting tribute and taxes; who carried out the court, etc. Princely representatives were appointed to the cities (posadniks). Depending on the prince were his relatives (specific princes) and boyars who owned estates and had their own squads.

Thus, by the eleventh century a large power was formed with a diverse population from the Vistula in the west to the Crimea and Pechora in the east, from the Black Sea (the mouth of the Dnieper) in the south to the coast of the White Sea in the north.

The main result of the political activity of the first Kyiv princes was the unification of the East Slavic tribes under the rule of the Kyiv prince; consolidation in the Black Sea trade markets and protection of trade routes; protection of the southern borders from the attacks of nomads.

Foreign policy. The main neighbors of Ancient Russia were three groups of peoples and states: Finno-Ugric in North-west, Turkic nomads (steppe) in the east and south, Byzantium (former Eastern Roman Empire) in the southwest. As the Slavs settled on the territory of the Finno-Ugric tribes, the newcomers-farmers did not encroach on the lifestyle of local residents - hunters and fishermen. Therefore, there was a process of peaceful assimilation, mixing and merging. At the end of the X century. Kyiv princes defeated the state of the Khazars on the Lower Volga and made peace with the Volga Bulgars on the Kama. At the same time, there is a struggle with the nomads chenegami. From the middle of the XI century. tribes appear in the southern steppes Polovtsy. For two hundred years it has been a relationship of military conflicts, trade and marriage unions.

Byzantium was the most important neighbor of Ancient Russia. The largest center of ancient ancient civilization, gradually going to its decline, had a huge impact on all spheres of life in Ancient Russia. The attacking side here were the Slavs, who made a number of campaigns against Constantinople (Tsargrad, Istanbul). Between Ancient Russia and Byzantium, trade was also actively going on and cultural ties were developing. Christianity and writing came from Byzantium to Russia.

Baptism of Russia. The emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs was also reflected in the spiritual life. This was manifested in the familiarization of Ancient Russia with Christian values. Religious reforms were carried out by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (980-1015). The adoption of a common religion demanded the interests of the unity of Kievan Rus.

First, Prince Vladimir tried to create a single pantheon of pagan gods, who were worshiped in various regions of the country, and thus turn Kyiv into a spiritual capital. This reform failed. Near 988 Orthodox Christianity, borrowed from Byzantium, became the state religion of Russia. Vladimir, having baptized himself, ordered to baptize his squad, and then the whole people. Christianity, introduced at the behest of the Kievan nobility and the Polyana community, ran into resistance from other Slavic communities. Therefore, its distribution in Russia continued until the XIII-XV centuries.

The baptism of Russia created new forms of interaction between people both within the country and with the outside world. The adoption of Christianity introduced Kievan Rus into the world Christian community; facilitated the establishment of relations with the states of Europe; contributed to the enrichment of the culture of ancient Russian society, became an incentive for the spread of painting, architecture, writing, and literature borrowed from Byzantium. Byzantium had experience in educational activities in Bulgaria and other Slavic countries. Russian writing arose on the basis of the Greek-Bulgarian Christian culture.

The creators of Slavic writing were Byzantine monks, Bulgarians by origin, Cyril and Methodius.

socially-economic characteristics of the Old Russian state. In historical science, discussions about the nature of the Old Russian state do not stop. Supporters of traditional views consider Kievan Rus an early feudal monarchy (B.A. Rybakov, B.D. Grekov), in which the main features of feudalism have not yet been sufficiently developed. Another point of view is represented by the St. Petersburg historian I.Ya. Froyanov. He sees the formation of ancient Russian statehood in the development of the system of tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs into a single superunion (union of unions). Froyanov claims that Russia in the IX-XII centuries. was in the process of transition from tribal to early class relations. He characterizes this period as pre-feudal and pre-state. The unification of the East Slavic tribes around Kyiv was not too tight and not very burdensome. The power of the Kyiv prince was reduced to the collection of tribute (polyudyu) and the trial of inter-tribal disputes and litigations.

The main form of organization of economic life was fiefdom. - father's estate, inherited from father to son. The owners of estates were princes or boyars. In Kievan Rus there was a significant number of communal peasants who paid tribute to the prince.

The main source for studying the social composition of the population of Ancient Russia is "Russian Truth" - the oldest code of laws adopted under Prince Yaroslav the Wise (about 1016). These laws were supplemented by his successors. From Russkaya Pravda it follows that the entire free population was called "people". The bulk of the rural population was called stinks. They lived in peasant communities and estates. Those smerds who lived in the estates carried heavier duties. There were categories of dependent people - ryadovichi, purchases, serfs.