Far East of Russia. Climatic conditions of the Far East What climate is typical for the territory of the Far East

Relief

Most of The territory is occupied by mountains and high uplands (about 75% of the territory), while mountains of medium and low height prevail. The largest mountain formations are the Sikhote-Alin, Bureinsky, Verkhoyansky, Stanovoy, Dzhugdzhursky, Koryaksky ridges, as well as the Chukotka and Aldan highlands. The east of the district is located in the zone of interaction of large lithospheric plates.

Powerful mountain-building processes and shifts of lithospheric plates continue, which is manifested in intense earthquakes and seaquakes. The Far East is the only territory of active volcanism in Russia, which is also distinguished by high seismicity. There are 160 volcanoes in Kamchatka, of which more than 20 are active, the largest of which is the highest point of the district - Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m). Volcanoes are accompanied by geysers, numerous sources of thermal waters.

Plains and lowlands occupy only relatively small areas (about 25% of the territory), mainly along river valleys, and it is in these areas that the main economic life of the region is concentrated. Main plains: Zeya-Bureya, Sredneamurskaya, Prikhankayskaya, Central Yakutskaya.

Climate

Features of the physical and geographical position of the Far East region determined the diversity of natural and climatic conditions - from sharply continental to monsoon climate southeast of the region. The climate of the entire Far East is determined by the interaction of continental and marine air masses. temperate latitudes.

The entire territory of the Far East is located in the zone of three climatic zones and five types of climate. This fact alone informs us about the diversity of nature and climate of the region. Chukchi autonomous region lies in the zone of the arctic and subarctic climatic zones. Kamchatka Krai, located to the south, is located in the temperate climate zone. This area is characterized by a special type of climate: the climate of the eastern coasts. This type of climate is also typical for the coast of the Magadan region, but as soon as you go deeper into the continent, the climate changes to subarctic tundra and forest tundra. Further south is the Khabarovsk Territory, completely located in the temperate zone and a zone of two types of climate: sharply continental on the border with Yakutia and monsoon closer to the Pacific Ocean. The rest of the subjects: Primorsky Krai, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, are entirely located in the monsoon climate zone.

In the cold season, mainly in winter, the territory of the Far East is dominated by westerly winds carrying dry frosty air from Siberia in the form of anticyclones. Therefore, the winter in the Far East is very severe and dry. In the northern part of the region, the climate is the most severe with a 9-month cold season snowy winter(in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - the cold pole of the northern hemisphere).

In the warm season, the wind begins to blow from the ocean, bringing cyclones and, consequently, cloudy weather, precipitation. It is this principle of circulation of air masses (in winter the wind blows from the mainland, and in summer from the ocean) that is the monsoon climate. Therefore, most of the precipitation occurs in the summer. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas. For example, in Khabarovsk, about 450 mm of precipitation falls from June to September, and only 50-60 mm from December to March. In general, precipitation in the Far East is unevenly distributed. For example, on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, from 150 to 600 mm of precipitation falls annually, in the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region, the annual amount of precipitation varies from 400 to 800 mm. In other regions, precipitation is comparatively higher - on average, from 500 to 1000 mm per year.

Main feature temperature regime Far East - a sharp increase in frost in the cold season as you move away from the coast deep into the continent. For example, on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the average January temperature is about -4...-6 °C, while in the center of the peninsula it drops to -16...-22 °C. Similarly, on the coast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Magadan Region and the Khabarovsk Territory, the average January temperature reaches -16...-20 °C, and on the border with Yakutia it drops to -30...-35 °C. In Primorsky Krai, the average temperature winter months on the coast it is also relatively high - -6...-8 °C, and on the border with China it drops to -20...-24 °C. In the Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, the average January temperature is about -20...-26 °C.

As for the warm season, the spread of the average monthly temperature is greatly reduced due to the monsoonal climate. Only in the extreme north of Chukotka autonomous region the average July temperature is only +3...+8 °C, and in places -2...-1 °C. Almost throughout the rest of the Far East, the average July temperature is about +10...+15 °C, only in the southern part of the region, on the border with China, the average temperature of the summer months reaches +17...+21°C.

The annual amplitude of air temperature in the Far Eastern Federal District is the largest on the globe - up to 70-75 degrees Celsius.

Flora and fauna

The interaction of continental and marine air masses, northern and southern currents, complex relief, which combines mountains and lowlands, closed basins - all this together leads to a diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far East, to the presence of northern and southern species in its composition. In the northern lowlands there are tundras, into which larch forests enter from the south along the rivers. Most of the Kamchatka peninsula is occupied by sparse forests of stone birch and larch, and thickets of dwarf pine with alder and lichens grow on the slopes of the mountains. For the north of Sakhalin is characterized by sparse larch forests, and for the south - impenetrable thickets of bamboo and spruce-fir taiga.

Humidity" href="/text/category/vlazhnostmz/" rel="bookmark">humid, coniferous-deciduous forests of rich species composition grow. They consist of Korean cedar, spruce, fir, linden, hornbeam, Manchurian walnut, pear and many other species.Dense thickets of trees intertwined with lianas, grapes and lemongrass.There are many healing herbs in the forests, including ginseng.

The fauna of the Far East is diverse. Marine animals are of industrial importance: fish, molluscs, marine animals, etc. The most unique views sushi animals are Ussurian tiger, brown and himalayan bears, East Siberian leopard, etc. About 40 species of fur-bearing animals live in the Far East. The most famous animal species of the Far East include squirrel, otter, ermine, hare, raccoon dog, weasel, fox, American mink, muskrat, arctic fox, sable, red deer, wild boar, musk deer, roe deer, elk, reindeer, bighorn sheep and many others. Up to 100 species (often the rarest) birds nest here.

Characteristics of dangerous natural phenomena in general for the Far Eastern Federal District

The monsoonal climate of the Amur region and Primorye brings heavy showers and storm winds, the southern part is often exposed to the impact of transformed typhoons. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin, in the Magadan region, snow avalanches are observed.

The Far Eastern Federal District has the longest coastline in Russia. High seas and strong winds pose a danger to navigation areas, especially during transitional periods. In addition, on the coasts are often noted heavy snowstorms, deterioration of visibility, surge phenomena. The coasts of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Primorye are tsunami-prone areas.

The Amur and Lena rivers are among the largest rivers in the world. The bulk of the internal water resources belongs to their pools. Almost all dangerous hydrological phenomena are observed on these rivers: jam floods, high spring floods, high rain floods. Other rivers of the region also cannot be called calm. A dangerous phenomenon is also prolonged low water, which is periodically observed on the navigable rivers of the Far Eastern Federal District.

A significant part of the territory of the district is occupied by a forest zone, a significant danger is Forest fires. An extremely high fire hazard (according to meteorological indicators) is also a dangerous meteorological phenomenon.

The Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye receive enough heat and rainfall for the cultivation of crops. In some years, atmospheric and soil droughts can be observed here, with heavy and prolonged rains - waterlogging of the soil.

It is impossible not to note those dangerous phenomena that can arise as a result of human activity. For example, hydroelectric power stations, especially seasonal regulation, are in the area of ​​close attention of specialists. In addition, the spread of hazardous environmental pollution is predicted taking into account meteorological and hydrological characteristics.

Another feature of our region is the intra-annual distribution of hazardous phenomena, which is different from what is observed in Russia as a whole, where the main number of hazardous phenomena and complexes of adverse meteorological phenomena, the combination of which form a dangerous phenomenon, occurs in May-August. The peculiarity of the region is that it is located on the borders of land - ocean, arctic - tropical air masses. As a result, dangerous phenomena often form during transitional periods.

The territory of the Far East is located along the Pacific coast for more than 4,500 thousand km. from Chukotka to the border with Korea. The northern part of the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so even in summer period snow cover is preserved. The southern territories are located at 40 latitudes - among the spruce groves, subtropical plants are often found here.

Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes, which are due to the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of colorful natural conditions.

The Far Eastern Territory is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, resulting in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic period, but mountain building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern Territory is predetermined by the interaction of sea and continental air masses temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are severe and frosty.

Under the influence of warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summer in the region is quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, because due to the long spring, the snow melts gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern Territory. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here are spruce coniferous forests adjacent to impenetrable thickets of bamboo. Lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts can be found in the forests. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also distinguished by a wide variety: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, Amur tigers.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are typical and for the economy of the region. Industry and agriculture are well developed in the Far East. Rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown in the central and southern parts.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are made. The coastal areas are dominated by fishing.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern Territory, a large-scale ensemble of minerals is presented, which are rarely found in the same territory, these are copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

The climate of the Far East cannot but surprise with its uniqueness not only the guests of our country, but also many of its inhabitants, who, it would seem, could already get used to its inconstancy, temperature extremes, whims and unpredictability.

In fact, one can talk about this phenomenon for an infinitely long time, analyzing the regions separately and dwelling on each of them in detail, in the smallest details.

However, the purpose of this article is precisely to describe the climate of the Far East as a whole, while compiling a general picture of the natural phenomena occurring there. It's no secret that it is the weather conditions in most cases that become a prerequisite for the formation of one or another flora and fauna, and therefore, in general, predetermine one or another of the entire region.

What determines the weather in the Far East?

AT geographically The Far East is the most distant part of Russia from the capital. It includes Yakutia, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Amur and Primorsky Territories.

It is impossible to talk about the climate in the Far East without mentioning a number of its geological features. So, approximately 75% of the above-mentioned territory is occupied by plateaus and low uplands (up to 2000 m). In addition, there are many geysers in Kamchatka, more than 150 volcanoes, of which about 30, by the way, are fully active.

Possessing this kind of information, it is unlikely that anyone will be surprised to learn that the Kuriles and Kamchatka belong to the dangerous seismic belt of the Russian Federation.

The Far East, whose climate has been the subject of close attention of many scientists for several decades, stretches for 4,500 thousand km along the Pacific coast. Here passes the line of collision of the Eurasian and which contributes to the formation of mountain systems, which, by the way, continues to this day, sometimes creating significant problems and troubles.

Very often, weather conditions in this region are created under the influence of processes occurring at the junction, as well as the interaction of warm and cold air currents.

General characteristics of the observed phenomena

As known from school lessons geography, the Far Eastern North is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so the snow cover here does not completely disappear even in summer.

The northern part of this territory is particularly severe, namely permafrost and tundra. In turn, the southern part is represented by a riot of spruce groves and subtropical plants.

It should be noted that the climatic conditions throughout the territory are very different from each other, although there is still one common feature: high humidity is observed everywhere. By the way, not everyone knows that the Pacific Ocean has a huge impact on the Far Eastern climate.

In general, three climatic arctic and subarctic ones dominate here. In summer there is a lot of precipitation, and in winter the snow cover can reach 3 meters in thickness.

Climatic zoning

In general, the climate of the Far East belongs to one of five types:

• Chukotka's weather is immediately determined by two types of climate: arctic and subarctic;
• The Kamchatka Territory and the coast of the Magadan Region are located in the temperate climate zone;
• Khabarovsk Territory - in a temperate zone with sharply continental and monsoon climate types;
• The Jewish Autonomous Region and the Amur Territory are included in the monsoon climate zone.

Far Eastern precipitation and air masses

In the cold season, westerly winds bring Siberian dry and at the same time very frosty air (the so-called anticyclones) to the territory of the Far East, and in warm weather the wind blows from the ocean, bringing cyclones, i.e. very torrential downpours and cloudy weather.

It should be noted that precipitation falls unevenly throughout the territory, even in the same region.

Features of the temperature regime

The Far East, whose climate is very diverse, has a number of characteristic features in terms of

Why? The thing is that as we move away from the shores of the Pacific Ocean deep into the continent in the cold season, there is a significant increase in frost. But in the warm season, the average monthly temperature of the entire territory does not differ much, as a result of which the climate of the Far East is very similar to the weather conditions that form on the coastal territory.

An exception, perhaps, is the north of Chukotka, where in July the average air temperature can sometimes reach as low as -2°C.

In almost the entire remaining territory of the Far East, the average July temperature varies in the range of + 10 ... + 15 ° C. In the southern part of the region - at the level of +17… +21°C.

Climate and its influence on local flora and fauna

The variety of vegetation in this region is a direct consequence of the presence of a complex relief system and closed basins, as well as the impact of air masses of different temperatures.

In general, the flora is represented here various types plants characteristic of both frozen Siberia and sultry and stuffy Asia. How does it manifest itself? Judge for yourself, isn't it amazing when creepers, lemongrass and grapes grow very close to the fir trees, pines and nuts?

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the climate of the Far East has led to the presence of many varieties of animals, the most common of which are reindeer, squirrels and elks, which, by the way, coexist perfectly with Amur tigers, rare today black deer and raccoon dogs.

Economic activity of the region

The favorable climate of the Far East of Russia was the reason for the intensive development Agriculture and industry.

For example, potatoes, rice, soybeans, wheat, beans and various vegetables are grown in the center and south. Horticulture is also developed here. The north is mainly engaged in the preparation of furs, and fishing dominates on the coast.

In the Far East, there are also various valuable iron and non-ferrous ore, graphite, copper, gold, natural gas, oil, etc.

general characteristics climate of the Far East

Geographically, the Far East is the farthest point of the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amur region,
• Sakhalin region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. The climatic differences between north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of northern Asia, as well as the complex mountainous terrain.

In winter, cold air currents rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High.

In the northeast, the continental air of Eastern Siberia enters into interaction with warm sea air. The result of this interaction are cyclones that carry an abundance of precipitation.

Remark 1

The snow that falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin can reach a height of 6 m.

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The Far East in summer is characterized by monsoon rains, which are the result of the interaction of maritime air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers Primorsky Krai and the Amur Region, so the Amur River overflows not in spring, but in summer.

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. The average temperature in January is -22…-24 degrees.

In South Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

A warm, humid monsoon begins to blow from the ocean in the month of June and warm but rainy and windy weather sets in.

The first half of summer is cloudy, with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and the average temperatures are +17, +22 degrees almost until October.

In the interior regions of precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and Primorye.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean is located in the arctic climate zone. The territory receives a small amount solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation here is 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ranges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

Temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter, and +12 degrees in summer. Precipitation for the year falls 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

The sharply continental climate of the temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - these are the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Highlands. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Precipitation for the year falls 300-500 mm.

Climate of Chukotka

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climate zone. Its coast is located in the area of ​​maritime climate, and the hinterland lies in the area of ​​continental climate.

Chukotka is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. A significant part of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much harsher than in neighboring Alaska.

Winter in the east is long and windy, while in the west it is very cold. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, for example, during the day the atmospheric pressure drops are 50 Mbar, and the winter temperature drops are -30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures during the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. Duration of severe winter period is 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

The daily temperature of the coldest winter month, January, varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. In winter, the Northern Lights are often observed.

The length of daylight begins to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes at the beginning of June, along with powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fogs.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, starting from mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent weather changes associated with the interaction of circulation factors - low pressure is established over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daily temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the coast of the Chukchi Sea, daytime temperatures do not rise above +5 degrees. There are exceptions - in the hinterland it may come hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, daytime temperatures range from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun heats less, the tundra turns yellow.

The duration of autumn is about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation here is about 500-700 mm and most of it is on the coast.

The climate of Primorsky Krai

Primorye is within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, it is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand, by the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. These days the daily temperature can rise to +7…+12 degrees.

With the exception of the southern coast, in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, so the southern and eastern coasts are warmer in winter.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum here was registered in the Krasnoarmeisky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation falls in the second half of winter, but they are few.

The air temperature in March is -4…-9 degrees, on the coast -1…-3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with heavy rainfall. The July temperature of +25 degrees and the absolute maximum of +41 was registered in the Border Region.

On the coast and eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the June daily temperature is +15 degrees. As you move away from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoon seasons and it can rain for 2-3 days without interruption.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather is warm and dry. Daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

Page 16

INTRODUCTION

Qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical state of the atmosphere and the processes taking place in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. most important for life and economic activity of a person are the following ones: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fogs, blizzards, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are closely interconnected with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and variable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, determined by the physical processes that take place in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called weather.

Observations over the weather over a long period allow us to determine the climate of the area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and which determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The terms "weather" and "climate" are often confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime is understood to mean not only prevailing, but generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions of climate formation and the climatic regime of various countries and regions is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. She is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution on the surface the globe various meteorological phenomena and types of climate, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. Subzone mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having a northern border line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

Due to the vast extent of this region from south to north (from 42.5 ° N to 67 ° N), topographic diversity and features of atmospheric circulation, sharply different climatic regions are distinguished here: the Amur-Primorsky, the Okhotsk coast, the northern region , Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental one, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure monsoonal circulation dominates over the mainland in winter and low in summer.

During the summer period, when the monsoon blows, the baric relief over this territory is of such a nature that it can be considered as a low-pressure trough running along the sea coast, at some varying distance, with cyclones passing through it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoonal as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

Primary monsoon, a smaller scale monsoon occurring between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems occurring in late spring and early summer (maximums in the seas of temperate latitudes and minimum in the coastal region, due mainly to thermal causes), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to the land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents, Asia, and the greatest of the oceans, the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with high-order baric systems such as the Pacific High and the Asian depression (in summer).

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west as far as the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

In general, the monsoonal climate of the Far East region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10° in the north to +6° in the south, annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (up to 1000 mm in Kamchatka), relative humidity year-round above 65% (Table 1).

The Far East region receives less heat than it should geographic location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer; secondly, in the influence of the vast Asian continent with its severe winters; - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. For southern regions the passage of typhoons is characteristic, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 1919)

The region of typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of ​​Japan, reaching the line Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. In terms of magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5-6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is more pronounced. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is milder and warmer. Tropical air can be observed here at any time of the year.

The winter regime is established in general in October, the summer in May, in the north in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind and precipitation directions, but also in annual course relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter the opposite is true.

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoonal character. In Voroshilov, in summer, the winds of the southern quarter are 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter are 6% in summer, and 20% in winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, i.e. 65% of the annual amount, while in winter only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90 95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are smaller than in winter (February 7.3°, July 4.5°), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

The duration of the monsoon decreases from the coast inland and north along the coast. Thus, the period of the summer monsoon along the line Vladivostok Olga Bay is 4 4.5 months, in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur 3 3.5 months, in Blagoveshchensk 2.5 3 months. On the coasts washed by the cold current, thick fogs are often observed in summer. If not for the winter monsoon, the port of Vladivostok, located at the latitude of Sochi, would not have resorted to the help of icebreakers. Precipitation increases from 350 mm in the west to 800 mm in the Lesser Khingan mountains. The amount of summer precipitation in the mainland part of the region (Blagoveshchensk) is almost 60 times more than the precipitation of the winter months, and on the coast (Olga Bay) 10 times, while in Moscow, located almost at the same latitude, only 2 times. Summer spills and floods are a common occurrence in the Amur-Primorsky region. Excess moisture during the period of pouring and ripening of grain crops is very harmful to the crop. There are no spring floods, since the snow cover is small, and the precipitation in spring and autumn is mostly of local origin. The intensity of winter precipitation is 1 mm per day, while in summer it is 7 10 mm. During the passage of cyclones during the day sometimes falls from 100 to 238 mm. Such precipitation, due to the deforestation of the slopes, leads to destructive floods. The duration of the growing season increases from north to south from 130 to 200 days, and the duration of the frost-free period - from 80 to 140 days. It is characteristic that in winter on cloudy days it is warmer than on clear days, and vice versa in summer, since the southern warm winds, which bring cloudy weather in winter, passing over the sea, are moistened, while in the warm half-year the winds of the southern points are relatively colder than the northern ones and, bringing an increase in cloudiness , moderate the temperature. The summer of Khabarovsk in many ways resembles that of Gorky, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and Vologda. Winters here are Yakut.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350 450 m high, are covered on clear days by clouds and fogs. The coast, with the greatest amount of precipitation, has fewer days with precipitation of 70, while on the ridge 100, and on the western slope 130 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation over the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, air masses leave almost all precipitation here, and the whole process proceeds intensively; and the remaining moisture on the western slope is cooled by a cold current and falls in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter is higher on the uplands, so the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling influence of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with its ice for 10 11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk is 25.2° (in Leningrad, which lies almost at the same latitude, 7.6°).

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, the south and southeast wind dominates, in winter the northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) ​​along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

In general, differences in thermal mode The coast of Okhotsk is highly dependent on the degree of protrusion of the coast into the sea, the direction of the coastline, the proximity of mountains, etc. Autumn cooling comes early: frosts are noted from mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, snowy, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts continue into May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calms. Autumn only lasts 1 1/2 2 months.

4. Climate northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. In the coastal strip, northeastern, within the region, northerly winds prevail, blowing with great constancy. average speed wind decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5 6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. Precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding southeastern part area (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of ​​the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, why mountain ranges Far East and do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to the humid east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy, windy: fog often covers the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the uplands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such a summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzards) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10 12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 1 1 / 2 2 weeks. Where the wind encounters even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow accumulates, and near rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. Southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south is often accompanied by icing. This is most likely due to hypothermia. humid air brought to the north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

5. Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoonal climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns, snowy winters with snowstorms, but clear and quiet springs. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous relief, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and inside protected by mountains from the influence of the seas. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of ​​Okhotsk freezes, is like a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. It is interesting that a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula in winter, and a minimum in summer, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the depths of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (in winter and summer) and two minima (in spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which must be associated with the release of a large amount of latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by higher wind speeds and more storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The predominance of southeast and south winds (summer monsoon) June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m/sec, the summer monsoon is 4.2 m/sec). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except north) to -1.0°, at coast stations to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands to 3 4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has warmer winters and more humid climate, frosts are not lower than 30 °, thaws occur in all months, a blizzard is observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil). Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the area of ​​the central valley (Klyuchevskoe about 400 mm). Southeast receives the largest number rainfall, as moist winds blow from the sea both in summer and in winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, even winter precipitation prevails.

AT warm winters the depth of snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. Due to heavy snow in the southern half of Kamchatka, soil freezing only slightly exceeds 10 cm , and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occur with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by heavy precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, are observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

Most best time in Kamchatka March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds/weak, clear weather prevails.

Due to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than one would expect in its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Characteristic features The monsoonal climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), large clouds, frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoons, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon, blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of general direction winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top already at an altitude of 500 800 m is replaced by general winds of a western or northwestern direction.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of the stability of the winds. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

The climate of Sakhalin is abnormally severe for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores White Sea. The winter cold is brought by the northwest monsoon and intra-island winds, and the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which flows from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. The snow cover of 50 60 cm completely ensures sledge communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. Summer drags on in South Sakhalin 2 2 1 / 2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity 85 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. average temperature air +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October.

The mountain ranges that run through the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, central part and east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowlands, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast, sunshine is less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches + 32 °, winter frosts - up to -48 °. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center from the second decade of November, reaching its maximum thickness in February and March (50 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in the first days of May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

CONCLUSION

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of temperate latitudes. It captures the flat part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, which brings cold masses of continental air from North-Eastern Siberia. In summer, the summer monsoon dominates the Far East, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. Pacific tropical air can also penetrate into Primorye in summer.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance AB in winter and SW summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far East region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, inside the island the climate is more continental. In its interior regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weak due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

LITERATURE

1. Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.
2. Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. M.: Education, 1980.
3. Agro-climatic atlas of the world / Ed. I.A. Goltzberg. M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1982.
4. Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.
5. Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.