Natural uniques of Russia. Geographical position of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Animal world of Chukotka

Natural uniques of Russia. The Chukchi Sea is the cleanest sea in Russia. The West Siberian Plain is the largest plain in Russia (the area is about 3 million km2). The Bering Sea is the largest and deepest sea off the coast of Russia (area 2315 thousand km2, average depth- 1640 m, maximum - 5500 m).

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Russia

"Economic Geography of Russia" - Methods of economic and social geography. For example: Subsections of economic geography: What does the geography of the economy and geographical regions of Russia study. The object of economic and social geography is society: population and economy. Geography began as a regional study and developed along the line of in-depth study.

"Seven Wonders of Russia" - Eight separate churches of the temple symbolize the eight decisive battles for Kazan. The construction of the cathedral was started in connection with the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. The winners were three man-made and four natural attractions. The temperature of the hot springs is 96-990. Seven Wonders of Russia. There are 150 fountains and three cascades in the Peterhof park.

"Journey through Russia" - Determine the type of power plant Give examples of location in Russia. Determine, with the help of illustrations: the subject of the federation, the economic region. Domain, color, full cycle, conversion. Novosibirsk, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Omsk, Vladivostok. AVTOVAZ Togliatti. Tundra, Taiga, Tropical forests, Steppes.

"Russia borders" - Population - 141 million people. Close to the Finnish border. Chukotka. Kamchatka, Vilyuchinskaya bay. Frontier outpost on Franz Josef Land (FJL). Geographical position and Russian borders. Curonian Spit, border with Lithuania. Tunkinskaya steppe, border with Mongolia. Big Caucasian Range(border with Georgia).

"Motherland" - Russia is my Motherland. Homework. Draw your country. Boundless fields of Russia, My sad land... Prepared by a student of the 5th grade "B". Covered fairly with dust Centuries of past life.

"The position of Russia" - From which extreme continental point is the closest to the North Pole? USA. 19°38? v.D. North Korea 15. 169°40? W.D. States with which Russia has borders only on land: 169° W.L. Kazakhstan 12. States with which Russia has only maritime borders: 77°43? N.S. - 41°11? N.S. = 36°32? (more than 4,000 km).

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Geography lesson in 8th grade.

Geography teacher Tatyana Petrovna Gorban.

Lesson topic: "Uniques of the Far East".

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. Expand and deepen students' knowledge about the unique nature of the Far East. 2. Consider the features of the relationship in individual PTK of the Far East.

Activate cognitive activity students to develop communication and teamwork skills.

Knowledge update.

Knowledge test:

B) Wrangel, St. Lawrence, Sakhalin

C) St. Lawrence, Hokkaido, Sakhalin

A) Chukchi, Okhotsk, Japanese

C) Japanese, East Siberian, Bering

A) East Siberian, Okhotsk, Chukchi

B) Beringovo, Laptev, Chukotka

A) Khabarovsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk region

B) , , Kamchatka Krai

C) Irkutsk region, Sakhalin

A) China, North Korea

B) Mongolia, North Korea

B) North Korea, USA

A) Vladivostok

B) Khabarovsk

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

B) Plains

A) It is located in three climatic zones

B) because northern regions The Far East lies beyond the Arctic Circle, and the southern ones lie at the latitude of the Mediterranean Sea

A) monsoons

B) trade winds

B) Western

A) Yenisei

A) Baikal

B) Onega

ANSWERS for a test.

1. The island part of the Far East includes the following islands:

A) Sakhalin, Wrangel, Kuril

2. Seas Pacific Ocean washing the shores of the Far East:

B) Okhotsk, Bering, Japanese

3. The seas of the Arctic Ocean, washing the shores of the Far East:

C) Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev

4. Subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Far East:

B) , , Kamchatka Krai

5. The Far East has a land border with:

A) China, North Korea

6. Which city is the center of the Far East federal district?

B) Khabarovsk

7. What form of relief prevails in the Far East?

8. Why are there active volcanoes and strong earthquakes in the Far East?

B) The boundary of lithospheric plates passes

9. What constant winds dominate the Far East?

A) monsoons

10) The largest river in the Far East:

11) The largest lake in the Far East:

Learning new material

"Knowledge and wandering are inseparable from each other"
K. Paustovsky.Epigraph of the lesson.

The paths wind steeply along the slopes of the hills
There, in the lush thickets of fragrant herbs.
Mighty, branched liana
Trees wrap around like a boa constrictor.
The elms are sparkling, the alders are clinging to the willows,
And where the cedars lined up
Dense green, with a pale yellow tint
Garlands clinging to coniferous manes,
No, no, look wild grapes.
Doves coo, their sharp cry
The silent taiga sways around,
And at dawn on steep-thighed peaks
then a tiger, then a lynx, then a musk deer will flash ...
B. Glushakov

The territory of the Far East is the most remote from the European part of Russia, from the capital of Russia - Moscow. Settling and mastering it is not easy. For the development of the Far East, the longest road in the world, the Siberian Railway, was laid here, the rails of which break in Vladivostok on the coast of the Sea of Japan.

The Far East stretches from north to south for 4 thousand kilometers. In the north of the Far East - the Chukotka Peninsula - snow lies almost all year round, and ice floats in the seas, tundra on the surface, and permafrost soils underground.

In the south of the Far East, located at the latitude of the North Caucasus (Vladivostok lies at the latitude of Sochi), there is a warm, humid summer. Here grow and thermophilic trees- Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, relic endemic plant ginseng and tender lotus.

The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "fairy tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also made a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.

As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and valuable material about Kamchatka. S. P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.

In the 19th century sailings from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with an obligatory call to Kamchatka, to Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became Russia's main base in the Far East. The city spreads out on the banks of the extraordinarily beautiful Avacha Bay, a part of the Avacha Bay that goes deep into the land. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchinskaya hills rise above it.

Sakhalin is the most big Island Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2 , the length from north to south is more than 900 km, the largest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.

What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?

The island is mountainous, but the mountains are low - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest elevation of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, with which frequent earthquakes are associated within it. The last force of 8 points occurred in 1995. In the geological structure of Sakhalin, mainly sedimentary rocks are involved, with which deposits of oil, gas, and building materials are associated.

Independent work in pairs. Complete the table and draw a conclusion.

Natural complexes

Researchers

unique natural objects,

unique plants and animal world

Kamchatka

Vitus Bering,

Valley of Geysers (Firstborn, Neighbor, Sugar, Giant and

etc.); volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka; Kronotsky Reserve;

S.P. Krasheninnikov

bighorn sheep, red deer, fir grove

Jean François

Fish Island, Patience Peninsula, Patience Bay,

Neftegorsk village, salmon, fur seals, chum salmon,

G.I. Nevelskoy

pink salmon, wild grapes, yew, spruce, hydrangea,

house-museum of A.P. Chekhov, Chekhov street

Primorye

N.M. Przhevalsky

Islands: Russian, Popova, Petrov, etc., reserve

Cedar span, eagles, golden eagle, black vulture, iron

birch, Far Eastern violet, Ussuri corydalis,

Ussuri Nature Reserve, creepers, ginseng, forest cat,

dappled deer, Himalayan bear, Ussurian tiger,

mandarin duck, Khankai reserve

I.I. Billings

Tundra, Cape Dezhnev, deer, trees no higher than the knee,

smelt, rocks: "Devil's finger", "Cape of Love", walrus,

international date line (meridian 180º), snow

Homework.

Par 42, compare two PTCs to choose from.

One of the most sparsely populated, mysterious and unexplored regions in the Russian Federation is Chukotka. And really, what do we know about her? Many do not even imagine exactly where this peninsula is located. What can we say about other geographical, natural and cultural features of this distant land.

Our article will tell about the geographical location, climate and nature of Chukotka, as well as introduce the reader to the indigenous people of this peninsula - the Chukchi.

End of the earth...

These are the words that can describe the geographical position of Chukotka. It really is on the very edge of Eurasia. Here is located the extreme eastern point of the mainland - Cape Dezhnev.

The tiny territory of the Chukchi Peninsula ( total area- total 58000 sq. km.) is located immediately in two hemispheres of the Earth - Western and Eastern. This, by the way, is the only part of continental Asia that has western longitude in the coordinate system.

By the way, the inhabitants of the peninsula are very lucky: they have the right to enter the territory of neighboring Alaska without visas. And this is perhaps one of the most pleasant features of the geographical location of Chukotka. Before american coast from here - only 86 kilometers across the Bering Strait.

It is important to separate the peninsula itself and the Chukchi autonomous region, which is one of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Chukotka in administrative terms is just two districts within the mentioned region - Chukotsky and Providensky.

Relief and minerals of Chukotka

Most of the Chukotka Peninsula is occupied by a low highlands of the same name with average absolute heights of 600-1000 meters. Its surface is strongly dissected and is represented by individual peaks and lonely hills. The Chukchi Plateau acts as the main watershed of the peninsula. One part of the rivers flows from it into the Chukchi Sea, and the other - into the Bering Sea.

The highest point of the Chukotka Peninsula is located near Provideniya Bay. This is Mount Ikhodnaya (1194 meters). The edge of the highlands here abruptly breaks off to the ocean, forming a series of steep rocky ledges.

The bowels of Chukotka are quite rich in minerals. Deposits of alluvial gold, mercury, tin, polymetallic ores, and coal have been explored here. Huge reserves of building materials on the peninsula: limestone, sand, gravel and marble.

Climate of Chukotka

Chukotka is a land of permafrost, a harsh but beautiful peninsula in its own way. Winter here seems to last forever. At this time, the peninsula turns into an icy and lifeless desert. But when it comes short summer(2-3 months), Chukotka pleases with quite diverse vegetation and cheerful mountain streams.

The climate of Chukotka is unique in many respects. It was formed in the zone of active influence of two oceans with an incredibly complex atmospheric circulation. In this regard, storms, snowfalls and fogs are often observed here. Locals joke that one month of the year the weather in Chukotka is bad, two are very bad, and nine are bad!

Permafrost is widespread almost everywhere in Chukotka. The only exceptions are thermokarst lakes and valleys. major rivers.

The Chukotka peninsula is the owner of several climatic records in Russia at once. So, here is the largest number of days without sun in the country and the maximum of storms and hurricanes per year.

Rivers and lakes of Chukotka

The territory of the peninsula is rich not only in mineral resources, but also in water resources. The rivers here are special, they are characterized by:

rapid and high floods;
prolonged freezing;
very uneven flow;
pronounced seasonality in changes in water regime and nutrition.

The names of the largest rivers of the Chukotka Peninsula are very difficult to remember - Chegitun, Ulyuveem, Igelkveem, Ioniveem. All local streams freeze in September, and are opened only by the beginning of June. Some rivers freeze to the bottom in winter.

The lake and swamp network is very developed on the peninsula. The swamps are concentrated along the channels of large rivers. On the coasts, lagoon-type lakes are common, and in the mountains - moraine. The largest reservoirs of Chukotka are lakes Koolen and Yonai. In winter, they are covered with a thick layer of ice up to two meters thick!

Flora and fauna of Chukotka

The Chukotka Peninsula is completely located within the tundra natural zone. However, one should not think that the local vegetation is sparse and monotonous. There are about 900 species of plants, over 400 species of mosses and lichens on the peninsula.

There are very few forests in Chukotka. Occasionally there are massifs of undersized birch and Daurian larch. This peninsula is characterized by tundra vegetation with alder, sedge, lingonberry, blueberry and other shrubs. Mosses and lichens that grow everywhere here can be considered a peculiar floristic symbol of Chukotka.

The fauna of the peninsula is also quite diverse. Typical animals of Chukotka are reindeer, long-tailed ground squirrel, hoofed lemming, hare, wolf, sable, lynx, ermine, arctic fox. They live in mountainous regions bighorn sheep, as well as musk oxen - unique and the only representatives of their kind.

It is worth mentioning the avifauna of Chukotka. On the coast there are gulls, guillemots, guillemots, sandpipers, loons and even swans. A large number of fish and shrimps live in the waters of the seas. Sometimes whales swim up to the shores of Chukotka.

History of Chukotka

The earliest human settlements on the peninsula date back to 8-6 millennia BC. The unique archaeological complex "Whale Alley" (an alley of bowhead whale bones dug into the ground), on the island of Itygran, dates back to the 14th-16th centuries.

The indigenous people of this peninsula are the Chukchi. Although even earlier, more ancient peoples lived here - Onkilons, Yuits and Yukaghirs. An important role in the formation and development of the Chukchi people was played by their traditional occupation - reindeer breeding.

Russians discovered Chukotka in 1648? during the expedition of Semyon Dezhnev. Almost immediately after this, the first skirmishes began between local residents and uninvited guests from the west. For half a century, the Russian Cossacks tried to conquer and pacify the Chukchi "savages". But in vain. Chukchi, even without having at their disposal firearms, competently and selflessly defended their land.

It was not possible to conquer the people of the Chukchi by force. Therefore, Catherine II in 1778 resorted to tricks. She granted the Chukchi broad rights and liberties, freed them from duty (yasak) and guaranteed complete independence in all their internal affairs. This policy bore fruit: already in 1788, the first trade fair was successfully held in Chukotka.

Economy and population of Chukotka

Today, about 8 thousand people live on the peninsula. About 80% of the local population of Chukotka are Chukchi. Other nationalities also live here - Eskimos, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Chuvans and Russians.

In administrative-territorial terms, the territory of the peninsula is divided into two districts - Chukotsky and Providensky. Within the first there are six villages. There are five rural settlements and one urban-type settlement of Provideniya in the Providensky district, in which about 2 thousand people live.

The industry of Chukotka is represented by mining (mainly alluvial gold) and thermal power engineering. The most developed agriculture in the region. It is represented by reindeer breeding, animal husbandry and fisheries. Two large agricultural enterprises operate on the peninsula - Zapolyarye and Caper.

Who are the Chukchi, and what we do not know about them

The Chukchi are the indigenous people of Chukotka, a small ethnic group scattered over a fairly large territory. His total strength- only 16 thousand people. About 80% of all Chukchi live within the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Characteristic anthropological features of the Chukchi: a horizontal or oblique section of the eyes, skin with a bronze tint, large facial features, a high forehead, a massive nose and large eyes.

the Chukchi are a very warlike and cruel people;
representatives of this nationality have an excellent sense of smell;
the upbringing of Chukchi boys is strict and consists of a number of difficult tests (for example, from the age of five, a young Chukchi is allowed to sleep exclusively standing up);
the Chukchi are absolutely indifferent to death;
the Chukchi are ideal warriors, partisans and saboteurs, they brought into animal horror and instilled fear in everyone who had to fight with them;
the basis of the diet of this people is meat, seaweed, berries, shellfish, blood and decoctions from various herbs;
the Chukchi are skilled craftsmen in carving animal bones;
the Soviet government desperately and productively came up with funny jokes about the Chukchi, the main goal of the "red ideologists" was this: to turn a militant and proud people into harmless and amusing folklore characters.

Heraldry of Chukotka

As a conclusion of our article, one cannot fail to mention the heraldry of the peninsula. She is very interesting, colorful and a little naive. However, the coats of arms and flags of Chukotka reflect all the specifics of this unique region.

Let's start with the flag of Chukotka municipal district. On it we see a boat with five rowers and a hunter armed with a long spear. The boat floats against the background of the yellow sun. This panel depicts one of the main occupations of local residents - hunting for large sea animals (seals, walruses and whales).

But on the coat of arms of the same Chukotka region, a walrus is depicted (against the administrative map of the region) and six deer, symbolizing another traditional occupation of the Chukchi - reindeer breeding.

No less interesting is the coat of arms of the neighboring Providensky district. On it we see images of a whale and a sea anchor. Both figures are placed on the coat of arms of the district for a reason. The whale symbolizes whaling, traditional for these regions, and the anchor reminds us that one of the most important ports of the Russian Arctic is located in Provideniya.

CHUKOTSKY AUTONOMOUS (until 1980 - national) DISTRICT northeast region Russia. Its closest western neighbor is the US state of Alaska, separated from Chukotka by the Bering Strait.

In 1885, Chukotka was separated into the administrative district of Anadyr. And 45 years later, on December 10, 1930, the Chukotka National Okrug was created, this date is a kind of birthday of today's Autonomous Okrug, covering an area of 721.5 thousand square meters. km. The geographic location of the district makes it a geopolitically unique territory.

The Okrug occupies the Chukotka Peninsula, the adjacent part of the mainland and the islands: Wrangel, Ayon, Arakamchechen, Ratmanov, Gerald and others. On land, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Magadan Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. Chukotka is separated from the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait.

The extreme southern point of Chukotka is Cape Rubikon (62°N); northern - Cape Shelagsky (70 ° N); the eastern one is Cape Dezhnev, which is at the same time the eastern tip of Russia and all of Eurasia (170 ° W).

Most of Chukotka is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, and about half of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

The seas of Chukotka and the surface waters of the land are a huge complex natural resources. Characteristic features of the shelf seas of Chukotka are heavy ice conditions, storms, fogs, and strong tidal currents.

History of territory development

Tens of thousands of years ago, in the era of the ancient stone age, the first people came to Chukotka.

In those days, the tundra-steppes of Northeast Asia and Alaska were connected by a land bridge and represented a single natural region of Beringia, where forests grew and herds of mammoths, woolly rhinos, bison, and reindeer grazed.

Unlike the mysterious and semi-mythical Atlantis, Beringia, now under water, is a concrete reality. Like Atlantis, she went into the depths of the sea about 10 thousand years ago. This happened gradually: as the colossal glacial layers of the last Great Glaciation melted, the level of the world's oceans rose, and the vast plain between Chukotka and Alaska was flooded. Since then, the waves of the Bering and Chukchi seas have been splashing in its place.

Today, underwater Beringia is of interest to archaeologists, primarily in connection with the problem of the original settlement of the American continent: in the muddy deposits of the seabed, they expect to find traces of the Stone Age pioneers on their way from Asia to America.

The first mention of the Chukchi as a large nationality dates back to 1641-1642. On the Alazeya River, they resisted the yasak collectors, as the Cossacks reported in their petition. This was the first news for Russians about a hitherto unknown nationality.

In 1644, the Cossack Mikhailo Stadukhin went to the Kolyma and founded the Nizhnekolyma winter hut here. He gave more detailed information about the Chukchi: "And along that de river Chukhcha live Chukhchi. And those de Chukhchi do not have sable, because they live on the tundra by the sea."

A new search began for distant lands east of the Kolyma. "Syskan and svedan" the western edge of the "Chukotskaya zemlyanitsa" was from the sea.

In the summer of 1647, the Yakut Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and the clerk of the Moscow merchant, the Kholmogorsk Fedot Popov, having organized a partnership of service and industrial people, set sail on koches to search for new lands and peoples. But the sailors suffered a setback: the fragile little boats were stopped sea ice. In 1648, they set off again and reached the Onadyr River by sea, having lost more than half of their comrades.

In 1649, Dezhnev in the upper reaches of the river. Anadyr founded a winter hut, on the site of which the Anadyr prison was built in 1652. Attempts to force the Chukchi to pay yasak were made repeatedly, but without much success: the yasak collected by Dezhnev over 10 years was insignificant.

Concerned about the fate of the Yasak Koryaks and Yukaghirs, the Senate ordered Major Pavlutsky to bring the Chukchi into Russian citizenship. However, the campaigns organized to conquer the Chukchi turned out to be fruitless.

The development of Russian trade in the Northeast is directly related to the activities of the semi-state Russian-American Company, the beginning of which was laid by G. Shelikhov in the 80s of the 18th century. , and the heyday is associated with the Baranov brothers.

Starting from the second half of the XVIII century. the Russian government completely abandoned the policy of forcibly imposing yasak on the indigenous peoples of Chukotka and bringing them into citizenship "with a gun hand".

According to the land management expedition of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR, the population of the Chukotka National District in 1938 was 18,390 people, of which 12,101 were Chukchi, 1,280 were Eskimos, and 3,020 were newcomers. In the district center of Anadyr with a population of 3.3 thousand people. the entire fishing and coal industry of Chukotka was concentrated.

AT Soviet period In parallel with the economic, there was a cultural and household development of the territory. A struggle began to eliminate the economic and cultural backwardness of the region. Cultural bases and "red yarangas" were created everywhere, which carried out explanatory work and anti-religious propaganda, the fight against shamanism.

Declaring the yaranga a relic of the past, the Soviet authorities resettled the nomads in stone houses. Contrary to popular anecdotes, the Chukchi quickly got used to warm houses, began to go to hospitals and use imported equipment. Approximately once every ten years, the settlements were enlarged, eliminating dozens of "unpromising" villages and camps.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, work began to speed up work on the start of tin mining in Chukotka. At the end of 1941, the first tons of defense metal were mined at the Valkumey mine. The mines were located in the Pevek area, and then Iulin. Prisoners were mainly used as workers in the mines. Since that time, the mining industry has become the basis of the economy of the Chukotka National District.

In 1942, the Fairbanks-Krasnoyarsk air route was established for the transfer of aircraft received under Lend-Lease from the USA to the front. In Chukotka, the route ran through Uelkal - Markovo, where airfields were built by the heroic labor of local residents in a few months.

The transition to a market economy turned out to be painful for the whole of Russia, but for Chukotka it was simply destructive.

Since the 1990s, the era of the “great migration” began in the history of Chukotka. During this time, more than half of the population - the most qualified and enterprising - left the peninsula.

Many people see the main reason for the crisis in the fact that the foundation of the foundations - gold mining - has “sagged”. Previously, Chukotka in good years gave up to 40 tons of gold, now the limit of desires is 14 tons. Today, gold mining in Chukotka is considered unprofitable. Currently, 48 gold mining enterprises operate here. different forms property - state, joint-stock, artels. If we divide the gold they have washed over the year by all the workers, we get 200 grams for each. The content of one person in the locations of enterprises annually costs 1.6 kilograms. Now it turned out that the former flagships of the local industry are bankrupt: it is unprofitable to mine tin or tungsten in Chukotka, it is cheaper to buy them abroad.

A look at the ancient and rich past of Chukotka, which was one of the centers of civilization and has gone through more than one catastrophe, allows us to hope that it will overcome today's difficulties as well.

4. Natural resource potential. Chukotka is perhaps the least studied region of Russia in geological terms. Over the 70 years of the Okrug's existence, its territory has been explored by only 7 percent. Locals joke that there will be enough work for geologists for the next 100 years. It is this uncertainty that gives rise to numerous myths about the fabulous riches of the region. Someone argues that oil fountains are about to clog from the bowels of the permafrost, others talk about fantastic diamond placers, and still others are skeptical about the extreme scarcity of the region's raw materials. In fact, all this is nothing more than speculation.

Coal-bearing deposits on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are known in 13 coal-bearing regions. The total resource potential of coals of the territory is estimated at 57475.4 million tons, of which the forecast resources are 56827.4 million tons (86% hard coal, 14% brown). All coals of Chukotka are suitable for use in the fuel and energy complex.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the largest "shelf" regions of Russia. Within its limits, 5 promising oil and gas basins have been identified: Anadyr, East Khatyr, South Chukotka, North Chukotka and East Siberian.

The identified oil and gas basins are characterized by their inaccessibility, as well as uneven and relatively low degree of exploration. Forecast recoverable oil resources - 500 million tons and gas - 900 billion m3.

In Chukotka, deposits of mercury, chromium, as well as ore occurrences of silver, polymetals, molybdenum, boron, bismuth, titanium, lithium, beryllium, iron, arsenic, antimony, nickel, cobalt, lead of rare and trace elements, zeolites, peat, etc. . , as well as precious, semi-precious (demantoid, garnet, beryl, topaz, amethyst, rock crystal, axinite, etc.) and ornamental (agate, chalcedony, jasper, listvenite, rodingite, gabbro, etc.) stones.

On the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, 477 gold deposits (471 placer and 6 ore), 28 tungsten deposits (17 placer and 11 primary), 83 tin deposits (72 placer and 11 ore) are recorded.

In the Okrug, 3 deposits of mineral heat and power waters were discovered and studied.

The rivers and the seas washing the coast of Chukotka are rich in fish and other seafood. But the remoteness of the district and the harsh natural and climatic conditions do not allow them to be used in full.

The climate of Chukotka is very severe. Local old-timers joke that one month of the year the weather in Chukotka is bad, two are very bad, and nine are bad.

In winter, in the western continental regions of Chukotka, the air temperature often reaches 44-60° below zero.

The average annual air temperature in Chukotka is everywhere deeply negative: from -4.1°C to -14°C on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. In a relatively small area of Chukotka, the average temperatures in July vary from +4 to +14°С, in January - from -18 to -42°С.

Indeed, Chukotka holds many climatic records: here is the lowest radiation balance for these latitudes, the maximum days without sun (Wrangel Island), the minimum hours of sunshine (northeast coast), the maximum average annual wind speed and the frequency of storms and hurricanes in Russia ( Cape Navarin).

The harsh climate of Chukotka significantly affects the way of life of the population. AT winter period due to severe blizzards and frosts, the number of non-working days is 10-15, and on the Arctic and Bering Sea coasts it exceeds a total of a month, or even a month and a half.

Over 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island, Chukotka's northernmost landmass, includes no less than 385 plant species, which is significantly more than the flora of any island of equal size in the Arctic zone.

5. Population. The population of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug as of February 1, 2006 is 50,532 people. The population density is 0.07 people per 1 sq. km. km. At the same time, city dwellers make up about 66.0% of the population. About 17,036 people live in rural areas.

In recent years, the population has been declining, which is associated with migration processes and the outflow of a certain part of the population outside the district. So in 1989, 163 thousand 934 people lived in the district.

National composition: Russians - 66.1%; Ukrainians - 9.4%; indigenous peoples of the North - 20% (including Chukchi - 10%; Eskimos - 0.9%; Evens - 0.8%; Chuvans - 0.6%); Belarusians - 1.3%; other nationalities - 3.2%.

6. Household. Due to the geographical position, which is an extreme manifestation of the concept of "north", Chukotka has a very low "living capacity" of the territory. The Okrug cannot objectively count on an abundance of labor resources, so the economy of Chukotka is based on primary resource consumption. The processing industry serves to meet local needs and has limited development prospects.

Export items for Chukotka can be coal, gold, silver, platinoids, tin and tungsten concentrate, scrap metal, fish, caviar, raw leather and products from it, endocrine-enzyme raw materials, sea animal fat, furs and souvenirs. The rest of the production of the district's economy serves for local needs. Almost the entire range of industrial goods and consumer goods is imported to Chukotka.

Industry. The leading industries of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are: electric power industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, food industry. Their share in the volume of industrial production in 2005 amounted to 89.3 percent.

In 2005, the stability of the socio-economic development of the region is confirmed by the positive dynamics of the main sectoral indicators in the industry. In comparison with 2004, there was an increase in physical volumes in all sectors of the Okrug's economy; the index of industrial production in 2005 amounted to 133.8 percent compared to 2004.

In January-February 2006, physical volumes of thermal power generation and coal mining increased as compared to the same period of 2005. However, due to the reduction in electricity generation, whose share in the total volume of industry amounted to 29.1 percent, the index of industrial production in January-February 2006 as a whole decreased and amounted to 93.4 percent.

The mineral resource potential of the district is very significant and allows us to consider it as the basis for the prospective development of the economy of Chukotka, based on the development of the mining industry.

Indices of industrial production by types of activity in 2006 amounted to: 138 percent in the mining sectors, 98.1 percent in the manufacturing industries, and 94.6 percent in the sectors for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

The volume of gross regional product (GRP) has a steady growth trend. Thus, the volume of GRP in 2005 in relation to 2000 increased 5 times, the annual growth of the volume of GRP was ensured due to an increase in the physical volumes of production, works and services.

GRP growth is also dictated by the positive dynamics of the development of industries that occupy the largest share in its structure: industry, construction, transport, trade and public catering, road and public utilities.

The agriculture of the region is directly related to the way of life of the indigenous inhabitants of the district, and is mainly focused on the development of reindeer breeding, fishing and the extraction of sea animals and cetaceans.

reindeer breeding

Reindeer breeding is the key branch of agriculture in the district in terms of the number of people employed in it and the socio-cultural role of the industry.

The reindeer is a unique animal that lives in harsh natural conditions. This is a kind of concentrate of the highly efficient nature of the tundra: reindeer meat, bones, blood, endocrine system, etc. are highly energized and biologically active.

Reindeer herding can be a virtually waste-free industry. The prospects of the industry are associated with the use of the unique properties of raw materials, the production of biostimulants and biologically active substances.

The absence of costs for feed in reindeer breeding, the insignificant capital and energy intensity of the industry determine the low production cost of venison.

However, reindeer husbandry, previously considered the most profitable industry, has been unprofitable since the 1970s. The reason is that the cost of reindeer meat was “suspended” by the huge costs of maintaining the social infrastructure of the villages. Against this background, natural factors also played a significant role. Catastrophic scale tundra fires in the first half of the 1990s led to a significant reduction in reindeer pastures, and severe ice formations led to winter fodderlessness of the herds and a large loss of reindeer. Due to economic difficulties, losses from travezh of herds by wolves and breaking away by wild deer have increased.

Since 2001, Chukotka has been running a program of the Okrug Government aimed at stabilizing and developing the agro-industrial complex of the region. As a result, today we can say with confidence that the agriculture of Chukotka has reached a qualitatively new level.

To date, the number of deer in Chukotka is more than 154.3 thousand heads. The increase in the deer population in 2005 amounted to 18,258 heads (16.1%).

The total increase in the number of deer in Russia in 2001-2005 amounted to 120 thousand, of which almost 50% are Chukchi. Chukotka has taken second place in Russia in terms of deer population.

For the first time in 2004, an exchange of breeding deer was made between the farms "Kanchalanskoye", "Vazhskoye" of the Anadyr region and Providensky brigades. And a thousand heads of breeding deer from the Koryak Autonomous Okrug were delivered to the Khatyrskoe farm in the Beringovsky district.

It was possible to reduce the incidence of neurobacteriosis in deer by 17% and reduce the death rate in herds by 39%. This is the best result in Chukotka over the past 20 years.

All reindeer farms in the region are fully provided with the necessary medicines, feed, equipment and fuel. The funds were allocated by the District Government.

Sea hunting

Sea animal hunting is another ancient branch of the economy in Chukotka. Some sources testify to the thousand-year history of this type of activity as the most defining for this region.

The harvest of sea animals is carried out mainly with the help of canoes, whaleboats and sea vessels. About 50 enterprises and institutions are engaged in marine fishing in the district various shapes property, although the extracted products - gray and bowhead whales, beluga whales, walruses, small pinnipeds - are mainly used in the diet of the indigenous population. More than 400 residents of Chukotka are employed in this industry.

Waste from the sea animal trade goes to fur farms, meanwhile, the main resources of the sea animal trade are not meat, but biologically active substances and enzyme-endocrine raw materials. Deep processing of raw materials (lard, thymus, spleen, adrenal glands and other organs of the sea animal) into biologically active substances can provide a significant foreign exchange replenishment of the revenue part of the district budget. According to some experts, sea mammal hunting can bring profits that exceed the income from the gold mining industry in Chukotka.

In 2003, the government of Chukotka delivered 7 40-cubic and 20 8-cubic refrigerating chambers to sea animals, as well as 7 quick-freezing chambers for storing sea animal meat, and installed lines for rendering fat. In the district center, a skin dressing shop was built and put into operation.

Over the past 5 years, the material and technical base of agricultural enterprises has been significantly strengthened.

Farmers received:

242 radio stations;

476 weapons, 958 thousand cartridges of various calibers and purposes;

41 units of various automotive vehicles, - 52 all-terrain vehicles, - 63 tractors,

141 snowmobiles,

75 different boats for fishing and 122 outboard motors;

Veterinary preparations and vitamin supplements, specialized compound feeds were purchased in the required quantities.

In addition, enterprises were supplied with various Construction Materials, spare parts, special equipment.

poultry farming

Since 2001, Chukotka Agricultural Corporation LLC has been operating on the territory of the Okrug, which has reconstructed the only poultry farm in Chukotka, Severnaya, which has not been operating for several years. 11 thousand laying hens were brought to Anadyr from Omsk, from which 2 million 685 thousand eggs were received in 2002. In August 2004, a new batch of laying hens from Irkutsk was imported in the amount of 17.5 thousand. As of March 1, 2006, the number of birds is 19146 heads.

In terms of egg production, the factory ranks first in Russia (337 eggs per 1 hen). In 2005, 4.5 million eggs were produced in the Okrug.

A significant amount of investment has been invested in the development of the food industry in Chukotka. Combines were reconstructed in Pevek, Chaunsky district and in the Bilibino district center. There are lines for the production of bakery and dairy products.

In January-February 2006, the volume of agricultural output by all agricultural producers amounted to 8 million rubles.

In April 2004, the largest food industry enterprise in Chukotka, the Polyarny food processing plant, was opened in Anadyr. It includes 3 shops: for the production of meat, bakery and sour-milk products. At full production load, Polyarny can produce up to 4 tons of bakery products, 1.5 tons of dairy products and about 500 kilograms of sausages per day. These products can be purchased at the company's company store. A characteristic feature of the transport complex of Chukotka is the complete absence railways and pipelines. In the early 90s, the main cargo transportation in the district was carried out by sea and air transport, delivery of goods by land transport accounted for about 10% of the volume of cargo transportation. A sharp increase in air fares and a short navigation period put forward cargo transportation by road in the first place.

A significant part of the cargo processed in ports is delivered to consumers via road networks and winter roads by road. At present, the total length of public roads in the Okrug is 4932.7 km, including 1837 km of paved roads, 3095.7 km of winter roads (winter roads), maintenance and repair of which are carried out by 10 contractors.

The Government of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug pays great attention to the development prospects road network district, in order to create an effective road transport scheme to enable more intensive development of the economy, relieve the problem of northern delivery and thereby improve the level and quality of life of the population in the district.

Over the past 5 years, 337 km of improved winter roads with an extended service life (Bilibino-Anyuysk, Valunisty-Egvekinot), 4 bridge crossings with a total length of 415 linear meters have been built and put into operation. In order to ensure inter-district transport links, active construction is underway and reconstruction of highways with access to the seaports of the district, as well as to the developed deposits of precious metals. In order to develop interregional relations, since 2001 the Bilibino-Anyuisk winter road has been improved with access to the border with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Particular attention is also paid to maintaining the transport and operational qualities of existing roads and structures on them.

To date, bridge crossings across the Palyavaam River on the Pevek (Komsomolsky) - Bilibino highway, a bridge crossing over the Apapelgin River at 15 km of the Pevek - Apapelgino highway have been put into operation in the region. A major overhaul of the roads Pevek - Apapelgino - Yanranai and Egvekinot - Cape Schmidt was carried out.

An important task of the road builders is to ensure the safety and quality maintenance of the existing road network of the district, for the period 2001-2005, 642.7 million rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the network of roads and artificial structures.

The maritime transport scheme of Chukotka includes 5 seaports directly located on its territory: the port of Pevek in the East Siberian Sea and the ports of Providence, Egvekinot, Anadyr, Beringovsky in the Bering Sea.

The seaports of Chukotka do not have their own medium and large-capacity fleet, their main task is to handle cargo delivered by shipping companies in two directions: western (from Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, St. Petersburg) and eastern (from Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Magadan, Petropavlovsk -Kamchatsky and the ports of Sakhalin). These features are associated with ice navigation conditions in the eastern Arctic.

Navigation periods are: in Pevek - from July to October, in Provideniya - from July to November, in Beringovsky and Egvekinot - from July to early and mid-October, respectively, in Anadyr - from July to October. The Port of Provideniya can be used as a year-round port on condition of icebreaking support for ships' pilotage.

The successful conduct of navigation in the last five years is due to the fact of stabilization of the general socio-economic situation, which made it possible to timely advance the maritime transport enterprises to carry out the necessary work in the pre-navigation periods to carry out the necessary complex of structures and equipment in a technically good condition.

The sea trade port of the Beringovsky region of Chukotka handled 113 thousand tons of cargo, the port of Pevek of the Chaunsky region - about 86 thousand tons, more than 55 thousand tons were unloaded at Provideniya, and 109.5 thousand tons - at Egvekinot of the Iultinsky region. The total cargo turnover of the ports of Chukotka has increased by more than 30 percent over the past five years. In 2005, the seaports handled 231 transport vessels in total, handled 735,000 tons of various cargo.

Today, the only means of year-round communication between the settlements of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (especially in summer, when the tundra becomes insurmountable for vehicles) and central regions the country remains air transport.

FSUE "Chukotavia" has 10 airports - the head Anadyr, including two federal airports - Anadyr, Pevek.

To date, Anadyr Airport, in terms of take-off and landing characteristics, is capable of receiving all existing aircraft.

On December 9, 2005, a new air terminal complex was put into operation, capable of serving 340 passengers per hour. A hangar with an insulated floor was also commissioned for repair work in winter conditions, moreover, work can be carried out simultaneously on two aircraft and three helicopters. New garages for special vehicles (ladders, tankers, heating vehicles, special services, firemen, etc.) were commissioned, the park of which, by the way, was also updated by 90% with the help of the district administration, as well as many other new premises.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, only “tundra mail” was distributed in Chukotka - all the news, thanks to the nomadic way of life, dispersed amazingly quickly, and parcels were transmitted with an occasion.

It is noteworthy that every new stage in the development of Chukotka began with communications. Thus, the expansion of the Americans in the 19th century gave rise to an attempt to lay a wire telegraph line Yakutsk - San Francisco through Chukotka.

However, the lack of a modern telecommunications infrastructure and a unified communication transport environment hindered the process of Chukotka's integration into both the Russian and the world economy. The previously implemented projects for the modernization of the telecommunications network of Chukotka were of an emergency nature and concerned exclusively profitable areas, not covering most of the settlements, and a number of federal and regional programs were not completed, mainly due to funding problems, services were not available to consumers mobile communications, paging, access to information resources Internet.

Under these conditions, at the beginning of 2001, the Governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug decided to create the Chukotnet telecommunications system. The lead organization for the creation of the system and at the same time the operator was OJSC Arctic Region Svyaz. As part of the creation of the Chukotnet system, the television and radio broadcasting network was modernized, which was designed taking into account the implementation of the state broadcasting program for zone A. All network facilities are equipped with equipment and are focused on receiving a digital package of federal and district programs, which are supposed to be broadcast through the Station-16 satellite ”, as well as local TV and radio broadcasting programs formed in the city of Anadyr.

The TV and radio broadcasting network provides reception and broadcasting of the state channels "Channel One" and "Russia", the programs of "Radio of Russia" and the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Chukotka", the TV program STS, supplemented by broadcast windows of the regional TV program of the IA "Chukotka", the programs "Radio Maximum" and the local radio station " Radio Blizzard. The Chukotnet system is a dual-purpose system, open for integration with federal and departmental projects and programs "Electronic Russia", "Cyber-mail", etc., and at the same time ensures the implementation of commercial projects as the service market develops.

As a result of the commissioning of the Chukotnet system, intrazonal traffic telephone network general use of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug increased by 200%, long-distance - by 70% and international - by 60%. Over 90% of the population of Chukotka has gained access to modern infocommunication services.

The creation of the Chukotnet system provided a transport environment for solving top-priority tasks in the communications industry - to ensure the development of an access network based on modern wireless technologies in hard-to-reach areas.

The main provider of communication services in the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is OJSC Chukotsvyazinform, 75% of whose shares are in federal ownership. Today JSC "Chukotkasvyazinform" provides services of local, long-distance and international telephone communication, Internet, telegraph communication, e-mail.

In 2004, the volume of communication services amounted to 338.3 million rubles. The increase in the volume of communication services was facilitated by the approved in 2004. By the end of December 2004 at 41 locality Autonomous Okrug commissioned equipment for digital reception and broadcasting of the programs of TV channels "Culture" and "NTV".

The cellular communication network is implemented in the NMT-450 standard and provides coverage in the city of Anadyr and adjacent settlements within the radius of the zone. Along with the provision of local, long-distance and international communication services, subscribers of the cellular communication network are provided with automatic roaming throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.

Also in the cities of Anadyr and Bilibino, a personal radio call network was deployed. Network subscribers can use automatic roaming in 102 cities of Russia, as well as in a number of capitals of the CIS countries.

As of the end of 2005, the total capacity of telephone exchanges was 22,000 numbers; the density of provision with telephones in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was 33 per one hundred inhabitants of the urban population, and 16 per one hundred inhabitants of the rural population. This figure significantly exceeds the national average. Today, everyone in a rural settlement has the opportunity to install a telephone.

The accessibility of network subscribers to zonal and long-distance communication channels was also increased by introducing speech coding technology over the Internet Protocol (VoIP).

7. Problems of territory development.

The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug has many development problems. One of them is ecological. The climate in this area is extremely unfavorable. The harsh climate lures migrants from other parts of Russia. An environmental problem gives rise to a demographic problem. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is sparsely populated and sparsely populated. Resettlement is also hampered by the lack of connection by paved roads and railways. The demographic problem creates social problem. The district lacks workers, teachers, builders and other specialists so necessary for the improvement of the area.

Conclusion.

The purpose of this work was to tell about the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This goal has been achieved. From this work, you can learn the following: the geographical location of the territory, the history of the development of the territory (its stages, discoverers, explorers, researchers), the natural resource potential of the territory, population, economy (industry, agriculture, transport, communications).

The position of the territory of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean of the Earth significantly influenced the features of the natural-territorial complexes of the region and their location. Maritime air masses arriving on land in summer are colder than the continent.

Therefore, due to the heat costs for their heating, summer air temperatures over the coast are much lower than in summer. internal parts mainland. Sea air brings a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in precipitation compared to inland areas.

These conditions are main reason a sharp shift in the Far East to the south of the border of natural zones in comparison with the mainland territories.

Using the maps of the atlas, establish how far to the south in the Far East the border of the tundra and taiga zones passes in comparison with Eastern Siberia.

The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of the vegetation. Let us consider the most typical physiographic regions of the Far East: the Chukotka tundra highlands, the Kamchatka young tundra-wooded mountains, Sakhalin Island with coniferous-deciduous forests, the Ussuri taiga.

Chukchi highlands. The climate of the Chukotka Highlands is one of the most severe in the Far East.

Therefore, the Chukchi Plateau is a combination of plain and mountain tundra with a mountainous Arctic desert.

In the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m, in the south the tundra is located much higher. Common inhabitants of the tundra are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings and tundra partridges. On the swampy lowland nests a lot waterfowl. There are walrus rookeries on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, and bird colonies on the coastal cliffs.

Peninsula Kamchatka. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.

This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of the area of Kamchatka is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded-volcanic mountains with tundra and wooded vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are crowned with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.

On the map in the atlas, find the active volcanoes of Kamchatka, write their names on the contour map. Remember the names.

Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. So, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.

Volcanology is the science of forecasting volcanic eruptions. Almost all large volcanoes have special stations where, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of the rocks, conduct a chemical analysis of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of the intensification of volcanic activity and warn residents of the surrounding cities and villages.

Volcanologists are people of a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on flows of lava that has not yet cooled down, descend into the crater of a volcano, be under the “fire” of red-hot stones, near red-hot lava with a temperature of about +1300°C.

Climate of Kamchatka characterized by excessive humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.

Explain the distribution of heat and moisture in Kamchatka by comparing the climatic and physical maps of the atlas and the textbook.

Rice. 131. Volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula

The Kamchatka Peninsula is occupied by a subzone of coniferous-birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the wide distribution of tall grasses.

Stone birch has a gray or reddish bark and a dense curly crown: the height of trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but mainly goes for firewood and handicrafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.

Among the herbs, the silkworm, cornflower, bear's pipe and other umbrella are common.

Mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf pine and shrub alder, mountain tundra, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers are even higher.

Rice. 132. Scheme of monsoon circulation in summer and winter (arrows show wind direction, numbers show atmospheric pressure, in mb)

A very large brown bear, Kamchatka sable, squirrel, chipmunk, lynx, Kamchatka nutcracker, etc. live in cedar elfin forests. Reindeer live in mountain tundra, and snow sheep graze in alpine mountain meadows.

History reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "fairy tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also made a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.

As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions led by the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were drawn, and valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S. P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.

Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2, the length from north to south is more than 900 km, the largest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.

What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?

A characteristic feature of Sakhalin's climate- high relative humidity air and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed over the seasons of the year, which is explained by the dominance of monsoon circulation.

There are many short, rapids on the island mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes. The flora and fauna of the island is poorer than on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea waters species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland have been preserved here, for example, a one and a half meter sea otter and a two-meter fur seal. In the north of the island you can find deer moss, and in the extreme south - blooming magnolias.

Two thirds of the territory of Sakhalin is occupied by forests. In the north, light-coniferous taiga dominates from Daurian larch with an admixture of birch and alder; in the south - dark coniferous forests of Ayan spruce, fir with an admixture of broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and creepers are widespread everywhere in the south.

Primorye, or Primorsky Krai, is located in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. On its territory, such European countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland, taken together, could freely accommodate. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and separate hills. Tectonically, they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to mountain country Sikhote-Alin.

Typical for the entire Far East monsoon climate in Primorye it is most pronounced.

In terms of the amount of solar heat, Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia, not inferior to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Using the maps of the textbook, determine how much solar radiation the districts of Vladivostok receive, what is the duration of the frost-free period there.

Rice. 133. Ussuri Nature Reserve

The abundance of moisture in summer contributes to the development of a powerful vegetation cover. Most of the territory of Primorye is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, which combines coniferous and broad-leaved species in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow next to Manchurian walnut and Amur velvet. More than 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics - plants that are common only in this area. Only here grow Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, etc. There are many relic plants in the region that have been preserved since the Neogene.

The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. The endemics include the Ussuri tiger, the leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include the spotted deer, the black Ussuri bear, the Amur goral antelope, the small graceful mandarin duck, which strikes with the beauty of its plumage, the ground thrush, etc.

Up to a hundred species of fish live in the lakes and rivers of the region. In coniferous-deciduous forests there are many midges and ticks that are harmful to humans and animals.

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755)

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov - the famous traveler, geographer, botanist, ichthyologist, ethnographer, historian and linguist - was born in Moscow on October 31 (November 11), 1711.

In August 1733, S. Krasheninnikov was included in the Kamchatka expedition, whose task was to explore and describe the little-known regions of Siberia and Kamchatka. During 1733-1736. S. P. Krasheninnikov studied the nature of Siberia, visited Tobolsk, Altai, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, Yakutsk. From October 1737 to June 1741 Stepan Petrovich lived and worked in Kamchatka. The result of the expedition work was the publication of the work "Description of the land of Kamchatka" (1756). Scientists - geographers and historians, and writers, including A. S. Pushkin, also read it. A volcano in Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island, a cape on Novaya Zemlya bear the name of a scientist-traveler.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

N. M. Przhevalsky is a famous Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. For his services he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

He made his first trip to the Ussuri region. After that, he led five large expeditions to Central Asia(from 1870 to 1888). Przhevalsky discovered the giant Altyn-tag ridge, visited Lake Lobnor, described the sources of the Huang He and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, explored the Takla-Makan desert, discovered hundreds of species of plants and animals, including a wild horse, later named Przhevalsky's horse, Tibetan bear.

During the fifth expedition, N. M. Przhevalsky fell ill and died on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul in the city of Karakol.

The expeditions of M. I. Venyukov (1858), N. M. Przhevalsky (1867-1869), V. K. Arsenyev (1906-1910) were engaged in the study of the nature of the region.

Rice. 134. Research of the Far East

Natural uniques of the Far East. Valley of Geysers.

Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically spouting geysers.

Most active volcanoes are on the Eastern Volcanic Plateau, which is elevated up to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are confined to these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest landmark of Kamchatka, which was mentioned in the "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" by S. P. Krasheninnikov. For the first time, geysers were described in detail by G. I. Ustinova, an employee of the Kronotsky Reserve, in 1941. Having penetrated the river, which later became known as Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River), she discovered several groups of geysers in a deep canyon-like gorge. Among them are Pervenets, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Zhemchuzhny, Double and others - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small, boiling and freely flowing. The largest geyser Giant acts in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, clouding the adjacent parts of the valley. In 2007, the Valley of Geysers suffered from a mudflow.

Rice. 135. Autumn in Primorsky Krai

Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, the trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smells good. Botanists attribute grandiose fir to ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.

Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, its width is up to 65 km, the area is more than 4 thousand km 2, the average depth is about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. A relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and a water chestnut grow on the lake.

Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve(area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, spotted deer and red deer, pheasants and hazel grouses live. A part of the reserve is a small (about 30 ha) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relic yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years.

Questions and tasks

Indicate what are the main factors underlying the physical-geographical zoning of the Far East, and name the most typical natural complexes for it.
Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts of the Far East.
Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
What is the main difference natural complexes island parts of the Far East from the mainland?
On the contour map area, put all the geographical objects indicated in the text, underline the names of those that are associated with the names of the researchers of the region.