Lecture countering terrorism and extremism. Ways to achieve the goals of terrorism

Ministry of Education and Science

Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution

higher professional education

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Lectures for individual advocacy, individual samples of propaganda materials

Rostov-on-Don 2010

Section 1. Lecture "Prevention of extremism and terrorism among the youth"

Target group: middle and lower managers of regional authorities, local self-government bodies and the apparatus of the ATK

Extremism and terrorism: basic concepts and definitions.

Extremism and terrorism as forms of destructive behavior of youth. Types of extremism.

Ways to fight and prevent extremism and terrorism among the youth.

Peculiarities psychological help young people at risk.

Questions and tasks for independent work

Teenagers and young people, as the most socially unprotected group of the population, are the most active participants in conflicts and various kinds of destructive organizations, including extremist ones. The propensity for extremism of the modern young generation of Russia is real and therefore requires close attention and study. Modern youth is facing great changes, great uncertainty and uncertainty, which in turn increases their anxiety for their future and gives them a desire to remove this anxiety, unfortunately not always in constructive ways.

Behavior is called destructive which does not correspond to norms and roles and is aimed at a radical rejection of alternative points of view. At the same time, some scientists prefer to use expectations (expectations) of the corresponding behavior as a reference point (“norm”), while others prefer attitudes (standards, samples) of behavior. Some believe that not only actions can be destructive, but also ideas (views).

The forms of destructive behavior include extremism, terrorism and other deviations from normative behavior.

According to scientists, extremism and terrorism are links in a chain of interrelated concepts: radicalism – extremism – fanaticism – terrorism.

Radicalism(from lat. radix - root) denotes the desire to bring a political or other opinion to its final logical and practical conclusions, without accepting any compromises.

Extremism(from Latin ехtremus - extreme) is translated as a commitment to extreme views and radical measures.

Fanaticism(from lat. fanum - altar) - a firm and non-alternative non-alternative adherence of a person to certain ideas and beliefs, which decisively determines almost any of her activity and evaluative attitude to the world around her.

Terrorism is considered as the use of violence or the threat of its use against individuals, groups of individuals or various objects in order to achieve political, economic, ideological and other results beneficial to terrorists.

Terrorism This is the ultimate form of extremism.

According to a number of scientists, manifestations of extremism among the youth have now become more dangerous for society than in all past periods of the existence of the state. Extremism among the youth has become in our country mass phenomenon.

Question to the audience: What do you think it is connected with? What are the reasons for the spread of youth extremism and terrorism?

It is young people who represent a risk group prone to aggressive extremist actions. Due to their age, young people are characterized by such psychological characteristics as maximalism and nihilism, radicalism and intolerance, recklessness and intransigence, a tendency towards groupism, worldview instability and failures in the search for self-identity, which, under certain living conditions and the presence of a nutrient medium, can act as a trigger their antisocial activity.

The complexity of the situation in which the modern youth of Russia find themselves is determined by the fact that in a society of socio-economic instability, high riskiness, the problem of social self-determination, the choice of one or another identification strategy in the process of social integration of young people occurs in a crisis of socio-cultural identity.

“Extremism and terrorism,” L. Drobizheva and E. Pain note, “cannot be compared with a virus that humanity has picked up from somewhere. This is his internal ailment, generated mainly by disharmonious development in the social, political and cultural fields. Researchers identify five main sources of terrorism and extremism:

Firstly, terrorism and extremism manifest themselves in societies that have embarked on the path of transformations, dramatic social changes, or in modern societies postmodern with a pronounced polarization of the population along ethno-social characteristics. Marginal and immobile groups of the population become participants in terrorist actions.

Secondly, social contrasts, a sharp stratification of society into the poor and the rich, and not just poverty or a low level of socio-economic status, provoke aggression and create grounds for terrorism.

Thirdly manifestations of extremism are on the rise in initial periods social upgrades. In the final stages of successful change, manifestations of extremism and terrorism decline sharply.

Fourth, incomplete urbanization, specific forms of industrialization, changes in the ethno-demographic structure of society, especially unregulated migration, give rise to extremism and intolerance in society.

Fifth, an important role in the spread of ethnic and religious extremism and terrorism in the Islamic world is played by the predominance of authoritarian political regimes. They provoke violence as a form of permission political contradictions and give it the character of a cultural norm.

Question to the audience: How is modern terrorism changing, what are the trends of these changes?

Extremism and one of its most dangerous forms - terrorism - is rapidly changing, mutating, mastering ever more destructive methods. The subjects of extremist activity have already overcome the moral framework that previously held back the scope and scale of extremism and have essentially turned into pragmatic businessmen. If earlier it was about the so-called "sacrificial" terrorism (without criminal impurities), now more and more people are talking about the economic basis of extremism and terrorism. Confirmation of this is the video footage of the terrorist acts themselves and their consequences, which in essence represent nothing more than a report to the customer for the funds provided.

On the territory of modern Russia, up to 80 international extremist groups are carrying out illegal activities that promote extremely radical Islamic ideology. Militant radical Islam penetrates into Russia mainly through people trained in individual Arab countries, where Wahhabism and other orthodox religious movements have received and continue to receive state support. These problems manifested themselves most acutely in the North Caucasus, the most ethnically and religiously complex region of the Russian Federation. A tangible and obvious threat to national security is also created by political processes, which include the tendency to blur a single legal space countries by local rule-making, encouraged by a certain part of the regional elites, which stimulates separatist sentiments, disrespect for federal legislation, human rights and freedoms, and individual nations.

The identification of an ethnic, clan-clan group requires the creation of common irrational myths, due to which the members of the group are emotionally united.

Today, youth extremism is expressed in disregard for the rules of conduct in force in society, the law as a whole, the emergence of informal youth associations of an unlawful nature. Extremists are intolerant of those citizens of Russia who belong to other social groups, ethnic groups and adhere to other political, legal, economic, moral, aesthetic and religious ideas. The development of youth extremism is evidence of insufficient social adaptation of young people, the development of asocial attitudes in their consciousness, causing illegal patterns of their behavior.

The tendency to draw young people into extremist activities is largely due to the insufficiently effective implementation of the state youth policy. As a result, some young people fall under the influence of ideological attitudes that are alien to us, which in some cases leads to the perception of state bodies as an enemy, not a partner.

Question to the audience : What types of extremism do you know?

Political extremism– ideology and practice of using extreme illegitimate, often violent methods and means political struggle. The extremist ideology is based on the views on the exclusive mission of a particular social community (class, nation, race, confession, etc.) in the fate of the country and humanity as a whole, the justification and justification for the admissibility of using any means to realize its interests

In recent years, a particular danger to the integrity of Russia has been national extremism– adherence to extreme views and methods in the theory and practice of interethnic relations. Its supporters, speaking from the standpoint of defending the interests and rights of one nation, openly and defiantly trample on the rights of other peoples. Their ideology is militant nationalism and chauvinism, their politics is ethnic violence in one form or another. It is no coincidence that in the National Security Concept of Russia counteraction to extremism is attributed to its national interests. In order to implement this Concept, a number of specific legal and criminological measures have been taken in recent years. Among them: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the federal target program "Formation of attitudes of tolerant consciousness and prevention of extremism in Russian society (2001-2005)" dated August 25, 2001, federal laws“On Counteracting Extremist Activity”, “On Amendments and Additions to the Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of the Federal Law “On Countering Extremist Activity”” of July 25, 2002, and “On Countering Terrorism” of March 6, 2006 and a number of others.

National (ethnic) extremism is one of the most widespread types of extremism in the 21st century, which is quite understandable - ethnic nationalism has great power and unpredictability, and ethnic conflicts have become a real problem for many countries and regions. They are based on the contradiction between the recognition of the natural right of peoples to determine their own destiny and the principle of national unity and the territorial integrity of the state. From a purely doctrinal point of view, ethnonationalism denies the priority of universal human values ​​and considers its ethnonation highest value. The goal of ethnic extremism is to forge ethnic self-identification, to defend and expand the rights of an ethnic group in the political sphere. When extremists, asserting their ethnicity by violence, call upon themselves the fire of state structures, this draws attention to the group and allows them to appear as a victim, which further increases public interest and in some cases provides finance and support. Violence is the reason for the existence of such groups. As long as it is carried out, the idea is alive, and the identity and existence of ethnic differences cannot be denied. The ultimate goal of the nationalists is to create an independent independent public education in which they lay claim to political power.

Note that religious extremism began to push the political and ethnic in the last two decades of the twentieth century. “Religious extremism, which has become widespread in a number of regions and countries, manifests itself in intolerance towards representatives of various faiths or fierce confrontation within the same confession (for example, Muslim and Christian communities in Lebanon and Sudan, Muslim fundamentalism). Often, religious extremism is used for political purposes in the struggle of religious organizations against a secular state or for the approval of representatives of the authorities of one of the confessions (the movement of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and other countries of the Middle East).

Question to the audience : What methods of fighting and preventing extremism and terrorism that are used in modern Russia do you know?

As you can see, extremism is many-sided and diverse. Let us consider the main stages of its origin, manifestation and legislative opposition in Russia.

The revival of extremism and terrorism in Russia occurred in the early 1990s. The reason for this was the crisis in the economic, social and political spheres of the states of the former USSR. Social disorganization of citizens and a large property stratification of the population led to the fact that society ceased to function as a single organism, united by common goals, ideas, common values. Social tensions grew, and groups emerged seeking to change the established order, including by violent means. The country of Russia, formed after the collapse of the USSR, was not compared only by the lazy with Weimar Germany. The situation of the Germans who lived in the occluded regions was hardly better than that in which the "Russian-speaking" population of the former national outskirts of the USSR found itself. Groups of monarchists and Cossacks appeared in Russia.

On July 14, 2006, the Federation Council approved the Federal Law “On Amendments to Articles 1 and 15 of the Federal Law “On Counteracting Extremist Activities”. The main innovations of this law are related to the definition of new socially dangerous acts as signs of extremist activity. But, as law enforcement practice has shown, these changes were not enough to effectively counter extremism, therefore, on July 24, 2007, Federal Law No. 211-FZ “On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with government controlled in the field of countering extremism.

It must be stated that the solution of the problems of extremism is exclusively by law enforcement impossible. This task requires a whole range of organizational, legal, preventive, educational measures, improvement of interaction between state bodies and public organizations, which, in our opinion, include the following:

1. The priority in the fight against extremism should be elimination of causes and conditions contributing to deviant behavior. According to our survey, the following were named as the main causes of extremism in society: socio-economic problems of the post-Soviet period (74%), incorrect state policy in the field of religious processes (3.4%), deformation of the traditional spiritual values ​​of society (6, 3%), ethnic strife (1.2%), contradictions between Christianity and Islam (1.2%).

Of great importance in curbing youth extremism is the implementation of the provisions of the Federal Law of June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” (as amended on December 1, 2004). This law regulates the activities of such executive authorities as commissions for minors and the protection of their rights, social protection authorities and social service institutions, specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation, educational authorities and educational institutions, guardianship and guardianship authorities, employment services, internal affairs bodies. However, their work is not coordinated, which is extremely Negative influence on the final results of their opposition to the antisocial attitudes of the younger generation, including their extremist component. Therefore, there is an urgent need to determine which state executive body and by what means will coordinate the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency of all organizations associated with this field of activity, and make the necessary changes to the federal law under consideration. At the moment, the measures taken to work with minors released from criminal liability, convicted on probation and serving sentences in juvenile colonies remain insufficiently effective. Many of these children are not able to find their place in society without the help of state bodies. Direction to study, work and housing - this is the minimum of what the state should do for its underage citizens.

2. An important aspect in the prevention of youth extremism is the formation of federal level strategies state youth policy. The state in our difficult socio-economic situation has many problems and the state is trying to free itself from a number of obligations or responsibilities. But the implementation of the state youth policy is one of those duties from which it is impossible to get rid of. An effective state youth policy is, in our opinion, one of the most important tools for forming an active citizenship among the younger generation, fostering social initiative, a sense of patriotism and pride in one's country.

At present, some work in this direction, of course, is being carried out. Thus, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 12, 1999 No. 795 (as amended of June 26, 2000) “Issues of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Youth Policy”, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 3, 1996 No. 387 (as amended of August 3, 1996) “On additional measures support of youth in the Russian Federation”; Decree of the RF Armed Forces dated June 3, 1993 No. 5090-1 “On the main directions of state youth policy in the Russian Federation”; federal laws "On state support youth and children's public associations" (dated June 28, 1995 No. 98-FZ, as amended on March 21, 2002, No. 31-FZ); there are various programs for patriotic education Youth, Federal target programs: "Formation of attitudes of tolerant consciousness and prevention of extremism in Russian society (2001-2005)", Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 25, 2001 No. 629); “Youth of Russia (2001-2005) (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2000 No. 10015); "Children of immigrants" (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 25, 2000 No. 625); with the assistance of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, UNESCO, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, the program of the World Charitable Foundation "Children and Youth against Terrorism and Extremism" is functioning. The disadvantage of all of the above acts is their abstractness, ignoring the ethnocultural and civilizational specifics of Russia and its regions. In domestic practice, an optimal holistic state youth policy has not been developed, there is no comprehensive program for the development of the young generation, its integration into social life Russian society, technologies for the prevention of negative phenomena by means of socio-cultural activities have not been systematized.
The emergence of new subcultural youth organizations of an asocial orientation is an absolute relapse, caused by the lack of a program adapted to modern socio-cultural and economic conditions to prevent extremist sentiments among the younger generation. An analysis of existing programs to counter manifestations of extremism allows us to state the one-sidedness of the coverage of the problem, the insufficient development of a program of preventive measures that takes into account the psychological and socio-cultural characteristics of asocial youth groups of extremist orientation. In modern Russia there is no clear ideology for working with youth. And this, of course, affects the upbringing and development of the younger generation. We are afraid of the word "ideology", but the ideology of Russia is very simple: we are multinational state and the Commonwealth of Nations. This is the national idea. Extremely important, in our opinion, is the development of the ideology of interethnic harmony, friendship and cooperation of the peoples of the ethnic group, the search for national idea, consolidating Russian society uniting all peoples of the multinational Russian state, careful and respectful attitude to the culture of each people.

Question to the audience : What methods of prevention of extremism and terrorism exist in modern socio-political and psychological-pedagogical practices?

Today the world is on a new round of civilization and therefore the worldview is changing very cruelly towards millions of people of entire countries and peoples who have no place in the new changing world. Therefore, terrorism today must be considered as a product of globalization, as its natural reflection. Globalization theorists say that this is a series of empirically fixed changes, heterogeneous, but united by the logic of turning the world into a single whole according to the formula: "global interdependence plus global consciousness." Today, everyone has really become dependent on everyone, but the modification of global consciousness is limited only to the perception of global changes. information society, anthropocosmism, experiments on biotic regulation, on the creation of artificial microbiospheres, the materialization of an electronic-cybernetic civilization, the influence of biopolitics, experiments on autotrophication, cyborgization, ecogeism, co-evolution, etc. The theorists of globalization missed a deeper layer of consciousness, regarding which the war began, one of whose participants, world terrorism, is not recognized as a belligerent.

A change in consciousness under the pressure of global changes in the world is: the perception of the impossible - possible, the incredible - probable, the unacceptable - acceptable, the unreal - real. Globalization produces a whole system of changes in the inner world of man. It changes the picture of the world of a person, his outlook, his position in life and his way of life. This means that it changes the person himself - his consciousness.

The picture of the world, Worldview, Life position, Way of life - these are the constants of the psychological system of protecting a person from the dangers of life, which, like a space suit, protects a diver when descending under water. A "breakthrough" of these constants of consciousness is dangerous, like a breakthrough in a diving suit, and a person intuitively guesses about it. Around these changes, naturally, a struggle ensued, one of the manifestations of which is terrorism. In other words, the struggle is not for territory, not for resources, not for economic positions, but for the content of consciousness. So far, the picture of the world, worldview, lifestyle, life position of terrorist and anti-terrorist forces are incompatible, because this is a complex systemic work and it is easier to use weapons for coercion than intelligence for proof.

ideologies terrorism and extremism ...

Class hour: "Terrorism and extremism - a threat to society"

Goals:

explain the essence of terrorism, its types and goals;

improving schoolchildren's knowledge about terrorism and extremism;

basics of safety in emergencies;

formation of public consciousness and civic position of the younger generation.

Tasks:

Learn the rules of conduct in a terrorist attack;

Develop the skills of search, research work;

Formation of the ability to work in groups.

The course of the conversation

Some time ago, such terrible words as "terrorism" and "extremism". Now every child knows what lies behind these concepts. From the explanatory dictionary, the etymology of the term "extremism" finds its roots in Latin, translated as "extreme" (views and measures).

Terrorism "terror" is translated as "horror" (intimidation by the death penalty, murder and all the horrors of rampage).

Terrorism is a serious crime when an organized group of people seek to achieve their goal through violence. Terrorists are people who take hostages, organize explosions in crowded places, use weapons. Often the victims of terrorism are innocent people, including children. Over the past decades, major terrorist acts in our country have been the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk, the explosion during the parade in Kaspiysk on May 9, the seizure of the theater on Dubrovka during the performance of "Nord-Ost". September 2004 Over 1,200 teachers, students and their parents were kept in the gymnasium of school No. 1 in the city of Beslan (Republic of North Ossetia) for two days. The explosion killed 331 people, including 172 children. 559 people were injured. it scary pages stories…

The current international situation can hardly be called stable. And one of the reasons for this is the scope of terrorism, which today is acquiring a truly worldwide character. Significant changes in the forms of terrorism and in the practice of combating it have also taken place in our country. Russia is faced with the egregious facts of its manifestation, as own territory as well as in neighboring countries. The events of recent years have clearly proved that Russia, like the entire world community, is unable to resist the scope of terrorism.

Today we have gathered to discuss the problem, which is stated as follows: "Terrorism is a threat to society." - So, what is terrorism and extremism? Where do these words come from? What do they carry? And how to behave in such a situation? These are the questions of the conversation, to which we will try to answer.

The causes of extremism include the following:

This large property stratification of the population leads to the fact that society ceases to function as an integral organism, united common goals, ideas, values.

This is an increase in social tension.

This is a decrease in the ideological component in the educational process, which led to the loss of moral values.

This lack of spirituality is the lack of clear ideas about the history and prospects for the development of the country, the loss of a sense of ownership and responsibility for the fate of the motherland.

The social base of extremist groups is made up of people who have not been able to adapt to new living conditions. Young people who are not able to critically approach the content of publications in the media, due to the lack of life experience were most affected by this. This is a very good environment for extremist groups. Most youth extremist groups are informal. A number of their members have a vague idea of ​​the ideological background of extremist movements. Loud phraseology, external paraphernalia and other accessories, the ability to feel like a member of a kind of " secret society”, which has the right to commit reprisals against persons objectionable to the group with impunity, all this attracts young people.

The future of the country largely depends on who wins the "battle for the minds and hearts" of the younger generation. Only the efforts of the entire society can create a reliable barrier to the spread of extremism.

Terror - intimidation, suppression of opponents, physical violence, up to the physical destruction of people by committing acts of violence (murder, arson, explosions, hostage-taking).

In the USSR, terrorism before the aggravation of national conflicts was a very rare phenomenon. The only notorious case was the explosion in the Moscow metro car in January 1977, which claimed more than ten lives. At that time, the situation in the country was different, and potential terrorists knew that they would not achieve their goals by such actions.

Our country seriously faced terrorism during the “perestroika”. Already in 1990, about 200 explosions were committed on its territory, in which more than 50 people died. In 1991, in what was then the USSR, more than 1,500 people died as a result of bloody clashes, more than 10,000 citizens were injured, and 600,000 became refugees. During the period 1990-1993, about one and a half million firearms were illegally imported into Russia. Question: for what?

Since 1992, in Russia, such a phenomenon as contract killings of objectionable persons has become widespread. Journalists, deputies of the State Duma, entrepreneurs, bankers, mayors of cities, businessmen became and become their victims.

What is happening strikes the mind, but here is the paradox: at the beginning of the third millennium, the population of Russia began to get used to reports of regular contract killings, shootings on the streets of cities.

Teacher. What is the essence of terrorism?

Dictionaries define the concept of "terrorism" as the violent actions of criminals with the aim of undermining the existing government, complicating international relations, political and economic extortion from states. It is the systematic use or threat of use of violence against civilians as a means of blackmailing existing authorities in order to achieve certain political, social or economic goals.

Types of Modern Terrorism

Terrorism is the deliberate use of illegitimate violence (most often with a deliberate focus on a spectacular, dramatic effect) by some group, thereby seeking to achieve certain goals that are obviously unattainable in a legitimate way.

Ideological terrorism. The presence of two camps (power and dissatisfied with her revolutionaries - terrorists). For example: Russian populists, French anarchists, German conservatives, Bolsheviks, fascists, neo-fascist terrorist attacks in Italy in the late 70s, Red Brigades and the Red Army in Germany, etc.

ethnic terrorism. Ethnic minorities see terrorism as the only way to make their claims known in an environment where political participation in determining one's fate in another way is impossible . Ethnoterrorism may be racial. Most bright examples: Sicilian separatists, Irish, Kurds, Karabakh Armenians and Chechens.

Religious terrorism. Religious minorities or an active avant-garde, who have known the hostile influence of the authorities, come forward. The basis for belittling the "infidels", representatives of a different religion. The most extreme formulations are "chosen", "saved", "damned". The classic examples of such terrorism are the Zionist terrorism in Palestine and modern Islamic terrorism.

Criminal terrorism. Most often, such terrorism is accompanied by a demand of a semi-political nature. For example: providing means of transportation in order to leave a certain area, releasing prisoners, and so on. Examples: Bolshevik and anarchist raiders and robbers, US ethnic mafias (Jewish, Sicilian and Chinese), extremist bank takeovers, etc.

individual terror. This is not a loner - a revolutionary, not a loner - a nationalist, not a loner - a religious fanatic, not a loner - a criminal, but a person in the independence of his ideological orientation, causing harm to society.

A terrorist act does not know in advance its specific victims, because it is directed, first of all, against the state. Its task is to subjugate the state, its bodies, the entire public, to force them to comply with the demands of the terrorists and the individuals and organizations behind them.

1999 Two residential buildings were blown up in Moscow. 200 people died.

Pyatigorsk, Kaspiysk, Vladikavkaz, Buynaks, Budenovsk, Kizlyar, Beslan, where many, many innocent citizens of Russia suffered.

October 2002 - hostage-taking in Moscow - Theater Center on Dubrovka.

A surge in terrorism occurred in 2003. Among the most large-scale and bloody are:

May 12 - an explosion near residential buildings in the Nadterechny district of Chechnya. 59 people died, 320 were injured;

The year 2004 made the whole world shudder with a new series of terrorist attacks: the simultaneous explosions of two passenger planes on August 24, killing 90 people.

August 21, 2006 - an explosion at the Cherkizovsky market in Moscow. The explosion killed 14 people and injured 61 people.

August 17 - Terrorist attack in Nazran (2009). 25 people died and 136 were injured of varying severity.

March 29, 2010 at 7:56 Moscow time, an explosion occurred at the Lubyanka metro station, in the second (according to another version, in the third) carriage. Another explosion at 8:37 a.m. occurred at the Park Kultury station. As a result of the attacks, 41 people died and 85 were injured.

January 24, 2011 in Moscow at Domodedovo airport at 16:32 a suicide bomber blew up a bomb. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, 37 people died, 130 people received injuries of varying severity.

October 31, 2015. A321 crash over the Sinai Peninsula. As a result of a bomb planted in the plane, an Airbus A321 crashed. All 217 passengers and 7 crew members died. ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack.

Rampant terrorism is today not only a Russian, but also an acute international problem. Many facts testify to this, but the explosion in New York of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, which claimed the lives of 3.5 thousand people, combined into one chain of explosions on March 11, 2004 in suburban trains in the center of Madrid (Spain), are especially eloquent. terrorist attacks in Israel, in the Philippines, in other countries.

Teacher. How not to become a victim of a terrorist attack? About this, about the basic rules of conduct in the face of the threat of terrorist acts.

(Answers: Visiting regions, cities, places and events where terrorist attacks are possible should be avoided. Crowded places are crowded events. Caution and civic vigilance should be exercised here.)

What is civic vigilance? (Answers: for example, a suspicious object left by someone (package, box, suitcase, etc.))

What actions should be taken when suspicious items are found? (Answers: do not touch, do not open, fix the time, notify the administration, wait for the police to arrive.)

If you heard gunshots while at home, what would be your first action? (answers: do not enter the room from which shots are heard, do not stand by the window, report by phone).

If you received a threat by phone, you need to (answers: remember the conversation, estimate the age of the speaker, speech rate, voice, fix the time, contact law enforcement after calling).

If there was an explosion nearby, what would you do? (Answers: fall to the floor, make sure that you have not received serious injuries, look around, try, if possible, provide first aid, follow all the orders of the rescuers).

If you were among the hostages? (Answers: remember the main thing - the goal is to stay alive, not to allow tantrums, not to try to resist. Do nothing without permission, remember - the special services have begun to act).

REFLECTION.

At the end of the conversation, students are given cards.

“Finish the sentences, text” For example:

Card No. 1 “In case of terrorist acts, it can ...”

There was shooting, you were on the street, your actions ……………

Card number 2 “If you were taken hostage…”

Remember:……………..

Card number 3 “If you received threats by phone”

You must:…………………………………..

Card #4 “You found a suspicious item”

Your actions: …………………………..

Card #5 “If you heard gunshots while at home”

You need:

Card number 6 “If there was an explosion nearby”

Your actions…………………

Teacher. What conclusion can be drawn from the conversation that took place?

(Student answers)

Thus, we can conclude that terrorism in Russia is caused by social contradictions. They have a negative impact on all sides public life countries. The most important prerequisite effective fight with terrorism, along with the measures of law enforcement agencies of the special services, is the ability of citizens to resist terrorist attacks, to behave correctly in the face of this danger.

Prevention of extremism among the youth is one of the priorities educational sphere and society as a whole. This is a complex socio-psychological problem, which in modern conditions has become relevant for all states of the world.

What is extremism

Such a concept as extremism has been given many definitions (both scientific and legal). Despite the fact that this problem is on everyone's lips, a single term has not been formulated. So, for example, big explanatory dictionary extremism is interpreted as a tendency to extreme measures and views. Nevertheless, scientists agree that such a definition is very vague. Emphasis should be placed precisely on the commission of unlawful acts.

When asked what extremism is, Dr. Coleman and Dr. Bartoli answer a little differently. They believe that this is human activity, far from generally accepted norms, adherence to strict forms of conflict resolution. However, there are some snags here as well. The main difficulty lies in the definition of generally accepted norms, because for each state and society they can differ significantly.

What is extremist activity?

Unfortunately, in international practice not only is there no unified definition of the very term "extremism". There is also no unified description of activities that fall under this description. But in order for the prevention of extremism among young people to be effective, it is necessary to clearly understand what is to be combated. To determine the concept and its manifestations, it is worth referring to the legal documents. The law "On" interprets this concept as follows:

• violent change of provisions of the Constitution, as well as an attempt to violate the integrity of the state;
• public justification;
• propaganda of social, racial and religious intolerance;
• dissemination of ideas of human superiority on racial, religious or any other grounds;
• violation of human rights and freedoms on a racial, religious or national basis;
• obstruction of the lawful activities of state services or religious organizations through threats or force;
• obstructing the participation of citizens in the electoral process by threats or forceful methods;
• propaganda of Nazi ideology, as well as public display of its symbols and attributes;
• mass production, storage and distribution of extremist materials; public calls for participation in extremist activities;
• public false accusation of persons holding public office;
• financing, organization and preparation of the actions mentioned above, instigation.

Factors of youth extremism

The fight against international extremism implies, first of all, work with young people as the most vulnerable category of citizens. In order for the activity to be effective, it is necessary to understand where such ideas come from young people. Thus, among the factors of youth extremism, it is worth noting especially:

• the influence of parents who differ in radical beliefs;
• the influence of a group of peers who are adherents of extremist views;
• the influence of authoritative persons who are in the teenager's social circle (teachers, heads of sports or creative sections, leaders of youth organizations, etc.);
• stress that led to disintegration in society;
• own ideas and moral attitudes;
• personal psychological characteristics (aggressiveness, suggestibility);
• mental stress.

Main areas of work

At the moment, there is a growing threat of recruitment of boys and girls by terrorist organizations. In this regard, the prevention of extremism among young people should be carried out in the following areas:

• close interaction of educational institutions with parents;
• advanced training of teaching staff on this issue;
• inclusion in the educational program of certain subjects or topics related to the prevention of extremism;
• implementation educational programs concerning the moral education of children and youth (prevention of offenses, violence and homelessness);
• continuous monitoring of the level of tolerance in society, and especially among young people;
• analysis of the processes taking place in the youth environment, as well as their philosophical and socio-cultural aspects;
• ensuring the availability of cultural benefits for young people;
• realization of the need for self-realization and self-expression;
• organization of students' leisure (volunteer projects, social programs).

Activities with different youth groups

Prevention of extremism in the youth environment should be carried out taking into account its heterogeneity. There are two main areas of work:

• With groups that have not yet formed extremist inclinations. Such young people are usually voluntarily involved in social work, as they do not have any aggressive or illegal attitudes. The task of prevention is only to consolidate tolerant worldviews.
• With groups that have already formed extremist worldviews and beliefs. Such work is in most cases carried out on a forced basis, and therefore young people can be aggressive. Here it is important to find an individual, non-standard approach that will help to establish trusting relationship. The result should be the teenager's persuasion, rejection of extremist views and active inclusion in public life.

Risk group

Although prevention activities should be carried out among all young people, there are some categories that are most susceptible to such influences. Having studied the list of extremists, we can distinguish the following risk groups:

• children from disadvantaged families low level income and social status, insufficient degree of education, as well as a tendency to various kinds of deviations (alcoholism, violence, drug use);
• the so-called golden youth, whose representatives, due to certain conditions, feel permissiveness and impunity, and also perceive extremism as entertainment or a normal pastime;
• adolescents who are characterized psychological problems, which determine the tendency to aggression and inadequate response to certain events;
• representatives of youth subcultures, informal groups and street companies characterized by aggressive behavior and deviant beliefs;
• members of political movements and religious associations who, under the influence of certain ideas and beliefs, can carry out activities dangerous to society.

Key tasks

Prevention of extremism should not be chaotic or spontaneous. It is important to carefully consider each stage and its details. The plan for the prevention of extremism should be aimed at solving the following significant tasks:

• application to teenagers and young people of installations about the need to respect and protect the rights of any citizen, as well as strict compliance with legislative norms;
• the formation of adolescents' ideas about the norms of behavior adopted in civil society;
• conveying to parents the importance of forming tolerant moods in the family;
• creation of self-government cells in educational institutions that will carry out educational activities;
• the formation in the minds of young people of confidence in extremist activity in any of its manifestations;
• developing young people's skills of safe behavior and self-defense in the event of a threat of a terrorist act.

Main activities

• Establishing relationships and coordinating work with the commission on juvenile affairs. Its employees should be involved in direct work with students, as well as participation in parent meetings.
• Organization of courses for teaching staff on the prevention of extremism. For students of secondary and higher educational institutions round tables or discussions on this topic can be held. At the same time, the participation of representatives of law enforcement agencies is mandatory.
• Conduct a class hour "Prevention of extremism and terrorism" at school. In the course of these activities, legal norms and responsibility for their violation should be considered. Attention should also be paid to instilling in students a sense of respect and tolerance for other cultures, nationalities, religions, and beliefs.
• Regular parent meetings, which will consider not only organizational issues but also the education of law-abiding citizens.
• Development of a system in accordance with which students or their parents can apply for the protection of their legal rights and interests, if they are infringed.

Working with parents

It is no secret that the basic beliefs and personal qualities are formed precisely under the influence of the family. Therefore, work to prevent extremism in schools should involve close contact with parents. They must be provided with the following information:

• the specifics of youth subcultures and informal organizations, as well as their potential danger;
• degree of responsibility of parents for children;
• forms of aggression, as well as prevention of their manifestation in adolescents;
• mechanisms for involving children in extremist activities;
• determination of the age of criminal responsibility for offenses, as well as a description of possible penalties;
• the essence of such concepts as "terrorism" and "extremism";
• the specifics of the formation of a life position and beliefs in adolescents;
• the need for employment of adolescents (circles, sections and other forms) after school hours.

A responsibility

A person who has reached a certain age, established by law, can be involved in both administrative and criminal activities for extremism. Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for the following acts:

• humiliation of human honor and dignity;
• inciting hatred or hostile feelings towards individuals or their group;
• organization of extremist communities;
• organizing, coordinating and ensuring the activities of such communities.

The main problem of working with children and adolescents is that many feel that they are not punished. Nevertheless, in cases specified by law, even minors are prosecuted for extremism. Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation implies the conviction of persons under the age of 18 for posting videos on the global network, as well as any other propaganda documents with scenes of violence or calls for it. imply the responsibility of minors for the destruction of historical and cultural monuments, as well as desecration of burial places and bodies of the dead. Punishment can be expressed in a large monetary fine, correctional labor or imprisonment.

Countermeasures and self-defense

Undoubtedly, theoretical background important. Nevertheless, it is important to convey to young people how extremist activity is manifested in practice in Russia. Examples similar situations, as well as actions for prevention and self-defense are given in the table:

Similar practical examples or even reconstructions of situations are simply necessary. Prevention of extremism at school should be aimed not only at preventing the formation of such attitudes among young people. It is also important to convey to young people information that will help them save their lives in an extreme situation.

Approaches to preventive work

Extremism, as a threat to national security, forces us to carry out preventive work not only with the adult population, but also with children and youth. this work can be carried out in accordance with the following approaches:

• Dissemination of information about the danger of extremism and organizations professing it. This approach is used most often. It implies a program to educate young people through civic actions or the distribution of printing materials. Given that this approach is not the most effective, it can only be considered as an additional one.
• Affective learning aims to eliminate problems with the expression of feelings and emotions. This is important both in terms of the formation of life experience and the release of negative and positive energy. Receiving emotional release, a teenager becomes less aggressive, which reduces the risk of radical inclinations.
• Influence social factors can not only prevent the emergence of extremist ideas in a teenager, but also contribute to this. In this regard, one of the approaches is based on conducting trainings, during which training in resistance to social pressure is carried out.
• Life skills development is an approach based on behavioral modification techniques. The main teenage problem is the desire for self-affirmation and an adult lifestyle. thus, there is a need for courses and trainings for young people that will allow them to form the necessary life beliefs and skills that will allow them to protect themselves from the influence of negative trends developing in society.
• Involvement of teenagers in activities alternative to extremist. This approach was developed by A. Kromin. He suggests organizing trips with overcoming obstacles, directing teenagers' activity to sports or creative activity, the creation of groups to uphold an active citizenship.

Conclusion

The extremism prevention program should primarily target children, adolescents and youth. It is this stratum of society that is most susceptible to the influence of such radical ideas, which is associated with a fragile psyche and the lack of a firm life position. Of course, work in schools and other educational institutions important, but do not forget about the role of the family in this process. In this regard, teachers and law enforcement officers should conduct regular preventive conversations with parents.

Lecture: "Prevention of extremism among the youth" Extremism is an evil against humanity The safety of a person's life depends largely on his worldview, on who he sees his like-minded people. It is very dangerous not to understand that opposing oneself, one's views to the outside world can provoke unfavorable and even dangerous life situations. “Terrorism”, “terrorists”, “extremism” are words that appear almost daily in the media, giving rise to concern and fear of our citizens for their present and future, for their rights and freedoms, which are guaranteed to us by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Extremism and terrorism in all forms of their manifestations have become one of the most dangerous problems with which humanity entered the 21st century. Terrorism poses a real threat to the country's national security: kidnappings, hostage-taking, cases of hijacking aircraft, bomb explosions, acts of violence in ethno-confessional conflicts, direct threats to implement them, etc. Therefore, the problem of countering terrorism and extremism in the Russian Federation is one of the most important tasks of ensuring security at the state level. Over the past decade, major terrorist acts in our country have been the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk, the explosion during the parade in Kaspiysk on May 9, the seizure of the theater on Dubrovka during the performance of "Nord-Ost". September 2004 Over 1,200 teachers, students and their parents were kept in the gymnasium of school No. 1 in the city of Beslan (Republic of North Ossetia) for two days. The explosion killed 331 people, including 172 children. 559 people were injured. These are truly terrible pages of our history... Extremism is also a significant problem today, which is addicting more and more young people, and especially those aged 14 to 18. Extremists radically deny the existing norms and rules in society through a set of violent manifestations committed by individuals and specially organized groups and communities. This is a complex and heterogeneous form of expression of hatred and enmity. Often, permitted mass demonstrations of protest develop into hooligan actions and riots, attacks on citizens and are accompanied by calls for violence - these are already illegal actions that, according to the degree of public danger, can be qualified as criminal, criminal. Recently, most terrorist attacks have been carried out under the slogan "death for the sake of salvation." Today religion is being used for evil, for destruction, to achieve chaos in the world. Mankind has forgotten the principles of humanism, justice, kindness, forgotten the essence of faith. The concept of "Islamism" appeared in the last century. Islam is traditionally considered to be a religion of peace, goodness, moral perfection, and Islamism is radical Islam, which has turned from a purely spiritual and religious teaching into a political totalitarian ideology. Adherents of Islamism are called Islamists. Islamists want to organize the life of the entire society according to Sharia law, that is, according to the laws of Islam, written in the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. They want to make private rules for believing Muslims obligatory for all people, to turn religious laws into national laws. This means: the denial of the equality of men and women, freedom of conscience, secular courts, universal literacy, the establishment of strict standards of dress and behavior, etc. Islamism means fundamentalism, as a return to the extremely conservative traditions of the past, a sharp and hostile rejection of modern broad borders social norms. But most importantly, the Islamists are aimed at the forceful expansion of Islam beyond the borders of their countries and believe that it is necessary to wage a holy war against the infidels - jihad. Most attacks recent decades there is the activity of the Islamists. It is quite clear that the behavior motivated by such ideas has a strict orientation, aimed in this case against persons of a different nationality or religion. This is also mixed with hatred for the existing government, which, according to extremists, condones the life of the "culprits" of all Russian troubles, which leads to an even wider dissemination of extremist ideas. It is these ideas that become the foundation for the formation of informal extremist youth groups. The system of views imposed by extremists is attractive due to the simplicity and unambiguity of its rules, promises of the opportunity to immediately, this very hour, see the result of their albeit aggressive actions. Extremism and one of its most dangerous forms - terrorism - is changing rapidly, using more and more destructive methods. Extremists operate outside of any moral framework and morality, and often turn their criminal activities into business. Therefore, now we can talk about the economic basis of extremism and terrorism. Video footage of the terrorist acts themselves, religiously motivated murders and their consequences, which in turn are a report to the customer for the money provided, is a confirmation. On the territory of modern Russia, international extremist groups that promote Islamism carry out illegal activities. This militant ideology is preached mainly through people trained in individual Arab countries. The indicated problem concerns not only the North Caucasus, but the entire territory of the Russian Federation. I would like to note the not always positive role of the media in shaping mass consciousness. In the flow of information there is a variety of information about extreme events, terrorist acts. At the same time, on the Internet, you can come across various prohibited methods of influencing the human psyche. Related to this is the danger of drawing young people into extremist activities. At the same time, people who profess extreme views make acquaintances in social networks under the pretext of being interested in arranging their personal lives. Then, in the process of communication, the imposition of extremist ideology, alien religious views. As a result, this leads to the rejection of family, friends, changes in behavior, habits. Parents, state bodies are perceived as enemies. Yes, gr. Kh., a resident of the Republic of Tatarstan, met a minor B. on a social network, and for 3 months corresponded with her, several times came to meet in the city where the girl lived. During the next meeting, secretly from the minor's parents, they bought tickets and left in the direction of one of the republics of the North Caucasus. Subsequently, it was established that under the promise to marry, the intention of Count. H. to sell a minor into slavery in an Arab country. In connection with the problem of the spread of extremism and terrorism, the ambiguity of youth informal associations should be noted. According to official statistics, most of the members of these associations in Russia are high school students, students of professional educational organizations , unemployed teenagers. As practice shows, it is minors who willingly support various emerging movements and subcultures (emo, punks, goths, skins, etc.). Belonging to one of the groups, according to the minors themselves, increases self-esteem, helps to feel independent, and, at the same time, necessary for someone. Adhering to such movements, schoolchildren are often guided by his influence among their peers, rarely thinking about the fact that some of the ideas promoted by the supporters of this movement run counter to universal human values. For example, the skinhead movement that has gained strength preaches Nazi ideology. Their activities are directed against non-Russians and visitors and are associated with violations of public order, beatings, serious bodily harm, and murder. Unfortunately, in modern Russia, more and more young people are influenced by sects. A sect is a religious organization or a group of persons who are focused on their own interests, which do not coincide with the interests of society, are indifferent or contradictory to them. What is the danger of sects? The fact is that the main goal of the sect is to turn its members into obedient and servile people who can be easily controlled and subjected to any kind of exploitation to obtain the necessary benefits. Therefore, in sects people lose their health, property, money, and most importantly, the ability to live independently in society. Most sectarian communities, committed to the so-called "natural" life, force their followers to adhere to a strict diet, reject medical assistance. This is the Jehovah's Witnesses sect. For example, in St. Petersburg, a 3-year-old boy died in one of the hospitals. his mother, a Jehovah's Witness, refused to perform a vital blood transfusion procedure for the child. Deception, hypnosis, coding techniques and other means of mind control are used to recruit new members of the sect and further guide them. Sectarians prefer to work with children of school age, whose psyche has not yet been formed, and who are easy prey. Children are invited to come to an interesting conversation, and after a few heart-to-heart talks, they develop a state close to drug addiction. It is extremely difficult to get out of the sect, because. consciousness is completely closed from the critical perception of the world. So, if someone approached you, inviting you to come to an interesting unusual lecture or seminar, promising you any benefits (salary, study abroad, etc.) ), never give your phone number, address, exercise reasonable care, do not give in to curiosity to the detriment of common sense. Remember that almost all sects have a long history of law breaking, litigation, high-profile scandals, ruining lives. As you can see, extremism is many-sided and diverse. Modern terrorism knows no spatial boundaries. Therefore, the correct attitude to the perceived information, the ability to analyze it and have an idea about the mechanisms and consequences of influence on the personality is of great importance. One-sided or distorted information, which is transmitted, including through the Internet, often has a great power of propaganda suggestion and, of course, needs to be considered and critically evaluated. That is why it is necessary to master media literacy and learn to analyze information, be aware of the mechanisms of manipulative influence and be able to defend one's own point of view. In addition, tolerance should be cultivated in oneself as an active moral position and psychological readiness to tolerance in the name of positive interaction with people of a different cultural, national, religious or social environment.