Subjects of the Russian Federation by federal districts. Federal districts of Russia

Population federal districts Russia 2017 A table of the population of the federal districts of Russia as of January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2016 according to Rosstat data is presented. dated July 31, 2017 on the population of the Russian Federation by municipalities.
The Central Federal District is the largest federal district in Russia. The population of the Central Federal District for 2017 is 39,209,582 people. Next is the Volga Federal District with a population of 29,636,574 people. The population of the Siberian Federal District is 19,326,196 people.
List of federal districts of Russia ordered in descending order of population.

Population by federal districts as of 01/01/2017 and 01/01/2016 with data on total, natural and migration growth.

In total, there are 8 federal districts in Russia: Central, Volga, Siberian, Southern, Northwestern, Urals, North Caucasian and Far Eastern. From 2014 to 2016, the Crimean Federal District existed, then it was included in the Southern Federal District.

In federal districts, the largest population growth in 2016 (as of January 1, 2017) is observed in the Central Federal District - by 105,263 people. Further, the Southern Federal District with an increase of 60,509 people and the North Caucasian Federal District with an increase of 57,769 people.

The largest decline was recorded in the Volga Federal District by 37,070 people. Also, a decline in 2016 was recorded in the Far Eastern Federal District by 12,290 people.

The largest natural population growth was recorded in the North Caucasus Federal District by 78,560 people.
The largest natural population decline was recorded in the Central Federal District by 71,020 people.
At the same time, the Central Federal District has the largest absolute decline and the largest migration gain.

Population by federal districts as of 01/01/2016 (preliminary estimate) and average for 2015

AT modern conditions participation in the world economy and the international geographical division of the pile is possible not only at the state level. The subjects of the Russian Federation may independently conclude agreements with other countries and regions of the world. The Far Eastern Federal District already has such experience, which is actively integrating into the economy of the Asia-Pacific region.

A special place in the foreign trade relations of Belarus is occupied by Russian regions. Agreements and contracts with 60 constituent entities of the Russian Federation have been signed and are in effect! The main trading partners are Moscow (34% of the trade turnover between Russia and Belarus), the Tyumen region, St. Petersburg, the Moscow region.

In this regard, it is necessary to know not only the specialization of Russia in the world economy, but also the specialization of its individual regions. Let us consider the geographical specifics of the regions of Russia within the federal districts, which were organized by the Decree of the President of Russia of May 13, 2000 in order to increase the efficiency of the activities of federal government bodies. As a result, all subjects of the Russian Federation were grouped into seven federal districts(Fig. 32). Plenipotentiary representatives of the President of Russia have been appointed to each of them.

Rice. 32. Administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation. Federal districts

List of subjects of the Russian Federation by federal districts and their centers

1. Central Federal District: Belgorod region, Bryansk region. Vladimir region, Voronezh region, Ivanovo region, Kaluga region, Kostroma region, Kursk region, Lipetsk region, Moscow region, Oryol Region, Ryazan Oblast, Smolensk region, Tambov region, Tver region. Tula region, Yaroslavl region, Moscow city. The center of the federal district is Moscow.

2.Northwestern Federal District: Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Arkhangelsk region, Vologda region, Kaliningrad region, Leningrad region, Murmansk region, Novgorod region, Pskov region, St. Petersburg, Nenets autonomous region.

The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg.

3. Southern Federal District: Republic of Adygea (Adygea), Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia— Alanya, Chechen Republic, Krasnodar region, Stavropol region, Astrakhan region, Volgograd region, Rostov region.

The center of the federal district is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

4. Volga Federal District: Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Udmurt Republic, Chuvash Republic- Chavash of the Republic, Kirov region, Nizhny Novgorod region, Orenburg region, Penza region, Samara Region, Saratov region, Ulyanovsk region, Perm region.

The center of the federal district is the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

5. Ural federal district: Kurgan region, Sverdlovsk region, Tyumen region, Chelyabinsk region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The center of the federal district is Yekaterinburg.

6. Siberian Federal District: Republic of Altai, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Altai region, Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk region, Kemerovo region, Novosibirsk region. Omsk region. Tomsk region, Chita region, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

The center of the federal district is Novosibirsk.

7. Far Eastern Federal District: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk region, Amur region, Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Region, Sakhalin region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The center of the federal district is the city of Khabarovsk.

Russia is the largest state in the world. This status predetermines the specifics of its political organization. So, the highest authorities decided to organize the government of the country through the establishment of federal districts. The corresponding model of the political system is to some extent unique from the point of view of world practice. How many federal districts are there in Russia? What is their list?

What is a "federal district"?

The federal district is an administrative and political unit provided by the system state structure Russia. The territory of the Russian Federation is divided into subjects of the federation. Those, in turn, according to a number of geographical, ethno-cultural, social and political signs grouped into districts. The respective administrative and political units are headed by authorized representatives of the President of Russia.

List of federal districts

How many federal districts are there in Russia? Now there are 9 of them. Among them:

• Central;
• Northwestern;
• Volga;
• Ural;
• Siberian;
• Far Eastern;
• Southern;
• North Caucasian;
• Crimean.

It is worth noting that North Caucasian District appeared only in 2010. Krymsky - in 2014. How many federal districts in Russia, we now know. Let us now consider in more detail their key characteristics.

Characteristics of the federal districts: Central Federal District

Let's start with the Central Federal District. The plenipotentiary representation - the highest executive body of the administrative-territorial unit in question, is located in Moscow. Among the most important economic characteristics Central Federal District - the presence of large volumes natural resources, especially iron ore, phosphorites, bauxites, cement raw materials. Another one important feature which distinguishes the Central Federal District - Russia has key financial centers here. The main ones, of course, are in Moscow.

Science-intensive industry is developed in the Central Federal District, including in the machine-building segment. An important role in the structure of the economy of the Central Federal District is played by chemical industry- especially in such segments as the production of mineral fertilizers and organic synthesis products. Resins, plastics, tires, dyes are produced here. The printing industry and the confectionery segment are also well developed.

The administrative and political structure of the Central Federal District is represented by the regions: Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol.

Northwestern Federal District

The structure of the federal districts of Russia includes the North-West. The authorized representative office of the Northwestern Federal District is located in St. Petersburg. In the economic aspect, the Northwestern Federal District can be attributed to the most developed in Russia. Both manufacturing and raw material industries are developed here. The Northwestern Federal District is also characterized by a high degree development of transport infrastructure. How many federal districts in Russia have a comparable level of road development? It is difficult to say, since the experience of the Northwestern Federal District is completely unique in this sense.

One of the factors stimulating the growth of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District is the proximity to European states- Finland, the Baltic countries, Poland (if we talk about Kaliningrad region). The Northwestern Federal District is characterized by a huge human resources potential. In the universities of St. Petersburg and other cities, specialists of various profiles are trained, and all of them receive the highest qualifications. The NWFD also contains significant amounts of natural resources.

In the structure of the Northwestern Federal District there are regions: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov. There are also republics in the Northwestern Federal District: Karelia, Komi.

Southern Federal District

The list of federal districts of Russia includes the Southern Federal District. Its specificity is in a unique, in many respects not typical for the rest of Russia, warm climate. The Southern Federal District of Russia is a national health resort. The region has completely unique thermal springs, mountain springs and artesian wells. There are the largest reserves of tungsten, non-ferrous metals, coal.

After the North Caucasian Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District in 2010, there are regions in the structure of the region: Astrakhan, Volgograd. There are republics in the SFD: Adygea, Kalmykia. The structure of the Southern Federal District includes the Krasnodar Territory. The region is considered as one of the most promising in terms of investment in tourism.

Privolzhsky Federal District

Relatively small in area - about 7.27% of the total territory owned by Russia, the Volga Federal District plays the most important economic and political role in the development of the country. Thus, the share of industry in the economic system of the region is about 23.9%. This is one of the highest rates among all federal districts of the Russian Federation.

The industry of the Volga Federal District is represented by mechanical engineering, fuel and energy complex, agriculture, chemical and light industries. There are many republics in the administrative and political structure of the Volga Federal District: Udmurt, Chuvash, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Mari El, Mordovia. There are three regions in the Volga Federal District: Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg.

Ural Federal District

How many federal districts in Russia are located in the European part? AT this moment- 7. Among those - the Ural Federal District. The authorized representative office of the Ural Federal District is located in Yekaterinburg. The region under consideration is characterized by a unique geography. It is located on the border between Europe and Asia, has significant natural resources and climate.

The leading sectors of the region's economy are oil and gas production, as well as mining industry. There are significant reserves of iron, non-ferrous and precious metals. The Ural Federal District is characterized by many experts as one of the self-sufficient in terms of provision with resources and necessary technologies.

There are regions in the structure of the Ural Federal District: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk. The Ural Federal District also includes the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Siberian Federal District

How many federal districts are there in Russia that are located in Asia? There are 2 of them. Among them is the Siberian Federal District.

Siberia is a huge Russian region, which is one of the key in terms of transport communications. It is understandable: it is through the Siberian roads that the cargo turnover between European and Asian Russia is carried out. Local highways are also of great international importance. Siberia is one of the most economically developed and promising regions of Russia. There are reserves of almost all the resources necessary for the economy.

The structure of the Siberian Federal District includes the following republics: Buryatia, Altai, Tyva, Khakassia. The Siberian Federal District includes regions: Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk. In the structure of the Siberian Federal District there are regions: Altai, Krasnoyarsk.

Far Eastern Federal District

Another federal district of the Russian Federation, which is located in Asia, is the Far East. In terms of area, it is the largest, occupies about 36% of the territory of the state. It is characterized by huge potential in terms of economic development. It has significant volumes of natural resources, in particular, reserves of coal, oil, gas, and metals.

The Far Eastern Federal District includes the regions: Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan. There are regions in the structure of the Far Eastern Federal District: Primorsky, Khabarovsk. The Far Eastern Federal District includes the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

North Caucasian Federal District

The North Caucasian Federal District was formed on January 19, 2010 by separating from the structure of the Southern Federal District. It is characterized by a small area - about 1% of the territory of the state. In the Southern Federal District, the subjects of the Russian Federation are united, characterized by significant cultural and socio-economic proximity.

The NCFD includes the following republics: Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania, Chechnya. The Stavropol Territory is present in the structure of the North Caucasian Federal District. The city of Pyatigorsk located in it is the center of the North Caucasus Federal District. The residence of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the North Caucasus Federal District is located in Essentuki.

Crimean Federal District

In March 2014, Crimea became part of Russia. Shortly thereafter, the Crimean Federal District was formed. In its structure there are 2 subjects. These are, in fact, the Republic of Crimea, as well as Sevastopol, which has the status of a federal city of the Russian Federation, as well as Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Crimea is one of the most important cultural, historical and tourist centers of Russia. This region is characterized by significant potential not only in the field of tourism, but also in terms of industrial development, Agriculture and other industries. At the level of federal legislation of the Russian Federation, tax preferences have been established for businesses that operate in Crimea. Programs aimed at stimulating intensive economic development of the region have been adopted.

Over the past twenty-five years, our country has experienced a lot of upheavals that directly affected its future. The first of them is the collapse of the USSR, which meant the collapse of the entire system government controlled, then the formation new country- Russian Federation.

administrative problem

Russia has always been a huge territorial entity, the effective management of which presents certain difficulties. The Russian Empire was kept at the expense of the autocratic power of the emperor, who controlled even the smallest processes with the apparatus of the bureaucracy, it is precisely with the huge scale of the country that quite frequent reforms in the management of regions are associated. The first time this happened during the reign of Peter the Great, who divided the entire territory of the country into provinces headed by governors, while the heads of regions were also accountable to special collegiums, so the tsar tried to introduce a three-stage system of government. However, some regions were equal in territory to some European countries, so a division into more provinces was additionally made. In general, the reform streamlined management to some extent, and the center got the opportunity to more operational control over remote regions. However, there was still no clear subordination.

historical experience

Correcting the situation, the empress carries out a new reform. In 1775, a decree followed on the division of Russia into 51 provinces, which, in turn, were divided into counties. At the head, as before, was the governor, but then significant changes were made. For control, the post of governor-general is introduced, which under his command united several regions, in total, from 1775 to 1917, 20 governor-generals and a special administrative-territorial unit, the Caucasian vicegerency, were created. As you can see, such a system is very reminiscent of the federal districts of Russia, the composition of which has also changed several times. The government of Catherine II did this in order to strengthen supervision over local authorities, put governors under control and reduce the likelihood of popular uprisings and discontent. Indeed, this made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the administrative-bureaucratic apparatus.

The revolution of 1917 made its own adjustments to the government of the country. The Bolsheviks initially gave the border regions and outlying territories considerable power. Which subsequently led even to the overthrow Soviet power in some regions. Realizing his mistake, the Council of People's Commissars quickly began to change the tactics and strategy of the administrative structure. During the formation of the USSR, federalist principles of state organization were declared, but in fact all power was controlled by party officials, and if we draw an analogy with Russian Empire, it becomes clear that the essence has not changed. And only the name has changed. So, instead of governors and other regional administrators, party secretaries of various levels were introduced, who maintained iron discipline in the "patrimonial estates" entrusted to them. Degree of centralization in Soviet period reached its climax and in its level was much higher than the imperial one.

How many federal districts are there in Russia?

The collapse of the USSR and the subsequent "parade of sovereignties" brought the Russian Federation almost to the brink of collapse. Many parts of the state introduced their own legislation, which ran counter to the federal one, and the controllability of the regions from the capital was practically zero. In this situation, the President of the Russian Federation VV Putin decided to revive inter-regional management with a clear and rigid scheme of subordination. In May 2000, a presidential decree "On federal districts" followed. A total of 7 units were created. That's how many federal districts in Russia were initially. The boundaries were taken by analogy with the division of the departments of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation. A clear three-level system of administrative control is beginning to take shape. The number of federal districts in Russia has changed more than once, this was due to both political events and geographical convenience. these changes are presented a wide range federal laws. Appointment to a position in a federal district is made by the head of state.

Political reasons for change and regulatory framework

And how many federal districts are there in Russia at the moment, taking into account recent transformations (in particular, the North Caucasian Federal District was separated from the composition)? In March 2014, in connection with the political events in Ukraine and the referendum in Crimea, another FO was formed. Thus, we can say that there are 9 federal districts in total, answering the question of how many federal districts there are in Russia. The creation of such a system of power made it possible to strengthen the control of the federal center over the regions, without violating the basic principles of an asymmetric federation, which the Russian Federation is under the Constitution. The legislative framework subjects of Russia was brought into full compliance with federal law. The federal districts of Russia on the map of the country are highlighted in different colors, which allows you to quickly figure out which district is which and which regions are included in this administrative-territorial unit.

The final picture of the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation

We have already dealt with the number of federal districts, and now we will figure out which federal districts exist in Russia. And here's what it looks like:

• Central Federal District (Moscow).
• Northwestern Federal District (St. Petersburg).
• Southern Federal District (Rostov-on-Don).
• North Caucasian Federal District (Pyatigorsk).
• Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk).
• Siberian Federal District (Novosibirsk).
• Ural Federal District (Yekaterinburg).
• Privolzhsky Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod).
• Crimean Federal District (Simferopol).

All these divisions are subordinate to the authorized representative, who, in turn, is directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation. The scope of its competence includes supervisory and control functions, for which an apparatus was created, consisting in different districts of departments varying in number. Today we can say that the federal districts of Russia (the composition of these units) correspond to the needs declared by the authorities.

Federal districts, which in the Russian Federation are essentially a kind of so-called special districts, are quite well known in the world practice of federal states. 5 The purpose of creating special districts is to ensure effective management in a particular industry and solve problems that are either not at all within the competence of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, or should be addressed at the interregional level. At the same time, bodies and individual officials in special districts usually implement technical and executive functions.

The purpose and regulatory framework for the creation of federal districts in modern Russia.

The authority of the President of the Russian Federation to appoint and dismiss his plenipotentiaries is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (clause "k" of Article 83). This constitutional provision lays the foundation for the appointment by the President of any of his representatives, and the head of state actively uses this authority. In practice, the President appoints representatives to other government bodies (the State Duma, the Federation Council, the Constitutional Court, etc.), special representatives on any issue (for example, for negotiations with the European Union on the Kaliningrad Region) and plenipotentiaries to federal districts.

The federal districts were formed in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." This Decree does not name the reasons that prompted the reorganization of the entire system of representatives of the President on the ground (previously, plenipotentiary representatives of the President were appointed to the subjects of the Russian Federation) and the creation of federal districts, but contains a standard phrase: "In order to ensure the implementation by the President of the Russian Federation of his constitutional powers, increase the efficiency of federal bodies of state power and improving the system of control over the execution of their decisions ... "However, many of these reasons arising from this goal are quite obvious:

1. In particular, outside the capital, in some cases at a very remote distance from it, there are objects that are in federal ownership. It cannot be said that they were ownerless, but at best they were managed by separate departments. However, it is known that the departmental interest does not always coincide with the national one.

2. In addition to this, turn XX-XXI For centuries, the problem of bringing the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation into line with federal legislation on issues of joint jurisdiction between Russia and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has become more acute. However, in many cases, the contradictions are rooted not so much in the principled position of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but in the insufficient expert study of draft legislative acts, in the absence of the opportunity to hold consultations with the relevant federal authorities even at the stage of preparing draft laws.

The concept of the federal district. In Russia, a federal district is a territory covering the area of ​​several subjects of the Russian Federation, within which the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation operates. In total, there are seven federal districts on the territory of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, the federal districts are not administrative divisions, but only give a territorial "binding" for the activities of plenipotentiaries. In fact, the Decree of May 13, 2000 only expanded the territorial boundaries of the functioning of each of the authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation: before the adoption of the Decree, the plenipotentiary acted within one subject of the Russian Federation, as a result of the adoption of the Decree, the limits expanded to several subjects of the Federation.

Plenipotentiary representatives are officials who ensure the exercise by the President of the Russian Federation of their constitutional powers, and in addition to such ensuring activities, representatives do not have any independent powers. Functions of authorized representatives in federal districts. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 (section II) defines as follows main tasks of the plenipotentiary: organization in the relevant federal district of work on the implementation by public authorities of the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, determined by the President of the Russian Federation; organization of control over the execution in the federal district of decisions of federal government bodies; ensuring implementation in the federal district personnel policy the President of the Russian Federation; submission to the President of the Russian Federation of regular reports on ensuring national security in the federal district, as well as on the political and economic situation in the federal district, making appropriate proposals to the President of the Russian Federation.

On the whole, the functions vested in the plenipotentiary representative according to the Decree correspond to the main tasks of his activity set in the same decree for such a representative. However, some functions go beyond monitoring and control. Thus, the plenipotentiary representative has the right and even the obligation to organize the interaction of federal executive bodies with state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, political parties, other public and religious associations; to develop, jointly with interregional associations of economic interaction of subjects of the Russian Federation, programs for the socio-economic development of territories within the federal district.

It should be noted that all authorized representatives took part in the analysis of the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to detect contradictions with federal legislation, so that in the future the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation would be brought into line with federal legislation.

At the same time, some plenipotentiaries in their actions sometimes went beyond the limits established by the Decree of May 13, 2000. Thus, in some cases, plenipotentiaries openly spoke out in support of one or another candidate in elections to state authorities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, at present, the positions of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation are considered as important political posts.