Geographical position of Lithuania. Economic model of Lithuania

General characteristics of Lithuania

Lithuania is a sovereign state in the east of Europe. As the former Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, it was part of the Soviet Union. The area of the country is about $65.2 thousand. $km²$. For a long time, Lithuania was a national outskirts and an agrarian appendage of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet period, a powerful industry was created in the republic on the basis of labor resources and due to its favorable economic and geographical position. Today Lithuania is an independent state, a parliamentary republic with features of a presidential form of government.

The history of the formation of the state and territory

For the first time the population appeared on the Lithuanian lands approximately in $X$ millennium BC. The inhabitants were engaged in fishing and hunting. In the $III$ century BC. the ethnic ancestors of the present-day Baltic peoples came to these lands. They began to engage in agriculture and animal husbandry. But hunting and fishing have long been the main occupation of the population.

Remark 1

Many ethnographers believe that the population of the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, from Vila to the Western Dvina, was one ethnic group. Scientists call them Balts. Approximately in the $V$ century of our era, the ethnic basis of the Lithuanian people was formed. Already in the $7th century, the Lithuanian language separated from the Latvian.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the formation of the Lithuanian state is supposed. But at the same time, the Baltic coast from the Vistula to Lake Peipus was captured by German knights from the Livonian and Teutonic Orders. And from the south, the Galicia-Volyn principality claimed Lithuanian lands. From the second half of $XIII$, the formation and strengthening of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began. During its dawn, it extended to the shores of the Black Sea. In the Battle of Grunwald, the combined troops of the Kingdom of Poland, the Principality of Lithuania and the Principality of Smolensk defeated the troops of the Teutonic Order.

The expansion of the possessions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the entry into its composition of vast Slavic lands led to the fact that many Slavic customs and traditions took root in the state, and the Western version of the Russian language (Western Russian language) began to be used in official business. Orthodoxy spread among the Lithuanian nobility (gentry).

The unification of Poland and Lithuania into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the strengthening of the Catholic religion as the official one and the Polonization (Polonization) of the local nobility - the gentry.

After the division of the Commonwealth between Prussia, Austria and Russia, the entire territory of Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire. The period of Russification of the country began.

During World War I, Lithuanian lands were occupied by German troops. And during the civil war on the territory of Lithuania, first the Kingdom of Lithuania was proclaimed, then the Lithuanian Soviet Republic, and in $1919 the united Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel).

In $1919$, the independence of the Republic of Lithuania was recognized by the Treaty of Versailles. At the beginning of the $20$-s, the territory of Central Lithuania was captured by Polish troops and included in Poland as a separate voivodship.

In $1939$, after the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the lands of the Baltic States and Western Belarus became part of the USSR. Soviet power was proclaimed in Lithuania, the formation of the country's territory was completed.

During the Great Patriotic War, Lithuania was again occupied by German troops and entered the Reichskommissariat Ostland. Lithuania was liberated by the Red Army from the Nazis in $1944 during the Belarusian operation.

In the post-war period, the industrialization of Lithuania was carried out. Thanks to the help of the entire Soviet Union, the economy was restored, modern industrial enterprises were built.

At the end of the $80s of the $20th century, anti-Soviet sentiments and demands for independence intensified in the Soviet Baltic republics. Since $1991, Lithuania has been a sovereign independent state.

Economic and geographical position of Lithuania

The Republic of Lithuania occupies an advantageous economic and geographical position. It has access to the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders with Latvia, in the east and southeast - with Belarus, in the south - with Poland, in the southwest - with the Kaliningrad region of Russia. The transport and geographical position is very favorable, as the country is located at the crossroads of transport routes from Russia to Europe and from Northern Europe to the southern regions. Access to the sea contributes to the development of international economic and political relations. Neighborhood is also favorable. Lithuania borders on developed peace-loving countries.

Remark 2

Lithuania's accession to NATO and the EU contributes to the development of Lithuania's European integration, but complicates relations with Russia.

STATE BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №78

KALININSKY DISTRICT

on the topic: " Economic and geographical position of Lithuania“

Completed by: student of grade 10 A

Stepanov Fedor Sergeevich

Saint Petersburg 2013

Introduction

Geographical position

Political position

Population and religion

Economy

culture

Natural resources

List of sources

Introduction

Lithuania- an independent sovereign state, one of the countries on the Baltic Sea coast with beautiful sandy beaches, clean air, colorful landscapes, an abundance of historical and architectural monuments. Seaside Palanga, the protected Curonian Spit, the famous health resorts of Druskininkai or Birštonas and many other amazing places will be of interest to everyone who wants to have a good rest.

The Republic of Lithuania is located on the western outskirts of the East European Plain. The Baltic Sea is the shortest way to Sweden and Denmark. The longest land border with neighboring Latvia passes in the north of the country. Belarus adjoins in the east and southeast, Poland in the south, and the Kaliningrad region of Russia in the southwest. The capital of Lithuania is Vilnius. Other large cities: Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai, Panevezys. The territory of the state is 65,300 km2, the population is about 3.6 million inhabitants. In addition to Lithuanians, Russians, Poles, Belarusians and Ukrainians also live here.

The main river is the Neman. The climate in Lithuania is typical for temperate latitudes, subject to the damp air of the Atlantic. From west to east it passes from maritime to continental. The average temperature in January is -8°С, in July +17°С.

One of the most important natural resources is amber; there are also reserves of peat and building materials. 25% of the country's territory is occupied by mixed pine-deciduous forests, 17% - meadows and pastures, 7% - swamps. Nature is protected, nature reserves and national parks have been created. The Lithuanian land is abundant in water, the country has a dense network of rivers and lakes.

The main centers of tourism in Lithuania are Vilnius, rich in historical and architectural monuments. The development of tourism in Lithuania is facilitated by the diversity of landscapes and their attractiveness, wonderful national parks. Many tourist routes are organized in Lithuania, which include not only visiting ancient Lithuanian cities with sightseeing, but also relaxing on the Baltic coast, rivers and lakes, quality treatment in comfortable sanatoriums.

Vilnius (earlier Vilna, Vilna) is the largest city of Lithuania and its capital (the first time in this role mentioned in 1323). Today, the Old Town of Vilnius is one of the largest in Europe and the main attraction of the country. Vilnius has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1994.

Geographical position

The official name is the Republic of Lithuania (lit. Lietuvos Respublika) - a state in Europe, on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders with Latvia, in the east - with Belarus, in the southwest - with Poland and the Kaliningrad region of Russia. It occupies 65,200 km² of area (123rd place in the world according to the IMF). Lithuania is located in a strategically advantageous location and has a well-developed infrastructure, which ensures intensive ties between the European Union and the countries of the Union of Independent States. Four international airports, an ice-free seaport and two international transport routes (the north-south route and railway linking Scandinavia with Central Europe, and the east-west route connecting eastern markets with the rest of Europe) have made Lithuania an important center of international transportation.

The climate of Lithuania is determined by the proximity of the Baltic Sea. The climate is mild, in winter the temperature usually does not fall below minus 10 C. However, due to the high humidity for the inhabitants of the interior regions of Eurasia, winter is hard to endure there. Summer is not hot, the average July temperature is +18-20. Precipitation averages 600-680 mm per year, which is about 50% higher than the average for the East European Plain.

Winter lasts from December to February, snow stays for no more than three months. Summer temperature is usually set in the second half of May and lasts until the end of August. Spring and autumn are characterized by prolonged rains.

Political position

The form of government in Lithuania is a parliamentary republic. Independence was declared on March 11, 1990, but was recognized on September 6, 1991.

With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the final establishment of the modern sovereign state of Lithuania was connected, and on October 25, 1992, a new Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania was adopted by referendum.

The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Lithuania and the Constitutional Court of Lithuania.

The Parliament of Lithuania is the unicameral Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. The first parliamentary elections after the restoration of independence were held in 1992. 71 deputies are elected by the majority system in single-mandate constituencies, 70 - by the proportional-list system with a 5% national barrier. The term of parliamentary office in Lithuania is 4 years.

The President is the head of state and is elected by the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania by secret ballot for a term of 5 years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage. According to the Constitution, the President jointly with the Government carries out foreign policy; with the approval of the Seimas, appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister, approves the composition of the Government; appoints judges; in the procedures and cases established by law, makes decisions on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency, as well as on mobilization; assigns state awards; decides on the pardon of convicts; signs and promulgates the laws adopted by the Seimas or returns them to the Seimas in the manner prescribed by Article 71 of the Satversme.

The President of the Republic of Lithuania may be prematurely removed from office by the Seimas in the event of a gross violation of the Constitution or the oath, as well as in the event that a crime has been committed.

Population and religion

The population of Lithuania in 1996 was estimated at 3.72 million people. Ethnic Lithuanians make up almost 80% of the population, Russians - 9%, Poles - 7%. Other national minorities include Belarusians, Ukrainians, Jews, Latvians and Roma.

Ethnic origin and language.

The basis for the formation of the Lithuanian nation was the Baltic tribes of Aukshtaits, Samogitians, Skalvs and Nadruvs. The Lithuanian language belongs to the Baltic group of the Indo-European language family and developed in the 17th century. based on the Aukštaiti dialect. It is characterized by the preservation of archaic Indo-European features, mainly the system of vowels and declensions. The written language uses the Latin alphabet.

Religion.

Catholicism is the religion of most Lithuanians and almost all Poles. The Catholic Church has 688 parishes, organized into two archbishoprics - Vilnius and Kaunas, and 4 dioceses. Lutheranism is the religion of almost 10% of Lithuanians (in the west) and the majority of Latvians. The Evangelical Lutheran Church has a consistory in Taurage and 33 congregations. In addition, there are 8 congregations of the Evangelical Reformed (Calvinist) Church in the country, which is governed by a consistory in Biržai. The Russian Orthodox Church has 45 parishes belonging to the Vilnius and Lithuanian dioceses. There are 51 parishes of Russian Old Believers led by a council in Vilnius. In addition, there are several congregations of other Protestant denominations, one Uniate parish, one Jewish Karaite parish and 4 Muslim parishes. In 1991, a revival of religious activity began. The attraction of many modern (new and mostly evangelical) congregations is growing, religious instruction is being included in public school curricula, and there are discussions about returning property that belonged to the church before 1940.

Numerical composition.

During World War II, Lithuania lost approx. 20% of its population (including 40 thousand Lithuanians sent into exile by the Soviet authorities in the spring of 1941, and about 300 thousand Jews killed by the Nazis and their Lithuanian collaborators during the German occupation in 1941-1944). Population losses in the first post-war years were caused by the resistance of the "forest brothers" to the Soviet authorities and repressions (they are estimated at 260 thousand people). Partially, the population decline was offset by the immigration to Lithuania of workers and officials from other regions of the USSR. In 1993, for the first time in the history of modern Lithuania, the death rate (12.5) exceeded the birth rate (11.5).

Cities. Five cities in 1996 had a population of over 100 thousand people: Vilnius, the capital (593 thousand people); Kaunas (430 thousand); Klaipeda (206 thousand); Siauliai (148 thousand); Panevezys (129 thousand).

Economy

geographic lithuania economy culture

The implementation of an extensive program of privatization and price reform, the creation of a new banking and financial system, and the revision of economic legislation were launched in the fall of 1991. In the spring of 1992, most prices were liberalized, except for the prices of basic foodstuffs and rent. To mitigate the effects of the reforms, the government prevented the closure of factories and issued government subsidies. This made it possible to keep the quality of life at an acceptable level by indexing wages, increasing benefits for pensioners and other poor people. However, as the reform program was implemented, the unemployment rate also increased (from 4.5% in 1994 to 7.5% in 1998). The country's two-tier banking system consists of the state-owned Central Bank of Lithuania and more than 20 commercial and specialized banks. The Central Bank relies on three large banks: Savings, State Commercial and Agricultural. The first banking law was passed in 1994 and amended in 1996 and 1997 to ensure higher capitalization and stability. The banking reform of 1998 included the liquidation of the State Commercial Bank, whose assets were transferred to the Savings Bank, and the privatization of the Agricultural Bank. After the transfer of part of the state blocks of shares to strategic investors, the total share of state shares in the commercial banking sector decreased to 35%. Privatization is the main link in the transformation of the economy, but is complicated by the problem of restitution of property (primarily land) confiscated by the Soviet government. The conflict of interest between today's farmers and historical land owners was partially resolved by allocating small plots of state land to all interested farmers. Industry provides 30-35% of GDP. The fastest growing industries are the textile industry, instrument making and oil refining. About 20% of GDP comes from agricultural production, especially the production of cereals, sugar beets and dairy products. In 1998, Russia remained the largest trading partner of Lithuania, 43% of all its exports went to the CIS countries. At the same time, in 1998 almost 34% of Lithuanian exports went to the EU countries. The second largest market for Lithuanian goods after the Russian Federation is Germany (12%). The two largest power plants - the nuclear power plant (with two reactors) in Ignalina and the state district power plant in Elektrenai - provide electricity to Lithuania. The uranium needed for nuclear power plants is imported from Russia. The refinery in Mazeikiai, located 100 km from the sea coast, has a capacity of twice the country's needs, but depends on foreign supplies of crude oil, mainly from Russia. In addition, an oil terminal was built on the Baltic Sea in Butinge, so that oil can now be obtained from other suppliers.

Energy and fuel industry

Lithuania's energy resources are small; there are no large rivers, so hydroelectric power plants account for only a small part of electricity generation. Most of the electricity generated comes from thermal power plants. Almost all fuel (mainly fuel oil and natural gas) is imported from abroad. Lithuania does not have its own oil and gas fields. Peat extracted in the republic is also used as fuel.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking

There are 130 enterprises in this industry in Lithuania. Mechanical engineering is specialized; machine tools, equipment, devices, products of the electrical, electronic, and radio-electronic industries are produced here. The electrical industry specializes in the production of small and medium power electric motors. A large machine-tool enterprise is the Zalgeris plant; the main centers of machine tool building are Vilnius and Kaunas. Vilnius Drill Factory is one of the largest enterprises of this profile in Europe. Mechanical engineering and shipbuilding are also developed.

Chemical industry

The main directions of development of the chemical industry are the production of mineral fertilizers for agriculture, chemical fibers for light industry, and plastics for machine building. The centers for the production of mineral fertilizers are the cities of Kedaianiai and Jonava. It produces superphosphate, ammophos, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, etc.

On the basis of the chemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry is developing, which specializes in the production of various injectables.

food industry

This branch is formed by about 120 large enterprises. There are 8 large meat processing plants in the republic that supply products not only to the domestic market, but also to the CIS republics.

The dairy industry is represented by 5 large dairy plants. Lithuanian cheeses are widely known, which have recently been increasingly appearing in stores in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Transport

Due to the small size of the republic, road transport has been developed in recent years. It allows for door-to-door delivery. Medium-class trucks (carrying capacity up to 5 tons) play an important role here. Passenger transportation in Lithuania is carried out on 498 intercity routes.

Railway transport has recently carried out only transit traffic from Russia to the Kaliningrad region. The railway line connecting the North-West of Russia and the Baltic countries with Poland is actively used. The total length of railways does not exceed 2000 km.

Maritime transport plays an important role in the life of Lithuania. Lithuanian ports serve the needs of not only the republic, but also neighboring regions in Russia and Belarus. The largest port is Klaipeda, in total there are about 40 seaports in Lithuania. Transit through Lithuanian ports brings a lot of income to the state budget.

Agriculture

About 20% of the able-bodied population of the republic is employed in agriculture. Agricultural land occupies about 50% of the territory of the republic, arable land occupies about 40%. Land reclamation, drainage of marshes is being carried out.

More than half of the sown area is occupied by grain crops (about 1.2 million ha). The largest areas are reserved for barley. Winter wheat, oats, legumes are also grown. Part of the land is allocated for the cultivation of flax and sugar beets. Potatoes are grown in almost all regions of Lithuania. Large areas are occupied by forage crops, perennial and annual grasses. About 50,000 hectares have been allotted for public gardens. The main crops are zoned varieties of apple trees, cherries and plums.

The main directions in animal husbandry are dairy cattle breeding and bacon pig breeding. Poultry farming is specialized and concentrated - 5 large poultry farms have been built.

Since a significant part of Lithuania is occupied by lakes and artificial reservoirs, the development of fish farming has become widespread. As the main species, mirror carp, crucian carp, and bream are bred. Freshwater crayfish are found in abundance in rivers and lakes, which are exported to Russia in large quantities. Fishing cooperatives and private enterprises focused on catching herring and sprat are active in coastal settlements.

Export and import

Lithuanian exports, which have been the main economic engine in the country since the global crisis, contributing to industrial production and employment, in 2011 already exceeded pre-crisis levels. In 2011, exports reached 20.17 billion euros, which is 4.45 billion euros more than in the previous year, while goods were imported in the amount of 22.64 billion euros, which is almost 5 billion euros more than in a year before. Exports and imports increased by 28% compared to the previous year.

As in previous years, in 2011 the EU countries remained the main partner countries of Lithuania in terms of export-import, however, in the context of individual states, Russia had the largest share, both in exports and imports.

In 2011, 61% of all Lithuanian exported goods went to the EU countries, and 13.4% - to the CIS countries. In terms of exporting countries, the largest recipients of goods are the nearest neighboring countries: 17% of Lithuanian goods went to Russia, 10% to Latvia, 9% to Germany, and to Estonia and Poland (7% each). In Lithuania, in Mazeikiai, there is the largest oil refinery in the Baltics, the country also has a developed production of medicines and foodstuffs, therefore, the strongest industries and their products are reflected in the statistics of more exported goods in Lithuania.

56% of imported goods in Lithuania in 2011 came from EU countries, 37% - from CIS countries. Imports are dominated by Russia (33% of total imports in 2011), followed by Germany (10%), Poland (9%) and the Baltic country - Latvia (7%).

In Lithuanian imports, energy resources are significant (at the same time, it is logical that Russia leads in the balance of imports), food products, as well as raw materials (pharmaceutical products, machinery and equipment, timber, etc.), which indicates the recovery of Lithuanian industry after the crisis .

culture

Education. Children enter primary school at the age of seven and study there for three years. This is followed by five or eight years of secondary school (depending on the type of school). Secondary school graduates can enroll in specialized vocational schools or continue their studies at higher education institutions. The language of instruction is Lithuanian, although Polish and Russian are used in areas with a significant concentration of national minorities. Education at all levels is free (including higher education). Vilnius University, founded in 1579, is the oldest institution of higher education in the country. In 1992, approx. 15 thousand students. Other leading universities are the Lithuanian Agricultural Academy (6,300 students, founded in 1924); Vilnius State Pedagogical University (7,000 students, founded in 1944); Kaunas Polytechnic Institute (10,000 students; founded in 1951). In 1989, Vytautas Magnus University was founded in Kaunas - an experimental university with 1,000 students. Its staff includes teachers from Lithuanian expatriate communities in Europe and North America.

Literature and art. The oldest monuments of Lithuanian culture (14th-15th centuries) were written in Old Slavonic, Latin and Polish. The first books in Lithuanian were printed in the 16th century. The undisputed classic of Lithuanian literature is the poem Metai (The Seasons) by the Lutheran priest Pastor Kristijonas Donelaitis (1714-1780). Another classic poem Anikščių šilelis (Anikščiai Forest) was written in 1858-1859 by Antanas Baranauskas (1835-1902). Prominent figures of new Lithuanian literature are the poet Juozas Maciulis (1862-1932), better known under the pseudonym Maironis, and the writer Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas (1893-1967). A major post-war writer is the poet and playwright Justinas Marcinkevičius (b. 1930). An outstanding contribution to Lithuanian painting was made by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875-1911), who is considered by many to be one of the first modernists in European painting. Most of the works of Čiurlionis, who was also a talented composer, are immersed in the world of fantastic visions and musical rhythms. Lithuanian theater in the second half of the 20th century reached a high level, especially the Vilnius Theater of the Young Spectator and the Panevėžys Drama Theatre. Mass song and dance festivals are periodically organized during the summer months. Lithuanian cinematography has achieved great success.

Natural and human sciences. Scientific research is carried out at Vilnius University, other universities in Vilnius and Kaunas, and at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. There are two largest libraries in the country: the National. Mažvydas in Vilnius and the Vilnius University Library. The Central Library of the Academy of Sciences, the library of the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute and the Kaunas Public Library also have large funds.

Mass media. After 1991, many new newspapers and magazines appeared, some of the oldest newspapers of the Communist Party passed into private ownership. The former Komsomol newspaper Komjaunimo tiesa (Komsomolskaya Pravda) has been renamed Lietuvos Rytas (Dawn of Lithuania) and has a circulation of 200,000 copies. Other major publications include the government's Lietuvos Aidas (Echo of Lithuania) and the independent Respublika. There is one local television station (in Vilnius); the programs of two Russian channels and several Polish programs are broadcast.

Sport. Basketball, which is the national sport, is very popular in Lithuania. Some outstanding athletes have received international recognition and perform abroad (Arvydas Sabonis and others).

Holidays. The main folk and religious holidays are Christmas and Easter. The main public holidays are February 16, the day of the declaration of independence in 1918, and March 11, the day of the restoration of independence in 1990. July 6, the anniversary of the coronation of Grand Duke Mindaugas in the 13th century, is also a public holiday.

Natural resources

Lithuania is rather poor in natural resources. The country has fairly large deposits of limestone, clay, quartz and gypsum sand, dolomites, which makes it possible to produce high-quality cement for building needs. Lithuania also has quite powerful mineral water sources, but the country has insignificant reserves of energy carriers and industrially important minerals. Oil deposits were discovered in Lithuania in the 1950s, but today only a few oil producing stations in the west of the country are in operation. It is estimated that the Baltic Sea shelf and the western parts of Lithuania have oil reserves that are sufficient for their economic exploitation, but their development will only be able to provide about 20% of the country's annual demand for oil products for twenty years. Lithuania also has a significant potential for thermal energy along the Baltic coast, suitable for providing heat to hundreds of thousands of households, following the example of Iceland. There are also deposits of iron ore in the south of the country.

Land resources of Lithuania (estimate, 1993)

land suitable for agricultural cultivation - 35%

lands that are in constant cultivation - 12%

lands that are constantly used as pastures - 7%

land occupied by forests - 31%

others - 15%

· irrigated lands - 439 km².

List of sources

1. http://dic.academic.ru/

2. http://ru.wikipedia.org

3. http://www.lituanistica.ru/

Introduction

Geographical position

STATE BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №78

KALININSKY DISTRICT

on the topic: Economic and geographical position of Lithuania

Completed by: student of grade 10 A

Stepanov Fedor Sergeevich

Saint Petersburg 2013

Introduction

Geographical position

Political position

Population and religion

Economy

culture

Natural resources

List of sources

Introduction

Geographical position

The official name is the Republic of Lithuania (lit. Lietuvos Respublika) - a state in Europe, on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders with Latvia, in the east - with Belarus, in the southwest - with Poland and the Kaliningrad region of Russia. Occupies 65,200 km ² area (123rd in the world according to the IMF). Lithuania is located in a strategically advantageous location and has a well-developed infrastructure, which ensures intensive ties between the European Union and the countries of the Union of Independent States. Four international airports, an ice-free seaport and two international transport routes (the north-south route and railway linking Scandinavia with Central Europe, and the east-west route connecting eastern markets with the rest of Europe) have made Lithuania an important center of international transportation.

Political position

The form of government in Lithuania is a parliamentary republic. Independence was declared on March 11, 1990, but was recognized on September 6, 1991.

The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Lithuania and the Constitutional Court of Lithuania.

Population and religion

Ethnic origin and language.

Religion.

Numerical composition.

Cities.Five cities in 1996 had a population of over 100 thousand people: Vilnius, the capital (593 thousand people); Kaunas (430 thousand); Klaipeda (206 thousand); Siauliai (148 thousand); Panevezys (129 thousand).

Economy

geographic lithuania economy culture

Energy and fuel industry

Mechanical engineering and metalworking

Chemical industry

On the basis of the chemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry is developing, which specializes in the production of various injectables.

food industry

This branch is formed by about 120 large enterprises. There are 8 large meat processing plants in the republic that supply products not only to the domestic market, but also to the CIS republics.

The dairy industry is represented by 5 large dairy plants. Lithuanian cheeses are widely known, which have recently been increasingly appearing in stores in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Transport

Agriculture

The main directions in animal husbandry are dairy cattle breeding and bacon pig breeding. Poultry farming is specialized and concentrated - 5 large poultry farms have been built.

Export and import

% of imported goods in Lithuania in 2011 came from EU countries, 37% - from CIS countries. Imports are dominated by Russia (33% of total imports in 2011), followed by Germany (10%), Poland (9%) and the Baltic country - Latvia (7%).

culture

Education.Children enter primary school at the age of seven and study there for three years. This is followed by five or eight years of secondary school (depending on the type of school). Secondary school graduates can enroll in specialized vocational schools or continue their studies at higher education institutions. The language of instruction is Lithuanian, although Polish and Russian are used in areas with a significant concentration of national minorities. Education at all levels is free (including higher education). Vilnius University, founded in 1579, is the oldest institution of higher education in the country. In 1992, approx. 15 thousand students. Other leading universities are the Lithuanian Agricultural Academy (6,300 students, founded in 1924); Vilnius State Pedagogical University (7,000 students, founded in 1944); Kaunas Polytechnic Institute (10,000 students; founded in 1951). In 1989, Vytautas Magnus University was founded in Kaunas - an experimental university with 1,000 students. Its staff includes teachers from Lithuanian expatriate communities in Europe and North America.

Literature and art.The oldest monuments of Lithuanian culture (14th-15th centuries) were written in Old Slavonic, Latin and Polish. The first books in Lithuanian were printed in the 16th century. The undisputed classic of Lithuanian literature is the poem Metai (The Seasons) by the Lutheran priest Pastor Kristijonas Donelaitis (1714-1780). Another classic poem Anikščių šilelis (Anikščiai Forest) was written in 1858-1859 by Antanas Baranauskas (1835-1902). Prominent figures of new Lithuanian literature are the poet Juozas Maciulis (1862-1932), better known under the pseudonym Maironis, and the writer Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas (1893-1967). A major post-war writer is the poet and playwright Justinas Marcinkevičius (b. 1930). An outstanding contribution to Lithuanian painting was made by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875-1911), who is considered by many to be one of the first modernists in European painting. Most of the works of Čiurlionis, who was also a talented composer, are immersed in the world of fantastic visions and musical rhythms. Lithuanian theater in the second half of the 20th century reached a high level, especially the Vilnius Theater of the Young Spectator and the Panevėžys Drama Theatre. Mass song and dance festivals are periodically organized during the summer months. Lithuanian cinematography has achieved great success.

Natural and human sciences.Scientific research is carried out at Vilnius University, other universities in Vilnius and Kaunas, and at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. There are two largest libraries in the country: the National. Mažvydas in Vilnius and the Vilnius University Library. The Central Library of the Academy of Sciences, the library of the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute and the Kaunas Public Library also have large funds.

Mass media.After 1991, many new newspapers and magazines appeared, some of the oldest newspapers of the Communist Party passed into private ownership. The former Komsomol newspaper Komjaunimo tiesa (Komsomolskaya Pravda) has been renamed Lietuvos Rytas (Dawn of Lithuania) and has a circulation of 200,000 copies. Other major publications include the government's Lietuvos Aidas (Echo of Lithuania) and the independent Respublika. There is one local television station (in Vilnius); the programs of two Russian channels and several Polish programs are broadcast.

Sport.Basketball, which is the national sport, is very popular in Lithuania. Some outstanding athletes have received international recognition and perform abroad (Arvydas Sabonis and others).

Holidays.The main folk and religious holidays are Christmas and Easter. The main public holidays are February 16, the day of the declaration of independence in 1918, and March 11, the day of the restoration of independence in 1990. July 6, the anniversary of the coronation of Grand Duke Mindaugas in the 13th century, is also a public holiday.

Natural resources

Land resources of Lithuania (estimate, 1993)

· land suitable for agricultural cultivation - 35%

· lands that are in constant cultivation - 12%

· lands that are constantly used as pastures - 7%

· land occupied by forests - 31%

other - 15%

· irrigated land - 439 km².

List of sources

1.#"justify">2. #"justify">.http://www.lituanistica.ru/

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Geographical position of Lithuania. Economic model of Lithuania

The history of the formation of the state and territory

Economic and geographical position of Lithuania

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Introduction

Geographical position

Tutoring