Nature, plants and animals of Chuvashia. Flora and fauna of the Chuvash Republic Land of forests, meadows or steppes

Chuvashia amazes any tourist who first visited this region. Indigenous people are not surprised by anything, but they are doing everything possible to preserve and increase natural wealth. We will learn about dense forests, endless rivers and mysterious lakes, as well as prominent representatives local flora and fauna.

Main statistics

The Chuvash lands are spread along the right bank of the Volga, washed by its tributaries - the Sviyaga and the Sura. The highest point of the republic is 286.6 meters above sea level. The nature of Chuvashia is one of the main riches of the republic, located in the very heart of Russia, on the East European Plain.

On the border with Tataria, in the river valleys (Sura, Bolshoi and Maly Tsivil) there are chernozem soils, especially valuable for agriculture, in the rest of the republic podzolic soils predominate. The bowels are not as rich as the locals would like, but there are deposits of phosphorites, oil shale and peat.

Land of rivers and lakes

On the territory of Chuvashia today there are more than 2350 rivers and streams, and all of them flow into the Volga or its tributaries. It is interesting that 9 out of 10 rivers are very short - less than 10 kilometers, out of the total number of water sources, the length of only two water streams exceeds 500 kilometers.

The most beautiful nature Chuvashia, of course, in the Volga valley, there are favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants and animals. The Volga crosses almost the entire territory of the republic, is the main source of drinking water, used in irrigation. It is built on it, which provides energy not only to Cheboksary, but also to other regions.

The Sura River is the main "supplier" clean water for Alatyr and Shumerl, plays an important role in the transport system of Chuvashia. The basin of the Bolshoy Tsivil River covers a quarter of the territory of the republic, and also plays an important role in industry and agriculture.

The edge of forests, meadows or steppes?

Unfortunately, over the past centuries, the nature of Chuvashia has undergone significant changes. Previously, almost all lands were covered with forests, but as a result of human development and, first of all, deforestation, today only a third of the region is occupied by forests.

Cultivated lands are given over to the management of agricultural workers, they are used as land - fields and meadows. Also on the territory of the autonomous republic there are steppes, they are especially beautiful in spring, when there is enough water, heat and light. By the middle of summer, the steppe expanses look less attractive.

Mysterious realm of flora

Chuvash forests are predominantly deciduous. They are dominated by birch, oak, maple, linden, ash. Within the territory of forest areas a large number of shrubs grow - wild rose, viburnum. Of the smaller ones - blueberries, lingonberries, and other wild berry crops.

Steppe plants of Chuvashia are a special pride of local residents. Firstly, the flora of the steppes is striking in its richness of species and colors. Secondly, it is actively used in agriculture, in official and traditional medicine. The most widespread was feather grass. Quite often you can find other herbs, for example, fescue, bluegrass. Sage grows everywhere, which is especially loved by homegrown healers.

Since a huge number of rivers flow on the territory and there are lakes, then, accordingly, aquatic plants are also found. Tourists can see the white water lily and its simpler, more modest relative, the yellow water lily.

On the swampy banks of forest streams, reeds and similar representatives of the flora grow - sedge and cattail. There are not very attractive outwardly, but having beautiful names- foxtail and arrowhead.

Kingdom of Chuvash predators and herbivores

The fauna of Chuvashia is rich and varied, in the forests you can meet predatory animals - a wolf, a badger, a fox, a bear. There are also fur-bearing animals: ermine, marten, weasel, mink, arctic fox. Some of the animals are listed in the Red Book and are under the threat of extinction. Among them are the brown bear and the European deer.

On the contrary, there are too many other mammals, so you can come to Chuvashia to hunt. Squirrel, hare, elk, fox, wild boar and other animals are hunted. The same can be said about aquatic animals: the brown trout has disappeared, the beluga, sturgeon, sterlet and others are on the verge of extinction. valuable species. You can catch pike, pike perch, burbot, ide, bream, crucian carp, sometimes you fall for the bait and "guests" - silver carp, grass carp and sprat.

Of the 275 species of avifauna, 74 species can be seen extremely rarely, but the following species of birds are popular: lark, cuckoo, nuthatch, sparrow, titmouse. There are predators (falcon, hawk). Prey objects - black grouse, partridge, hazel grouse.

Reserves of the Republic

At present, the nature of Chuvashia is under close attention of ecologists, state and public organizations. Special territories have been created on the territory of the republic where flora and fauna are protected.

The most important are Chavash Varmane, the Prisursky National Park, which has the status state reserve. There is natural Park"Zavolzhye", several reserves and natural monuments.

1. Remember what the concept means
natural areas. What factors influence the distribution of natural areas?
2. Determine on the map in which natural zones the Chuvash Republic is located. Name the type of vegetation and typical animals corresponding to each of these zones.
3. How does flora and fauna influence nature and human life?

Plants and animals are essential components of nature. They define general form territory, its appearance, affect other components and play an important role in human life. Plants and animals exist on earth not in isolation, but in the form of natural combinations. natural ingredients, characteristic of a certain geographical area. The composition of plants and animals is determined by the ratio of heat and moisture in different periods of the year. Therefore, we see a significant diversity of plant and animal communities on the territory of our republic.

Before the settlement of the territory, our region was almost completely covered, only in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the republic there were steppe areas. Subsequently, the main forests were cut down, and at present many areas in the Ibresinsky, Poretsky, Shumerlinsky districts are covered with secondary birch and aspen forests. The development of forests in Chuvashia is facilitated by satisfactory climatic, soil and hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, here the forests are more widespread than on the monotonous plains.

Currently, forests have been preserved in less than one third of the republic and are unevenly distributed. In some areas (Shumerlinsky, Ibresinsky, Alatyrsky) forests occupy more than 50% of the territory, and in Yalchiksky, Alikovsky, Urmarsky and Tsivilsky regions - only 4-9%. The forests of the republic are presented coniferous and deciduous tree species.

Coniferous forests occupy 32.1% of the total forest area of ​​the republic. They are pine and spruce.

They are located in the Trans-Volga region, the Surye region and in the southern part of the republic. In these forests, in addition to pines, there are birch and aspen; rose hips, viburnum and other shrubs grow in the undergrowth, among which there are many berries. The grass cover is diverse, in some places there are lingonberries, blueberries, and oxalis. Ferns, mosses and lichens grow. From conifers Siberian larch and cedar are also cultivated in Chuvashia.

Spruce forests with an admixture of linden and birch grow in the Vurnarsky, Ibresinsky districts, in the north-eastern part of the Poretsky district and in the Trans-Volga region. Spruce is a shade-tolerant breed and forms a natural community with green mosses.

Broad-leaved species are represented by linden, maple, elm, ash and other trees. Oak forests are located in separate isolated islands along the right bank of the Volga. The largest massifs are located in the Mariinsko-Posadsky, Cheboksary, Yadrinsky, Krasnochetaysky and Shumerlinsky districts. Modern oak forests of Chuvashia are represented by middle-aged (60.9%) and young (28.3%) stands. Oak is a very durable wood beautiful pattern in a cut. Since the settlement of the territory, it has been cut down for various economic needs. Therefore, the remaining oak forests of Chuvashia are classified as especially valuable forests. Linden, maple, elm grow as an admixture in oak groves. Less common are ash, apple forest, mountain ash. And black alder grows in damp places. Shrubs in them are represented by hazel, euonymus, viburnum. In the Surye, in oak forests, larch, cedar and even Amur velvet are cultivated. In Yantikovsky, Mariinsko-Posadsky, Cheboksary regions, larch and cedar are cultivated.

Per recent decades there is a widespread drying of the tops of oaks. The reason for this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated, the most probable is atmospheric pollution. After cutting and forest fires the forest is renewed mostly by birch and aspen, less often by linden and pine.

In almost the entire northern and central right-bank part of the republic, forests have been cleared and land has been converted into agricultural land. Forest cover here ranges from 4 to 14%. Oak forests and linden forests (in the south of the Volga region) have survived only in separate isolated areas. Therefore, this region can be characterized as oak-forest-steppe. Forests need special protection, reconstruction and restoration. Pine and oak are planted mainly. In addition, protective afforestation occupies a significant place in the republic, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich in Chuvashia is more than 6000 hectares. On average in the republic, the annual growth of wood is 3.4 m3 per 1 ha of forest. The total increase is about 2 million m3.

Plays a huge role in human life. The most important species used for construction, chemical processing and other household needs are conifers, as well as oak and willow. More than 100 thousand tons of oak wood are spent annually on chemical processing alone, up to 2.5 thousand tons of willow bark, etc. Up to 2 thousand tons of resin are mined in coniferous forests. A lot of linden is cut down for the manufacture of handicrafts. In Chuvashia, more than 1000 m3 of moss is annually selected, which is used in construction as an insulating material.

Cowberries, cranberries, mountain ash, currants, cumin, wild rose, birch buds, lily of the valley, coltsfoot, plantain, chamomile, yarrow, horsetail and many other plants are used in medical, confectionery and alcoholic beverage industries. Procurement organizations of Chuvashia collect edible mushrooms: white mushrooms, mushrooms, honey mushrooms, butter and others. Nuts are harvested from oilseeds by the residents of the republic.

Steppe vegetation has been preserved in the southeastern part of Chuvashia and in Zasurye. This includes mainly the territories of the Komsomolsk, Yalchik, Batyrevsk and Alatyr districts. Chernozem soils were formed under meadow steppes, which were plowed up earlier than others. Before turning into agricultural land, steppe cereals and herbs grew here. Abundant vegetation during the summer experienced a change of species from early spring until late autumn. Typical representatives of steppe vegetation are fescue, sage, bluegrass, feather grass.

Meadow vegetation covers the unplowed floodplains of the small rivers of Chuvashia. floodplain meadows are used as hayfields and pastures. More than 1000 species of plants grow in the meadows, which are mainly included in the composition of cereals, legumes, and sedge plant groups.

Insignificant areas of the republic (0.5% of the entire territory) are occupied by marsh and aquatic vegetation. The coastal zone of most lakes is occupied by sedge, horsetail, arrowhead, chastuha, foxtail. Further grow cattails, reeds, reeds. Purely aquatic plants few, the most famous are yellow capsule, white water lily. In the Sura valley there is a very rare water chestnut (chilim), listed in the Red Book.

1. Analyze the vegetation map of the Chuvash Republic, identify the most forested areas and areas in which there are no forests.
2. Describe the vegetation in the vicinity of your area.
3. Determine from fig. 18 habitats of oak forests. In which administrative regions of the republic are the largest areas of oak forests observed?

In accordance with the soil and plant conditions, the animal world of Chuvashia was also formed. The position of the republic at the junction of different vegetation zones, the heterogeneity of the relief determine the diversity of animals. Over 60 species of mammals, 44 species of fish, 16 species of amphibians and reptiles live on its territory. Here you can meet more than 260 species of birds, various invertebrates.

In general, the republic is characterized by a mixture of animals from the southern taiga and typical steppe forms. Human activity has had a significant impact on the fauna. Some animals spread to the republics as a result of artificial resettlement. At the same time, some species of fauna have been destroyed by man. For example, in the cultural layer of the X-XIV centuries. bones of reindeer were found. Back in 1917, they were in the neighboring Nizhny Novgorod region.

Most representatives of the fauna of Chuvashia live in deciduous forests. There they find reliable shelters and are provided with stable food. The largest ungulates deciduous forests is an elk, whose weight reaches 400 kg. In recent years, due to the ban on shooting, the number of moose has increased significantly. Their number exceeds 1000 heads. In the republic, they live mainly in the prisura forests. There is also a noticeable increase in the number of wild boars. Moles, hedgehogs, foxes, shrews live in the forests, bat, badger, raccoon dog, lynx, marten, ermine, weasel, squirrel, hare, mouse, chipmunk. Deciduous forests are especially rich in birds. There are black grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie, woodcock, jay, magpie, cuckoo, swift, woodpecker, warbler, warbler, blackbird, owl, sparrowhawk.

AT coniferous forests the animal world is poorer. They are inhabited by squirrels, hare, chipmunk, mink, otter, marten, lynx. There are few birds in coniferous forests. Most often there are bullfinch, woodpecker, jay, chaffinch, crossbill, owl, eagle owl, owl, black grouse, capercaillie, black stork, which is included in the Red Book. In clear sunny days on the trunks of fallen trees, on the stumps you can meet lizards and snakes. Mostly there are copperfish. the only poisonous snake- viper.

On the steppe areas the animal world is noticeably poorer. There are a fox, a hare, a light polecat, a hamster. AT southern regions The republic is inhabited by spotted ground squirrel, jerboa, marmot-boba, from birds - lark, quail, gray partridge, lapwing, kite, eagles and falcons are less common.

There are noticeably more animals near water bodies. In the reservoirs themselves there is a variety of fish - pike, perch, bream, crucian carp, tench, silver bream, carp, ide, roach, crucian carp, ruff,. stocks most valuable fish- sterlet, bream, pike perch, unfortunately, began to decrease.

Along the small rivers and forested channels of the Volga and Sura, there are otters, minks, and the North American musky rat, the muskrat, which has acclimatized in our country. The floodplain of the Sura is inhabited by the oldest mammal found in the territory of Chuvashia - the Russian muskrat, which is listed in the Red Book.

As game animals in Chuvashia, one can name an elk, a wild boar, a beaver, a fox, a hare and a squirrel. They also hunt birds.

In the process economic activity man greatly changes the natural vegetation and fauna. The expansion of arable land leads to the replacement of natural vegetation by agricultural crops. Simultaneously with the vegetation cover, the animal world is changing: the species composition and number of animals. Clearcutting of forests, plowing of meadows and land reclamation, construction of roads and industrial facilities have changed ecological situation in Chuvashia. Certain species of animals and plants are under threat complete disappearance. All this makes it necessary to take measures to conservation and restoration of the resources of the organic world. Species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book need special attention and protection. Not only certain types, but also entire communities of plants and animals are protected in special places. The republic has a nature reserve "Prisursky", a national park "Chăvash vărmanĕ", a natural park "Zavolzhye", 6 state natural reserves, 7 state hunting reserves, there are more than 100 natural monuments.

1. Show on the map the southern border of the taiga, describe its flora and fauna.
2. Is there a latitudinal zonality of vegetation in Chuvashia? Explain where and why it is violated?
3. Compare animal and vegetable world deciduous forests and steppes of Chuvashia.
4. What is the importance of the forest for the economy of Chuvashia?
5. Name the hunting and commercial resources of Chuvashia.
6. * What impact did human activity have on the flora and fauna of Chuvashia? Give examples specific to your area.
7. * Explain why, in order to save endangered species, animals and plants must be protected in protected areas nature in general.

In 1798, in Chuvashia, forests occupied 49% of the total land area, in 1998 this figure was 31.2%.

Pine is the most common species in Chuvashia. It is photophilous and grows mainly on the sands, but is also found on wetlands. Currently, pine trees are being planted in cleared areas and in unforested areas.

In the past, oak was used to build ships. A tree aged 400 years was suitable for this. Therefore, by decree of Peter I, protected oak groves were allocated in the Volga forests, later they were called ship groves.

In total, there are about 570 thousand hectares of forest in the republic. Young growth occupies more than 45% of the total area, a quarter of the area - middle-aged trees, ripe and maturing species about 23%. Only 8% of the area is overmature trees.

The low-value gudgeon common in our rivers is interesting because it is very sensitive to water pollution. It is considered an indicator of water pollution. If there is a gudgeon in the river, it is completely clean.

Very little came to mind the name of animals. As much as I remembered, how much I could collect in my mind the name of animals in Chuvash, you will read as much on this page of the site. Anyone can add or correct here. Welcome.

Zak avalkhi chăvash chĕlhine anlărah uçsa pama malalata tărăshashăn. Zavăn pata esir te ku ĕçe khutshănma pultaratăr. Tĕplĕnreh vulăr, çynsempe hăvăr chun shuhăshsene hut çiyĕnchi pusmăchsem urlă palashtarăr. Hamărăn chăvash chĕlhine uprasa pyrăr, savănsa atalantarăr - yuratsa purănăr.

Çyrnă sămakhsem an çukhaltăr tese, ukça enchen hĕsĕk samantsem çitse tăna pirki esir ku ĕçe çirĕpletse tăma pultaratăr. Tavrala păhsan kuratăr - sirĕn hăvăr ta çămălăn ukça enchen pulăshma pulnine. Yră kurăr, syvă pulăr. Oleg.

As far as possible, leave here the names of animals in the Chuvash language. Anyone who wants to help expand the list of animal names in the Chuvash language can easily and simply send to my email address: [email protected].

I want to note one important circumstance when studying the names of animals and beasts in the Chuvash language. If the name of this or that animal sounds almost the same in Chuvash and in Russian, then our ancestors did not know such an animal or the name of this animal is completely lost.

Visit and read more actively my pages of the site "The Essence of the Word" and share with your inner circle. You will find many interesting and the right materials. I wish you health and joy. Peace to your home.

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Names of animals.

arlan - hamster

arslan (arăslan) - a lion

Ashak - a donkey

ăiăr - stallion

văkăr - bull

No - cow

yeămran - gopher

yĕkehäre - rat

yita - dog

yulanut - riding horse

yus - ermine

kaiura - mole

kachaka - goat

kachaka putekki - kid

kachaka still - goat

kashkar - wolf

cash - sable

kĕsre - mare

kuian - hare

sash - cat

açi sash - cat

zuri sash - Kitty

hăma - beaver, sable

khăntăr - beaver

khir sysyny - a wild boar

mulkach - hare

paksha - squirrel

pălan - deer

păshi - elk

purash - badger

săvăr - marmot

săsar - marten

sisna - pig

surah - sheep

çĕr mulkachĕ - jerboa

chĕrĕp - hedgehog

shashi - mouse

taka - ram

tĕve - camel

quiet - foal

tilĕ - Fox

tyrkas - gopher

upa - bear

upate - a monkey

ut - horse, horse

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Read and remember. Read and be surprised. Cognitive and amazing ancient and very ancient Khamov language (modern Chuvash language). Remember the essence of words and the meaning of words. Preserve and increase the deeds of our ancestors.

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Russia. Chuvashia. Chuvash language. The language of the ancestors is recorded in everyone's subconscious, but is deeply hidden and the key to it has been erased. Ancestral language is unique. Easy to understand and learn. There are no exceptions to the rules. The rules are simple. Words are built from the building blocks of language a- life, the beginning of life; at- space, space. Words make sense both when read forward and backward.
Here are some examples: ay- the cry of a lost person in space, ya- the cry of a born person in space; where a- life, the beginning of life; at- space, space. Or acha- child, a- life, the beginning of life; cha- limited space, volume. Or that- do, create, mountain; ut- drop, go, climb. Or al- hand, manual; la- good, solid, worthwhile (as if handmade and it was said millennia ago, what is it like?), etc. etc..
Only your pride will not allow you to understand and accept the ancient language of your ancestors (the modern living Chuvash language), which saved and preserved ancient man from all troubles and illnesses, until a person imagines himself the creator of life and deviates from the truth and truth of the word given to Adam.
Inflamed self-esteem will not allow you to delve into the essence of ancient words (living colloquial Chuvash words; the language that is spoken and communicated now), because it will reject everything that is stated and deciphered, disclosed and explained on the site "The Essence of Words".
One who has lost his footing in life; he who without faith in his heart, but with the remnants of hope for the best - will find for himself. Health. Good luck. Oleg.
You will open for yourself the word given, slightly open the light to another. Warmth and faith create the impossible. Chuvashia is my Russia.
For those who are looking for a universal language of communication between peoples, I inform you that you will not find a more accurate, all-encompassing language of communication in the world, except for the modern Chuvash language. The Chuvash language was left to us by our ancestors to save the world. And the future belongs to the language of our ancestor, for the Chuvash language is the basis of faith and creation, love and light. Read and delve into the pages of the site "The Essence of Words" I reveal and show everything.
Pathetically, but very accurately and specifically, our ancestors said: "Chăvash pĕtsen-Tĕnche pĕtet, which in a free translation sounds like the world will disappear with the last Chuvash." And it's worth knowing why.

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Cleanse the soul, strengthened the body. time-tested. Not just words, the words of the ancient man. Chuvashia is my Russian. Health to you. From a pure heart.

Easy and simple. Help yourself.

THERE IS NO MORE REVELATION THAN THE WORD OF GOD.

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Who is in despair, on the edge of the abyss and lost hope in life. Delve into the pages of the site "The Essence of the Word". Find the wisdom of the ancient man. Purify the soul, strengthen the body. Proven by time. Not just words, the words of an ancient man. Believe and act. Start from here.

read - live! over 20 years... healthy life

P.S. You live. You think. If you don't want it, then nothing will happen.

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Chuvashia is my Russia. At the end of the page of the site "The Essence of the Word" I would like to give a few dozen lines about my wonderful small Motherland - Chăvash en, which in Russian sounds like the Chuvash side or just Chuvashia. Those who do not know will recognize it as the Chuvash Republic. On the map of my modest Chuvashia, you can find the link map of Chuvashia. If you take a few lines from encyclopedias modern Russia, then you can read the following: Chuvashia is one of the republics of the Russian state, located along the great Russian river Volga. It is located in the center of the European part of Russia. The capital of the republic is the city of Cheboksary. The distance from the city of Cheboksary to the capital of Russia - Moscow is about 630 km. It borders with the Nizhny Novgorod region in the west, with the Republic of Mari El in the north, with Tatarstan in the east and with Mordovia and Ulyanovsk region in the south. The official languages ​​of the Chuvash Republic are Chuvash and Russian. The Republic has its own constitution and legislation. Carries out its own legal regulation, including the adoption of laws and other regulatory legal acts regulating relations in the political, economic and cultural spheres of society, within the limits established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Chuvashia is my Russia. ||| The dry official language of statistics does not tell you anything about the ancient Chuvash side, the origins of which were in the wonderful lands of Babylon, Erech, Akkad and Halne in the land of Shinar, Nineveh, Rehoboth-ir, Kalah and Resen, Philistia, and on lands where honey and milk, in the historical lands of the Canaanites from Sidon to Gerar to Gaza, from here to Sodom, Gomorrah, Adma and Zeboim to Lasha. Where the sons of Ham lived, according to their tribes, according to their tongues, in their lands, in their peoples. So it is said and historically recorded in the Bible. The long-suffering Chuvash people, who carried and preserved in their purity, truth, the language given to them. However, the Chuvash people cannot be responsible for all the sons of Khamov, for their deeds and the curse that Noah placed on last son Ham Canaan for the bad deed of his father Ham. This is how the fate of the ancient Chuvash people historically developed by the will of Our Lord. Along unknown paths and historical boundaries, my country Chuvashia developed and moved to the north and east. Finally acquiring the outline of modern Chuvashia in the 21st century from the birth of Christ. The oldest Chuvash people have been preserved. The oldest Chuvash language has been preserved in its original form, which surprisingly simply and accurately deciphers the secrets of millennia and the historical names of cities and countries, names and objects, phenomena and events. Glory to our Lord.||| Chuvashia is my Russia. In nature, everything is arranged transparently and understandably - from simple to complex, from atoms to matter. This logic of the development of the universe is no exception for the ancient Khamov language, which is equivalently voiced as the modern Chuvash language. There are no exceptions, there are no complex logical chains that are difficult to remember, it is extremely easy and accessible in my native Chuvash language. The language is based on "bricks" of word-letters, from which semantic combinations are made to explain this or that action or event, the essence of things and objects, the meaning of names and titles. The most surprising thing is that when reading backwards given word the meaning of the word is conveyed, but the opposite meaning. Reverse to that, which meant when the word was read directly. Amazing, but given fact unambiguous. There are several pages of the site "The Essence of the Word" about this. Read here and you will be amazed at the interconnectedness of phenomena in nature.

On the right bank of the Volga, in the delta of the Sura and Sviyaga, there is a picturesque region - Chuvashia. Just imagine, on the territory of 18300 km2 there are 2356 rivers and streams. In addition, there are about 600 floodplain, 154 caste and interdune lakes. This aquatic diversity, combined with the temperate continental climate, provides a favorable habitat for a variety of plants and animals. The nature of Chuvashia is unique in its kind and is famous for its endless expanses. Only a third of the region is inhabited by forests. The abundance of beautiful corners and health resorts make Chuvashia attractive in the eyes of numerous tourists.

Climate of Chuvashia

As mentioned above, Chuvashia is located in, with pronounced 4 seasons. average temperature in summer it fluctuates around + 200C, in winter the thermometer mark rarely drops below - 130C. Such a gentle environment, combined with mineral springs, clean air and species diversity, has long attracted people who want to significantly improve their health and enjoy the beauties.

Vegetable world

The flora of Chuvashia has undergone significant changes as a result of the global flora, which previously covered almost the entire territory of the region. Now they occupy only 33%, the rest is reserved for agricultural land. Despite the global nature of the situation, the flora of Chuvashia pleases the eye and excites the imagination with a variety of colors.

The remaining forests are dominated by deciduous trees such as oak, birch, linden, maple, ash. From conifers - larch and cedar. Wild rose, viburnum, oxalis, blueberries and other shrubs have adapted to the undergrowth. There are many mushrooms in the forests, which are harvested on an industrial scale.

Chuvashia seem to be made for herbs! There are an incredible number of them here! However, more often than others, you can meet feather grass, thickets of sage, bluegrass and fescue. It is impossible to ignore the plants living in and near numerous reservoirs. by the most beautiful inhabitants are the yellow capsule and the white water lily. Reeds, cattails, horsetails, sedges, foxtails and arrowheads cannot be called unattractive, their value is simply inversely proportional to their numbers.

Animal world

The fauna of Chuvashia has changed significantly under the influence of the same anthropogenic factor. Some species were completely destroyed, others were artificially populated. And, nevertheless, nature prevailed with its versatility. Let's start from the heights and smoothly dive into the aquatic environment.

Kites, hawks and swifts soar in the sky. Magpies, cuckoos, jays and owls nest on tree branches. A variety of small birds settle in - partridges, quails, larks. However, hunters are attracted more by black grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie and woodcock.

The forests are inhabited by wolves, foxes, hares, badgers, martens. The creation of nature reserves and a ban on hunting allowed to increase the population brown bears, lynxes, wild boars and moose.

Hedgehogs, jerboas, ground squirrels, marmots, moles, hamsters, and other small rodents live on the steppe plains.

Beavers, muskrats, otters and are found in reservoirs. The abundance of fish attracts ducks, herons, gulls and swallows.

respect for wild nature- the feasible contribution of each of its revival.

, Sura, Tsivil, ponds and lakes and other reservoirs, 53 species of fish were noted, of which are included in the Red Book of the Chuvash Republic such as brown trout (brook trout, apparently an extinct species), white salmon, beluga, Russian sturgeon, black-backed herring, common eel, thorn, Russian bystrianka, common sculpin, sterlet, chub, common minnow, common bitterling, common podust, lake minnow. Common bream, pike, crucian carp, tench, river perch, common pike perch, rudd, common carp, bleak, sabrefish, burbot, ide and others are among the common ones. Among the alien species are rotan, tyulka, grass carp and silver carp.

Amphibians

reptiles

Birds

275 species of birds have been registered, of which 74 species are included in the Red Data Book of the Chuvash Republic. Among the birds: owl, gray heron, hawk, crossbill, bullfinch, swallow, sparrow, lark, swift, bile, cuckoo, black grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie, blackbird, nuthatch, tits, redstart, hazel grouse, partridge, corncrake, falcon, white stork and others.

mammals

Insects

On the territory of Chuvashia, more than 4,000 species of insects from 28 orders were noted: 2,500 species of beetles (109 families, including the largest - ground beetles, swimmers, rove beetles, lamellar, leaf beetles, barbels, elephants; it is recommended to include species in the Red Book of Chuvashia: stag beetle , green bronze, common hermit, etc.) and more than 1600 species of butterflies,.

• Coleoptera (nărăsem, Coleoptera) - more than 2500 species
• Hymenoptera (sawflies, horntails, riders, bees, wasps, ants, Heteroptera). 20 species are included in the Red Data Book of Chuvashia.
• Hemiptera (bugs, hănkăsem, Heteroptera) - about 300 species. Water Stick ( Ranatra linearis) is included in the local Red Book as a rare species
• Orthoptera (Orthoptera) - 45 species (locusts - 25, tetrigids - 3, grasshoppers - 13, crickets - 4)
• Homoptera - more than 300 species (whiteflies, psyllids, aphids, cycads, mealybugs, scale insects)
• Lepidoptera (lĕpĕshsem, Lepidoptera) - more than 1600 species

arachnids

Species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation

mammals

• Russian desman ( Desmana moschata)

Birds

• Berkut ( Aquila chrysaetos)
• Curlew ( Numenius arquata)
• Great spotted eagle ( Aquila clanga)
• snake-eater ( Circaetus gallicus)
• Oystercatcher ( Haematopus ostralegus)
• Gray Shrike ( Lanius excubitor excubitor )
• burial ground ( Aquila heliaca)
• Steppe harrier ( Circus macrourus)
• White-tailed eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla)
• Owl ( Bubo bubo)
• Black stork ( Ciconia nigra)

Insects

• Common hermit ( Osmoderma eremita)
• Ordinary Apollo ( Parnassius apollo)
• steppe bumblebee ( Bombus fragrans)

see also

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Notes

1. Animals of Chuvashia./ Oliger I. M., Oliger A. I., Sysoletina L. G., Khmelkov N. T., Shabalkin V. M., Egorov L. V., Kirillova V. I. - Cheboksary: ​​Ed. "Russika", 2008. - 316 pages. Circulation: 5000 copies.
2. / Oliger I. M., Oliger A. I., Sysoletina L. G., Khmelkov N. T., Shabalkin V. M., Egorov L. V., Kirillova V. I. - Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash book publishing house, 2011 - 431 pages Circulation: 2000 copies.
3. enc.cap.ru
4. Voronov L. N. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
5. Voronov L. N. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
6. Voronov L. N. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
7. Voronov L. N. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
8. Voronov L. N. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
9. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
10. (Russian) (Retrieved January 13, 2011)
11. Lastukhin A. A. 2001. The results of the study of the butterfly fauna of the Chuvash Republic at the turn of the century. - Bulletin of ChGPU. Cheboksary. 2001. No. 1 (20). - P.83-91.
12. Lastukhin A. A. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
13. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
14. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
15. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
16. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
17. Semyonov V.B., L.V. Egorov, E.Yu. Vinogradova Annotated list of rove beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of the Chuvash Republic. - Cheboksary: ​​New time, 2015. 146 p.; ill. ISBN 978-5-4246-0421-8
18. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
19. Krasilnikov V. A. 1987. - "Ants and forest protection" /abstracts of the 8th All-Union Symposium/. Novosibirsk, 1987. - p. 83-86. (Russian) (Retrieved January 13, 2011)
20. Mokrousov M. V. 2010. Materials on the fauna of burrowing wasps (Sphecidae) in protected areas of the Chuvash Republic. - Scientific works GPP "Prisursky" Cheboksary-Atrat: KLIO, 2010. - Vol. 24. - S.107-108.
21. Mokrousov M. V., A. Yu. Berezin, L. V. Egorov. 2011. Burrowing wasps (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) of Chuvashia. - Eversmannia. Issue 27-28 (2011): 62-86. (Russian) (Retrieved June 22, 2012)
22. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
23. Kirillova V. I. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
24. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
25. Kirillova V. I. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)
26. Egorov L. V. enc.cap.ru (Russian) (Retrieved August 5, 2014)

Literature

• Animal world of Chuvashia./ Oliger I.M., Sysoletina L.G., Voronov N.P. - Cheboksary: ​​Chuvashgosizdat, 1966. - 176 p.
• Animals of Chuvashia./ Oliger I. M., Oliger A. I., Sysoletina L. G., Khmelkov N. T., Shabalkin V. M., Egorov L. V., Kirillova V. I. - Cheboksary: ​​Ed. "Russika", 2008. - 316 pages. Circulation: 5000 copies.
• Animals of Chuvashia. Illustrated reference book./ Oliger I. M., Oliger A. I., Sysoletina L. G., Khmelkov N. T., Shabalkin V. M., Egorov L. V., Kirillova V. I. - Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash book publishing house, 2011 - 431 pages Circulation: 2000 copies.
• Afanasiev Yu. I., Khmelkov N. T. Vertebrate fauna national park"Chavash varman"// Fauna and ecology of animals of the Chavash Varman National Park. Issue 1. - Cheboksary, 1997. - S. 71-73.
• Gafurova M. M., Teplova L. P. Characteristics of vegetation and flora of some sections of the Chavash Varmane National Park// Nauch. works of the national park "Chavash varmane". T.1. - Cheboksary-Shemursha, 2002. - S. 48-71.
• Krasilnikov V. A. To the fauna of ants (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Chavash Varmane National Park and adjacent territories // Fauna and ecology of animals of the Chavash Varman National Park. Issue 1. - Cheboksary, 1997. - S. 68-70.
• Lastukhin A. A. To the knowledge of the fauna of Lepidoptera (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of the Chavash Varmane National Park// Fauna and ecology of animals of the Chavash Varman National Park. Issue 1. - Cheboksary, 1997. - S. 63-67.
• Tikhonov P. T., Tikhonov V. P. national park"Chavash varmane". Chuvash Republic.- Cheboksary.: "New time", 2006 - 104 p.

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