§107 East Prussia, I saw the columns

PUNCUNCATION AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional coloring of the statement, a period is put at the end of the sentence

End-of-sentence signs within a sentence § 5. When semantic underlining individual members of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence, punctuation marks are placed after each of the members, which are drawn up as an independent syntactic unit, i.e.

A dash between the members of a sentence A dash between the subject and the predicate § 10. A dash is placed between the subject and the nominal predicate in place of the missing link if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the form of the nominative case: Outbuilding near the house on Sadovaya po

End-of-sentence signs within a sentence question and exclamation marks with semantic underlining of individual members of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence § 5 when included in an insert § 6 when replacing an insert § 6, § 7 dots when transmitted

A dash in the function of emphasizing between members of a sentence to emphasize their meaning for stylistic purposes § 21, paras. 12;

Chapter 10 HALLOWEEN: BETWEEN WORLDS, BETWEEN TIMES Samhain. - Christianization of pagan holidays. - Day of the Other World. - Witches. - Bonfires of the Druids. - "Burning the Witch." - Dressing up. - Games and entertainment. - Divination and divination. - Recipes. In the middle of the table - pumpkin: top

Simple sentences(predicative parts) separated by commas as part of a complex subordinate .

For example: The coachmen tied up bells so that the ringing would not attract the attention of the watchmen.(Pushkin); Father told me with warmth and detail how many birds and fish are found , how many lakes, what wonderful forests grow(Aksakov).

If a subordinate clause stands inside the main one, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

For example: Clouds descended over the valley where we rode(Prishvin); I think that if you are not too lazy , write badly; The guest was placed in the hall on the sofa and, so that it would not be dark , lit the lamp(Chekhov).

A comma is not placed in the following cases:

If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by single connecting or disjunctive unions and, yes (=and), or, or.

For example: It is obvious that Savelich was right before me and that I needlessly offended him with reproach and suspicion.(Pushkin);

If the subordinating union (union word) is preceded by a negative particle not.

For example: I want to know not how it is done, but why it is done;

If a subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a repeating coordinating conjunction and, or, or etc.

For example: The student could not remember either the name of the work or who its author;

If the subordinate clause consists of one word.

For example: I'm being blamed, but I don't know what;

With two adjacent subordinating conjunctions what if what though, if there is a second part of the double union then or So.

For example: She told him that if he was sick, then he needed to be treated.(L. Tolstoy).

If a simple subordinating union is preceded by reinforcing-restrictive words (particles, unions or their combinations, introductory words) especially, even, in particular, including, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the union.

For example: It is good in the forest in spring, especially when (if) the buds on the trees are just beginning to open. She promised to come, but only when the exams were over. He came to the city to visit exhibitions and also to visit his relatives. It's good to relax in the summer in the countryside, in particular if fruitful year for mushrooms, berries. He arrived on time , just when classes were to begin. The ravine appeared before them only when the fog cleared. He came to Moscow solely to get to the Bolshoi Theatre. I found out about the exhibition late, namely when it had already closed.

In complex sentences, complex conjunctions can be used: due to the fact that, because, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case, while, due to the fact that, on the basis of the fact that, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that, because, before, just as, as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, with the aim of especially since and etc.

Unions can be included entirely in the subordinate clause, and then a comma is placed before the first part of the union.

For example: He[day] seemed huge, endless and active, although on the way we didn't even talk to each other m (Paust.). It was impossible to read in the scattered brilliance of the white night , as well as couldn't turn on the light(Paust.). You should often change the girls at the posts, because by the evening the frost is getting stronger(B.P.). Just got bored as the train approached Kruzhilikha(Pan.).

In some cases, compound unions ( because, because, in connection with the fact that, in order to, as etc.) in a complex sentence can be divided. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the compound union. The division of a compound union depends on the meaning and intonation of the sentence.

Compare: We began to make notches in the trees in order not to get lost in the forest. - We began to make notches on trees in order to , to don't get lost in the forest.

Complex unions are not dismembered while, as if, as if, while.

For example: The construction manager ordered that the dam be built in the native way, while, according to Ivin and other workers, it was necessary to build a concrete(ABOUT.). It was very similar, as if a car was walking in the distance.(Prishv.). There was a rustle, as if a cat ran across the roof.

Unions while, while, before, if the subordinate part is in front of the main one, they are usually not divided.

For example: As the snow in the pot turned gray and turned into a milky cloudy liquid, Pavel added snow from a bucket(Bergg.). While I gutted and cleaned the bright marine fish, a woman of about sixty stopped near me(Sol.).

Union dismemberment while is found only when the temporal meaning is strengthened, especially when words are included just, still, most, precisely.

For example: I asked my grandfather about it just at the time when he swung it was the second boots(Prishv.).

Such sentences are close to sentences with the union when(during the time when):Mushrooms really start to grow at that time , when rye sweeps an ear(Tendr.).

Union so is not divided if it has the meaning of the consequence.

For example: He swayed in three steps, and suddenly, having described a full circle with his whole body, so that for one moment his legs were directly above his head, he pushed off the bars with force<...>and deftly, like a cat, sat down on the ground(Kupr.) - the subordinate part of the investigation; compare with sentences that have the meaning " thus»: ... describing a full circle with the whole body like this , what for one moment his feet were directly above his head- the meaning of the word so in the main part of the sentence is concretized by the subordinate part of the mode of action.

The dismemberment of a complex union is mandatory:

a) in the presence of words adjacent to the first part of the union and logically distinguish it: when using negation, amplifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs. All these words pull the stress on the first part of the union, contributing to its transition into a correlative (indicative) word.

For example: Pastukhov met with Tsvetukhin not because , what gravitated towards actors(Fed.). I'm indifferent to her just because she is indifferent to me(Ehrenburg); The windows in the house were open apparently because it was very stuffy(Chekhov).

b) when the first part of the allied combination is included in a homogeneous series of members of the proposal.

For example: Romashov, on the other hand, blushed to real tears from his impotence and confusion, and from pain for the insulted Shurochka, and therefore , what through the deafening sounds of the quadrille he could not insert a single word(Kuprin).

c) in opposition.

For example: Melodies, mixed with tears, flow straight down your nerve to your heart, and you cry for no reason. , what you're sad, and that's why , what the way to you inside is guessed so true and insightful(B. Past.).

In a complex sentence, a dash can be placed:

1) after the subordinate part, standing before the main part (especially if there are words this, here, then in the main part).

For example: When longing is good to write(Paust.). What is the abyss in the air- it was no longer paid attention(Ch.). When it screams an eagle, a falcon, a hawk, at last- it's both beautiful and powerful(M. G.);

2) when strengthening the interrogative nature of the sentence to emphasize the unusual location of the subordinate clause in front of the main one.

For example: What is influence- you know? (Grain.).

Why did all this happen to you- tell me(the usual location of the explanatory subordinate part is after the main part);

Punctuation marks in SSP

punctuation marks in complex sentence

1. A comma is put with connecting unions (unions and, yes in the meaning of “and”, neither ... nor), adversative (unions a, but, yes in the meaning of “but”, however, the same, but, otherwise, however), divisive (unions or, or, whether ... or, whether ... whether, or ... or, then ... then, not that ... not that), connecting (unions yes and, and, moreover, also, also means) and explanatory (conjunctions namely, that is, or in the meaning of "that is"): And again the water will shine lonely, and the night star will look out the window (Zabolotsky);

2. No comma is included:

1) if parts of a compound sentence have a common secondary member or a common subordinate part: In the wind, the forests rustle with a great ocean rumble and the tops of the pines bend after the passing clouds (Paustovsky),

2) if parts of a compound sentence have a common introductory word, a common isolated member or the general, explained by them, part of a complex sentence: In a word, the time had already expired and it was time to leave (Paustovsky)

4) if parts of a compound sentence are impersonal or indefinitely personal sentences with the same form of the predicate: It was dripping from the trees and it smelled of foliage around,

There can be a semicolon between the parts of a compound sentence, especially if its parts are significantly common and have commas inside (more often with conjunctions a, but, but, same, too, also): Horror is felt in the heart in this brief moment, which divides the thunder for blows; and they thunder, and the clouds are torn apart, throwing golden arrows of lightning from their ranks to the ground (M. G.)

1. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used like, where, for nothing, what, if (if ... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only, rather than, from where, why, bye, because, why, as if, since, so, just, exactly, although, whose, than, what, so that, etc. The subordinate clause in a complex sentence separated by commas on both sides, if it is inside the main part; if the subordinate part is before the main part or after it, then it is separated from it by a comma: The double sky, when the clouds went in different directions, ended in rain for two days (Prishv.); When it got dark, I lit the lamp (Prishv.); .

2. A comma between the main part and the subordinate clause, attached by a simple union or allied word, not put:

a) if a subordinating union or allied word is preceded by a coordinating union and (or particle): He did not return the book to me and when he read it,

b) if there is a particle not before the subordinating union or allied word: It is necessary to prepare for exams not when the session starts, but long before that (not ... a);

c) if the subordinate clause is truncated to one allied word (a single allied word loses the function of a subordinate clause): The students were given an exam, but did not specify when; From the side of the avenue someone was walking - from a distance it was not clear who (Pelev.);

d) if the subordinate part, thanks to the unions and, or, is included in a number of homogeneous members: During the work and when the film came out, I did not really understand it (gas).

In complex sentences, conjunctions of complex composition can be used: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case, while, due to the fact that, based on the fact that , meanwhile, in spite of the fact that, because, before, just as, as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, since the goal is to, just like, so that, all the more so as etc.

Unions can be included entirely in the subordinate part, and then a comma is placed before the first part of the union: It [the day] seemed huge, endless and active, despite the fact that on the way we did not even speak to each other (Paust.),

But unions can be divided - depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical allocation (strengthening) of the first part of the union. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the union, and the first is included in the main part as a correlative word: It is difficult for young people to understand because this Russia no longer exists (Paust.). Compare: It is difficult for young people to understand this, because this Russia no longer exists.

In complex sentences with several homogeneous subordinate signs punctuation is set according to the rules in force when separating homogeneous members simple sentence:

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses, not connected by coordinating unions: I remember how we ran through the forest, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches they torn off fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes (Garsh.) - four subordinate clauses are explanatory, not connected by coordinating conjunctions.

2. Between two subordinate clauses connected by single connecting or dividing unions and, or, or, yes (in the meaning of “and”), a comma is not placed (in this case, the subordinating union or allied word may not be repeated): Approaching the house, I remembered that nearby in a spruce copse with juniper more than once frightened away an old black rooster and a queen lived there with one young cockerel (Prishv.) - two explanatory clauses connected by the union and;

3. If there are several homogeneous subordinate parts and the last of them is joined by a coordinating union and, then a comma is not put before the union: ... Mom said that Uncle Kolya insists that I move to him in Bryansk for a while, that he will arrange me in Bryansk gymnasium and that it is absolutely necessary ... (Paust.) - three subordinate parts of the explanatory, the third of which is joined by the union and.

4. A comma is placed between two subordinate parts connected by opposing unions: We have been connected with this Vaska for a long time when he had Karay, and my dog ​​Anchara was shot while hunting (Prishv.) - two subordinate parts of time connected by the union a.

5. With repeated coordinating unions, a comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate parts: In late autumn, having gathered around the fire, we recalled with pleasure how we had recently picked mushrooms and berries in these places, and how friends from the city came to visit us, and how everyone it was fun and carefree (gaz.) - three subordinate clauses are explanatory, connected by a repeating union and.

6. If homogeneous subordinate parts are connected by different single coordinating unions, commas are not put between them: However, think very much about what doubled in my eyes or in fact the trace was double and how it could be that from one bird there was a double trace, - I didn’t have time (Prishv.) - three subordinate clauses, explanatory, connected by unions or and and.

The subordinate clause is separated from the main comma if it is before or after the main clause. (As the sun rises over the meadows I involuntarily smile with joy. The wagon train stood by the river all day and started off,when the sun went down .)

If the subordinate clause is inside the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides. (over the valley,where did we go , clouds descended.)

When the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a compound union ( because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, while, since etc.), then a comma is placed:

before the union, if the subordinate clause follows the main clause. (We were sitting on the corner of the bastion, so everyone could see in both directions . - Lermontov);

after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main clause. (As I told , he came to his senses.);

inside the union, if the subordinate clause is after the main one, and the union itself is divided into two parts in meaning and intonation (He lost weight in one nightso only skin and bones remain ).

REMEMBER:

A subordinate clause consisting of only one interrogative word is not separated by a comma. (I know that I will read,)but I don't know what .

Indecomposable Expressions no matter what,as if nothing had happened,what is urine,who is into what and similar are not subordinate clauses and therefore are not separated by a comma.

If in a complex sentence there are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (AND AND ALTHOUGH, AND AND HOW, etc.), then you need to find out if there are correlative words TO, SO or one more coordinating union(A, BUT, HOWEVER, etc.). A comma is placed only when these words are absent after the subordinate clause.

With consistent subordination, there may be subordinating conjunctions nearby (WHAT and IF, WHAT and WHEN, etc.). A comma is placed between them only if there are no correlative words TO or THEN further in the sentence.

Punctuation in a complex non-union sentence (sbp)

7. PUNCIATION IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE

7.1. Comma in a complex sentence

The dependent part can be located after the main part, before it or inside. In any of these cases, the dependent part must be separated from the main comma or, if it is inside the main, separated by commas on both sides.

[Main part] , (union clause).

(Union clause), [Main part].

[Main part , (union clause), Main part].

Yes, in the proposal Svans laughed for some reason , when Valiko translated my question to them(F. Iskander. Holy Lake) the dependent part comes after the main part and is separated from it by a comma. Similarly, a comma is placed in the following sentence, where the dependent part is placed before the main one: When I entered the kitchen , my aunt took the teapot from me, looked deeply into my eyes and suddenly smiled(F. Iskander. The Way from the Varangians to the Greeks). In a sentence But why the year before , when I went to Chegem , you didn't tell me about it?!(F. Iskander. Chik honors customs) dependent part when I went to Chegem must be selected on both sides, since it is located inside the main Why didn't you tell me last year.

So, by general rule for all complex sentences, a comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence.

The absence of a comma between the main and subordinate parts

However, in some cases the comma may be missing.

This happens when a subordinating conjunction or an allied word is preceded by a particle - amplifying or negative.

[Main part] _ (PARTICLE union adverbial).

It could be an amplifying particle and, for example:

Didn't return he and when all guests broke up .

Formally, this sentence has two parts with their own subjects and predicates: he didn't come back , guests broke up . But the amplifying particle and prevents a comma.

He and whenwalked all thought, and even when dined (AF Chlenov. How Alyoshka lived in the North) > He kept thinking when he walked and even when he dined.

A comma is not put if there is a particle before the subordinating conjunction or allied word not. As a rule, it is part of an opposing union not... but.

[Main part] _ NOT(conjunction clause), BUT(conjunction clause).

For example: Such rejoice not whenmyself horse will buy, and when at your place horse will die (V. Bykov. Sign of trouble).

This sentence consists of three parts: in the first part - the subject such and predicate rejoice, in the second - he will buy, in the third the horse will die. The second and third parts are connected with the first temporary relations, which are expressed by the union when, and between themselves they are connected by an adversarial union not... but, which prevents a comma from being inserted between the first and second parts of this sentence.

[Main part] _ (UNION WORD).

For example: From the side of the avenue someone was walking - from afar it was unclear who (V. Pelevin. Crystal World).

If the dependent part were complete, then a comma would be placed, compare: From a distance it was not clear who walked ahead.

A comma may be absent according to the rule of homogeneity if the dependent part is included in a number of homogeneous members, one of which is expressed by a word or word form, and the second by a part with a subordinating union. For example: Known this room And how in it what costs (A. Bitov. Book of travels in the empire).

word form _ And subordinating union Adventitious.

moving comma

A comma can change its place in a sentence. If the union is preceded by reinforcing-restrictive words especially,even,in particular,including,especially,namely,as well as, (a/ but)only,just,only,exclusively etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the union.

[Main part] , (ESPECIALLY Union Adventitious).

For example: How to find the base you need in the wilds of the forest , Especially if it is classified(V. Bykov. Swamp).

A comma is placed before the word especially, not before union when.