What do the triangles on the buttonholes mean. Military ranks of military personnel of Russia and the USSR
Shoulder straps in the Red Army 1943, 1944, 1945
(on the example of shoulder straps of artillerymen)
On January 6, 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (PVS) of the USSR "On the introduction of shoulder straps for the personnel of the Red Army" was signed, announced by order of the NPO No. 24 of 10.01.1943. 25 "On the introduction of new insignia and changes in the uniform of the Red Army" (). In it, in particular, it was determined that field epaulettes are worn by military personnel in active army and the personnel of the units being prepared for dispatch to the front. Everyday shoulder straps are worn by servicemen of other units and institutions, as well as when wearing dress uniform clothes. That is, in the Red Army there were two types of shoulder straps: field and everyday. Also, differences in shoulder straps were introduced for the command and command staff (see the regulation on the command and command staff), so that it was possible to distinguish the commander from the chief.
It was instructed to switch to new insignia in the period from February 1 to February 15, 1943. Later, by order of the NPO of the USSR No. 80 dated February 14, 1943, this period was extended until March 15, 1943. By the beginning of the transition to summer uniforms, the Red Army was fully provided with new insignia.
In addition to the directive documents mentioned above, later came the Instruction of the Technical Committee of the Main Quartermaster Directorate of the Red Army (TK GIU KA) No. 732 on January 8, 1943. a number of technical conditions of the TC SMI KA. In addition, some technical documentation was adopted long before the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. So, for example, the Temporary Specifications (VTU) of the TK GIU KA No. 0725, in which there was a description of emblems and insignia (asterisks) on shoulder straps, were published on December 10, 1942.
The dimensions of the shoulder straps were set:
- Null- 13 cm (only for women's uniforms)
- The first- 14 cm.
- Second- 15 cm.
- Third- 16 cm.
Width - 6 cm, and the width of the shoulder straps of officers of justice, medical, veterinary and administrative services - 4 cm. The length of the sewn-in shoulder straps was set 1 cm longer for each size.
The width of the generals' shoulder straps is 6.5 cm. The width of the shoulder straps of the generals of the medical, veterinary services and the higher beginning. composition of century-jur. service - 4.5 cm. (In 1958, a single width for such shoulder straps was established for all generals of the Soviet army - 6.5 cm.)
Varieties of field shoulder straps according to the method of manufacture:
- Soft sewn-in shoulder straps( ) consisted of a field (top), lining (lining), lining and piping.
- Soft removable shoulder straps( ), in addition to the above parts, they had a half-lash, a half-lash lining and a jumper.
- Rigid removable shoulder straps( ) differed from soft ones in that during their manufacture, fabrics and shoulder straps were glued with a paste consisting of 30% wheat flour and wood glue, as well as the presence of an additional gasket made of electrical cardboard - pressboard, jacquard or calibrated, 0.5 - 1 mm thick .
- Coloring of field and everyday shoulder straps of the Red Army -.
— Military ranks USSR Armed Forces 1935-1945 (table of ranks) -.
Shoulder straps of junior command, commanding and enlisted personnel of the Red Army
(private, sergeant and foreman)
FIELD SHAPES: The field of field shoulder straps has always been khaki. Shoulder straps were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth edging according to the branches of the military or services. The stripes on the shoulder straps of the junior command and command staff were silk or semi-silk galloon. Patches were produced in various sizes: narrow (1 cm wide), medium (1.5 cm wide) and wide (3 cm wide). The junior commanding staff relied on a burgundy galloon, and the junior commanding staff - brown.
Ideally, patches should have been sewn onto shoulder straps in factories or in sewing workshops at military units. But often the stripes were fastened by the servicemen themselves. In conditions of front-line shortages, stripes made from improvised materials were often used. It was common to use everyday (golden or silver) stripes on field shoulder straps and vice versa.
Field epaulettes were supposed to be worn without emblems of military branches and stencils. Uniformed iron 20-mm buttons of a protective color with a star, in the center of which there was a sickle and a hammer, were placed on shoulder straps.
This type of shoulder strap existed until December 1955, when double-sided shoulder straps were introduced. In the period from 1943 to 1955, the technology for manufacturing these shoulder straps changed several times. In particular, in 1947 and 1953 (TU 1947 and TU 1953)
Field epaulettes of junior officers on the example of a senior sergeant of artillery. The patch (galoon) is sewn in the factory on sewing machine. Buttons iron protective color.
CASUAL SHAPES: Everyday shoulder straps of the junior command, junior commanding and rank and file were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth piping, and also had a field of colored cloth according to the type of troops. The stripes on the shoulder straps of the junior command and command staff were silk or semi-silk galloon. Patches were produced in various sizes: narrow (1 cm wide), medium (1.5 cm wide) and wide (3 cm wide). The junior commanding staff relied on a gold-yellow galloon, and the junior commanding staff - silver.
Everyday epaulettes were given golden emblems according to the type of troops and yellow stencils denoting a unit (compound). It should be noted that stencils were used extremely rarely.
On shoulder straps there were shaped golden brass 20-mm buttons with a star, in the center of which there was a sickle and a hammer.
This type of shoulder strap existed until December 1955, when double-sided shoulder straps were introduced. In the period from 1943 to 1955, the technology for manufacturing these shoulder straps changed several times. In particular, in 1947 and 1953. In addition, since 1947, encryption has ceased to be applied to everyday shoulder straps.
Everyday epaulettes of junior officers on the example of a senior sergeant of artillery. The patch (lace) is sewn by the soldier himself. There are no encryptions, as on most shoulder straps. Buttons: top-brass (correspondingly yellow-golden color), bottom-iron.
Shoulder straps of the senior and middle command and command staff of the Red Army
(officers)
FIELD SHAPES: The field of field shoulder straps has always been khaki. Shoulder straps were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth piping. On the field of shoulder straps, one or two gaps were sewn in burgundy for command staff and brown for commanding staff. According to the assigned military rank, belonging to the branch of service or service, insignia were placed on the field of shoulder straps.
On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff - one clearance and silver-plated metal 13-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the senior command staff there are two gaps and silver-plated metal 20-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the commanding staff, in addition to the commanding staff of the infantry, silver-plated emblems were installed according to the type of troops, services.
On shoulder straps there are uniform metal 20-mm buttons of a protective color with a star, in the center of which there is a sickle and a hammer.
Field epaulettes of the middle command staff on the example of ml. artillery lieutenant. The rank star must be silver. In this case, the silver plating has worn off.
CASUAL SHAPES: The field of epaulettes of the command staff is made of golden silk or golden galloon. The field of epaulettes of the engineering and command staff, the quartermaster, medical, veterinary, military legal and administrative services is made of silver silk or silver galloon. Shoulder straps were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth piping. According to the assigned military rank, belonging to the branch of service or service, insignia were placed on the field of shoulder straps.
On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff there is one clearance and metal golden 13-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the senior command staff there are two gaps and metal golden 20-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the commanding staff, in addition to the commanding staff of the infantry, golden emblems were installed according to the type of troops, services.
The emblems and stars on the shoulder straps of the engineering and command staff, quartermaster, administrative and medical services are gilded. On the shoulder straps of the military veterinary staff, the stars are gilded, the emblems are silver plated.
On shoulder straps there are uniform golden 20-mm buttons with a star, in the center of which there is a sickle and a hammer.
The shoulder straps and insignia of the middle and senior commanding staff of the military legal service fully corresponded to the shoulder straps and insignia of the senior and middle command staff of the medical and veterinary services, but with their own emblems.
The shoulder straps of the military administrative staff were exactly the same as the shoulder straps for the senior and middle commanding staff of the medical and veterinary services, but without emblems.
These epaulettes lasted until the end of 1946, when the technical specifications of TU TK GIU VS No. 1486 dated October 9, 1946 for officers of the Armed Forces established epaulettes with a cut corner top, i.e. shoulder straps became hexagonal.
Everyday shoulder straps of the middle command staff on the example of the shoulder straps of an artillery captain. The button should be gold.
Shoulder straps of the highest command staff of the Red Army
(generals, marshals)
FIELD SHAPES: A field of epaulettes made of silk galloon of special weaving on a cloth lining. The color of the field of shoulder straps is protective. The color of the shoulder straps: generals of generals, generals of artillery, tank troops, medical and veterinary services, higher beginning. the composition of the military legal service - red; aviation generals - blue; generals of the technical troops and quartermaster service - crimson.
Stars on shoulder straps were embroidered with silver 22 mm in size. On the shoulder straps of the generals of the medical, veterinary service and higher beginning. composition of the military legal service - gold, 20 mm in size. Buttons on shoulder straps with coat of arms are gilded. On the shoulder straps of generals honey. services - gilded metal emblems; on the shoulder straps of the generals blows. services - the same emblems, but silver plated; on the shoulder straps of the higher beginning. composition of the senior legal service - gilded metal emblems.
By order of the NPO of the USSR No. 79 dated February 14, 1943, shoulder straps were installed, incl. and for the higher engineering and technical staff of the communications troops, engineering, chemical, railway, topographic troops - to the generals of the engineering and technical service, according to the model established by the generals of the technical troops. From this order, the highest chief. the composition of the military legal service began to be called the generals of justice.
EVERYDAY epaulettes: A field of epaulettes made of galloon of special weaving: from gold drag. And for the generals of the medical and veterinary services, the highest beginning. composition of the military legal service - from silver drawing. The color of the shoulder straps: combined arms generals, generals of artillery, tank troops, medical and veterinary services, higher beginning. the composition of the military legal service - red; aviation generals - blue; generals of the technical troops and quartermaster service - crimson.
Asterisks on shoulder straps were embroidered on a golden field - in silver, on a silver field - in gold. Buttons on shoulder straps with coat of arms are gilded. On the shoulder straps of generals honey. services - gilded metal emblems; on the shoulder straps of the generals blows. services - the same emblems, but silver plated; on the shoulder straps of the higher beginning. composition of the senior legal service - gilded metal emblems.
By order of the NPO of the USSR No. 61 dated February 8, 1943, silver emblems were installed for generals of artillery to wear on shoulder straps.
By order of the NPO of the USSR No. 79 dated February 14, 1943, shoulder straps were installed, incl. and for the higher engineering and technical staff of the communications troops, engineering, chemical, railway, topographic troops - to the generals of the engineering and technical service, according to the model established by the generals of the technical troops. Probably from this order the highest beginning. the composition of the military legal service began to be called the generals of justice.
These epaulettes existed without fundamental changes until 1962, when, by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 127 of May 12, sewn-on epaulettes with a steel-colored field were installed on the generals' parade-outcoats.
An example of everyday and field epaulettes of generals. Since February 8, 1943, generals of artillery had additional artillery emblems on shoulder straps.
Literature:
- Uniform and insignia of the Red Army 1918-1945. AIM, Leningrad 1960
- Shoulder straps of the Soviet Army 1943-1991 Eugene Drig.
- Color table for field and everyday shoulder straps of the Red Army ()
- The newspaper "Red Star" of January 7, 1943 ()
- Article by Alexander Sorokin "Field shoulder straps of soldiers, sergeants and officers of the Red Army, sample 1943"
- Website - http://www.rkka.ru
article code: 98653
The articles in the May and June issues of newspapers for 1940 emphasized the importance and authority of the ranks of generals and admirals. Soviet Union, the responsibility and role of the bearers of these titles to the country and history was noted:
The lives of thousands and thousands of fighters were handed over to the supreme commander. He directs the battle and knows how best to use the available forces and means. He is responsible for the outcome of the battle, for the decisive defeat of the enemy. A huge mass of people, the whole powerful organism modern war must strictly obey the will of the sovereign commander, flexibly and clearly carry out his orders and decisions.
Also received military ranks:
- Colonel General of Artillery:
- lieutenant general:
- Lieutenant General of Artillery:
- Drozdov N. F.
- Lieutenant General of the Tank Troops:
- lieutenant general engineering troops:
- major general:
- admiral
and others.
From July 1940 new form and new insignia for the Marshals of the Soviet Union:
- a large golden star, two laurel branches and an emblem - a hammer and sickle were embroidered on the diamond-shaped buttonholes,
- on the sleeves - a large golden star, bordered by a red edging, and a square of golden embroidery, on the red clearance of which there are two golden laurel branches.
Insignia of the commanding and commanding staff of the armed forces on June 22, 1941
| Military rank | Insignia | |
|---|---|---|
| in buttonholes | on the sleeves | |
| Ground Forces, Air Force (except naval aviation) and troops NKVD including border troops | ||
| Enlisted personnel | ||
| Not | Not | |
| |
Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on gymnasts), 1 cm (on overcoat) | |
| Junior command staff | ||
| Lance Sergeant
|
Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), 1 enamel triangle | Not |
| Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), 2 enamel triangles | ||
| Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), 3 enamel triangles | ||
|
|
Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), parallel to the edging there was a gold galloon 3 mm wide, 4 enamel triangles | |
| Average command staff | ||
| Ensign |
1 enamel square | 1 square of gold galloon 4 mm wide, gaps of red cloth: top 10 mm, bottom 3 mm |
| 2 enamel squares | 2 squares of gold lace 4 mm wide, between the laces there is a clearance of red cloth 7 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide | |
| 3 enamel squares | 3 squares of gold galloon 4 mm wide, between the galloons there are gaps of red cloth 5 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide | |
| Senior command staff | ||
| |
1 enamel rectangle | 2 squares of gold galloon 6 mm wide, between the galloons a clearance of red cloth 10 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide |
| |
2 enamel rectangles | 3 squares of gold galloon 6 mm, between the galloons a clearance of red cloth 10 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide |
| |
3 enamel rectangles | 2 squares made of gold galloon: upper 6 mm wide, lower - 10 mm, between the galloons there is a clearance of red cloth 10 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide |
| |
4 enamel rectangles | 3 squares of gold galloon: upper and middle 6 mm wide, lower - 10 mm, gaps from red cloth 7 mm wide between the galloons, edging 3 mm wide at the bottom |
| Top command staff | ||
| Major General |
2 metal gilded stars | |
| 3 metal gilded stars | An embroidered small gold star, bordered by a piping according to the type of troops, one square made of gold galloon 32 mm wide, below - a piping according to the type of troops 3 mm wide | |
| 4 metal gilded stars | An embroidered small gold star, bordered by a piping according to the type of troops, one square made of gold galloon 32 mm wide, below - a piping according to the type of troops 3 mm wide | |
| 5 metal gilded stars | Embroidered large gold star, bordered by a red edging, one square of gold galloon 32 mm wide, in the upper part of the galloon - from red cloth 10 mm wide | |
| |
An embroidered large golden star, two laurel branches and the hammer and sickle emblem are embroidered in gold at the bottom of the buttonhole | An embroidered large gold star, bordered by a red edging, one square of red cloth, in the middle of which two laurel branches are embroidered with gold, on both sides of the square there is gold embroidery with a red border |
| Political composition | ||
| Junior political officer |
2 enamel squares | Red star with hammer and sickle |
| Politruk |
3 enamel squares | |
| Senior political officer |
1 enamel rectangle | |
| Battalion Commissar |
2 enamel rectangles | |
| Senior Battalion Commissar |
3 enamel rectangles | |
| Regimental Commissar |
4 enamel rectangles | |
| Brigadier Commissar |
1 golden rhombus | |
| Divisional Commissioner |
2 golden diamonds | |
| Corps Commissar |
3 golden diamonds | |
| Army commissar 2nd rank |
4 golden diamonds | |
| Army commissar 1st rank |
4 rhombuses and a small golden star | |
| Navy | ||
| Enlisted personnel | ||
| Krasnoflotets | a red star | |
| Senior sailor | ||
| Junior command staff | ||
| Petty Officer 2nd Article | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | |
| Petty officer 1st article | ||
| chief sergeant major | ||
| Midshipman | ||
| Average command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 1 medium golden stripe | |
| 2 medium golden stripes | ||
| Lieutenant Commander | ||
| Senior command staff | ||
| Captain 3rd rank | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 3 medium golden stripes |
| Captain 2nd rank | 4 medium golden stripes | |
| Captain 1st rank | 1 wide band | |
| Top command staff | ||
| rear admiral | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | |
| Vice Admiral | ||
| Admiral | ||
| Fleet Admiral | Big star, bottom wide and 4 middle stripes | |
| Naval aviation, coastal defense troops and naval border troops | ||
| Enlisted personnel | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | a red star | |
| Red star with gold trim | ||
| Junior command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | Red star with golden edging and 1 narrow short golden stripe | |
| Red star with golden piping and 2 narrow short golden stripes | ||
| Red star with golden piping and 3 narrow long golden stripes | ||
| Red star with golden edging and 4 narrow long golden stripes | ||
| Average command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 1 medium golden stripe | |
| 1 medium and 1 narrow golden stripes | ||
| 2 medium golden stripes | ||
| 2 medium and one narrow golden stripes | ||
| Senior command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 3 medium golden stripes | |
| 4 medium golden stripes | ||
| 1 wide band | ||
| Top command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | Small star, lower wide and 1 middle stripes | |
| Small star, lower wide and 2 middle bands | ||
| Small star, lower wide and 3 middle bands | ||
| Political composition of the Navy | ||
| Junior political officer | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | Red star with hammer and sickle, 1 medium and 1 narrow golden stripes |
| Politruk | Red star with hammer and sickle and 2 medium golden stripes | |
| Senior political instructor | Red star with hammer and sickle, 2 medium and one narrow golden stripes | |
| Battalion Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle and 3 medium golden stripes | |
| Senior Battalion Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle and 4 medium golden stripes | |
| Regimental Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle and 1 wide golden stripe | |
| Divisional Commissioner | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 1 medium golden stripes | |
| Corps Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 2 medium golden stripes | |
| Army commissar 2nd rank | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 3 medium golden stripes | |
| Army commissar 1st rank | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 4 medium golden stripes | |
| Special ranks of military personnel of the NKVD (NKGB since 1941) | ||
| State Security Sergeant |
Two enamel squares | |
| Junior Lieutenant of State Security |
Three enamel squares | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| State Security Lieutenant |
One enamel rectangle | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| Senior Lieutenant of State Security |
Two enamel rectangles | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| State Security Captain |
Three enamel rectangles | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| Major of State Security |
1 enamel diamond | |
| Senior Major of State Security (Commissioner of State Security) |
2 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| Commissioner of State Security 3rd rank |
3 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| State Security Commissioner 2nd rank |
4 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| Commissioner of State Security 1st rank |
Star and 4 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| General Commissioner of State Security | golden star with hammer and sickle | |
| Engineering and technical staff, military economic and administrative staff, military medical and military veterinary staff, military legal staff | ||
| Junior military technician | one enamel square |
No |
| Military technician 2nd rank Quartermaster 2nd rank military paramedic Military Feldsher Junior military officer |
two enamel squares |
|
| Military technician 1st rank Quartermaster 1st rank Senior military assistant Senior military paramedic Military lawyer |
three enamel squares |
|
| Military engineer 3rd rank Quartermaster 3rd rank Military doctor 3rd rank Military doctor 3rd rank Military 3rd rank |
one enamel rectangle |
|
| Military engineer 2nd rank Quartermaster 2nd rank Military doctor 2nd rank Military doctor 2nd rank Military 2nd rank |
two enamel rectangles |
|
| Military engineer 1st rank Quartermaster 1st rank Military doctor 1st rank Military doctor 1st rank Military 1st rank |
three enamel rectangles |
|
| Brigadier military engineer brigmilitaryintendant Brigvoenvrach Brigvoenveterinarian Brigvoenyurist |
1 golden (enamel) rhombus |
|
| Major General of the Technical Troops Major General of the Quartermaster Service Divvoenvrach Divvoenveterinarian Divvoenyurist |
2 golden stars or 2 golden (enamel) rhombuses |
|
| Lieutenant General of the Technical Troops Lieutenant General of the Quartermaster Service Korvoenvrach Corvoenveterinarian Korvoenyurist |
3 golden stars or 3 (enamel) golden rhombuses |
|
| Colonel General of the Technical Troops Colonel General of the Quartermaster Service Armmilitary doctor Armvoenveterinarian Arms military lawyer |
4 golden stars or 4 golden (enamel) rhombuses |
|
Notes
1. The colors of stripes, buttonholes and piping for generals and the Marshal of the Soviet Union are as follows:
- for the Marshal of the Soviet Union and combined arms generals - red.
- for the generals of artillery and tank troops, the color of the buttonholes is black (velvet), the stripes, piping on the cap are red.
- for aviation generals - blue.
- for generals of the communications troops, engineering, technical troops and quartermaster service - crimson.
2. The generals of artillery, tank troops, aviation, signal troops, engineering, technical troops and quartermaster service had established emblems on their buttonholes according to the type of troops and service.
3. The colors of the military branches were as follows:
- infantry - crimson;
- artillery and armored forces - black;
- Air Force and Airborne Forces - blue;
- cavalry - blue;
- economic and administrative staff - dark green;
- for the troops of the NKVD and the NKGB: border guards - bright green, GB - dark blue, the rest - maroon.
4. The buttonholes of the command staff were the color of the type of troops with a twisted gold galloon edging. They relied on the political composition with edging in color according to the type of troops. The command and political staff had emblems on the buttonholes according to the type of troops.
5. Buttonholes for junior commanding staff - in color according to the type of troops or service, with cloth piping in color according to the type of troops, the red longitudinal clearance for all branches of the military and services is the same. The buttonholes had the emblem of the branch of service and a golden triangle (in the upper corner).
6. In fiction often there is a colloquial name for a square - “cube”, “head over heels”, a rectangle - “sleeper”.
Military ranks of the services of the Red Army and the Navy of the USSR
During 1942-1943, the People's Commissariat of Defense continued to work out the military ranks of the commanding staff of the Red Army and the VFM of the USSR. The changes were due to the fact that the military ranks of the commanding staff were characterized by a plurality of positions and sharply differed not only from the ranks of the commanding staff, but were significantly different for different services.
The first decisions of the USSR State Defense Committee on this issue were:
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1528 of 04.04. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the engineering and technical staff of the Navy Air Force" and by order of the Navy Naval Forces dated 10.04. the same ranks were introduced into the Soviet Navy.
- in March, similar decisions were made regarding the military ranks of the military-technical staff:
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1381 dated 03.03. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the engineering and technical staff of the artillery of the Red Army" and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 68 of 04.03. the following ranks of the artillery engineering staff were introduced: lieutenant technician, senior lieutenant technician, captain engineer, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general, lieutenant general, colonel general artillery engineering service,
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1408 dated 07.03. “On the introduction of personal military ranks to the engineering and technical staff of the armored forces of the Red Army” and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 71 of 08.03. the following ranks of the engineering and technical staff of the armored forces were introduced: lieutenant technician, senior lieutenant technician, captain engineer, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general lieutenant general, colonel general tank engineering service.
- By order of NPO No. 93 dated 30.03. Decree of the State Defense Committee No. 1494 of March 26 was announced. introduced military ranks for the senior and middle commanding staff of the quartermaster service: lieutenant of the quartermaster service, senior lieutenant of the quartermaster service, captain of the quartermaster service, major of the quartermaster service, lieutenant colonel of the quartermaster service and colonel quartermaster service.
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1912 dated June 17. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the entire engineering and technical staff of the coastal service Navy Union of the SSR "and by order of the NK VMF of 27.06. the following ranks were introduced: lieutenant engineer, senior lieutenant engineer, captain engineer, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major engineer, lieutenant general engineer, colonel general engineer coast guard Navy of the USSR.
- The idea of differentiating military ranks for persons with higher and secondary technical education leads to the introduction of new military ranks for the commanding staff of artillery with a secondary technical education to the existing ones (technician-lieutenant and senior technician-lieutenant): Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 2303 of 13.09. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the commanding staff of the artillery of the Red Army, having a secondary technical education" and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 278 of 14.09. : captain of the artillery and technical service, major of the artillery and technical service, lieutenant colonel of the artillery and technical service and colonel artillery technical service.
- Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 09.10. "On the establishment of complete unity of command and the abolition of the institution of military commissars in the Red Army" announced by order of NPO No. 307 of 09.10. canceled existing titles political composition. It was also supposed:
- military councils of fronts and armies within a month to assign command military ranks to political workers within the limits of the rights granted to them;
- military councils of the fronts to submit to the People's Commissariat of Defense no later than November 15, 1942, through the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army, certification material for conferring command military ranks to political workers, starting with the senior battalion commissar and above.
- Order No. 10 of the NPO announced the decision of the State Defense Committee No. 2685 dated 04.02. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the military medical and military veterinary staff of the Red Army", No. GOKO-2822 "On the introduction of personal military ranks engineering, technical, legal and administrative staff of the Red Army"(the same decree introduced a new category of military personnel - administrative staff; it included persons serving in headquarters, institutions, military educational institutions and local military administration (military commissariats) and performing organizational, mobilization and other work) in the Red Army
- from 14.02. No. 2890 "On the establishment of personal military ranks for quartermaster, medical, veterinary, administrative and legal staff of the Navy» in the USSR Navy,
- By order of NCO No. 55 dated 06.02. Decree of the State Defense Committee No. 2822 of 04.02 was announced. established for the middle, senior and senior engineering and technical staff of the signal troops, engineering troops, chemical protection troops, topographic troops, railway troops of the Red Army ranks: junior technician-lieutenant, technician-lieutenant, senior technician-lieutenant, engineer-captain, engineer- major, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general, lieutenant general, colonel general engineering service,
| In the medical service | In the veterinary service | For the engineering and technical staff of the coastal service of the Navy of the USSR | For naval engineers | In the artillery and technical service | In the engineering and artillery service |
In the aviation engineering service (rank from captain to colonel only with higher education) |
In the tank engineering service (rank from captain to colonel only with higher education) |
For the engineering and technical staff of the signal troops, engineering, chemical protection, railway and topographic troops of the Red Army (rank from captain to colonel only with higher education) |
In the quartermaster service | For military personnel | For the administrative staff |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle and senior command staff | |||||||||||
| junior lieutenant of the medical service | junior lieutenant of the veterinary service | Title not entered | Title not entered | Title not entered | junior lieutenant of justice | junior lieutenant of administrative service | |||||
| lieutenant of medical service | lieutenant of the veterinary service | lieutenant engineer | lieutenant engineer | artillery-technical service lieutenant technician | Aviation Engineering Lieutenant Technician | engineer-lieutenant of the tank engineering service | quartermaster lieutenant | lieutenant of justice | lieutenant of administrative service | ||
| senior lieutenant of the medical service | senior lieutenant of the veterinary service | senior lieutenant engineer | senior engineer-lieutenant of the naval service | Senior Technician-Lieutenant of the Artillery and Technical Service | Senior Technician-Lieutenant of the Engineering and Artillery Service | Senior Technician-Lieutenant of the Aviation Engineering Service | senior technician-lieutenant of the tank engineering service | senior technician-lieutenant of the engineering service | senior lieutenant of the quartermaster service | senior lieutenant of justice | senior lieutenant of administrative service |
| medical captain | captain of the veterinary service | captain engineer | engineer-captain-lieutenant of the naval service | artillery and technical service captain | Engineer Captain of the Engineering and Artillery Service | engineer-captain of the aviation engineering service | tank engineer captain | engineering captain | quartermaster captain | captain of justice | captain of administrative service |
| major of medical service | Major of Veterinary Service | major engineer | engineer-captain-lieutenant 3rd rank | Major of Artillery and Technical Service | major engineer of the artillery service | major engineer of aviation engineering service | major engineer of the tank engineering service | major of engineering service | major of the quartermaster service | Major of Justice | major of administrative service |
| lieutenant colonel of medical service | lieutenant colonel of the veterinary service | lieutenant colonel engineer | engineer-captain-lieutenant 2nd rank | Lieutenant Colonel of the Artillery and Technical Service | engineer-lieutenant colonel of the engineering-artillery service | engineer-lieutenant colonel of the aviation engineering service | engineer lieutenant colonel of the tank engineering service | lieutenant colonel of the engineering service | lieutenant colonel of the quartermaster service | lieutenant colonel of justice | lieutenant colonel of administrative service |
| colonel of the medical service | colonel of the veterinary service | colonel engineer | engineer-captain lieutenant 1st rank | artillery and technical service colonel | Colonel Engineer of the Engineering and Artillery Service | colonel engineer of the aviation engineering service | engineer-colonel of the tank engineering service | colonel of engineering service | colonel of the quartermaster service | Colonel of Justice | colonel of administrative service |
| The highest command staff | |||||||||||
| Major General of the Medical Service | Major General of the Veterinary Service | Coast Guard Major General Engineer | The highest rank was not introduced | The highest rank was not introduced | Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service | Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service | major general of the tank engineering service | Major General of the Engineering Service | Introduced 07.05. See above "Soviet generals and admirals" |
major general of justice | The highest rank was not introduced |
| medical lieutenant general | lieutenant general of the veterinary service | Coast Guard Lieutenant General Engineer | Lieutenant General of the Engineering and Artillery Service | lieutenant general of the aviation engineering service | lieutenant general of the tank engineering service | Lieutenant General of the Engineering Service | lieutenant general of justice | ||||
| Colonel General of the Medical Service | Colonel General of the Veterinary Service
Shoulder straps were introduced in the Army by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of 06.01. "On the introduction of new insignia for the personnel of the Red Army"; in the Navy - 15.02 Wikipedia Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the USSR 1955-1991- See also: Insignia of the Armed Forces of the USSR ... Wikipedia Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation- In the Russian Federation, two types of military ranks of military personnel are established - military and naval. Naval military ranks are assigned to sailors of surface and submarine forces navy(Navy), naval military units of the internal ... ... Wikipedia This article is about military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from 1994 to 2010. About modern military ranks, and adopted insignia, in 2010, see the article Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ... ... Wikipedia Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (1994-2010)- This is an article about shoulder straps of the period 1994 2010, about modern shoulder straps adopted in 2010, see the article Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (1994 2010) signs ... Wikipedia | ||||||||||
The articles in the May and June issues of newspapers for 1940 emphasized the importance and authority of the ranks of generals and admirals of the Soviet Union, noted the responsibility and role of the holders of these titles to the country and history:
The lives of thousands and thousands of fighters were handed over to the supreme commander. He directs the battle and knows how best to use the available forces and means. He is responsible for the outcome of the battle, for the decisive defeat of the enemy. A huge mass of people, the entire powerful organism of modern warfare must strictly obey the will of the sovereign commander, flexibly and clearly carry out his orders and decisions.
Also received military ranks:
- Colonel General of Artillery:
- lieutenant general:
- Lieutenant General of Artillery:
- Drozdov N. F.
- Lieutenant General of the Tank Troops:
- lieutenant general of engineering troops:
- major general:
- admiral
and others.
Since July 1940, the Marshals of the Soviet Union have a new uniform and new insignia:
- a large golden star, two laurel branches and an emblem - a hammer and sickle were embroidered on the diamond-shaped buttonholes,
- on the sleeves - a large golden star, bordered by a red edging, and a square of golden embroidery, on the red clearance of which there are two golden laurel branches.
Insignia of the commanding and commanding staff of the armed forces on June 22, 1941
| Military rank | Insignia | |
|---|---|---|
| in buttonholes | on the sleeves | |
| Ground Forces, Air Force (except naval aviation) and troops NKVD including border troops | ||
| Enlisted personnel | ||
| Not | Not | |
| |
Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on gymnasts), 1 cm (on overcoat) | |
| Junior command staff | ||
| Lance Sergeant
|
Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), 1 enamel triangle | Not |
| Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), 2 enamel triangles | ||
| Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), 3 enamel triangles | ||
|
|
Red longitudinal clearance 5 mm wide (on tunics), 1 cm (on overcoat), parallel to the edging there was a gold galloon 3 mm wide, 4 enamel triangles | |
| Average command staff | ||
| Ensign |
1 enamel square | 1 square of gold galloon 4 mm wide, gaps of red cloth: top 10 mm, bottom 3 mm |
| 2 enamel squares | 2 squares of gold lace 4 mm wide, between the laces there is a clearance of red cloth 7 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide | |
| 3 enamel squares | 3 squares of gold galloon 4 mm wide, between the galloons there are gaps of red cloth 5 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide | |
| Senior command staff | ||
| |
1 enamel rectangle | 2 squares of gold galloon 6 mm wide, between the galloons a clearance of red cloth 10 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide |
| |
2 enamel rectangles | 3 squares of gold galloon 6 mm, between the galloons a clearance of red cloth 10 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide |
| |
3 enamel rectangles | 2 squares made of gold galloon: upper 6 mm wide, lower - 10 mm, between the galloons there is a clearance of red cloth 10 mm wide, at the bottom edging 3 mm wide |
| |
4 enamel rectangles | 3 squares of gold galloon: upper and middle 6 mm wide, lower - 10 mm, gaps from red cloth 7 mm wide between the galloons, edging 3 mm wide at the bottom |
| Top command staff | ||
| Major General |
2 metal gilded stars | |
| 3 metal gilded stars | An embroidered small gold star, bordered by a piping according to the type of troops, one square made of gold galloon 32 mm wide, below - a piping according to the type of troops 3 mm wide | |
| 4 metal gilded stars | An embroidered small gold star, bordered by a piping according to the type of troops, one square made of gold galloon 32 mm wide, below - a piping according to the type of troops 3 mm wide | |
| 5 metal gilded stars | Embroidered large gold star, bordered by a red edging, one square of gold galloon 32 mm wide, in the upper part of the galloon - from red cloth 10 mm wide | |
| |
An embroidered large golden star, two laurel branches and the hammer and sickle emblem are embroidered in gold at the bottom of the buttonhole | An embroidered large gold star, bordered by a red edging, one square of red cloth, in the middle of which two laurel branches are embroidered with gold, on both sides of the square there is gold embroidery with a red border |
| Political composition | ||
| Junior political officer |
2 enamel squares | Red star with hammer and sickle |
| Politruk |
3 enamel squares | |
| Senior political officer |
1 enamel rectangle | |
| Battalion Commissar |
2 enamel rectangles | |
| Senior Battalion Commissar |
3 enamel rectangles | |
| Regimental Commissar |
4 enamel rectangles | |
| Brigadier Commissar |
1 golden rhombus | |
| Divisional Commissioner |
2 golden diamonds | |
| Corps Commissar |
3 golden diamonds | |
| Army commissar 2nd rank |
4 golden diamonds | |
| Army commissar 1st rank |
4 rhombuses and a small golden star | |
| Navy | ||
| Enlisted personnel | ||
| Krasnoflotets | a red star | |
| Senior sailor | ||
| Junior command staff | ||
| Petty Officer 2nd Article | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | |
| Petty officer 1st article | ||
| chief sergeant major | ||
| Midshipman | ||
| Average command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 1 medium golden stripe | |
| 2 medium golden stripes | ||
| Lieutenant Commander | ||
| Senior command staff | ||
| Captain 3rd rank | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 3 medium golden stripes |
| Captain 2nd rank | 4 medium golden stripes | |
| Captain 1st rank | 1 wide band | |
| Top command staff | ||
| rear admiral | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | |
| Vice Admiral | ||
| Admiral | ||
| Fleet Admiral | Big star, bottom wide and 4 middle stripes | |
| Naval aviation, coastal defense troops and naval border troops | ||
| Enlisted personnel | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | a red star | |
| Red star with gold trim | ||
| Junior command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | Red star with golden edging and 1 narrow short golden stripe | |
| Red star with golden piping and 2 narrow short golden stripes | ||
| Red star with golden piping and 3 narrow long golden stripes | ||
| Red star with golden edging and 4 narrow long golden stripes | ||
| Average command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 1 medium golden stripe | |
| 1 medium and 1 narrow golden stripes | ||
| 2 medium golden stripes | ||
| 2 medium and one narrow golden stripes | ||
| Senior command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | 3 medium golden stripes | |
| 4 medium golden stripes | ||
| 1 wide band | ||
| Top command staff | ||
| no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | Small star, lower wide and 1 middle stripes | |
| Small star, lower wide and 2 middle bands | ||
| Small star, lower wide and 3 middle bands | ||
| Political composition of the Navy | ||
| Junior political officer | no buttonholes at all, insignia only on the sleeves | Red star with hammer and sickle, 1 medium and 1 narrow golden stripes |
| Politruk | Red star with hammer and sickle and 2 medium golden stripes | |
| Senior political instructor | Red star with hammer and sickle, 2 medium and one narrow golden stripes | |
| Battalion Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle and 3 medium golden stripes | |
| Senior Battalion Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle and 4 medium golden stripes | |
| Regimental Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle and 1 wide golden stripe | |
| Divisional Commissioner | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 1 medium golden stripes | |
| Corps Commissar | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 2 medium golden stripes | |
| Army commissar 2nd rank | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 3 medium golden stripes | |
| Army commissar 1st rank | Red star with hammer and sickle, lower wide and 4 medium golden stripes | |
| Special ranks of military personnel of the NKVD (NKGB since 1941) | ||
| State Security Sergeant |
Two enamel squares | |
| Junior Lieutenant of State Security |
Three enamel squares | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| State Security Lieutenant |
One enamel rectangle | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| Senior Lieutenant of State Security |
Two enamel rectangles | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| State Security Captain |
Three enamel rectangles | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, a sickle and a hammer in the center. The oval and blade of the sword are silvery, the hilt of the sword, sickle and hammer are golden. |
| Major of State Security |
1 enamel diamond | |
| Senior Major of State Security (Commissioner of State Security) |
2 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| Commissioner of State Security 3rd rank |
3 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| State Security Commissioner 2nd rank |
4 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| Commissioner of State Security 1st rank |
Star and 4 enamel diamonds | The sign is an oval embroidered on maroon cloth with a sword, sickle and hammer in the center. the oval is golden in color, the sword, sickle and hammer are silver. |
| General Commissioner of State Security | golden star with hammer and sickle | |
| Engineering and technical staff, military economic and administrative staff, military medical and military veterinary staff, military legal staff | ||
| Junior military technician | one enamel square |
No |
| Military technician 2nd rank Quartermaster 2nd rank military paramedic Military Feldsher Junior military officer |
two enamel squares |
|
| Military technician 1st rank Quartermaster 1st rank Senior military assistant Senior military paramedic Military lawyer |
three enamel squares |
|
| Military engineer 3rd rank Quartermaster 3rd rank Military doctor 3rd rank Military doctor 3rd rank Military 3rd rank |
one enamel rectangle |
|
| Military engineer 2nd rank Quartermaster 2nd rank Military doctor 2nd rank Military doctor 2nd rank Military 2nd rank |
two enamel rectangles |
|
| Military engineer 1st rank Quartermaster 1st rank Military doctor 1st rank Military doctor 1st rank Military 1st rank |
three enamel rectangles |
|
| Brigadier military engineer brigmilitaryintendant Brigvoenvrach Brigvoenveterinarian Brigvoenyurist |
1 golden (enamel) rhombus |
|
| Major General of the Technical Troops Major General of the Quartermaster Service Divvoenvrach Divvoenveterinarian Divvoenyurist |
2 golden stars or 2 golden (enamel) rhombuses |
|
| Lieutenant General of the Technical Troops Lieutenant General of the Quartermaster Service Korvoenvrach Corvoenveterinarian Korvoenyurist |
3 golden stars or 3 (enamel) golden rhombuses |
|
| Colonel General of the Technical Troops Colonel General of the Quartermaster Service Armmilitary doctor Armvoenveterinarian Arms military lawyer |
4 golden stars or 4 golden (enamel) rhombuses |
|
Notes
1. The colors of stripes, buttonholes and piping for generals and the Marshal of the Soviet Union are as follows:
- for the Marshal of the Soviet Union and combined arms generals - red.
- for the generals of artillery and tank troops, the color of the buttonholes is black (velvet), the stripes, piping on the cap are red.
- for aviation generals - blue.
- for generals of the communications troops, engineering, technical troops and quartermaster service - crimson.
2. The generals of artillery, tank troops, aviation, signal troops, engineering, technical troops and quartermaster service had established emblems on their buttonholes according to the type of troops and service.
3. The colors of the military branches were as follows:
- infantry - crimson;
- artillery and armored forces - black;
- Air Force and Airborne Forces - blue;
- cavalry - blue;
- economic and administrative staff - dark green;
- for the troops of the NKVD and the NKGB: border guards - bright green, GB - dark blue, the rest - maroon.
4. The buttonholes of the command staff were the color of the type of troops with a twisted gold galloon edging. They relied on the political composition with edging in color according to the type of troops. The command and political staff had emblems on the buttonholes according to the type of troops.
5. Buttonholes for junior commanding staff - in color according to the type of troops or service, with cloth piping in color according to the type of troops, the red longitudinal clearance for all branches of the military and services is the same. The buttonholes had the emblem of the branch of service and a golden triangle (in the upper corner).
6. In fiction, the colloquial name of a square is often found - “cube”, “kubar”, a rectangle - “sleeper”.
Military ranks of the services of the Red Army and the Navy of the USSR
During 1942-1943, the People's Commissariat of Defense continued to work out the military ranks of the commanding staff of the Red Army and the VFM of the USSR. The changes were due to the fact that the military ranks of the commanding staff were characterized by a plurality of positions and sharply differed not only from the ranks of the commanding staff, but were significantly different for different services.
The first decisions of the USSR State Defense Committee on this issue were:
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1528 of 04.04. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the engineering and technical staff of the Navy Air Force" and by order of the Navy Naval Forces dated 10.04. the same ranks were introduced into the Soviet Navy.
- in March, similar decisions were made regarding the military ranks of the military-technical staff:
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1381 dated 03.03. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the engineering and technical staff of the artillery of the Red Army" and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 68 of 04.03. the following ranks of the artillery engineering staff were introduced: lieutenant technician, senior lieutenant technician, captain engineer, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general, lieutenant general, colonel general artillery engineering service,
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1408 dated 07.03. “On the introduction of personal military ranks to the engineering and technical staff of the armored forces of the Red Army” and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 71 of 08.03. the following ranks of the engineering and technical staff of the armored forces were introduced: lieutenant technician, senior lieutenant technician, captain engineer, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general lieutenant general, colonel general tank engineering service.
- By order of NPO No. 93 dated 30.03. Decree of the State Defense Committee No. 1494 of March 26 was announced. introduced military ranks for the senior and middle commanding staff of the quartermaster service: lieutenant of the quartermaster service, senior lieutenant of the quartermaster service, captain of the quartermaster service, major of the quartermaster service, lieutenant colonel of the quartermaster service and colonel quartermaster service.
- Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 1912 dated June 17. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the entire engineering and technical staff of the coastal service of the Navy of the USSR" and by order of the Navy Naval Forces dated 27.06. the following ranks were introduced: lieutenant engineer, senior lieutenant engineer, captain engineer, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major engineer, lieutenant general engineer, colonel general engineer coast guard Navy of the USSR.
- The idea of differentiating military ranks for persons with higher and secondary technical education leads to the introduction of new military ranks for the commanding staff of artillery with a secondary technical education to the existing ones (technician-lieutenant and senior technician-lieutenant): Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 2303 of 13.09. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the commanding staff of the artillery of the Red Army, having a secondary technical education" and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 278 of 14.09. : captain of the artillery and technical service, major of the artillery and technical service, lieutenant colonel of the artillery and technical service and colonel artillery technical service.
- Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 09.10. "On the establishment of complete unity of command and the abolition of the institution of military commissars in the Red Army" announced by order of NPO No. 307 of 09.10. canceled existing titles political composition. It was also supposed:
- military councils of fronts and armies within a month to assign command military ranks to political workers within the limits of the rights granted to them;
- military councils of the fronts to submit to the People's Commissariat of Defense no later than November 15, 1942, through the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army, certification material for conferring command military ranks to political workers, starting with the senior battalion commissar and above.
- Order No. 10 of the NPO announced the decision of the State Defense Committee No. 2685 dated 04.02. "On the introduction of personal military ranks to the military medical and military veterinary staff of the Red Army", No. GOKO-2822 "On the introduction of personal military ranks engineering, technical, legal and administrative staff of the Red Army"(the same decree introduced a new category of military personnel - administrative staff; it included persons serving in headquarters, institutions, military educational institutions and local military administration (military commissariats) and performing organizational, mobilization and other work) in the Red Army
- from 14.02. No. 2890 "On the establishment of personal military ranks for quartermaster, medical, veterinary, administrative and legal staff of the Navy» in the USSR Navy,
- By order of NCO No. 55 dated 06.02. Decree of the State Defense Committee No. 2822 of 04.02 was announced. established for the middle, senior and senior engineering and technical staff of the signal troops, engineering troops, chemical protection troops, topographic troops, railway troops of the Red Army ranks: junior technician-lieutenant, technician-lieutenant, senior technician-lieutenant, engineer-captain, engineer- major, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general, lieutenant general, colonel general engineering service,
| In the medical service | In the veterinary service | For the engineering and technical staff of the coastal service of the Navy of the USSR | For naval engineers | In the artillery and technical service | In the engineering and artillery service |
In the aviation engineering service (rank from captain to colonel only with higher education) |
In the tank engineering service (rank from captain to colonel only with higher education) |
For the engineering and technical staff of the signal troops, engineering, chemical protection, railway and topographic troops of the Red Army (rank from captain to colonel only with higher education) |
In the quartermaster service | For military personnel | For the administrative staff |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle and senior command staff | |||||||||||
| junior lieutenant of the medical service | junior lieutenant of the veterinary service | Title not entered | Title not entered | Title not entered | junior lieutenant of justice | junior lieutenant of administrative service | |||||
| lieutenant of medical service | lieutenant of the veterinary service | lieutenant engineer | lieutenant engineer | artillery-technical service lieutenant technician | Aviation Engineering Lieutenant Technician | engineer-lieutenant of the tank engineering service | quartermaster lieutenant | lieutenant of justice | lieutenant of administrative service | ||
| senior lieutenant of the medical service | senior lieutenant of the veterinary service | senior lieutenant engineer | senior engineer-lieutenant of the naval service | Senior Technician-Lieutenant of the Artillery and Technical Service | Senior Technician-Lieutenant of the Engineering and Artillery Service | Senior Technician-Lieutenant of the Aviation Engineering Service | senior technician-lieutenant of the tank engineering service | senior technician-lieutenant of the engineering service | senior lieutenant of the quartermaster service | senior lieutenant of justice | senior lieutenant of administrative service |
| medical captain | captain of the veterinary service | captain engineer | engineer-captain-lieutenant of the naval service | artillery and technical service captain | Engineer Captain of the Engineering and Artillery Service | engineer-captain of the aviation engineering service | tank engineer captain | engineering captain | quartermaster captain | captain of justice | captain of administrative service |
| major of medical service | Major of Veterinary Service | major engineer | engineer-captain-lieutenant 3rd rank | Major of Artillery and Technical Service | major engineer of the artillery service | major engineer of aviation engineering service | major engineer of the tank engineering service | major of engineering service | major of the quartermaster service | Major of Justice | major of administrative service |
| lieutenant colonel of medical service | lieutenant colonel of the veterinary service | lieutenant colonel engineer | engineer-captain-lieutenant 2nd rank | Lieutenant Colonel of the Artillery and Technical Service | engineer-lieutenant colonel of the engineering-artillery service | engineer-lieutenant colonel of the aviation engineering service | engineer lieutenant colonel of the tank engineering service | lieutenant colonel of the engineering service | lieutenant colonel of the quartermaster service | lieutenant colonel of justice | lieutenant colonel of administrative service |
| colonel of the medical service | colonel of the veterinary service | colonel engineer | engineer-captain lieutenant 1st rank | artillery and technical service colonel | Colonel Engineer of the Engineering and Artillery Service | colonel engineer of the aviation engineering service | engineer-colonel of the tank engineering service | colonel of engineering service | colonel of the quartermaster service | Colonel of Justice | colonel of administrative service |
| The highest command staff | |||||||||||
| Major General of the Medical Service | Major General of the Veterinary Service | Coast Guard Major General Engineer | The highest rank was not introduced | The highest rank was not introduced | Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service | Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service | major general of the tank engineering service | Major General of the Engineering Service | Introduced 07.05. See above "Soviet generals and admirals" |
major general of justice | The highest rank was not introduced |
| medical lieutenant general | lieutenant general of the veterinary service | Coast Guard Lieutenant General Engineer | Lieutenant General of the Engineering and Artillery Service | lieutenant general of the aviation engineering service | lieutenant general of the tank engineering service | Lieutenant General of the Engineering Service | lieutenant general of justice | ||||
| Colonel General of the Medical Service | Colonel General of the Veterinary Service
Shoulder straps were introduced in the Army by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of 06.01. "On the introduction of new insignia for the personnel of the Red Army"; in the Navy - - See also: Insignia of the Armed Forces of the USSR ... Wikipedia In the Russian Federation, two types of military ranks of military personnel are established - military and naval. Ship military ranks are assigned to sailors of the surface and submarine forces of the Navy (Navy), naval military units of the internal ... ... Wikipedia This article is about military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from 1994 to 2010. About modern military ranks, and adopted insignia, in 2010, see the article Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ... ... Wikipedia This article is about shoulder straps of the period 1994 2010, about modern shoulder straps adopted in 2010, see the article Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (1994 2010) signs ... Wikipedia | ||||||||||
The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia abolished civil and military ranks, orders, ranks, titles, officers, generals, admirals, ambassadors, ministers and diplomats. Everyone became friends. Everyone was level, like beds in a barracks, like planks in a fence.
But it was soon noticed that equality, for the sake of which all the porridge was brewed, was unattainable. It suddenly turned out that in the army someone had to give orders, and someone had to carry them out. And the first stratification of a single and monolithic mass of comrades into soldiers and commanders of the Red Army took place.
Comrade commanders began to be distinguished from fellow soldiers with red bows, rags and other identification marks. But here's the problem: one vociferous commander commands, and another no less vociferous commander gives the command. One says one thing and the other says something completely different. And who to obey? Know your commanders by sight?
Not bad, of course, but only a lot of people. You can't remember every one. Besides, time passes, and with it everything changes. Yesterday someone was a regiment commander, and everyone knew him by sight. And today they demoted a comrade to the rank and file. The broad masses of soldiers remember him in one capacity, but he already abides in another. How to be here, how not to mislead people?
Therefore, commanders began to be distinguished by triangles, squares, rectangles and rhombuses. Went on promotion - an extra rhombus was sewn. Lowered - the rhombus was removed. But the problem was that the commanding staff consisted not only of the commanders of battalions, regiments and divisions.
Here comes the chief of staff of the army. How to contact him? They came up with - the chief of staff. They began to call the head of the operational department of the army - nachoperodshtarm, and they began to address his senior assistant - starpomnachoperodshtarm. At the headquarters of the front, respectively, there is a senior pompomnachoperodshtafront.
There was, for example, a position: deputy commander for maritime affairs - deputy commander. Everyone will agree that it does not sound very aesthetically pleasing. Such a chief comes to military unit and how to contact him. "Allow me to address, comrade deputy commissar." And if the whole team meets him on the ship. The sailors loudly and joyfully yell in 500 throats: "We wish you good health, deputy commander." What if people have a good sense of humor? What can all this lead to? That's the same.
They wanted to do the best in the Red Army, but what happened? Earlier, even under the tsar, officers wore epaulettes on their shoulders. Here comes the captain, but the captain is standing. I looked at the shoulder straps and apply according to the charter. And since there are no military ranks, since all comrades, then you have to apply according to your position. It is inconvenient, and not everyone will remember. And sometimes it is very difficult to speak.
In addition, a military secret is revealed. It's one thing to call a colonel, and another, the head of army intelligence. Therefore, they spat on universal equality and introduced military ranks.
By the mid-1930s, military ranks in the Red Army had finally formed into a strict system. More precisely, they did not work out, but returned to their original position. From where they started dancing, they ended there. But the command staff was not called officers and generals. Red commander - period. And the generals and officers sounded painfully counter-revolutionary.
In 1935, personal military ranks were introduced. But there was no talk about shoulder straps. Some 15 years ago they beat gold miners in civil war. Therefore, it never occurred to anyone to equalize themselves with the tsarist officers. The insignia was assigned a place on the buttonholes. Triangles were hung for sergeants and foremen. The lieutenants were given cubes. Senior officers - rectangles. In common parlance they were called sleepers.
The senior command staff began with the captain. They gave him one sleeper. Major - two sleepers. The Colonel received three sleepers. On September 1, 1939, a new military rank was introduced - lieutenant colonel. He received three sleepers. Accordingly, the colonel added one more to his three sleepers.
The highest insignia in the Red Army (from left to right)
Marshal of the Soviet Union, commander of the 1st rank, commander of the 2nd rank
The highest commanding staff could not be called generals. Admiral Kolchak was beaten - beaten. General Denikin was beaten - beaten. General Wrangel was beaten - beaten. So what can be generals and admirals. Therefore, they were named differently. The brigade commander - one rhombus, the commander - two rhombuses, the corps commander - three rhombuses. Commander of the 2nd rank - four rhombuses, commander of the 1st rank - four rhombuses and a star. And most high rank - Marshal of the Soviet Union. This is one big star. Marshals in tsarist army did not have. Therefore, this title of counter-revolutionary did not sound.
You also need to know that the brigade commander did not always hold the position of brigade commander, and the divisional commander did not always hold the position of division commander. That is, military ranks in the Red Army did not always correspond to the position held. Here the fact is that there were much more various positions than titles.
For example, the deputy corps commander or the head of the 5th Directorate of the General Staff. In addition, commanders were often transferred from one position to another. It happened very quickly, and the appropriation next rank delayed. Therefore, a brigade commander could also command a division, and a divisional commander could command a corps.
Divisional commander D. Schmidt commanded the 8th mechanized brigade. From this position he was moved down, but the title remained the same. And divisional commander G. Zhukov was at the head of the corps, then became deputy commander of the Belarusian military district in the same rank. Then he was appointed commander of the 57th Special Rifle Corps in Mongolia, while remaining a commander. When the corps was turned into an army group, G. Zhukov was given the rank of commander.
In addition to purely command ranks, there were also special ranks. For example, the brigade commander corresponded to the brig commissar, brig engineer, brigintendant, brig military officer. Such a system existed until 1940, when general ranks were introduced, but without epaulettes.
It should immediately be noted that between the old ranks of commanders, commanders and new generals - there was no connection. Well, firstly, according to the old scale, there were 5 military ranks between the Marshal of the Soviet Union and the colonel. This is from a brigade commander to a commander of the 1st rank. And according to the new system, there were only 4 military ranks: major general, lieutenant general, colonel general, army general. Therefore, it is impossible to speak of a direct analogy in any case.
Secondly, in 1940 they carried out a complete re-certification of the entire command staff of the Red Army. The old titles were forgotten, and the new ones were assigned based on the results of the check. For example, commander of the 2nd rank I. Konev became a lieutenant general, commander F. Remezov received the same title. G. Zhukov was a commander, and became an army general. And it affected everyone.
Stalin with marshal's shoulder straps. Shoulder straps of the Generalissimo were never invented
Military ranks in the Red Army were extended to the NKVD. However, in terms of their weight and significance, they did not always correspond to those of the army. The entire NKVD consisted of several divisions:
GUGB - the main department of state security;
GURKM - the main department of the workers' and peasants' militia;
GUPVO - the main department of the border and internal protection;
GUPO - the main department of fire protection;
GULAG - translation is not needed here;
GTU - the main transport department;
GEM - the main economic department;
GUSHOSDOR - the main department of highways;
The GUGB system included 10 ranks: sergeant, junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain, major, senior major, commissioner of the 3rd, 2nd, 1st ranks. Two weighty words were added to each title at the end - “state security”. Sergeant GB was equated with army officers. He wore two cubes in his buttonhole, just like a lieutenant of tank troops or aviation. And he received twice as much as a senior lieutenant of the Red Army. In addition, he had access to a special trade, where all goods were sold at bargain prices.
Higher ranks of the GUGB wore insignia two steps higher than their military counterparts with similar army ranks.
The junior lieutenant of the GB had three cubes, like the army senior lieutenant.
The captain of the GB flaunted with three sleepers, like an army colonel.
Major GB belonged to the highest command staff. He had one rhombus on his buttonholes - exactly the same as that of the brigade commander.
Commissars GB 3, 2, 1 rank corresponded to the corps commander, commander 2, 1 rank.
A little bit later Stalin introduced the highest Chekist rank - General Commissioner GB. This is a big star, like the Marshal of the Soviet Union. Only she pleased the eye not on scarlet buttonholes, but on blue ones. Such a high military rank was worn by 3 people: G. Yagoda, N. Yezhov and L. Beria.
The workers' and peasants' militia had their own ranks. And in all other divisions of the NKVD, military ranks corresponded exactly to those in the army.
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was created on February 23, 1918.. Existed with this name until November 25, 1946 and was renamed Soviet army. In January 1943, shoulder straps were introduced. Life itself forced this to be done, since it is much easier to distinguish the title with shoulder straps than with buttonholes. This was of no small importance in a combat situation. Everyone met the innovation in different ways, but it quickly proved its effectiveness.
At present, military ranks in the Red Army have already become history. But they need to be known. After all, it is a part of our past. Although it was not always happy and joyful, it is the memory of our ancestors, who should be respected and honored. Do not forget, someday you will become ancestors and you will also claim the memory of descendants. So let it be bright and kind.
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