status of the individual. Social and personal status of the individual, social role

Social statuses and roles - important elements personality structures. The concepts of "social status" and "social role" have steadily entered the dictionary of terms of social and humanities. In scientific circulation in the 1930s. they were introduced by the American social anthropologist and sociologist Ralph Linton (1893-1953).

social status. The word "status" is borrowed by sociology ( social sciences) from the language of Roman jurisprudence. AT Ancient Rome status meant the legal status of the person. Thus, social status is understood as the position (position) of an individual in society or a group, associated with his rights and obligations. Highlighting a status position allows you to:

• a) see place occupied by a person in a society, a group, including through the prism of generally recognized indicators social achievements chances of success;
• b) show the surrounding social status environment;
• c) understand amount of social benefits(resources) and rights and obligations that he possesses.

It is customary to distinguish social statuses in a certain way.

Socio-demographic statuses (also called sociobiological or natural) may be related:

• 1) with the age of the person ( age status)- a child, a teenager, a young man, a person of mature, advanced age;
• 2) kinship (related family statuses) - father, mother, son, daughter, etc.;
• 3) gender of a person ( sexual status) - man Woman;
• 4) race ( racial status). This social category arose in the 19th century, when biologists and anthropologists tried to classify the diversity of human physical types into three groups - Caucasians, Negroids, Mongoloids;
• 5) health ( health status)- for example, a disabled person, a person with limited physical abilities.

Proper social statuses- their education and existence is possible only in society; they are a product of the system social connections established in society. These include statuses:

• ? economic(owner, tenant, rentier, landowner, employee, etc.);
• ?political(reflect this or that attitude of people's social positions to power);
• ? legal(belonging to a status is often associated with the corresponding legal scope of the rights and obligations of persons);
• ?professional(these include all professions and specialties within them);
• ? sociocultural(consist of four basic areas: science, education, art, religion);
• ?territorial(for example, city dweller, villager; Siberian, resident Far East etc.).

Social statuses are also subdivided into formal and informal.

Formal status -

this is social position, which is fixed and spelled out in one or another official document. For example, CEO joint-stock company, tone manager of a trading company, rector of the higher educational institution, director of the lyceum.

Unofficial (informal) status not reflected in official documents. Usually unofficial status positions develop in the process of interpersonal relations in small groups, between friends, acquaintances, colleagues, relatives. For example, we say about a person that he is “responsible” or “irresponsible”, “hardworking” or “loafer”, “upstart” or “deservedly holds a high managerial position”, “the soul of the company” or “on his own mind”, etc. d.

Allocate prescribed (ascriptive), achieved and mixed social statuses.

> prescribed name the statuses that an individual received and possesses them without making any effort to acquire them. For example, the status of social origin, inherited aristocratic titles, socio-demographic statuses.

> achievable name the status positions that an individual acquired through his own efforts. Thus, educational and professional status are examples of achieved status positions. Modern open societies are focused on ensuring that the statuses achieved have the main, determining value in society ( self made man- a man who made himself), and not prescribed, as in traditional and closed societies.

> mixed name the statuses at the same time they have signs of a prescribed and achieved status. For example, children decided to follow in the footsteps of the older generation and chose the same profession as their parents, under the influence of their example, overt or covert influence, explicit or implicit consent, assistance. This is not uncommon in the families of lawyers, doctors, actors, musicians, financiers, successful businessmen. Mixed status can also include positions desired by a person, but received by him under patronage, thanks to various social ties.

In the aggregate of statuses, it is customary to single out the main status, i.e. the status most characteristic of a given individual; the social position by which he is singled out by others and he identifies himself in the first place. AT modern society the main status often coincides with the professional and official status of a person (financial analyst, chief researcher, lawyer, unemployed, housewife).

Distinguish private and social statuses.

social status is the position (position) of a person in society, largely determined by the representative of which social group he is.

personal status- this is the position (position) of a person in the primary group depending on how he (his qualities) is evaluated by other members of the group.

Social status is predominant in the system of impersonal formal relations, in large organizations, among strangers. Personal status prevails among people known to a person. Personal statuses are informal; their influence and effectiveness are determined by the fact that it is important for most people to maintain and increase their personal status in the group. People are very sensitive to the expectations and demands of those they personally know and respect, and in order to maintain their trust, they sometimes run the risk of incurring the resentment of officials.

The distinction between personal status and social status corresponds to the distinction that the Chinese make between the two ways of "saving face." Social status refers to a person's position in society: the respect he enjoys is based on which social category he belongs to and how this category is evaluated in the system of social evaluation, prestige. A person retains his social status if he lives in accordance with the norms of this social category. When the Chinese talk about saving mian", they mean the preservation of the reputation that a person has secured due to his position in society. Thus, a successful merchant is expected to provide his daughter with an excellent dowry, even if he has to go into debt to do so.

The Chinese also talk about saving "l yang." A person cannot live without “lian”, it depends on how he will be evaluated as human being, the loss of "lian" will lead to the fact that he will be isolated. A person is unlikely to be forgiven if he is convicted of dishonesty, meanness, betrayal, if he reveals an unforgivable poverty of mind, an inability to keep his word. Preservation of "lian" is not related to social status, its assertion depends personally on the person himself.

In the middle of the 20th century, Robert Merton introduced the term "status set"(The term is used as a synonym for this concept. "status portrait" person). Under status set is understood as the totality of all statuses belonging to one individual.

For example, sir N is a middle-aged man, teacher, doctor of science, scientific secretary of the dissertation council, head of department, trade union member, member of one of the parties, Christian, voter, husband, father, uncle, etc. Such is the status set, or portrait, of a person N.

From point of view rank value allocate social statuses high, middle, low rank. By ranking value, for example, status positions are distinguished top manager, middle or lower level manager.

When analyzing social statuses, one must remember about status incompatibility. There are two forms of status incompatibility:

• 1) when a person occupies a high position in one group and a low position in another;
• 2) when the rights and obligations of one status contradict, exclude or interfere with the exercise of the rights and obligations of another status.

An example of the first form of status incompatibility is when the CEO big company in his family is not the head of the family, this role is performed by his wife. Examples of the second form of status incompatibility include the fact that an official does not have the right to engage in commercial activities, a policeman cannot be a member of a mafia group. Criminals who are servants of the law are considered "werewolves in uniform."

status incompatibility

a situation is called in which the same person in different group hierarchies occupies different ranks - high, medium, low.

In contrast to this status compatibility called a position in which the same person in different group hierarchies occupies approximately the same ranks - all high, all middle or all low.

social role. If the key to understanding social status is the word "position", then when we talk about social role, then the word "behavior" is the starting point here. Social statuses describe position, position of people in social world, a social roles disclose behavior of people in the world of social statuses. We occupy status, but play(perform) a role, therefore a role is performed dynamic aspect social status.

A social role is a kind of model, template, format for the behavior of an individual occupying a particular status. In its origin, the word "role" is associated with the Latin word persona(person, person), which in ancient times meant actor's mask, depicting the character of the character (or role): villain, jester, hero, titan, etc. In a certain sense, a role is a mask that a person puts on himself when he enters people, society.

American sociologist II. Berger writes: "... man plays dramatic roles in the grandiose play of society, and, speaking in sociological terms, he is the mask that he must wear when playing his roles."

A role is the expected behavior of an individual holding a certain status (R. Linton). All aspects of the definition of social role are interconnected. So, the role is the behavior of the individual, but not any, but expected, i.e. such behavior that corresponds to the ideas that have developed in groups, society regarding the normality, adequacy, correctness, worthiness of a person’s actions in connection with his status position. In this way, role-playing is human behavior, considered in the coordinate system of expectations and status positions. In other words, only behavior that meets the expectations of those who are functionally associated with a given status is called a role; other behavior is not a role.

Talcott Parsons noted that each role can be described using five main characteristics - in terms of: 1) its emotionality; 2) method of obtaining; 3) scale; 4) formalization; 5) motivation.

Given these characteristics, let's compare two roles: the role of a policeman and the role of a mother.

• 1. The role of a policeman is much less emotional than the role of a mother. In general, emotional restraint is expected from a police officer, while the role of a mother can be associated with a very vivid display of feelings.
• 2. According to the method of obtaining, the role of a policeman is related to the achieved status. The role of a mother includes both prescribed (since women are mothers) and attainable (since all women become mothers) aspects.
• 3. The role of the policeman is formal; he can only do what is prescribed by law, by instructions, determined by orders. The role of the mother is largely informal, although, of course, it is formal in terms of the provisions fixed in legal acts and documents.
• 4. The role of a mother is larger than the role of a police officer, since the role of a police officer is limited only by the scope of his professional performance. official duties, while between mother and child there is a much more wide range relations.
• 5. From the point of view of motivation, the role of a police officer is primarily focused on the implementation of public interests in law and security. But this role also includes personal motivation. It is associated with public recognition of the police service, worthy rewards for the work of police officers, their career interests. However, the defining role of a policeman is serving the legitimate interests of citizens, the law, i.e. First of all, the role of the policeman is socially motivated. The mother's role includes motivation for personal and social interests. Primary here is the personal motivation of a woman to have children, which may coincide with the interest of society in the reproduction of the population.

In addition to the concept of "status set", Robert Merton introduced the term role set. Under role set refers to a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status. As a rule, each status includes several roles. For example, the status of a university professor is associated with the roles of a teacher, researcher, supervisor of graduate students, youth mentor, scientific consultant, expert, author. scientific works etc. Thus, together with the concept of "status set", the concept of "role set" is used, which describes the whole variety of behavior patterns - roles assigned to one status (Fig. 10.1).

Is the role a part of the "I" of a person, his personal structure, or is it just an external shell for the inner "I", a mask, a label? To what extent "I" identifies(identifies) with the role?

The role can be a part of the "I", and only an external mask. If one of the parents plays the role of Santa Claus on the New Year tree in kindergarten, then this role is nothing more than a mask, which with "I" this person may be completely unrelated. For a professional actor, playing the role of Santa Claus is already something else. For him this

Rice. 10.1.

the role, of course, is a mask, but a mask associated with his profession; here, the performance of the role is already to a certain extent included in the "I" of a person.

An even greater identification of the inner "I" of a person with a role is possible. The actor plays different roles: today the role of Prince Hamlet, tomorrow King Lear, then the inhabitant of the social bottom of Sateen. But in reality the actor is neither Hamlet, nor Lear, nor Satine, none of these and other dramatic characters. But for a doctor, a lawyer, their musician professional activity- not theatrical performance; what they serve are the roles of their whole lives. So, the doctor calls himself, considers and identifies himself with the doctor, and not with a masquerade role-playing character in a white coat. at the doctor the role of the doctor deeply rooted in his "I".

Roles can suddenly have a second bottom, when they seem to begin to live their own life separate from people. There are two main dangers here. The first is that it is impossible to live in society and evade the performance of roles. Roles, among other things, are a form of social selection, the establishment of social filters, and control. If a person is unwilling or unable to learn role behavior, then he is threatened with non-recognition, rejection, social isolation. The second danger is that people tend to think that the roles they play are under their complete control; they believe that they can always enter any role they want or leave it at will. However, after all, one can play too much and one day find that roles command people, and not people command roles; that the roles put people under their control and turned their inner self into ashes.

• See: Shibutani T. Social Psychology. Rostov n / a, 1998.S. 351-356.
• See: Belsky V. Yu., Kravchenko A. I., Kurganov S. I. Sociology for lawyers. M., 2009. S. 154.
• Berger P. L. An invitation to sociology: a humanistic perspective. pp. 99-100.

These include those that exist for a very short time (pedestrian, passenger, etc.).

SOCIAL TIME

All statuses exist in time, if by time we understand the life of a person. With his death, his social time ends. At human society time is much longer.

Timeless statuses. Some statuses of an individual (they are called ascribed) do not disappear as long as he is alive. In our sense, they exist forever. For example: gender, nationality, race and some others.

Permanent(basic) statuses are statuses that persist for a long time.

Temporary statuses. Most statuses are temporary. And the most striking of them are episodic. They are named so due to their short duration. You can be a guest for several hours or days, but hardly for several years. The same can be said about the passenger, the buyer or the patient of the clinic. A striking example episodic status - in the queue. A queue with its generally accepted norms and rules, distribution of roles and informal statuses occurs spontaneously and for a short time. After a while, you left the store and went outside. Now you have the episodic status of a passerby. And after 10 minutes you went down to the subway and turned into a passenger. On the wall of the car hang the rights and obligations assigned to this status.

Economic, political, religious statuses can be temporary and permanent. Examples of political statuses. Permanent ones that are included in the system of the state (government, police). Voter status is temporary. Confidant of the President in the election company - temporary status. A presidential candidate is also a temporary status, but the presidential representative on the ground is a permanent one.

SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF A PERSON

With the help of statuses, a sociologist can characterize the object of research just as accurately as an artist, drawing a portrait of a person with a set of individual features. Can we say that the totality of statuses characterizes this specific person?

The status portrait of a person has another name in sociology - the status set of an individual, which he introduced in the middle of the 20th century American sociologist R. Merton.

A status set is a collection of all statuses belonging to one individual.

The status set of each person is individual, that is, unique in all details. It is worth changing one of them, say, gender or profession, and leaving all the others unchanged, as we get a similar, but different person. Even if all the main statuses of two people coincide, which happens not so often, the non-main ones will certainly differ. Of two completely similar people in status, one in this moment may end up in the subway (episodic status "passenger"), and the other - to move on his own "Audio" ("driver - owner of his own car").

Main and personal statuses

In the set of statuses there will always be a key or main one. The main status is the most characteristic status for a given individual, according to which others distinguish him or with which they identify him.

For women, the main thing has traditionally been the status associated with the position of the husband. In modern society, the situation is changing. For men, the status associated with the main place of work or occupation: director of a commercial bank, researcher, police officer, worker in an industrial enterprise.

The main thing is the status that determines the lifestyle, the circle of acquaintances, the manner of behavior, etc. For the scientific intelligentsia, the main thing is often not the place of work or occupation, but academic degree, for managers - position or hierarchical rank.

For a man, this is the status of an employee in social production (the status of an employee), for a woman, it is a housewife. Society assigns these statuses to them. In the process of life, a person learns what society imposes on him. How stronger man identifies with a major status, the harder it is for him to lose it. Unemployment is terrible for a man because it deprives him of his main status - the breadwinner of the family.

36 chose

Not all people who have connected their lives with fashion are aphoristic wits. But when you think a lot about fashion, when your life is connected with fashion and style, words that form into sentences come to mind by themselves, in which nothing can be added or subtracted! .. I picked up 50 fashion quotes belonging to the great designers of XX century, as well as people who mastered the art of creating their own style...

1. In order to be irreplaceable, you need to be different. Coco Chanel

2. Fashion doesn't just make women beautiful, it gives them confidence. Yves Saint Laurent

3. Pure, strong emotions. It's not about design. It's about feelings. Alber Elbaz

4. When you hear designers complaining about the problems of their profession, say: Don't get carried away, it's just dresses. Karl Lagerfeld

5. Fashion is not about labels. And not about brands. It's about something else that's going on inside of us. Ralph Lauren

6. We should never confuse elegance with snobbery. Yves Saint Laurent

7. Girls don't dress for boys. They dress for themselves and, of course, for each other. If girls dressed for boys, they would be naked all the time. Betsey Johnson

8. Women's dress should be akin to barbed wire: doing its job without spoiling the landscape. Sophia Loren

9. Style is an easy way to talk about complex things. Jean Cocteau

10. Give a girl the right shoes and she can conquer the world. Marilyn Monroe

11. I don't do fashion. I myself am fashion. Coco Chanel

12. Fashion designers present on the catwalk four times a year. Style is what you choose. Launer Hatton

13. I like being a woman even in this man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear trousers. Whitney Houston

14. Fashion should be a form of escapism, not a form of incarceration. Alexander McQueen

15. Always walk as if three men are following you. Oscar de la Renta

16. Perfume can tell more about a woman than her handwriting. Christian Dior

17. Dressing as Scheherazade is easy. Pick up a small black dress- harder. Coco Chanel

18. Being different is easy, but being unique is very difficult. Lady Gaga

19. Style is a way of saying who you are without words. Rachel Zoe

20. I don't model clothes. I create dreams. Ralph Lauren

21. I can't concentrate in flat shoes. Victoria Beckham

22. When in doubt, wear red. Bill Blass

23. Nothing makes a woman more beautiful than the belief that she is beautiful. Sophia Loren

24. My job is to combine comfort and luxury, practical and desirable. Donna Karan

25. Luxury should be comfortable. Otherwise it is not a luxury. Coco Chanel

26. Fashion is like architecture: the main thing is proportions. Coco Chanel

27. If you can't be better than your competitor, then at least dress better. Anna Wintour

28. Nothing ages a woman like an overly rich outfit. Coco Chanel

29. Attire - a preface to a woman, and sometimes the whole book. Sebastien-Roche Nicolas de Chamfort

30. A person is painted by clothes. Naked people have very little influence in society, if not none at all. Mark Twain

31. There is nothing special about a skirt when it sways on a clothesline. Lawrence Dow

32. If you can’t remember what a woman was wearing, then she was dressed perfectly. Coco Chanel

33. Fashion is a form of ugliness so unbearable that we are forced to change it every six months. Oscar Wilde

34. I dress for image. Not for myself, not for the public, not for fashion, not for men. Marlene Dietrich

35. Every generation laughs at old fashion, always following the new one. Henry David Thoreau

36. I know what women want. They want to be beautiful. Valentino Garavani

37. I have always considered a white t-shirt to be the alpha and omega of the fashionable alphabet. Giorgio Armani

38. Fashion is what we make ourselves out of every day. Miuccia Prada

39. Fashion is always inspired by youth and nostalgia and often draws inspiration from the past. Lana Del Rey

40. Fashion brings happiness. This is joy. But not therapy. Donatella Versace

41. There is no better designer in the world than nature itself. Alexander McQueen

42. A dress doesn't make any sense if it doesn't make men want to take it off you. Françoise Sagan

43. Buy less, choose better, and do it yourself. Vivienne Westwood

Taste is a muscle that can be trained.(NN)

First Commandment real woman: took off his heels - left the race. (NN)

Fashion is a matter of money. Style is a matter of individuality. (NN)

If some woman struck you with her beauty, but you cannot remember what she was wearing, it means that she was dressed perfectly. (Coco Chanel)

Lack of attire is sometimes the best attire. (Petronius)

Good dressed man one who considers himself and others. (Pierre Cardin)

There is a legend that there are women who, opening the closet, know what they will wear. (NN)

To despise fashion is as foolish as to follow it too zealously. (Jean de La Bruyère)
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Most people live by fashion, not by reason. (Georg Christoph Lichtenberg)
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There are people who even dress their thoughts according to the requirements of fashion. (Berthold Averbakh)
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Outfit is a preface to a woman, and sometimes the entire book. (Sebastian-Roche Nicolas de Chamfort)
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The expression on a woman's face is much more important than her clothes. (Dale Carnegie)
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A man is adorned by clothes. Naked people have very little influence in society, if not none at all. (Mark Twain)
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We eat for our own pleasure, we dress for the pleasure of others. (Benjamin Franklin)
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The worse things are going for you, the better you should dress. (English saying)

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Modesty died when clothing was born. (Mark Twain)
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Women's clothing - painting, men's clothing - sculpture. (Barnett Newman)

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If men in our time are more serious than women, it is only because their clothes are darker. (André Gide)
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Women dress best in areas where they often undress. (Fortunat Strovsky)
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Brevity is the soul of lingerie. (Dorothy Parker)
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A man does not like women in cheap clothes, except for his own wife. (NN)
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A man who has to take some decisive step thinks: “What will I say?”, And a woman: “How will I dress?”. (Madeleine de Puisier)
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If a woman looks good in slacks, she will look good in anything. (NN)
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Judge a man not by his clothes, but by the clothes of his wife. (Thomas Dewar)

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If women only dressed for one man, it wouldn't last so long. (Marcel Achard)
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If women dress up so carefully, it is only because the eye of a man is better developed than his mind. (Doris Day)
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Women believe that they dress up for men or for their own pleasure; in truth, they dress up for each other. (Francis de Miomander)
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I dress for women and undress for men. (Angie Dickinson)
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The dress should be tight enough to show that you are a woman and loose enough to show that you are a lady. (Edith Head)
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Wearing one dress for too long is bad for the body. (Yanina Ipohorskaya)
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What do men like most about a woman's dress? Their ideas of what a woman would look like without any dress. (Brendan Francis)
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Modern dresses are like barbed wire: they protect the territory, but allow it to be explored. (Danny Kay)
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The neckline is another form of matter preservation. (Tamara Kleiman)
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Women's dresses don't have to be tight, but if a woman is wearing, I want to see exactly where she is in that dress. (Bob Hope)

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An unloved suit never wears out. (NN)

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The most important thing in women's clothing- the woman who wears it. (Yves Saint Laurent)
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There is nothing special about a skirt when it is swaying on a clothesline. (Laurence Dow)
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Moth loves to change the wardrobe. (Antony Regulsky)
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Fashion passes, style remains. (Coco Chanel)
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The mod no longer exists. It is created for several hundred people. (Coco Chanel)
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You can follow fashion or run after fashion. But you can only run if you're young enough. (Jeanne Moreau)
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Not ugly women- There are only women who do not know that they are beautiful. (Vivien Leigh)
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In everything that concerns sins, one should carefully follow the fashion. (Lillian Hellman)
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It takes twenty minutes to look like a goddess. It takes three hours to look natural. (Women's folk wisdom)
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Beware of originality. In women's fashion, originality can lead to a masquerade. (Coco Chanel)
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The best decoration for a girl is modesty and a transparent dress. (Eugene Schwartz)
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Black flat shoes are worn to the balding short men. (Women's folk wisdom)
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Fashion exists for women who lack taste, etiquette for women who lack education. (Queen Maria of Romania)
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Under the clothes, all people are naked. (Heine)
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Many women's problems, before which the best psychiatrists give in, the hairdresser of the second category often decides. (Mary McCarthy)
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Clothing on a woman should be moderately modest, so that it does not catch the eye, and at the same time it is noticeable that she is wearing it. (Stas Yankovsky)
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Fashion is traditionalism squared: to be like everyone else and, moreover, to compete. (A. Kruglov)
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Wear rich clothes - they will open all doors for you. (Fuller)
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Every fashion looks like it will last forever. (Georg Simmel)
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Taking fashion too seriously is probably stupid. (Hans Georg Gadamer)
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The essence of fashion is that it is always followed by only a part of the group, while the group as a whole is only on the way to it. (Georg Simmel)
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The breaking of fashion by kings becomes fashion for their subjects. (Emil German)
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The latest fashion statement tends to echo in an empty pocket. loving man. (Eduard Aleksandrovich Sevrus (Vorokhov))
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I love clothes and I don't like fashion. (Miuccia Prada)
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The desire for novelty is a special gift that explains the absolute dominance of the French in the field of fashion. (Valery Giscard D "Estaing)
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In fashion stores, look not for a thing, but for yourself. (NN)
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Perfume is business card. Without fragrance, a woman is anonymous. (Hubert de Givenchy)
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Shoes are made so that even in clothes a woman seems naked.
(Christian Louboutin)
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The value of the bag must be greater than the value of its contents. (GQ magazine)
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A dress doesn't make any sense if it doesn't make men want to take it off you.
(Francoise Sagan)
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You can wear whatever you like, as long as it looks feminine and sexy. (Vivienne Westwood)
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The secret of the success of our suits is in the small details, understandable at the level of sensations.
(Cristiano Corneliani, Director of Corneliani)
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If there is no clothes you would like to wear, design it yourself. (The principle of hand-made)

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Taste is the ability to find a way out in the most natural in different circumstances.
(Fazil Iskander)
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I love vulgarity. Good taste is death. Vulgarity is life. (Mary Quant, inventor of the miniskirt)
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A person's style is the voice of his soul. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
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Only superficial people do not judge by appearances. (Oscad Wilde)
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A well-tied tie is the first serious step in life. (Oscad Wilde

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A real man walks in a suit, not jeans, but this suit looks like a person slept in it. (Susan Vega)
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She looked like she was poured into a dress, slightly pouring over the edge. (Palem Wodehouse)
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Better two folds on the face than one on a stocking. (Commandment of a Parisienne)
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A woman should be undressed by the one for whom she dresses. (NN)
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To be beautiful, it is not enough to be beautiful. (Paul Reynal)
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Charm is beauty in motion. (Gothold Lessing)
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Very expensive clothes age. (Coco Chanel)
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Youth fashion - pleonasm; There is no old fashion. (Coco Chanel)
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I love it when fashion goes outside, but I don't allow it to come from there. (Coco Chanel)
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Nothing ages a woman like an overly rich suit. (Coco Chanel)
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Fashion, like architecture, is a matter of proportion. (Coco Chanel)

To be irreplaceable, you need to change all the time. (Coco Chanel)

Fashion is what goes out of fashion. (Coco Chanel)

People are not interested in fashion, but in the few who create it. (Coco Chanel)

Clothes are like canvas different people drapes differently. (Donna Karan)

If a woman is poorly dressed, others will remember her clothes. If a woman is well dressed, others will remember her. (Coco Chanel)

A woman, not clothes, expresses sexuality. (GianiVersace)

Style is the person. (Buffon, French naturalist)

Fashion is what we ourselves wear. What others wear is not fashionable. (Oscar Wilde)

Fashionable what I wear! (Coco Chanel)

Fashion lives not only in dresses, fashion is in the air, it is brought by the wind, we anticipate it, we breathe it, it is in the sky and on the road, it is inseparable from people, customs, events. (Coco Chanel)

A well-dressed person is one who considers himself and others. (P. Cardin)

A real woman can be immediately recognized by her disobedience to the fashionable standard, she wears only what suits her. (I. A. Efremov)

A lover of rarities does not value what is good or beautiful, but what is unusual and outlandish, what he alone has. Fashionable and hard-to-reach he appreciates more than perfect. (J. La Bruyère

The whims of women are not subject to fashion, but fashion is always in their power. (Valery Afonchenko)

Happiness is not in money, but in shopping. (Marilyn Monroe)

Bad taste is an indicator of a decline in morals. In clothes, try to be elegant, but not dandy; the sign of grace is decency, and the sign of panache is excess. (Socrates)

Depending on your means, dress magnificently, But not funny, richly - not colorful. Clothing speaks about a person. (Shakespeare)

Elegance is more than lightness, more than freedom from awkwardness and restrictions. Elegance means inspired yet refined precision, detail and brilliance. (Garlitz)

Each new generation laughs at the old fashion, passing into the new religion. (Toro)

The majority, lacking in vanity, follows the new fashion, forgetting the old. (Hubert)

Fashion is the only attempt to transform art into a form of social interaction. (Oliver Wendeler Holmes)

In any form, redundancy is revolting, so every reasonable person must adhere to this rule both in dress and in speech. Try to avoid other people's influences in everything, but follow, without undue haste, changes in fashion. (Molière)

Try not to get ahead of fashion and keep up with it, and even more so do not fall into its extremes. (Lavater).

Admit it, you sold your soul when you first wore Jimmy Choo shoes! (film The Devil Wears Prada).

The best wardrobe for clothes is a chair! (NN)

Cheap is only what you wear without a sense of self-confidence. (NN)

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Second among the factors influencing the development of group cohesion is the group's history of success in completing past tasks. The more such successes, the greater the cohesion.

Certain characteristics of the group itself also lead to group cohesion. For example, if the members of a group have some common purpose leads to greater cohesion than its absence. The last contribution to group cohesion is made by the personal characteristics of group members. We already know that people love more those of their acquaintances whose views are closer to their own. The more such people in the group, the more united it is.

Once developed, group cohesion can have a significant impact on the future of the group.

One consequence of group cohesion is that group members spend more time interacting with each other, thus increasing both the quantity and quality of group interaction. The second consequence is that a cohesive group has big influence on individual members.

Another consequence is that in a cohesive group, its members get more job satisfaction, which is very important.

Finally, group cohesion is closely related to productivity. Members of a more cohesive group will adhere to the group's performance guidelines to a greater extent than members of a less cohesive group. However, it should be remembered that group norms can contribute to both an increase and a decrease in productivity.

The status of an individual in a group

Status refers to an individual's rank, value, or prestige in a group, organization, or society. Status reflects the hierarchical structure of the group and creates vertical differentiation, just as roles separate different occupations. This is another way to reduce uncertainty and clarify what is expected of us. Like roles and norms, status exists both inside and outside the organizational environment. At the broadest level of analysis, we call it social status. By dividing people according to their social status, we get social classes.

In addition to the public level, there is also a working level of division into statuses. Professional prestige is the relative status of one's profession. Occupational prestige is not the same as social status as it only depends on one variable, while social status includes everything. But here the question arises: why then do not all people strive to get a job associated with high prestige? The answer, based on the results of research, is that the individually perceived prestige of a particular profession depends on the family background.

Another important concept of status related to work is called organizational status. Organizational status refers to the informal divisions that take place within an organization. Just like social status, organizational status includes not one variable, but several (for example, position in organizational hierarchy, professional affiliation and performance).

Status refers to the group's recognized rank of an individual in an organization. Status helps clarify how a person should behave towards others and how they should behave in response.

Status symbols are objects or decals, which define someone's status level in a group or organization. Status symbols include the insignia of the military, the special dress of judges and doctors, as well as, for example, the furnishings of the office and the presence or absence of a personal secretary for managers. It should be noted that some symbols can raise the status of a person in some circumstances and lower it in others.

As a rule, people with higher status tend to play a dominant role in the organization, seizing more initiative. There is, however, one problem here. Since organizational status is formed by many variables, it is not clear which one causes these differences in behavior.

During our lifetime, status changes many times. And changes in status imply that a person must sometimes radically change his behavior. At the same time, the question of what exactly should be changed and what should be learned remains open. Situations in which there is no explicit sequence of events are always alarming.

A condition called status inconsistency occurs when a person satisfies some of his characteristics, and does not meet the requirements of the status in some of his characteristics. The same problem arises when making decisions about the promotion of career ladder. People do not like that someone who is lower than them in some characteristics is in a higher position than them. All of this suggests that status inconsistency may lead to motivational and behavioral problems. Two obvious solutions to this problem are to select or appoint only those people who fully meet the requirements of status, and to change the opinion of the group about what is appropriate for a high position and what should lead to its achievement. But it should be recognized that both of these methods are too complicated to be applied in practice.

Code of Conduct

In any group, even for a short period of time, you can easily notice some patterns in the behavior of its members. These patterns are called social norms. Norms reflect the ideas shared by all members of the group about acceptable behavior expected of them. The difference between norms and roles lies in the fact that roles separate people, make them act differently from one another, while norms, on the contrary, unite members of a group, showing how members of a group act in the same way.

In the very definition of norms, two of them are given. important characteristics. First, norms include fairly clear ideas about what behavior is acceptable. Secondly, there are some agreements between the members of the group regarding these representations. In addition to these two characteristics, several more properties of norms can be distinguished. The first of these is that norms generally include an element of duty, that is, descriptions of how someone "should" behave. Secondly, the norms are more obvious and more easily recognized by people, which is very important for the group. Third, norms are enforced by the group itself. Many work behaviors are set and controlled by the organization itself, while nomes are regulated within groups. Fourth, there is wide variation in the acceptance of norms by a group and in the extent to which deviant behavior is considered acceptable.

The last property of norms given above requires additional explanations. It is important to note that there is some variation in the norms, that is, the norms do not set the exact parameters of behavior, but only the range of acceptable values. The second aspect is that different norms (for example, the time of arriving at work and the time of work itself) are of unequal importance for group members.