From the book of the Russian sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools P. A

Detailed Solution Paragraph § 13 on social science for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Is the highest rung of the social ladder accessible to every person? What determines the position of a person in society?

The concept of the social ladder is relative. For officials - one thing, for businessmen - another, for artists - the third, etc. There is no single social ladder.

A person's position in society depends on education, property, power, income, and so on.

A person can change his social position with the help of social elevators - the army, the church, the school.

Additional social lifts - media, party and social activity, accumulation of wealth, marriage with representatives of the upper class.

position in society, social status always occupied important place in the life of every person. So, what determines the position in society:

1. Kinship - status may depend on kinship lines, the status of children of wealthy and influential parents is undoubtedly higher than that of children born to less influential parents.

2. Personal qualities - one of the most important points on which the status in society depends. A person with a strong-willed character, who has the qualities of a leader, a leader, will surely achieve more in life and achieve a higher position in society than a person with the opposite character.

3. Connections - the more friends, the more acquaintances who can really help to get somewhere, the more likely it is to achieve the goal, which means to gain a higher social status.

Questions and tasks for the document

Question 1. What types of social stratification is the author talking about?

Economic, political, professional differentiation of society.

If the economic status of members of a society is not the same, if there are both haves and have-nots among them, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige, titles and honors, if there are rulers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated, that whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If members of a society are divided into different groups according to the nature of their activities, occupations, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of a particular professional group are divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group is professionally differentiated regardless of whether bosses are elected or appointed, whether they get them leadership positions heredity or due to their personal qualities.

Question 3. Is it possible, on the basis of the source, to assert that social inequality manifests itself in societies of different types?

Yes, you can. Since the phrase "regardless of whether the chiefs are elected or appointed, whether they inherit their leadership positions or because of their personal qualities" indicates that, under a monarchical order, such a situation could also develop.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

Question 1. What caused the existence of social groups in society?

Sociologists explain the emergence and existence of social groups primarily by the social division of labor and the specialization of people's activities. Sociologists believe that even today the division of human activity into main types determines the diversity and number of social groups, their position in society. Yes, with economic activity connect the existence of strata of the population, differing in income level, with the political - the existence in society of leaders and masses, governing and controlled.

The existence of various social groups is also due to the historical diversity of living conditions, culture, social norms and values. This, in particular, explains the presence of ethnic and religious groups in modern society.

Question 2. What social groups exist in modern Russian society? What is the objective basis of their emergence and existence?

The structure of Russian society

Class A. Rich. They are mainly engaged in the sale of raw materials, the accumulation of personal capital and its export abroad. 5-10% of the population.

Class B1+B2. Middle class. 10-15% of the population. Engaged in class A services in all areas of economic activity (financial, legal, information technology, in secondary production, necessary for pumping out raw materials).

Subclass B1. Most in their class. Hired employees, office, on a good salary.

Subclass B2. Minority in its class. Owners of their own medium business and small private capital.

Class C. Small proprietors. As such, it is practically absent in Russia.

Class D. The rest of the people, workers, peasants, state employees, the military, students, pensioners, the electorate, "muzhiks", "Russians", cattle, the crowd. 75-80% of the population.

National Subclass D1. Russian and essentially Russified peoples.

National Subclass D2. tolerant nationalities.

Class E. Human resource of the CIS countries + China.

They arose in connection with the formation of capitalism, with the advent of private property in Russia and with the stratification of society.

Question 3. How do the variety of forms of ownership and market relations affect the social structure of society?

The existence of private property divides society into owners of the means of production and workers. Accordingly, whoever owns the means of production receives a profit from their use, and the workers get their usual wages. Hence the social structure of the rich and the simple workers.

Market relations divide society into producers and consumers. There is also a lot of competition between manufacturers. That also divides society. There are goods that only certain groups of society can acquire, they are not available to the lower strata of the population.

Question 4. Who, in your opinion, forms the Russian middle class?

At the rate World Bank, the Russian middle class is defined as households whose consumption level is one and a half times the national poverty scale (income below the subsistence level), but below the minimum consumption level of the so-called “world-class middle class”, and was 55.6% in 2008. However, according to the calculations of the same World Bank, the average monthly income of a representative of the world-class middle class starts at $ 3,500 and only no more than 8% of the entire world population can be attributed to this class.

In 2009, according to the World Bank, Russia's world-class middle class shrank by a quarter from its pre-crisis peak of 12.6% to 9.5%.

Highly most of The Russian middle class (approximately 40%) is the “old middle” class, that is, the owner-entrepreneurs. As for the intellectuals, they are largely pushed into the lower stratum.

Question 5. What points of view exist on the possibility of achieving equality and justice in a society where there is social differentiation?

In modern society, social equality is increasingly understood as equality before the law, as well as equality of rights and opportunities. The way to achieve such equality is the observance of the rights and respect for the human dignity of representatives of all social groups. In a society that proclaims social equality, equal opportunities are created for all people, regardless of gender, race, nationality, class, origin, place of residence in obtaining education, medical services, in economic and political activity and others. Thus, representatives of all social groups have equal opportunities for admission to study at higher educational establishments, employment, promotion, nomination as a candidate for elections to central or local authorities. At the same time, ensuring equal opportunities does not imply the obligatory receipt of the same results (for example, equal wages).

Modern UN documents set the task of ensuring equal opportunities for well-being for people belonging to both current and future generations. This means that the satisfaction of the needs of present generations should not be detrimental to the opportunities left as a legacy to future generations to meet their needs.

Question 6. What does the concept of "social mobility" mean? What are its types?

Modern society has become open. There are no prohibitions on practicing a particular profession, on marriages between representatives of various social, ethnic or religious groups. As a result, social movements of people have intensified (between city and countryside, between different sectors of the economy, between professions, between different regions of the country) and, consequently, the possibilities for an individual choice of profession, place of residence, lifestyle, spouse or spouse have significantly expanded.

The transition of people from one social group to another is called social mobility.

Sociologists distinguish between horizontal and vertical mobility. Horizontal mobility refers to the processes of transition from group to group without changing social status. For example, the transition from one state enterprise to another, from one family to another, from one citizenship to another.

The processes of vertical mobility are associated with the transition up or down the steps of the social ladder. Distinguish between ascending (upward) and downward (downward) social mobility. Upward vertical mobility can be attributed to the promotion of a person in a position, the transition to a managerial job, mastery of more prestigious profession etc. Downward vertical mobility includes, for example, the process of ruining the average entrepreneur and turning him into a wage worker.

The ways in which people move from one social group to another are called channels of social mobility or social elevators. They include army service education, mastery of a profession, marriage, acquisition of property, etc.

Social mobility is often facilitated by critical periods in the development of society: revolutions, wars, political upheavals, structural shifts in the economy.

Question 7. Give examples of social mobility from different periods of world and national history.

Menshikov - from a seller of pies to a "semi-powerful ruler" of Russia under Peter I.

M. M. Speransky - from a peasant turned into right hand emperor, then became governor.

Question 8. Name the channels of social mobility known to you. What do you think, which of them play a particularly important role in modern society?

As channels of social mobility, those ways are considered - conditionally they are called "stairs", "elevators" - using which people can move up and down in the social hierarchy. For the most part, such channels in different time were: organs political power and social and political organizations economic structures and professional labor organizations (labor collectives, firms with a system of production property built into them, corporate institutions, etc.), as well as the army, church, school, family and clan ties.

These are the channels of the individual's transition from one social position to another within the social stratum. (marriage, career, education, family, etc.)

The choice of the elevator (channel) of social mobility has great importance when choosing a profession and when selecting personnel:

Religious organizations.

School and scientific organizations.

Political lift, that is, government groups and parties.

Art.

Press, television, radio.

economic organizations.

Family and marriage.

Question 9. Expand on specific examples social interests various groups in society. How do these groups act in defense of their interests?

Each social group has common interests for all its members. People's interests are based on their needs. However, interests are directed not so much towards the object of needs, but rather towards those social conditions that make this object accessible. First of all, this concerns material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.

Social interests are embodied in activity - its direction, nature, results. So, from the history course, you know about the interest of peasants and farmers in the results of their labor. This interest makes them improve their production, grow higher yields. AT multinational states various nations are interested in preserving their language, their traditions. These interests contribute to the opening of national schools and classes, the publication of books by national authors, the emergence of cultural-national societies that organize various activities for children and adults. Competing with each other, various groups of entrepreneurs defend their economic interests. Representatives of various professions periodically declare their professional needs.

A social group is able to realize its interests and consciously act in their defense.

The implementation of social interests may lead the group to the need to influence policy. Using a variety of means, a social group can influence the adoption of decisions pleasing to the authorities. Such means may be letters and personal appeals of representatives of the group to the authorities, speeches in the media mass media, holding demonstrations, marches, rallies, picketing and other social protest actions. In every country there are laws that allow certain targeted actions of social groups in defense of their interests.

In an effort to satisfy their interests, various social forces often seek to win power or get the opportunity to participate in its implementation. Evidence of the struggle and compromise of various social interests is the activity of parliamentary groups in the adoption of the laws of the country and other decisions.

Question 10. What is the practical significance of knowledge about the social structure of society?

The practical significance of knowledge about the social structure of society makes it possible to identify group diversity, and to determine the vertical sequence of the position of social strata, layers in society, their hierarchy.

TASKS

Question 1. The US National Democratic Institute has published a methodological guide "How to win elections?". It recommends starting campaign planning by looking at the social structure of your constituency. What do you think caused this practical advice? How can the obtained data on the position of various social groups in the district be reflected in the election campaign?

Any campaign elected to this or that post by voting must first of all represent the interests of citizens. What interests should be represented? What worries, or vice versa, pleases the population now, and what do they want in the future? It is precisely the study of your target audience that helps to answer these questions. It will be easier to win elections because people will hear what they want to hear, but it will be more honest if they also see it in practice.

Question 2. A former worker opened his own business and became an entrepreneur. What social phenomenon does this example illustrate?

This example illustrates such a phenomenon as social mobility, i.e. the possibility of changing the social stratum, in this case - from a lower to a higher one.

Routing research lesson

Teacher information: Ponomareva Daria Vyacheslavovna

Subject: Social science Class: 10 Textbook (UMK): Social science 10 cells. edited by L.N. Bogolyubov

Lesson topic: social structure societies

Lesson type: the rock of learning new material

Equipment : Cards with the statement of O. de Balzac

Characteristics of learning opportunities and previous achievements of students in the class for which the lesson is being designed:

Students are proficient in:

regulatory UUD:

formulate questions on the topic based on key (key and interrogative) words (level 2);

independently transform a practical task into an educational and cognitive one (level 3);

confront uncertainty and complexity, take a stand in discussions (level 3).

adjust their actions in the course of work in connection with the changing conditions of the lesson (changes in tasks, sequence of operations, in connection with the orientation to time - the pace of tasks), based on the activities of the teacher (level 3)

cognitive UUD:

collect and highlight information essential for solving the problem independently according to a known algorithm (level 2);

perform logical actions and operations with the received information independently (level 4);

consciously and voluntarily build a speech statement in oral and written form (level 4);

choose the most effective ways to solve problems depending on the specific conditions and suggestions of the teacher (level 3);

choose the grounds and criteria for comparing objects and phenomena, determining cause-and-effect relationships from the material obtained based on a given algorithm of actions (level 3);

personal UUD:

developed its own life position on certain issues;

Most students do not have:

communicative UUD:

engage in dialogue, as well as participate in a collective discussion of problems, own monologue and dialogic forms of speech in accordance with grammatical and syntactic norms Russian / native language.

adequately perceive the position and views of other students in controversial issues, the mind to listen to each other;

express their point of view on their own initiative;

personal UUD:

to reflect on their attitude to the content of the topic.

cognitive UUD:

to transform knowledge and adapt it in specific situations;

The objectives of the lesson as the planned learning outcomes, the planned level of their achievement:

Attachment 1.

Document.

From the book of the Russian sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools P.A. Sorokin "Man. Civilization. Society".

If the economic status of members of a certain society is not the same, if among them there are both haves and have-nots, then such a society is characterized by the presence economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not. No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige, titles and honors, if there are managers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group politically differentiated whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If members of a society are divided into different groups according to the nature of their activities, occupations, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of a particular professional group are divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group professionally differentiated regardless of whether superiors are elected or appointed, whether they inherit leadership positions or because of their personal qualities.

Questions and tasks for the document.

What types of social stratification are mentioned in the document?

Is it possible to state on the basis of the document that social inequality manifests itself in societies of different types?

What conclusion can be drawn from the read text to understand the social structure of modern society?

What five types of stratification of society are named in the text?

People who speak the same language feel closer than people who speak the same different languages. We can observe the manifestation of this everywhere. In cities where multilingual people live, Russians are drawn to Russians, Germans to Germans, and so on. A person who finds himself in a foreign country and does not know its language is glad to meet a person who speaks his own language. We see the same thing within the population of one state.

It is easy to see that linguistic stratification follows lines other than those of state and racial stratification. The population of one state, for example Russia, consists of many language groups. And vice versa, the same language group by state often belongs to two or three states. The linguistic grouping does not coincide with the racial one. People of the same race, such as whites, speak different languages, and vice versa, people of different races can have the same language.

A profession should be understood as a permanent occupation of a person, serving as a source of livelihood for him. Such are the occupations of a doctor, an engineer, a farmer, a factory worker, etc. There are many professions in modern society. Their number reaches several thousand. Professional occupations leave a strong imprint on the whole spiritual nature of a person, on his way of thinking, on his tastes, habits and interests. The similarity of people by profession causes the similarity of their interests, tastes, habits; makes single-professional persons solidary with each other. At present, it is difficult to find a profession whose members would not be united in order to jointly protect their interests in professional groups.

The stratification according to the degree of property or wealth, the division of the population into rich and poor has long been and remains one of the most important stratifications.

Explanation.

1. The answer to the first question: "Profession should be understood as the constant occupation of a person, serving him as a source of livelihood."

2. Answer to the second question: "Professional occupations leave a strong imprint on the whole spiritual nature of a person, on his way of thinking, on his tastes, habits and interests."

Source: GIA on social studies 05/31/2013. main wave. Option 1321.

Involving social science knowledge, facts of social life, confirm with examples the following judgments of the author:

a) "the population of one state, for example Russia, consists of many language groups"

b) “people of the same race, such as whites, speak different languages”

c) "people of different races can have the same language"

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

a) by linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to 6 language families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (6.8%), Caucasian (2.4%), Ural (1.8%), Chukchi-Kamchatka, Eskimo-Aleut ;

b) Russians speak Russian and Germans speak German;

c) on English language both white Americans and African Americans speak.

Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.

Annotation. The lesson is devoted to the topic “Social structure and stratification. The middle class and its role in society. The essence of social inequality. The methodology for conducting a training session ensures the establishment of emotional contact with students, increasing their learning motivation, and the formation of solid knowledge. The use of interactive methods is aimed at the development of creativity, fantasy, sociability, the formation of an active life position of students.

Keywords: social structure and stratification, social lift, vertical and horizontal social mobility, historical forms of social stratification, open and closed society, middle class.

Lesson topic: social structure and stratification. The middle class and its role in society. The essence of social inequality .

Purpose of the lesson: to form knowledge about the social structure, stratification, the middle class, its role in society, the essence of social inequality.

Lesson progress:

1. Organizing time , during which the topic of the lesson is reported, goals and objectives are set, absent ones are noted.

2. Knowledge update .

Students' knowledge is tested by using interactive method "Alphabet". The teacher names the method and explains the rules for its implementation: participants are invited to remember the terms and fill out the technological map: write a term on each line with a marker on paper or chalk on the board, starting with the corresponding letter of the alphabet. If necessary, the teacher can offer to reveal the essence of the term. An example of filling out a technological card:

3. Presentation of new material is carried out in the form of a lecture using a presentation on the following issues:

1. The concept of social stratification. The essence of social inequality.
2. The concept of social mobility.
3. Historical forms of stratification.
4. The middle class and its role in society.

slide 1.Presentation. Social structure and stratification

Slide 2. Social inequality is a form of social differentiation in which individual individuals, social groups, strata, classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.

Is our society divided into layers? On what grounds this division is carried out, we learn from the original source. Your attention is invited to the text of P. Sorokin.

Students read the text and then answer the questions.

The documents

From the book of the American sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools P.A. Sorokin "Man. Civilization. Society".

If the economic status of members of a society is not the same, if there are both haves and have-nots among them, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige, titles and honors, if there are rulers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated, that whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If members of a society are divided into different groups according to the nature of their activities, occupations, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of a particular professional group are divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group professionally differentiated, regardless of whether superiors are elected or appointed, whether they inherit their leadership positions or because of their personal qualities.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. What types of social stratification are mentioned in the document?
2. What, according to the author, testifies to the economic, political and professional differentiation of society?
3. Is it possible to state on the basis of the document that social inequality manifests itself in societies of different types?
4. What conclusion can be drawn from the read text to understand the social structure of modern society?

Slide 3. Strata (lat. stratum - layer, layer) - a social layer, a group of people united by some social sign (property, professional, official, etc.).

Social stratification - the division of society into strata, distinguished by the level of income, power, education, prestige.

slide 4. Social mobility is the movement of people from one social group to another.

Slides 5-9. There are two main types of social mobility - vertical and horizontal. Vertical mobility implies movement from one stratum (estate, class) to another. Depending on the direction of movement, there is upward mobility (social ascent, upward movement) and downward mobility (social descent, downward movement). Promotion is an example of upward mobility, dismissal, demolition is an example of downward mobility. Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. An example is the movement from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (one's own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction.

Geographical mobility is a variation of horizontal mobility. It involves moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status. An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from the city to the village and back. If a change of status is added to a change of place, then geographic mobility turns into migration. If a villager comes to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographic mobility. If he moved to the city for permanent residence and found a job here, then this is migration. He changed his profession.

Social mobility can be group mobility, when an individual goes down or up the social ladder together with his group (estate, class), and individual mobility, when he does it independently of others. The causes of group mobility are such factors as social revolutions, foreign interventions, invasions, interstate wars, civil wars, military coups, change of political regimes, replacement of the old constitution with a new one, etc. The factors of individual mobility, that is, the reasons that allow one person to achieve greater success than another, scientists include the social status of the family, level of education, nationality, physical and mental abilities, external data, education, place of residence, advantageous marriage.

slide 10. Social lift is a conventional name for a set of factors that have a decisive influence on vertical social mobility.

"Social elevators":

1) a crisis society (revolutions, wars, conquests);

2) normal society (army, church, family, marriage, school, property).

Slide 11. The army functions as a channel for vertical mobility in war time. Large losses among the command staff lead to the filling of vacancies from lower ranks. Soldiers move up the social ladder through talent and bravery. Having risen in rank, they use the received power as a channel for further advancement and accumulation of wealth. Of the 92 Roman emperors, 36 are known to have risen to power, starting with lower ranks. Of the 65 Byzantine emperors, 12 advanced through military careers. Napoleon and his entourage, marshals, generals and the kings of Europe appointed by him, came from commoners. Cromwell, Grant, Washington and thousands of other commanders have risen to the highest positions thanks to the army.

slide 12. The Church as a channel of social mobility has moved a large number of people from the bottom to the top of society. Gibbon, Archbishop of Reims, was a former slave. Pope Gregory VII is the son of a carpenter. Sociologist P. Sorokin studied the biography of 144 Roman Catholic popes and found that 28 came from the lower classes, and 27 from the middle strata. The institution of celibacy (celibacy), introduced in the 11th century. Pope Gregory VII ordered the Catholic clergy not to have children. Thanks to this, after the death of the ministers of the church, the vacant places officials filled with new people. In addition to the upward movement, the church was a channel for the downward movement. Thousands of heretics, pagans, enemies of the church were brought to justice, ruined and destroyed. Among them were many kings, dukes, princes, lords, aristocrats and nobles of high ranks.

slide 13. The school, the institutions of education and upbringing, no matter what specific form they take, have served in all ages as a powerful channel of social circulation. Democratic countries refer to societies where schools are available to all its members. The great competition for colleges and universities in many countries is due to the fact that education is the fastest and most available channel vertical mobility. In such a society, the "social elevator" moves from the very bottom, passes through all floors and reaches the very top. An example is ancient China. During the era of Confucius, schools were open to all classes. Examinations were held every three years. The best students, regardless of their marital status, were selected and transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, from where they got to high government posts.

Property most clearly manifests itself in the form of accumulated wealth and money. They are one of the simplest and most effective ways of social promotion. In the XV-XVIII centuries. European society began to rule money. Achieved a high position only those who had money, and not a noble origin. The last periods of history Ancient Greece and Rome were the same. P. Sorokin established that not all, but only some occupations and professions contribute to the accumulation of wealth. According to his calculations, in 29% of cases this allows the occupation of a manufacturer, in 21% - a banker and a stockbroker, in 12% - a merchant. Professions of artists, artists, inventors, statesmen, miners and some others do not provide such opportunities.

slide 14. Family and marriage become channels of vertical mobility if representatives of different social statuses join the union. In European society, the marriage of a poor, but titled partner with a rich, but ignoble one, was common. As a result, both moved up the social ladder, getting what each wanted. We find an example of downward mobility in antiquity. According to Roman law, a free woman who married a slave became a slave herself and lost the status of a free citizen. The family has become the main mechanism of social selection, determination and inheritance of social status. The origin of a noble family does not automatically guarantee a good heredity and a decent education. Parents cared about the best possible upbringing of children; this became a mandatory norm for the aristocracy. In poor families, parents could not give proper education and upbringing. They could give noble families. Of these, the administrative elite was recruited. The family has become one of the institutions for the distribution of members of society by strata.

Slides 15-22. The slides illustrate the type of mobility that students identify by working through the text.

Exercise

Read the text and determine what kind of mobility the individual has made.

1. Vysotsky Mikhail Stepanovich began labor activity in 1946 at the Minsk Automobile Plant as a fitter. Today we know him as the creator of the Belarusian school of design and research of trucks. Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Hero of Belarus. In 1997, the International Biographical Center in Cambridge, on the basis of expert assessments, awarded him the honorary title of "Person of the Year 1997" with the award of the Medal of Honor for outstanding achievements. His name is included in the 25th edition of the Dictionary of International Biographies as an outstanding scientist. The American Biographical Institute included the name of Academician M.S. Vysotsky in the list of 5000 scientists who made a great contribution to the development of science in the 20th century.

2. Gia Marie Carangi is an American model, one of the first supermodels in the world. With the advent of the first significant earnings, Carangi became a regular at the most fashionable clubs in New York. Gradually, Gia began to take drugs. In the spring of 1983, Gia's modeling career was finally completed. While working on a photo shoot in North Africa, she was once again caught using drugs. Karanji was forced to pack up and return home. After 3 years of an immoral lifestyle, the supermodel died.

3. Louis Barth Mayer was born into a Jewish family in Minsk He emigrated with his family, fearing anti-Jewish pogroms. He spent his youth in poverty. Now he is known as one of the first film producers, the head and founder of the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which annually presents the main Oscar film award, also proposed by him.

4. Oscar Wilde was quite popular during his lifetime, his literary works sold well. In 1895, Wilde was sentenced to 2 years. The conclusion broke the unfortunate. Friends turned away from him, his wife changed her surname and sons. After leaving prison, Wilde also changed his first and last name, leaving for France. All the pocket money left after buying food and spending the night, the writer spent on drinking. Three years later, Wilde caught a cold and infected his ear after spending the night outside in bad weather. He was not treated and died in a cheap hotel from meningitis. The doctor was called, but he had nothing to pay.

5. The outstanding French actor Gerard Depardieu was born into a simple peasant family - his father could not even read and write. The financial situation of the family was not easy - in addition to Gerard, there were five more children. Due to poverty, lack of attention and communication, the boy began to have speech problems. Gerard stuttered and was reclusive, which later led to him dropping out of school and briefly working as a compositor at a local print shop, soon becoming seriously interested in boxing. As a minor, he got involved in criminal scams and was registered with the police. By chance, Depardieu got into acting classes, where his talent was noticed.

6. Sergei Shevkunenko was born into a "cine" family. His father worked as the director of the Second Creative Association of the Mosfilm film studio, his mother was in the same place. In 1973, Sergei starred in the film Dirk, in 1974 - in The Bronze Bird, in 1975 - in the film The Lost Expedition. However, already at the time of the filming of Dirk, 13-year-old Shevkunenko was registered in the children's room of the police and had serious problems with alcohol. After 8th grade high school Sergei did not want to continue his studies. In 1975, after another fight, he was sent to a special vocational school. In March 1976, he again participates in a fight and this time is sentenced to a year in prison. After being released, Shevkunenko went into business. AT short term put together a brigade, which began to control a number of points in the area of ​​​​Mosfilmovskaya street. The brigade became part of the Ossetian criminal group, which specialized in banditry, extortion and kidnapping. She is also known for her successful financial transactions. On February 11, 1995, Shevkunenko was killed in his apartment along with his mother.

7. Eminem lived in a trailer with his younger sister and mom. The family lived in Detroit, the main population of which was African American, so there were frequent cases of beating "white" Eminem. After one of these cases, he could not recover for more than 10 days.

Slides 23-28. The forms of historical stratification are illustrated.

Exercise

Students independently in groups of 5 people consider forms of social stratification: slavery, castes, estates and classes. Then a representative of each group sums up the work.

Historical forms of stratification

Three main systems of stratification can be distinguished: slavery, castes, estates and classes.

Historically, the first type of social stratification was slavery. It arose in ancient times in Egypt, Babylon, China, Greece, Rome. Slavery is a social, economic and legal form of enslavement of people. The slave-owning society is characterized by an extreme degree of inequality and complete lack of rights.

two historical forms slavery are patriarchal, in which the slave had all the rights of the youngest member of the family (lived with the owners, participated in public life, could marry free people, and could even inherit the owner's property). The killing of such a slave was considered a crime; classical slavery, in which the slave was finally enslaved: he lived separately from the owner, did not participate in anything, did not have the right to marry and have a family. The owner could sell him as cattle or other property, and even kill him.

Slavery is the only form of social stratification in history in which one person turns another into his property and deprives him of all rights and freedoms on a legal basis. This is not the case in castes, estates and classes.

Castes (from the Portuguese for "pure") are those social groups or strata, membership in which a person owes solely to his birth. Along with membership, a person receives both hereditary occupations and a profession. The classical caste system is characteristic of Indian society.

Video "Slavery"

In India, there were thousands of castes, but they were all grouped into four main ones: brahmins, or priests (about 3% of the population), kshatriyas, descendants of warriors and vaishyas (merchants) (about 7% of the population), sudras, or peasants and artisans (70% of the population) and the Harijans, or untouchables (cleaners, scavengers, tanners, swineherds), who made up 20% of the population.

Each caste has its own drachma - a set of prescriptions and prohibitions that determine the norms of behavior, regulate actions and even feelings. According to the drachma, a girl can only become the wife of a member of her caste, since the bride and groom are brought up in the same drachma.

The caste system divides Indian society into horizontal layers, isolated from each other for centuries by a system of prohibitions on mutual communication, changing professions, and reciprocal marriages. Members of high castes should not associate with members of low castes - neither eat together, nor drink from their hands, nor look at their women, nor allow their children to play with their children. Even the type of clothing speaks of a person's belonging to a particular caste. Housing, food, even the utensils for its preparation are strictly determined by the laws of the drachma of each caste.

Attempts to impersonate a member of another caste are immediately exposed in such conditions. They are punished by expulsion from the caste. Outcasts (Harijans) are deprived of all rights to use the well, the village pond, the temple, the house, even the dung of their cattle. Castes, linking people with hundreds of indissoluble bonds, turned into a closed social organism that did not change much over the centuries.

The power of age-old traditions is so great that even the abolition of castes in 1950 could not completely eliminate the caste system and it continues to be a part of everyday life in India.

Video "Caste"

The next type of social stratification is the class division of society. Estates are a social group that has rights and obligations enshrined in customs or law and inherited. Class division existed in feudal societies from the 4th to the 14th century. As in the castes, they had a hierarchy, expressed in the inequality of position and privileges of people.

Europe at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries was a classic model of estate organization. Society was divided into two upper classes (nobility and clergy) and a lower third class (artisans, merchants, peasants). In the X-XIII centuries, the third estate was the peasantry. The division into estates was based on land ownership.

Legal laws determined the rights and obligations of each class. Only movement within the estates was possible. Each estate included many layers, ranks, levels, professions, ranks. Only the nobility could apply for public service. The military class (chivalry) was considered the aristocracy.

The industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, the processes of industrialization and urbanization destroyed the feudal estate and clan system and led to the formation of a class system. The concept of "class" appeared only in the XVIII century.

A class is a large social group of people who own or do not own the means of production, depending on this, occupying a certain place in the system of social division of labor and characterized by a specific way of earning income.

Unlike caste, estate systems, the class system is much more open, since it is based on an economic basis - on money and material property. Although an individual's belonging to a class, his social status is also determined at birth, inherited from parents, however, during the life of an individual it can change depending on what he managed to achieve in life.

In contrast to castes and estates, classes always leave the possibility of a completely free transition of individuals from one class to another. The class system of social stratification is characterized by the relative flexibility of its boundaries, which creates opportunities and conditions for social mobility, i.e., for the movement of individuals along the social ladder.

Students complete the table

slide 29. AT modern science There are three classes - the highest, the middle and the lowest.

William Lloyd Warner(1898–1970). Position in the social structure (status) depends on the level of education, occupation, wealth and income.

Exercise

1. The National Democratic Institute of the United States published a methodological guide "How to win the election?". It recommends starting campaign planning by looking at the social structure of your constituency. What do you think is the reason for this practical advice? How can the obtained data on the position of various social groups in the district be reflected in the election campaign?

Aristotle in his work "Politics" recorded the presence of three layers in the ancient city-state, believing that only then the state will develop harmoniously when it will be dominated by people of average means. This predominance, according to Aristotle, allows you to moderate, on the one hand, the immense greed of the rich, and on the other, the aggressiveness of the poor.

Do you agree with Aristotle, why?

slide 30. The middle class is a social group of people with stable incomes sufficient to meet a wide range of material and social needs. The resources available to the middle class are sufficient to ensure a “decent” quality of life. As a result, the middle class is characterized by higher social stability.

The functions of the middle class are traditionally considered to be the stabilization of society and the reproduction of a skilled workforce.

slide 31. In modern sociology, it is customary to distinguish between the following approaches to the definition of the middle class: objective (based on the level of material well-being and resource approach), subjective (based on people's self-reference to the middle class), and a combination of them.

slide 32. Wealth approach

This approach is associated with the idea of ​​the middle class as a mass social entity, which is characterized by a relatively high standard of living and level of consumption.

slide 33. When discussing the specifics of the “becoming” Belarusian social structure of the transitional society, one should take into account its following fundamental features:

• instability, i.e., susceptibility to decay into several independent dimensions, when there is no connection between various stratification criteria;
• multiformity, in which the old layers and classes Soviet society adjacent to new ones;
• mosaic, when autonomous systems of social stratification are observed in different sectors of the economy.

slide 34. Belarusian sociologists stratify modern Belarusian society by the following indicators: rich (1.5%), wealthy (5–6%), wealthy (7%), middle-income (14%), low-income (17%), poor (44%), poor (7%).

4. Revealing the correct perception of new material

To determine the correctness of the perception of new material, after the presentation of the material, a discussion is held using interactive method "Composing a story".

5. Reflection . Tasks: to determine the degree of satisfaction with the occupation, joint activities; find out if there is interest in studying the program, prospects for joint activities.

"Reflexive Target"

1. On the interactive whiteboard a target is shown, which is divided into four sectors
2. Parameters are recorded in each of the sectors.
3. Each participant “shoots” four times with a marker at the target, making a mark that corresponds to his assessment of the interaction that took place. If the participant estimates the results low, then the mark is put by him in the "milk" or in the zero field, if higher - in the "5" field. If the results are evaluated very highly, then the mark is put in the "apple".
4. After each participant in the interaction has “shot”, the teacher invites several participants to analyze the situation.

6. Message homework . As homework, it is proposed to study the materials of the abstract drawn up in class. Additionally: 1. A. N. Elsukov, A. N. Danilov, Fundamentals of Sociology and Political Science, p. 114 - 121; 2. Essay in the first person. Imagine that you are a representative of one of the types of historical stratification: caste, layer, slavery, class (by choice). Describe the structure of your society, the difficulties you have to face.

Bartkevich, T.O. Methodical development lesson on the discipline "Fundamentals of Social Sciences and Humanities" // Skill online [Electronic resource]. – 2015. – 3(4).
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Access date: 24 January 2020

Modern society has become open. It removes the old restrictions leading to the transition of a person from one rung of the social ladder to another. For example, prohibitions on practicing a particular profession, on marriages between representatives of various social, ethnic or religious groups. As a result, social movements of people have intensified (between city and countryside, between different sectors of the economy, between professions, between different regions of the country) and, consequently, the possibilities for an individual choice of profession, place of residence, lifestyle, spouse or spouse have significantly expanded.

The transition of people from one social group to another is called social mobility.

Sociologists distinguish between horizontal and vertical mobility. Horizontal mobility refers to the processes of transition from group to group without changing social status. For example, the transition from one state enterprise to another, from one family to another, from one citizenship to another. This also sometimes includes the movement of people in geographic space without changing their status. For example, moving from one city to another, from a place of residence to places of work, shopping, entertainment, recreation.

The processes of vertical mobility are associated with the transition up or down the steps of the social ladder. Distinguish between ascending (upward) and downward (downward) social mobility. Upward vertical mobility can include promotion of a person in a position, transition to a managerial job, mastering a more prestigious profession, etc. Downward vertical mobility includes, for example, the process of ruining an average entrepreneur and turning him into a hired worker.

The ways in which people move from one social group to another are called channels of social mobility or social elevators. These include military service, education, mastery of a profession, marriage, acquisition of property, etc.

Social mobility is facilitated by critical periods in the development of society: revolutions, wars, political upheavals, structural shifts in the economy.

social interests

Each social group has common interests for all its members. People's interests are based on their needs. (Recall what you already know about human needs.) However, interests are directed not so much to the subject of needs, but to the social conditions that make these items available. First of all, this concerns material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs. By orientation, interests can be divided into economic, social, political, spiritual.

The interests of people associated with the position of a social group in society and a person in this group are called social interests. They consist in the preservation or transformation of those institutions, orders, norms of relationships on which the distribution of benefits necessary for a given social group depends.

Social interests are embodied in activity - its direction, nature, results. So, from the history course, you know about the interest of peasants and farmers in the results of their labor. This interest makes them improve their production, grow higher yields. In multinational states, various nations are interested in preserving their language, their traditions. These interests contribute to the opening of national schools and classes, the publication of books by national authors, the emergence of cultural-national societies that organize various activities for children and adults. Competing with each other, various groups of entrepreneurs defend their economic interests. Representatives of various professions periodically declare their professional needs.

A social group is able to realize its interests and consciously act in their defense.

The implementation of social interests may lead the group to the need to influence policy. Using a variety of means, a social group can influence the adoption of decisions pleasing to it by power structures. Such means can be letters and personal appeals of the group's representatives to the authorities, speeches in the media, demonstrations, marches, picketing and other social protest actions. In every country there are laws that allow certain targeted actions of social groups in defense of their interests.

An important means of expressing social interests is the refusal to support people who embody opposing social interests when they are elected to government bodies. Evidence of the struggle and compromise of various social interests is the activity of parliamentary groups in the adoption of the laws of the country and other decisions.

The desire of people to participate in the processes that determine their lives leads to the transformation of social group interests into a political factor in the development of society.

The similarity of social interests and activities in their defense lead various groups to unite. This is how social and socio-political movements arise, political parties. In an effort to satisfy their interests, various social forces often seek to win power or get the opportunity to participate in its implementation.

The activity of social groups associated with the satisfaction of their interests is also manifested in interstate relations. A vivid example of this phenomenon is the protection by the largest oil producers of different countries of their economic interests, manifested in joint decisions on an increase or decrease in oil production due to changes in oil prices.

Taking into account many features when identifying social groups and identifying their social interests makes it possible to create a multidimensional picture of the social life of society and identify trends in its changes.

Practical Conclusions

1 in the conditions of a modern open society, it depends on you yourself what position you will occupy in society, in which social group you will be. Through your own efforts, you will be able to change this situation, move from one rung of the social ladder to another.

2 If you are not indifferent to the fate of your country, if you are trying to imagine its future development, it is important to know what is the position and mood of this or that social group, what is its influence on social life and politics.

3 Assessing the activities of the state, see if it takes into account the interests of certain groups in its socio-economic policy, for example, when solving such issues as establishing or abolishing taxes, determining social assistance poor people, etc.

Document

From the book of the Russian sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools P. A. Sorokn “Man. Civilization. Society".

If the economic status of members of a certain society is not the same, if there are both haves and have-nots among them, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige, titles and honors, if there are rulers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated, that whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If the members of a society are divided into different groups according to their activities,
occupations, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if the members of a particular professional group are divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group is professionally differentiated regardless of whether the bosses are elected or appointed, whether they get their leadership positions are inherited or due to their personal qualities.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. What types of social stratification are mentioned in the document?
2. What, according to the author, testifies to the economic, political and professional differentiation of society? 3. Is it possible to state on the basis of the document that social inequality manifests itself in societies of different types?
4. What conclusion can be drawn from the read text to understand the social structure of modern society?

Questions for self-examination

1. What caused the existence of social groups in society?
2. What social groups exist in contemporary Russian society? What is the objective basis of their emergence and existence?
h. How do the variety of forms of ownership and market relations influence the social structure of society?
4. Who, in your opinion, forms the Russian middle class?
5. What points of view exist on the possibility of achieving equality and justice in a society where there is social differentiation?
6. What does the concept of "social mobility" mean? What are its types?
7. Give examples of social mobility from different periods of world and national history.
8. Name the channels of social mobility known to you. What do you think, which of them play a particularly important role in modern society?
9. Expand on concrete examples the social interests of various groups in society. How do these groups act in defense of their interests?
10. What is the practical significance of knowledge about the social structure of society?

Homework

1. The National Democratic Institute of the United States published a methodological guide "How to win the election?". It recommends that campaign planning begin with an examination of the social structure of your constituency. What do you think is the reason for this practical advice? How can the data obtained on the situation of various social groups in the district be reflected in the election campaign?

2. Describe yourself and your family members as representatives of the social structure of society, choosing several different criteria for social stratification.

3. A former worker opened his own business and became an entrepreneur. What social phenomenon does this example illustrate?

4. What are the reasons for the strikes of miners, teachers, and other professional groups? When formulating your answer, rely on the relevant concepts of the topic. Use material from newspapers and other media.

Social structure and social relations

When you just started studying social science, you got acquainted with such a concept as society, and you should know that this is a rather complex organization in which people, groups, classes, strata, etc. interact with each other.

What is the structure of society? The structure of society is called such collective and individual relations that develop between different social groups of people.

But, social structure is called a stable relationship of various elements that make up internal structure of this society.

As a rule, such social elements in the structure of society can be considered persons who have a certain status and perform certain roles in society. These groups of people are united according to their status into social, territorial, ethnic and other communities.

Social groups, as a rule, include such associations of people who have some similar characteristics. Such signs include joint activities, common interests or some specific values.

In addition, social groups can be formed depending on their position in society, level of education, profession or financial situation.

That is, we can say that the social structure divides the society of people, depending on their different position and according to various criteria.

When studying this topic, you may have such a question, so why do we need to study different social groups. Well, let's try to find the answer to this question:

First, the social groups that exist in a certain society make certain efforts to community development and contribute to the ongoing changes in the society in which they live;
Secondly, it can be said that depending on the nature of this or that social group, the quality of the activity of all social spheres in a certain period of history directly depends;
Thirdly, depending on which groups prevail in a particular society and what position they occupy in it, based on this, the type of society, its economic and political position is formed.

And from the fact that we will know the answers to these questions, we will be able to understand why social institutions do not function as we would like and why we did not get the type of society that we aspired to.

Did you know that in Russia, before the reign of Peter the Great, there was no such thing as an "estate". And the word “estate” itself, at first meant a collegium or corporation, and only in the nineteenth century began to mean some specific groups of people.

In Russia, get an average or higher education only the children of the nobility and the clergy could, and even then, it had a clear division by gender. For the male part of the population, doors were opened to various gymnasiums, colleges, cadet corps and theological seminaries. But for girls there were gymnasiums for girls, institutes for noble maidens, diocesan schools, and even in them the amount of knowledge differed significantly from institutions for boys, since it was believed that it was not at all necessary for women to be educated.

Do you know that men also pierced their ears in Rus? It turns out that by the presence of an earring in the ear of a Cossack, it was possible to determine what place he occupied in the family. If a young man wore an earring in his left ear, then everyone knew that he was only son with a single mother. The presence of an earring in the right ear indicated that this was a young man born last in the family, and before him there was no heir in the male line. If the young man had earrings in both ears, then this indicated that the child was the only one in the family.