Light athletes. Athletics: what kind of sport is it? Athletics in Russia

Athletics- an Olympic sport that includes running, walking, jumping and throwing. Combines the following disciplines: running types, race walking, technical events (jumping and throwing), all-around, runs (road running) and crosses (cross-country running). One of the main and most popular sports.

Governing body - International association athletics federations (IAAF), established in 1912 and unites 212 national federations (as of 2011).

Running types of athletics

Cross-country athletics combine the following stadium disciplines: sprint (100 m, 200 m and 400 m), middle-distance running (from 800 to 3000 m, including 3000 m hurdles), long-distance running (classic distances 5000m and 10000m), hurdling (110m, 400m) and relay (4x100m, 4x200m, 4x400m, 4x800m, 4x1500m). All of them take place on the tracks of the stadium.

Regulations

At major competitions with a large number of participants, starts are held in several circles of sifting losers (or occupied place or at the worst time). So at the summer championships of the world and Europe and Olympic Games ah, the following practice has been adopted (the number of laps may vary depending on the number of participants).

100 m and 800 m are held in 1-4 circles (race-quarter-final-semi-final-final)
from 1500 m to 5000 m in 1-3 laps (race-semi-final-final)
10,000 m - 1-2 laps (run-final)

At the same time, in the final races participate

100 m to 800 m, relay races - 8 athletes / 8 teams
from 1500 m to 10,000 m - 12 athletes and more

Disciplines

Sprint

Winter stadiums: from 60 meters to 300 meters. Summer stadiums: from 100 meters to 400 meters.

Middle distances

Winter from 400 m to 3000 m. Summer from 600 m to 3000 m 2000 and 3000 m with obstacles.

Long distance

Winter from 2 miles (3218 m) to 5,000 m. Summer from 2 miles (3218 m) to 30,000 m.

Hurdling

Winter 50 m, 60 m. Summer 100 m, 110 m, 400 m.

relay race

Winter: 4x400m Summer: 4x100m, 4x400m, 4x800, 4x1500, Swedish relay (800+600+400+200)

Race walking

Race walking- Olympic athletics discipline, in which, unlike running types, there must be constant contact of the foot with the ground. In the Olympic program, competitions for men are held outside the stadium, at a distance of 20 km and 50 km, for women at 20 km. Competitions are also held on the 400m outdoor track (10,000 and 20,000m) and the 200m indoor track (5000m).

Rules and technique

Liu Hong in the flight phase in front of the judge. In this run, she won bronze at the 2013 World Championships.

Race walking is an alternation of steps that must be performed so that the walker is constantly in contact with the ground. The following two rules must be followed:

It is essential that the athlete is in constant contact with the ground without any loss of contact visible to the human eye.
The extended leg must be fully extended (that is, not bent at the knee) from the moment of first contact with the ground until passing the vertical.

The athlete's walking technique is evaluated by the judges at the distance, who should be from 6 to 9 (including the chief judge).

Walking in the track and field program is the only event in which subjective judging is present. If in running athletes are removed from the race only in exceptional cases, then in the practice of walking, disqualification at a distance is a common occurrence. There are cases when athletes are disqualified after the finish.

Referees may issue warnings to walkers using yellow paddles to warn them against breaking the rules. On one side of the shoulder blade, a wavy horizontal line is drawn (indicating loss of contact with the surface), on the other, two segments connected at an approximately 150 degree angle (indicating a bent leg). The referee cannot warn more than once about the same violation of a certain athlete.

If the rule is broken and the walker is given a warning, the referee sends a red card to the chief referee. An athlete is disqualified if three red cards from three different judges at a distance were sent to the chief judge. In this case, the athlete is informed of the disqualification by showing a red card.

In addition, the Chief Judge may disqualify an athlete alone on the last lap (if the competition takes place at the stadium) or on the last 100 meters of the distance (when walking on the highway).

Technical disciplines of athletics

The technical disciplines of athletics combine the following types:

vertical jumps: high jump, pole vault;
horizontal jumps: long jump, triple jump;
throwing: shot put, discus throw, javelin throw, hammer throw.

All these 8 types (men's program) have been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1908. Since the women's hammer throw was included in the program of the Olympic Games (2000) - all 8 types are included in women's program. Technical types are also included in athletics all-around.

high jump

Running high jump- discipline of track and field athletics related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing.

Requires jumping ability and coordination of movements from athletes. Held in the summer and winter season. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

Rules

High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a place for landing. The athlete at the preliminary stage and in the final is given three attempts at each height, if there are less than eight participants, then each is given 6 attempts. The athlete has the right to skip a height, while unused attempts at a missed height do not accumulate. If an athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump any more at that height, he can carry over the unused (respectively two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, after informing the judges about it.

The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 3 × 5 meters.

When trying, the athlete must push off with one foot. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

As a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
The athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the uprights with any part of his body before he cleared the bar.
The athlete pushed off with both legs.

A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar falls off the posts after the white flag is raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge fixes the taking of the height not earlier than the athlete left the landing place, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.

Pole vault

Pole vault- a discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of an athletics program. Here the athlete needs to go over the bar (without knocking it over) using an athletics pole. Pole vault has been an Olympic sport for men since the First Summer Olympics in 1896, and for women since the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. Included in the athletics all-around.

Also, the pole vault is the most extraordinary technical discipline. Only here (with the exception of all throwing disciplines) are foreign objects needed to achieve a given goal.

Rules

Pole vault competitions take place in a pole vault area equipped with a bar on holders and a landing area. The athlete at the preliminary stage and the final is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, it cannot be less than 5 cm. Usually, at low heights, the bar rises in increments of 10-15 cm and then the step goes to 5 cm.

The distance between the bar holders is 4.5 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 6 × 6 (5 × 5 for regional competitions) m. The length of the runway is at least 40 m, the width is 1.22 m.

An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
the athlete has touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the box for support, with any part of the body or with a pole;
the athlete in the flight phase tried to keep the bar from falling with his hands.

A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar fell off the racks after raising the white flag, it no longer matters - the attempt is counted. If the pole breaks during the attempt, the athlete has the right to try again.

long jump

long jump- the discipline of technical types of the track and field athletics program, related to horizontal jumps. The long jump requires jumping ability and sprint qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competitive program of the ancient Olympic Games. It has been the modern Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1948. Included in the athletics all-around.

Competition Rules

The task of the athlete is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. Long jumps are held in the sector for horizontal jumps along general rules established for this variety of technical types. When performing a jump, athletes in the first stage take a run along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a sand pit. The jump distance is calculated as the distance from a special mark on the take-off board to the start of the hole from landing in the sand.

The distance from the take-off board to the far edge of the landing pit must be at least 10 m. The take-off line itself must be located up to 5 m from the near edge of the landing pit.

Triple jump

Triple jump- a track and field discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of track and field athletics program.

Technically, a triple jump consists of three elements:

"jump"
"step"
"bounce"

The jumper runs along a special sector or path to the repulsion bar. This bar is the beginning of the jump when measuring its length from the measurement line, marked with a plasticine roller to fix the "pads", and from this mark the jump begins. The first element is executed first − jump, while the first touch behind the bar should be with the same foot with which the jumper started to jump. Then comes the second element of the jump − step(touching the ground should be with the other foot). The final element is actually bounce, and the jumper lands in the sand pit as in the long jump.

In practice, two ways of performing the jump are possible: from the right foot - “right, right, left” and from the left foot - “left, left, right”. The jump block is 11 m away from the sand-filled pit for women and 13 m for men. Each jumper qualified for the final is given 3 preliminary attempts and, for the top 8, 3 final attempts to complete the triple jump. In some commercial starts, competition organizers limit the number of attempts to four.

Shot put

Shot put- competitions in throwing at a distance with a pushing movement of the hand of a special sports equipment - the nucleus. The discipline refers to throwing and is included in the technical types of the track and field athletics program. Requires explosive strength and coordination from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included in the athletics all-around.

Rules

Competitors perform a throw in a 35° sector, the top of which starts in the center of a circle with a diameter of 2.135 meters. Throw distance is measured as the distance from the inner circumference of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. Currently, the officially accepted projectile parameters are the weight of the core and its diameter. For men - 7.260 kg and 120-129 mm, for women - 4 kg and 100-109 mm. The core must be sufficiently smooth - meet the surface roughness class No. 7.

In official competitions, competitors usually complete six attempts. If there are more than eight participants, then after the first 3 attempts, the top eight are selected, and in the next three attempts they play for the best one by the maximum result in six attempts.

Once the athlete is in position in the circle before the start of the attempt, the shot must touch or be fixed at the neck or chin, and the hand must not fall below this position during the push. The core should not be retracted beyond the line of the shoulders.

Pushing the shot is allowed with one hand, the use of any gloves is prohibited. Bandaging of the palm or fingers is also prohibited. If the athlete has a bandaged wound, he must show his hand to the judge, and he will decide on the admission of the athlete to the competition.

1912 Olympic champion Patrick McDonald (USA)

A common mistake is leaving the circle or simply touching the top edge of the circle on the clean-and-jerk before the athlete has completed the attempt and stepped back. Sometimes, when making an unsuccessful attempt, athletes deliberately step forward from the circle so that their attempt is not measured.

Discus throw

Discus throw- a discipline in athletics, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment - a disc, for a distance. Refers to throwing and is included in the technical types of the athletics program. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896, for women since 1928. Included in the athletics all-around.

Competitions and rules

Competitors perform a throw from a circle with a diameter of 250 cm. The distance of the throw is measured as the distance from the outer circumference of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. The weight of the disc for men is 2 kg, for juniors 1.75 kg, for boys 1.5 kg. For women, juniors and girls - 1 kg. The disc diameter is 219-221 mm for men and 180-182 mm for women.

In official IAAF competitions, competitors complete six trials. If there are more than eight participants, then after the first 3 attempts, the top eight are selected and in the next three attempts they play for the best one by the maximum result in six attempts.

The discus is thrown from a sector fenced with a net with a permitted horizontal departure angle of not more than 35 °, or rather 34.92 °, otherwise the disc will not be able to fly into the field and crash into the net or supports. The width of the disc departure gate is 6 meters. It is forbidden for the athlete to leave the sector boundary until the disc lands. When thrown, the disc may touch the sector fence, if other rules are not violated.

Javelin-throwing

Javelin-throwing- a discipline in athletics, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment - spears, at a distance. Refers to throwing and is included in the technical types of the athletics program. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1908, for women since 1932. Included in the athletics all-around.

Rules and features

The rules are similar to other throwing disciplines. Competitors make three attempts, and the best eight are selected according to the best result. Those who enter this eight make three more throws, and the winner is determined by the best result of all six attempts. Unlike discus throw, hammer throw and shot put, athletes do not use a circle, but a track (with a surface similar to running surface) for acceleration before throwing. Accordingly, attempts are not counted in which the athlete crossed the line at the end of the track. Also, attempts are not taken into account in which the spear flew out of the allotted sector, or did not stick into the ground, but fell flat.

In addition to the coherence of all coordination of movements and the final effort, in javelin throwing big role plays the speed of the athlete, which he acquires during acceleration. Famous javelin throwers have a completely different physique and physical data, for example, the world record holder Uwe Hohn had a height of 199 cm and a weight of 114 kg, while another record holder, Seppo Reti, is 190 cm and 89-120 kg. The current world record holder, Jan Zhelezny, from the Czech Republic, is 185 cm and 79-85 kg.

Hammer throwing

Hammer throwing- athletics discipline, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment - a hammer - at a distance. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It is held during the summer season in outdoor stadiums. Refers to the technical types of athletics program. It is the Olympic discipline of athletics (for men - since 1900, for women - since 2000).

Rules

The hammer is a metal ball connected with a steel wire to the handle. The length of the hammer in men is 117-121.5 cm, and the total weight is 7.265 kg (= 16 pounds). In women, its length is from 116 to 119.5 cm, and the total weight is 4 kg. That is, the weight of the hammer equal to weight shot used by athletes of the respective gender.

When throwing, the athlete is in a special circle with a diameter of 2.135 m, within which he spins and throws a sports equipment. In order for an attempt to be counted, the athlete must leave the circle only after the hammer hits the ground and only from the back of the circle. In addition, the hammer must fall within the intended sector, enclosed by a net.

Due to the danger that a flying hammer poses to athletes participating in other types of competitions, the angle of the sector was constantly narrowing. In the 1900s it was 90°, in the 1960s it was 60°, and now it is about 35°. For the same reason, the hammer throw competition is often held at the start of an athletics program or moved to another stadium.

Athletics all-around

Athletics all-around is a set of athletics disciplines where athletes compete in various types, which make it possible to identify the most versatile athlete. Male all-rounders are sometimes referred to as knights of many qualities. All-around competitions are included in the program of the Olympics and are held in the summer and winter seasons.

Disciplines

In the following all-around events, the IAAF holds world records

Men's decathlon (summer season): 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m, 110m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, 1500m run
Women's heptathlon (summer season): 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m run, long jump, javelin throw, 800m run.
Men's Heptathlon ( winter season): 60m run, long jump, 60m hurdles, shot put, high jump, pole vault, 1000m run
Women's pentathlon (winter season): 60m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 800m run

There are also less common types, such as competitions in the men's decathlon program for women. Sometimes also the founders of commercial competitions can hold all-around events according to a non-standard program.

Rules

For each type, athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables or empirical formulas. All-around competitions at official IAAF starts are always held over two days. Between species, an interval for rest is necessarily determined (usually at least 30 minutes). When conducting certain types there are amendments specific to the all-around:

in running events, it is allowed to make one false start (in ordinary running events, they are disqualified after the first false start);
in the long jump and throwing, the participant is given only three attempts each;
under certain conditions, the use of manual timing is allowed if the stadium is not equipped with automatic timing.

Highway running

Highway running or running- This is the discipline of athletics, running on a paved road. The most famous race, the marathon, is an Olympic sport.

Runs are mainly held on asphalt along the streets of the city, as well as between settlements. Usually the distance is from 10 km to the marathon. There are also many races under 10 kilometers, such as the Carlsbad 5 kilometers run. These runs attract great attention of fans healthy lifestyle life, amateur runners and professional stayers and marathon runners. Famous marathon races are usually massive. More than 40,000 people take part in marathons such as the Berlin or New York marathons.

track and field cross

Cross country running, or cross (short for English cross country race or English cross country running, cross country flight or cross country running - “cross country running”) is one of the disciplines of athletics.

The cross-country course does not have strict international standardization. Usually the route passes through rough terrain in a forest zone or in open space. The surface can be grass or earthen. The route of the distance must be fenced with bright ribbons on both sides to separate the athletes from the spectators. At major international competitions, a corridor 1 meter wide is additionally arranged along the ribbons. In this gap are the organizers of the competition, coaches, photographers and journalists. Competitions are usually held in autumn and winter. Cross-country can take place in severe weather conditions such as rain, wind, sleet.

The length of the track is usually from 3 to 12 kilometers. At the start, all participants are placed in a line or arc. At a distance of 50 meters from the start line, the judge, with the help of a pistol shot, starts the race. If there was a collision of runners or a massive fall in the first 100 meters of the distance, the organizers are obliged to stop the race and start again.

According to the IAAF, “The cross country season usually takes place in winter months after the end of the main athletics season.

Athletics. The main types of athletics

Introduction

1. The history of athletics

2. Types of athletics and their characteristics

3. Competitions. Competition form and calendar

4. World and Olympic records in athletics. Outstanding Athletes

5. The development of athletics in Russia

6. Problems of athletics

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Athletics is a complex sport that includes various types of disciplines. She is rightfully considered the queen of sports, not without reason, two out of three calls in the motto "Faster, higher, stronger" can be attributed without hesitation to athletic disciplines. Athletics formed the basis of the sports program of the first Olympic Games. Athletics managed to win its positions due to the simplicity, accessibility and, if you like, the naturalness of its competitive disciplines. This is one of the main and most popular sports.

Athletics has been able to gain its popularity due to the fact that it does not require expensive equipment to practice. Due to this, athletics could become popular even in countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is in connection with the wide development, great popularity of this sport, its constantly progressing evolution that athletics received recognition, essentially, all over the world in the second half of the 20th century and was called the "Queen of Sports". For many decades, no one doubted the legitimacy of this high-profile title. Athletics really rules the sports world, it is loved and revered in the most remote corners of the planet.

1. The history of athletics

Athletics is one of ancient species sports. So, many centuries before our era, some peoples of Asia and Africa organized athletics competitions. But the true heyday of this sport came in ancient Greece. Wrestling, fisticuffs, and in general all the exercises that developed sipu, the Greeks attributed to weightlifting. It is clear that the name "athletics" today is rather conditional, because it is difficult to call, for example, ultra-long distance running - a marathon or hammer throwing "light" physical exercises. The oldest competition among athletes is undoubtedly running.

The first Olympic Games of antiquity, of which a reliable record has been preserved, took place in 776 BC. Then the competition program included only running for 1 stage (192 m 27 cm). In 724 BC there was a run already at the 2nd stage, and four years later the first Olympic long-distance race took place - the 24th stage. Winning the games was highly valued. Champions were given great honors, elected to honorary positions, and monuments were erected in their honor.

Long jumps and relay races (lampaderiomas) were very popular in ancient Greece, the participants of which passed a burning torch to each other. Later, discus throwing and javelin throwing were included in the program of the Olympic Games, and in 708 BC. for the first time, all-around competitions were held - pentathlon, which included running in 1 stages, discus throwing, spears, long jump (during the run, the athlete held dumbbells weighing from 1.5 to 4.5 kg) and wrestling (pankration) .

In the Middle Ages, there were no major athletics competitions, although there is evidence that on holidays people had fun competing in throwing stones, long and high jumps, and running at speed. Later in Western Europe running, jumping and throwing entered the system of physical education of knights.

There were no clear competition rules during this period, so at each competition they were established by agreement between the athletes. Gradually, however, the rules became more and more stable. At the same time, track and field equipment was also improved. After the invention of firearms in the 14th century, they switched from throwing a heavy stone to pushing a metal cannonball. The blacksmith's hammer in throwing was gradually replaced by a hammer on a chain, and then a shot on a chain (at present - a shot on a steel wire with a handle).

Athletics as a sport began to take shape only towards the end of the first half of XIX century. The results were recorded in the pole vault in 1789 (1 m 83 cm, D. Bush, Germany), in the one mile run in 1792 (5.52.0, F. Powell, Great Britain) and 440 yards in 1830. (2.06.0, A. Wood, Great Britain), in the high jump in 1827 (1.57.5, A. Wilson, Great Britain), in the hammer throw in 1838 (19 m 71 cm, Rayon, Ireland), in the shot put in 1839 (8 m 61 cm, T. Karradis, Canada), etc. It is believed that the beginning of the history of modern athletics was laid by competitions in running at a distance of about 2 km of college students in Rugby (England) in 1837 after which such competitions began to be held in other educational institutions England. Later, the competition program began to include sprinting, hurdles, weight throwing, and in 1851, long jumps and high jumps from a running start. In 1864, the first competitions were held between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which later became annual, marking the beginning of traditional two-way matches.

In 1865, the London Athletic Club was founded, which popularized athletics, held competitions and oversaw the observance of amateur status. The supreme body of track and field athletics - the amateur athletic association - which united all athletics organizations british empire was organized in 1880.

A little later than in England, athletics began to develop in the USA (an athletic club in New York was organized in 1868, a student sports union in 1875), where it quickly became widespread in universities. This ensured in subsequent years (until 1952) the leading position of American athletes in the world. By 1880-1890, amateur athletics associations were organized in many countries of the world, uniting individual clubs, leagues and receiving the rights of the highest bodies in athletics.

The revival in 1896 of the modern Olympic Games had big influence for the development of athletics. The program of the Games of the I Olympiad in Athens (1896) included 12 types of athletics competitions. Almost all the medals at these Games were won by American athletes.

On July 17, 1912, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF - International Amateur Athletics Federation) was established in Stockholm - a body that directs the development of athletics and organizes competitions in this sport. At the time of the creation of the federation, it included 17 countries. At present, IAAF members are national athletics federations from 210 countries.

In accordance with the Charter, the International Athletics Federation develops cooperation between national federations in order to develop athletics in the world, draws up rules and regulations for athletics competitions for men and women, resolves disputes between members of the federation, cooperates with the International Olympic Committee, approves world records , solves technical issues in athletics. To guide the development of athletics in European countries and regulate the calendar of European competitions, they were held in 1967 by the European Athletic Association, which unites athletics federations of European countries. In 2002, the federation changed its name, keeping the old abbreviation. Now it is called the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF - International Association of Athletic Federations).

2. Types of athletics and their characteristics

Athletics is a sport that combines such disciplines as: walking, running, jumping (long, high, triple, pole vault), throwing (disc, javelin, hammer, and shot put) and athletics all-around. One of the main and most popular sports. Athletics is one of the most conservative sports. So the program of men's disciplines in the program of the Olympic Games (24 types) has not changed since 1956. The program of female species includes 23 species. The only difference is the 50 km walk, which is not on the women's list. Thus, athletics is the most medal-intensive among all Olympic sports.

The indoor championship program consists of 26 events (13 men's and 13 women's). At official competitions, men and women do not participate in joint starts.

In English-speaking countries, athletics is divided into two groups of competitions: "track" and "field". Each type of athletics has its own history, its own triumphs, its own records, its own names.

The types of athletics are usually divided into five sections: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. Each of them, in turn, is divided into varieties.

Race walking - 20 km (men and women) and 50 km (men). Race walking is a cyclic locomotor movement of moderate intensity, which consists of alternating steps, in which the athlete must constantly make contact with the ground and at the same time the extended leg must be fully extended from the moment it touches the ground to the moment the vertical.

Running - short (100, 200, 400 m), medium (800 and 1500 m), long (5000 and 10,000 m) and extra long distances (marathon run - 42 km 195 m), relay race (4 x 100 and 4 x 400 m), hurdles (100 m - women, PO m - men, 400 m - men and women) and hurdling (3000 m). Running is one of the oldest sports to have formal competition rules and has been on the program since the very first Olympic Games in 1896. For runners, the most important qualities are: the ability to maintain high speed over a distance, endurance (for medium and long), speed endurance (for a long sprint), reaction and tactical thinking.

Cross-country sports are included both in the disciplines of athletics and in many popular sports in separate stages (in relay races, all-around). Running competitions are held at special athletics stadiums with equipped tracks. Summer stadiums usually have 8-9 lanes, winter stadiums have 4-6 lanes. The width of the track is 1.22 m, the line separating the tracks is 5 cm. Special markings are applied to the tracks indicating the start and finish of all distances, and corridors for passing the baton. The competitions themselves almost do not require any special conditions. Of certain importance is the coating from which the treadmill is made. Historically, at first the paths were earthen, cinder, asphalt. Currently, stadium tracks are made of synthetic materials such as tartan, recortan, regupol and others. For major international starts, the IAAF Technical Committee certifies the quality of the surface in several classes.

As shoes, athletes use special running shoes - spikes that provide good grip on the surface. Running competitions are held in almost any weather. AT hot weather in long-distance running, food stations can also be organized. During the run, athletes should not interfere with each other, although when running, especially for long and medium distances, contacts between runners are possible. At distances from 100 m to 400 m, athletes run each in their own lane. At distances from 600 m - 800 m, they start on different lanes and after 200 m they go to the common track. 1000 m and more start the start with a general group at the start line. The athlete who crosses the finish line first wins. At the same time, in case of disputable situations, a photo finish is involved and the first athlete is considered, whose part of the body was the first to cross the finish line. Starting in 2008, the IAAF began the gradual introduction of new rules, with the aim of increasing the spectacle and dynamism of the competition. In running for medium, long distances and steeplechase, shoot the 3 worst athletes in terms of time. In the 3000 m smooth run and steeplechase in succession for 5, 4 and 3 laps before the finish line. In the 5000 meters run, there are also three in 7, 5 and 3 laps, respectively. Starting with the 1966 European Championships and the 1968 Olympics, electronic timing has been used to record running results in major competitions, evaluating results to the nearest hundredth of a second. But even in modern athletics, electronics are duplicated by judges with a manual stopwatch. World and lower level records are held in accordance with IAAF rules.

At the beginning of our message, we note that it is not for nothing that athletics bears the title of “Queen of Sports”. It was in it that the Olympic slogan "Faster, higher, stronger" was fully embodied. No other sports direction can boast of such a variety of disciplines.

A bit of history

Athletics originated in ancient times. According to archaeological excavations, it was practiced in ancient Greece, Egypt and Assyria.

The history of the Olympic Games began with the 192 meters race in 776 BC. e. According to legend, this distance was measured using the feet of a priest who crossed the stadium in a straight line. Later, other types of athletics were included in the program.

Track and field sports at the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece were the main ones.

Now it is a sport that everyone joins in everyday life when they go jogging, walking and jumping when overcoming any obstacles (for example, when they jump over puddles after rain).

The names of remarkable athletes are known all over the world: Usain Bolt (100 meters in 9.58 seconds), Carl Lewis, Valery Borzov, Michael Johnson, Elena Isinbayeva.

Official competitions at the Summer Olympics, World and European Championships are held by the International Athletics Federation.

Running Variations

In fact, running is a fast movement with deceleration or acceleration, with alternating pushes of one leg with support on the other.

Sports and running types are divided into:

short distances (sprint) - from 100 to 400 meters;
medium - from 800 to 3,000 meters;
long - 5,000 and 10,000 meters.

Women's running competition.
Photo: flickr.com/RobertVaradi.

There is a super-long discipline - a marathon for 42 kilometers and 195 meters.

Races are held without barriers and with barriers, in singles and in group relay races along separate tracks 1.25 meters wide with markings white color in a four hundred meter circle. During the relay race, representatives of one team take turns covering the same distance with the transfer of the baton from hand to hand. Since the outer lane is longer than the inner lane, according to the rules, the start places are shifted diagonally.

All fights of runners begin the same way - athletes start with their feet resting on special blocks for a sharp repulsion. Whoever crosses the finish line first is the winner of the race. If it is not clear to the judges who crossed the line first, then a “photo finish” is used - automatic detection of the runner crossing the finish line using photo fixation.

If the track runs outside the stadium, through a forest thicket or a field, then this kind of running is called cross-country, which in English means moving over rough terrain.

Race walking

In race walking, it is not allowed to take your foot off the ground. feet should always rest on the ground. To do this, one of the legs of the walker is placed on the heel, smoothly rolls onto the toe, while the leg should not bend. In the same way, the movement of the second leg is carried out. The athlete must overcome either 20 or 50 kilometers.

Race walking is based on aerobic exercise, helps to strengthen muscles.
Photo: flickr.com/Eugene Kim.

jumping

Long jump with a running start, after which the athlete pushes off with a strong foot from the ground in front of a special line. You cannot intercede for it, otherwise the attempt does not count. The jumper then extends both legs forward so that the length of the jump is as long as possible, and lands in a sand pit. With a triple jump, the athlete in front of the line accelerates with two steps, and with the third he pushes off the ground. The length of the jump is measured from the foul line to the nearest footprint of the jumper in the pit.

When jumping high, it is necessary to overcome a wooden or duralumin bar, which is located on the racks. At school, the guys jump using the “scissors” method with an emphasis on a strong leg in front of the projectile, repulsion and transfer of both legs alternately over the bar. There is also a flip (rolling) method - transferring the body with the chest side and the Fosbury flop - jumping with a turn on the back.

The jumper is given three attempts to take a certain height. After a successful jump, it is increased by several centimeters. If the last bar is taken by more than one athlete, then the winner is the one who spent fewer attempts on it.

The Fosbury Flop is a high jump technique developed and pioneered by American high jumper Dick Fosbury.
Photo: flickr.com/Sangudo.

There are also pole vaults. The athlete makes a run from 40 meters, and having reached the rack, rests the end of the pole against the so-called support box. The jumper himself pushes off the track and tries to jump over the bar, turning 180 degrees.

Throwing sports equipment

This type of athletics is divided into throwing:

disk;
kernels;
hammer;
spears.

Discus throwers (discus throwers) use in their competitions a kilogram or two-kilogram projectile made of rubber or wood with a metal edging of the body. Throwing is made from a circle with a diameter of 250 centimeters. The initial position of the discus thrower is with your back to the throwing zone. After two or three swings, a half-turn of the body is performed, and the projectile is launched into the field.

Discus throwing is carried out from a sector fenced with a net with a permitted horizontal departure angle of 35 °.
Photo: flickr.com/chuchin1983.

A metal core weighing from 3 kilograms (for 15-16-year-old girls) and up to more than 7 kilograms (for men) is also pushed by athletes towards the clearing from a circle with a diameter of 213 and a half centimeters. The athlete must bend his arm at the elbow before throwing, press the projectile to his shoulder, and after several movements back and forth, send the shot into the field with distance marks in meters.

Initially, a sports hammer was made in the shape of a cube, later its edges were rounded, and now it is a ball on a wire with a wooden handle. The length of the projectile is 122 centimeters and the weight is more than 7 kilograms. The athlete takes the handle of the projectile, spins it, makes several turns around its axis and launches it into the sector of the field. Three attempts are given with a credit for the best result.

For javelin throwers, a sports javelin consists of a wooden shaft and a steel tip. The total length of the projectile is 260 centimeters, weight - 800 grams. The javelin for women and young athletes is shorter and lighter. It is thrown at the restrictive bar - during the run-up, a swing is made and a throw is made into the field.

all-around

Consists of several types of athletics and divided into triathlon, pentathlon and decathlon. The most difficult all-around program involves only male athletes.

The formation of athletics in Russia

The spread of athletics disciplines in our country began in late XIX centuries. Near Petersburg, in one of the villages, a sports club was opened. The first Russian athletics championship took place in 1908. In 1911, several sports leagues from different cities merged into one all-Russian union. A year later, our athletes took part in the Olympics in Stockholm.

After the revolution, the development of this sport was taken up by Vsevobuch (universal military training). Over the years Soviet power our athletes have achieved outstanding success. Among the record holders we note:

Sergei Bubka (shestovik);
Yuri Sedykh (hammer thrower);
Natalya Lisovskaya (shot putter).

Natalya Lisovskaya - Olympic champion and three-time world champion in shot put, world record holder since 1987. Honored Master of Sports of the USSR.

Russian athletes also set a number of records. Among the winners we name:

Tatyana Lebedev (long jump);
Svetlana Masterkova (running);
Elena Isinbayeva (pole vault).

How athletics is done at school

Most of the disciplines from this sport are used in physical education classes at school. At the lessons, teachers teach their students sprinting, high and long jumps, throwing a ball and other sports equipment. In addition to visiting school lessons, teenagers can additionally enroll in sections.

Running is the most accessible and popular sport. They are engaged not only in professional athletes, but also ordinary people to maintain good physical shape.
Photo: flickr.com/Maestro Aki.

The popularity of athletics is due to its accessibility. All you need to do is dress in sportswear and at least run a couple of laps around the house. For some guys, a treadmill is suitable for showing talent, for others - a sector for long jumps, for others - a field for throwing a shot. In general, everyone can choose an athletics vocation according to their abilities and capabilities.

In children, athletics sports develop endurance, speed, excellent reaction, strengthen muscles and the whole body as a whole.

Introduction

The history of athletics

Types of athletics and their characteristics

The development of athletics in Russia

Conclusion

1. Introduction

2. The history of the emergence of athletics

Athletics is one of the oldest sports. So, many centuries before our era, some peoples of Asia and Africa organized athletics competitions. But the true heyday of this sport came in ancient Greece. Wrestling, fisticuffs, and in general all exercises that developed strength, the Greeks attributed to weightlifting. It is clear that the name "athletics" today is rather conditional, because it is difficult to call, for example, ultra-long distance running - a marathon or hammer throwing "light" physical exercises. The oldest competition among athletes is undoubtedly running.

In the Middle Ages, there were no major athletics competitions, although there is evidence that on holidays people had fun competing in throwing stones, long and high jumps, and running at speed. Later, in Western Europe, running, jumping and throwing entered the system of physical education of knights.

Athletics as a sport began to take shape only towards the end of the first half of the 19th century. It is believed that the beginning of the history of modern athletics was put by competitions in running over a distance of about 2 km for college students in Rugby (England) in 1837, after which such competitions began to be held in other educational institutions in England. Later, the competition program began to include sprinting, hurdles, weight throwing, and in 1851, long jumps and high jumps from a running start. In 1864, the first competitions were held between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which later became annual, marking the beginning of traditional two-way matches.

In 1865, the London Athletic Club was founded, which popularized athletics, held competitions and oversaw the observance of amateur status. The supreme body of athletics, the Amateur Athletic Association, which united all the athletics organizations of the British Empire, was organized in 1880.

The revival in 1896 of the modern Olympic Games had a great influence on the development of athletics. The program of the Games of the I Olympiad in Athens (1896) included 12 types of athletics competitions. Almost all the medals at these Games were won by American athletes.

Sports have always attracted great amount people who tried to surpass their competitors and prove that the capabilities of their body are much higher than their opponents. A high craving for competition led to the start of the Olympic Games, which included Then, depending on the power loads of various competitions, the creation of categories began, which gave rise to weightlifting and athletics.

Some moments in the history of the Olympic Games consist of legends, of course, this will be the case, because the birth of the sport took place more than 2 thousand years ago, when people perceived everything differently, which, of course, influenced the history of athletics.

History of the development of athletics

Competitions were held everywhere and throughout the existence of mankind, but in ancient times people were only interested in raising warriors capable of bringing victories in battles with minimal losses. Military interest in the education of physically developed men gradually began to degenerate into sport games, the main competitions in which were endurance and strength. From that moment on, the birth of athletics began.

The first winner of athletics sports (according to confirmed data) is a cook from the city of Elis named Koreb, who in 776 BC ran the fastest distance in 1 stage (about 192 meters).

Athletics in ancient Greece differed from modern competitions, for example, now the throwing disc weighs 2 kilograms for men and 1 kilogram for women, but in ancient times the discs were different in almost all respects:

applied various materials(wood, metal and bronze).
Their appearance also changed (for unspecified reasons).
The most important difference is the weight, which ranged from 1.25 kilograms to 6.63.

One of the most popular competitions among the fans was the javelin throw, which is most likely due to the military direction of this sport, and the rest of the competitions gathered fewer fans, but were part of the Olympic Games due to testing the capabilities of the human body and spirit.

Modern athletics

The ancient Olympic Games were very different from what we are seeing now, due to the influence of people, their faith and attitude towards competitions.

The history of the development of athletics in modern form started in 1837. Modern competitions in "light" sports began after the first 2-kilometer running competition was held in England. The championship was held among Rugby college students, and after that, popularization began in other institutions and cities: Oxford, London, Cambridge and others. Then other competitions began to be added to the games: 1851 - high and long jumps from a running start, 1864 - throwing a shot and a hammer, and other physical competitions.

In 1865, the world's first athletic club was formed in London, which achieved the national championship in various sports. After 3 years, New York picks up the idea of British athletes and organizes its own association, which begins to popularize the competition on the mainland of the New World.

Rest European countries realized a little later that sport attracts a huge number of people, and began to hold competitions from 1880, and by the 90th year of the same century, all of Europe was already in the “power” of sports.

Athletics competitions, after the start of popularization, were held exclusively within each country, and only in 1896 in Athens they held real Olympic Games, which consisted of 12 different competitions and included several countries.

American track and field athletes were trained for highest level in almost all types of competitions and received most of the medals, from that moment they come prepared and lead in these types of competitions.

America showed excellent result on and after that, it holds the leading position in terms of the number of winners, but not in such numbers, as other countries have understood the importance of this event and are preparing future champions according to their own programs.

The history of the emergence of athletics keeps many champions, but most of all remember the first winners: R. Urey (champion of the 2nd and 3rd Olympics in jumping from a place), Orter, Matthias, Thorpe and Owens (champions in the triple jump of the Olympics), Korzhenevsky (four-time winner in race walking) and other winners who will forever remain the first, since the birth of modern games began with them.

Achievements of athletics athletes

At first, the organizers, athletes and fans simply rejoiced and remembered the achievements, but after a while, a boom began not only to win, but also to achieve the best results in the history of the games.

Throughout the duration of the games, new athletics records are constantly being set, but the difference between them is that the bulk are minor indicators that were overcome immediately; others were beaten after decades; but there are those that no athlete can still surpass.

The first world record, which has remained the best for 20 years, is the long jump of an American athlete (8 meters 90 centimeters), but the most remarkable thing is that the previous achievement was half a meter less.

The history of the running marathon has a more serious achievement that cannot be surpassed to this day - the 100 and 200 meters. The record holder in this discipline was the American runner Griffith-Joyner, who beat two results at once: she ran 100 meters in 10.49 seconds, and 200 meters in just 21.34 seconds.

There are no hard competitions left in the Olympic Games today, the list consists of almost only light competitions. The main struggle that has a large number of victories and records, and with which track and field athletics is rich - a marathon. Such popularity is associated with athletes from Nigeria, constantly changing the Book of Records and attracting a huge number of fans.

Women in athletics

Since the beginning of education modern light athletics, all competitions were focused only on men, and women were not allowed to participate in competitions, but after a century of modern marathons, everything changed and “beautiful” athletics appeared. The "Queen of Sports" at first had few participants, but over time, a huge number of women came to the sport.

The first competitions with the participation of female representatives took place in 1928, but only by the 96th year the number of athletics competitions with women approached the line of 20 types.

It was possible to fully win the trust of the organizers only at the 1999 games, when athletes in hammer throwing and pole vaulting performed in Sydney.

The history of the emergence of athletics in Russia

The Russian Empire was in no hurry to take part in the Olympics, and already in 1952 the USSR brought athletes to the games and firmly established itself on a par with America. The competition between the USSR and the USA originated a very long time ago and was strengthened by competitions in which our athletes still create tremendous competition for all countries of the world.

The fact that Russia ignored the world's love for sports does not mean a complete absence of competition. In our country, the history of the development of athletics began with the first fans, who in 1888 organized a circle in St. Petersburg. A year later, the sports community got a name: "Society of Runners".

Petersburg circle quickly recruited athletes and spectators, and just a year later they changed their name and continued their work as a sports center Russian Empire. After the organization of the community, it took only five years, after which the circle grew so much that the addition of other sports began, and 1895 history of easy athletics in Russia is recorded as the year of the first large-scale games, where 10,000 fans came.

Russia was in no hurry to enter world athletics competitions, but its entry meant a collapse for athletes from all countries of the world, which is proved by the victory tables, where the USSR is in the first line in almost all games, but today our athletes do not show the results that they could reach in the USSR.

Doping control in athletics

The history of athletics knows a huge number of disqualifications due to doping, and the situation with this is still not resolved, as athletes want to be the best, and some of them try to prove superiority through antibiotics.

To control athletes (in addition to medical examinations), the IAAF organization was created, which allows you to check the history of the athlete for all medical examinations that are not related to the Olympics.

One can cite a huge number of examples of “catching doping” that athletics is rich in: high jumps (2012 - disqualification of the applicant for gold medal), race walking (2014 - disqualification of 4 athletes from Russia), running (2014 - disqualification of an athlete), as well as many other examples of violations of the rules.

The IAAF has developed a card system based on marking any medical examinations out of competition, however, the athlete could participate without this card, but in this case he did not receive cash bonuses and fulfilled the standards only for interest.

And although, when applying for a card, the athlete confirms that he will abide by the rules and, if he wins, will support the IAAF organization in their control work, there are still athletes who neglect this and take doping, dropping out of the competition.

The origin of the marathon

The history of athletics began with running, and today the most popular athletics sport is the one that originated during the creation of the Olympic Games according to a rather beautiful legend.

The legend of the marathon: "Near the small town of Marathon, the Greek troops completely defeated the Persian enemies and sent a messenger to inform Athens, who ran 40 kilometers without stopping, and upon arrival only had time to shout out that they had won, after which he immediately died."

This legend is confirmed by the distance that the athletes of the marathon of the ancient Olympiads ran - 40 kilometers, and the same distance was from Athens to the city of Marathon, however, scientists doubt that the Greeks could measure this distance so accurately, but the Egyptians somehow built ideal pyramids.

(marathon) is not limited to 40 kilometers, but is the minimum distance for women who can compete in ultramarathons and ultramarathons, which include athletics ("queen of sports"). A participant in ultramarathons must run as far as possible in the allotted time. In this sport, there are only time frames in the form of 2, 12 hours, days, 2 days and 6 days, during which athletes can run from 50 to 1500 kilometers.

The essence of long-distance marathons is not to run the fastest, but to move away from the starting point as far as possible in the allotted time. This type athletics is quite difficult to attribute to light, because athletes run not just for 2 hours, they run enormous distances without rest for a day, or even several days, completely exhausting themselves and leading the body to a dangerous state.

Determining the winners in the all-around

Sports competitions from the very beginning have a lot various kinds and grouped into categories. The history of athletics remembers many different groups that were originally formed for greater entertainment and diversity, but after a while the set of all-around competitions was focused on the selection of the most versatile athletes. The Greeks greatly appreciated the winners and opened all doors and any positions in the government of the country for them.

There are pentathlons, decathlons and heptathlons in the competitions of the Olympics, and to win, you need to score more points than competitors and surpass rivals in several disciplines. However, there are controversial situations when it is not known exactly who became the first, but this is also provided for by athletics. The photo is the only proof of the athlete's victory with slight gaps from the opponent, however, today you can view the photo finish, and how it was decided before this question- is still unknown.

Due to the tense situation of almost complete achievement of human capabilities (see Note) and high competition, athletes come at a distance of a few fractions of a second from each other, so the photo finish is actively used in all sports.

Note. According to some scientists, in 40 years humanity will reach the maximum capabilities of the body and will no longer be able to set new world records in competitions in physical capabilities.

Guinness World Records for Athletics

The sport is strongly associated with the records that fill the history of the development of athletics, and without them there would be no growth in popularity and the constant transformation of sports.

The Guinness Book of Records was invented only 59 years ago to entertain visitors to the bar from the Guinness company and other beer lovers, and the first versions were printed not only to inform and resolve the controversial situation of fans in sports bars, but also for entertainment, so funny records.

The brewery that ordered the book did not think of such popularity, but in the first couple of months sales reached 5,000, and by the beginning of 56 of the 20th century, 5 million record books had already been sold.

Note. The record book not only describes the achievements of people, but also shows a photo of their records, but if the publishers thought about writing records in order, then it would reflect the history of athletics. Summary of all events would allow people to track the popularity of sports, but today this data is no longer so popular, because the Internet shows all the achievements in almost real time.

Apparently, due to the fact that Russia rather late (in 1955) began to enter the world level of software and did not show much interest (although it showed excellent results), the Book of Records was translated into Russian only in 1989.

Then the popularity began to grow higher and higher, due to the lack of constant and reliable information at that time, and the book is a collection of all sports achievements In one place. In the end, to get into the list of record holders, you just had to break a record or do something incredible that in normal conditions no one does and, in general, not everyone will decide on this.

Simply put, the history of the Guinness Book of Records is not just about athletics, she began to develop at the expense of those sports that were most popular among people, and only after that she began to accept the rest, in some cases crazy, records of people and their capabilities.

Athletics in the 21st century

The Olympic Games today are a great event for all countries of the world, many of which are trying to gain the trust of the organizers and spend these significant days at the stadiums of their cities. However, many do not understand the dangers of competition from an economic point of view, and an example of this is the creators of athletics - the Greeks. The Olympics in Greece led the country to a crisis that knocked everything out of the Greeks cash, put the country in a very bad state, from which it emerged for several years and is still recovering from those economic costs.

Athletics and any other sport come to the point that today it is difficult to break the records of rivals, and most of the winners cannot repeat their achievements. This speaks of the difficulties that athletics has come to. Jumping, running, throwing objects and other sports are oversaturated with records, humanity is taking big steps, progress is so fast that ordinary people do not have time to test technologies on themselves, and scientists do not have time to do something new. All events only confirm the hypothesis that soon there will be no records left to be broken, and a person will come to the peak of his physical abilities.

An example of people being pushed to the limit is the winner-selection technique that athletics actively uses. Photo - the only one possible variant determining the winner, because today the competition is so serious and there are no athletes who outperform their opponents by 2, 3, and even more so 5 seconds, and the struggle goes on for tenths, and sometimes even hundredths of a second.