What disciplines are included in athletics. Characteristics of athletics as a sport

Athletics. Concept and main types.

Introduction
Athletics is a complex sport that includes different kinds disciplines. She is rightfully considered the queen of sports, not without reason, two out of three calls in the motto "Faster, higher, stronger" can be attributed without hesitation to athletic disciplines. Athletics formed the basis of the sports program of the first Olympic Games. Athletics managed to win its positions due to the simplicity, accessibility and, if you like, the naturalness of its competitive disciplines. This is one of the main and most popular sports.

History of occurrence
Athletics is one of ancient species sports. So, many centuries before our era, some peoples of Asia and Africa organized athletics competitions. But the true heyday of this sport came in Ancient Greece. Wrestling, fisticuffs, and in general all the exercises that developed sipu, the Greeks attributed to weightlifting. It is clear that the name "athletics" today is rather conditional, because it is difficult to call, for example, ultra-long distance running - a marathon or hammer throwing "light" physical exercises. The oldest competition among athletes is undoubtedly running.

The first Olympic Games of antiquity, of which a reliable record has been preserved, took place in 776 BC. Then the competition program included only running for 1 stage (192 m 27 cm). In 724 BC there was a run already at the 2nd stage, and four years later the first Olympic long-distance race took place - the 24th stage. Winning the games was highly valued. Champions were given great honors, elected to honorary positions, and monuments were erected in their honor.

Types of athletics and their characteristics

Athletics - a sport that combines such disciplines as: walking, running, jumping (long, high, triple, pole vault), throwing (disc, javelin, hammer, and shot put) and athletics all-around. One of the main and most popular sports.

Race walking - 20 km (men and women) and 50 km (men). Race walking is a cyclic locomotor movement of moderate intensity, which consists of alternating steps, in which the athlete must constantly make contact with the ground and at the same time the extended leg must be fully extended from the moment it touches the ground to the moment the vertical.
Run - for short (100, 200, 400 m), medium (800 and 1500 m), long (5000 and 10,000 m) and extra long distances (marathon run - 42 km 195 m), relay race (4 x 100 and 4 x 400 m), hurdles (100 m - women, PO m - men, 400 m - men and women) and steeplechase (3000 m). Running is one of the oldest sports to have formal competition rules and has been on the program since the very first Olympic Games in 1896. For runners, the most important qualities are: the ability to maintain high speed at a distance, endurance (for medium and long), speed endurance (for a long sprint), reaction and tactical thinking.
Running high jump - discipline of athletics related to vertical jumps technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing. Requires jumping ability and coordination of movements from athletes. Held in summer and winter season. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.
Pole vault - a discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of track and field athletics program. It requires jumping ability, sprint qualities, coordination of movements from athletes. The pole vault has been an Olympic sport for men since the First Summer Olympics in 1896, and for women since Olympic Games 2000 in Sydney.
long jump - a discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of an athletics program. Requires jumping ability, sprint qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competitive program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is the modern Olympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1948.
Throwing - shot put, javelin throw, discus throw and hammer throw. In 1896, discus throwing and shot put were included in the program of the Games; in 1900 - hammer throwing, in 1906 - javelin throwing.
All-around - decathlon (men's event) and heptathlon (women's event), which are held on two consecutive days in the following order. Decathlon - Day One: 100m run, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400m run; second day: PO m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw and 1500 m run. Heptathlon - first day: 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 m run; second day: long jump, javelin throw, 800 m run. For each type, athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables or empirical formulas.

Athletics is an Olympic sport that includes running types, race walking, all-around, runs, crosses and technical events. Athletics is usually called the queen of sports, because it is one of the most massive sports and its disciplines have always played the largest number medals at the Olympic Games. Athletes are athletes who practice one or more sports. athletics.

The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) was founded in 1912 and unites national federations. The headquarters of the association is located in Monaco.

The history of the emergence and development of athletics (briefly)

Athletics is considered to be a very ancient sport, as evidenced by ubiquitous archaeological finds (coins, vases, sculptures, etc.). The oldest of athletics is running. By the way, the run was carried out at a distance equal to one stage - one hundred and ninety-two meters. It is from this name that the word stadium comes from.

The ancient Greeks called all physical exercises athletics, which in turn was usually divided into “light” and “heavy”. They referred to athletics exercises that develop dexterity and endurance (running, jumping, archery, swimming, etc.). Accordingly, all exercises that developed strength were classified as “weightlifting”.

First Olympic champion in athletics, it is customary to consider Koroibos (776 BC), this date is considered to be the beginning of the history of athletics. Modern history of easy athletics originates from competitions in running over a distance of about 2 km by students of a college in Rugby (Great Britain) in 1837. Later, the competition program began to include sprinting, hurdles, weight throwing, long jumps and high jumps with a run .

In 1865, the London Athletic Club was founded, which was engaged in the popularization of athletics.

In 1880, an amateur athletic association was organized, uniting all athletics organizations in the British Empire.

The rapid development of athletics is associated with the Olympic Games (1896), in which she was given the highest place.

How did athletics begin?

Athletics competitions have been held throughout the existence of mankind. Initially, people were only interested in raising warriors capable of bringing victory in battles. Military interest in the education of physically developed men gradually began to degenerate into sport games, the main competitions in which were endurance and strength. From that moment on, the birth of athletics began.

Athletics rules

The athlete or team that has shown the best result in the final races or final attempts of technical disciplines is considered the winner in athletics competitions.

Running types of athletics, as a rule, are divided into several stages:

• qualification;
• ¼ final;
• ½ final;
• the final.

The number of participants in the competition is determined by the regulations of the competition, while men and women do not participate in general starts.

Athletics stadium

Athletics stadiums are open or closed. Usually the stadium is combined with football stadium and field. The outdoor stadium consists of an oval 400 meter track, which in turn is divided into 8 or 9 lanes, as well as sectors for technical disciplines. Often, javelin or hammer throw competitions are taken out of the stadium, this is done for security reasons.

Closed stadiums (arenas) differ from open ones by a shorter track (200 m) and the number of lanes into which it is divided (4-6 pcs.).

Types of athletics

Let's look at what sports are included in athletics. Race walking is an athletics discipline that differs from running in that the athlete must have constant foot contact with the ground. Race walking competitions are held on the track (10,000 m, 20,000 m, 30,000 m, 50,000 m) or highway (20,000 m and 50,000 m).

Running is one of the oldest sports for which official competition rules were approved, having been included in the program since the very first modern Olympic Games in 1896. Running in athletics is represented by the following types: sprint, middle-distance running, long-distance running, hurdling, relay race.

Types of running in athletics:

• Short distance running (100 m, 200 m, 400 m), non-standard distances include 30 m, 60 m, 300 m.
• Middle distance running (800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m), additionally 600, 1000, 1610 m (mile), 2000 m.
• Long distance running (5000 m, 10000 m, 42195 m).
• Obstacle course (steeplechase) 2000 m in the arena and 3000 m in the open stadium.
• Hurdling (women - 100 m, men - 110 m, 400 m).
• Relay race (4×100 meters, 4×400 meters).

Jumps are divided into vertical (high jump and pole vault) and horizontal (long jump and triple jump).

• The high jump is a discipline of athletics, which refers to vertical jumps of technical types. The jump consists of a run-up, preparation for take-off, take-off, crossing the bar and landing.
• Pole vault is a technical discipline that refers to vertical jumps. In this jump, the athlete needs to go over the bar (without knocking it over) using an athletics pole.
• Long jump refers to horizontal jumps and requires sprinting qualities and jumping ability from athletes.
• A triple jump consists of a run-up, three alternating jumps and a landing.

Throwing is an exercise for athletes that requires "explosive" muscular effort. The goal in this event is to move the projectile to the maximum distance from the athlete. Types of throwing in athletics:

• Throwing a grenade or ball, grenade weight - 700 g for men, women and middle-aged boys throw a grenade weighing 500 g. Balls have a weight of 155-160 g.
• Shot put, the male shot weighs 7.260 kg, and the female one weighs 4 kg.
• Hammer throw, the male hammer weighs 7.260 kg and the female hammer 4 kg.
• Discus throw, men's disc weighs 2 kg, women's - 1 kg.
• Javelin-throwing. The male spear weighs 800 g and has a length of 260-270 cm, the female spear, respectively, 600 g and 220-230 cm.

All-around is a sports discipline that includes competitions in several disciplines of one or more different types sports.

What does athletics include?

Cross-country, race walking, all-around, runs, crosses and technical events.

To date, the program of the Olympic Games includes 24 events for men and 23 events for women. Athletes compete in:

• running 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000 and 10,000 meters,
• marathon run (42.195 km),
• 110m hurdles (for women 100m),
• run 400 m
• steeple chase - 3000m hurdles
• 20 and 50 km race walking (men only),
• high jump,
• pole vault,
• long jump,
• triple jump,
• shot put,
• discus throw,
• hammer throw,
• javelin throw
• all-around - decathlon for men and heptathlon - for women,
• relay races 4 x 100 and 4 x 400 meters.

Cyclic types of athletics include: walking, sprinting, running for medium and long distances. The technical types of athletics include: throwing, vertical and horizontal jumps.

Athletics Championships

• Summer Olympic Games.
• The World Championships in Athletics has been held since 1983, every two years in odd years.
• The World Indoor Championships has been held since 1985, every two years in even years.
• The European Athletics Championships have been held since 1934, every two years.
• The World Junior Championship has been held every two years since 1986. Athletes under the age of 19 are allowed to participate.
• The World Championship among boys and girls has been held every two years since 1999. Athletes who turn 16 and 17 years old in the year of the competition are allowed to participate.
• The European Indoor Championships has been held since 1966, every two years in odd years. The next championship was held in 2015 in Prague.
• The IAAF Continental Cup is held every four years. The next Cup was held in 2014 in Marrakech (Morocco).
• The World Cross Country Championship is held every two years.
• Race Walking World Cup - held every two years.

What does athletics develop?

The main physical qualities are endurance, strength, speed, flexibility. In addition, during athletics, the skills of coordination of movements, fast and economic movement and the rational implementation of complex physical exercises are acquired.

We have tried to cover the topic as fully as possible, so this information can be safely used in the preparation of messages, reports on physical education and essays on the topic "Athletics".

Athletics is a sport that combines such disciplines as: walking, running, jumping (long, high, triple, pole vault), throwing (disc, javelin, hammer, and shot put) and athletics all-around. One of the main and most popular sports. Athletics is one of the most conservative sports. So the program of men's disciplines in the program of the Olympic Games (24 types) has not changed since 1956. The program of female species includes 23 species. The only difference is walking 50 km, which is not in women's list. Thus, athletics is the most medal-intensive among all Olympic sports.

The indoor championship program consists of 26 events (13 men's and 13 women's). At official competitions, men and women do not participate in joint starts.

In English-speaking countries, athletics is divided into two groups of competitions: "track" and "field". Each type of athletics has its own history, its own triumphs, its own records, its own names.

The types of athletics are usually divided into five sections: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. Each of them, in turn, is divided into varieties.

Race walking - 20 km (men and women) and 50 km (men). Race walking is a cyclic locomotor movement of moderate intensity, which consists of alternating steps, in which the athlete must constantly make contact with the ground and at the same time the extended leg must be fully extended from the moment it touches the ground to the moment the vertical.

Running - for short (100, 200, 400 m), medium (800 and 1500 m), long (5000 and 10,000 m) and extra long distances (marathon run - 42 km 195 m), relay race (4 x 100 and 4 x 400 m), hurdles (100 m - women, PO m - men, 400 m - men and women) and hurdling (3000 m). Running is one of the oldest sports to have formal competition rules and has been on the program since the very first Olympic Games in 1896. For runners, the most important qualities are: the ability to maintain high speed over a distance, endurance (for medium and long), speed endurance (for a long sprint), reaction and tactical thinking.

Cross-country sports are included both in the disciplines of athletics and in many popular sports in separate stages (in relay races, all-around). Running competitions are held at special athletics stadiums with equipped tracks. Summer stadiums usually have 8-9 lanes, winter stadiums have 4-6 lanes. The width of the track is 1.22 m, the line separating the tracks is 5 cm. Special markings are applied to the tracks indicating the start and finish of all distances, and corridors for passing the baton. The competitions themselves almost do not require any special conditions. Of certain importance is the coating from which the treadmill is made. Historically, at first the paths were earthen, cinder, asphalt. Currently, stadium tracks are made of synthetic materials such as tartan, recortan, regupol and others. For major international starts, the IAAF Technical Committee certifies the quality of the surface in several classes.

As shoes, athletes use special running shoes - spikes that provide good grip on the surface. Running competitions are held in almost any weather. In hot weather, long-distance running can also organize food stations. During the run, athletes should not interfere with each other, although when running, especially for long and medium distances, contacts between runners are possible. At distances from 100 m to 400 m, athletes run each in their own lane. At distances from 600 m - 800 m, they start on different lanes and after 200 m they go to the common track. 1000 m or more start start common group at the start line. The athlete who crosses the finish line first wins. At the same time, in case of disputable situations, a photo finish is involved and the first athlete is considered to be the athlete whose part of the body was the first to cross the finish line. Starting in 2008, the IAAF began the gradual introduction of new rules, with the aim of increasing the spectacle and dynamism of the competition. In running for medium, long distances and steeplechase, shoot the 3 worst athletes in terms of time. In the 3000 m smooth run and steeplechase in succession for 5, 4 and 3 laps before the finish line. In the 5000 meters run, there are also three in 7, 5 and 3 laps, respectively. Starting with the 1966 European Championships and the 1968 Olympics, electronic timing has been used to record running results in major competitions, estimating results to the nearest hundredth of a second. But even in modern athletics, electronics are duplicated by judges with a manual stopwatch. World and lower level records are held in accordance with IAAF rules.

The results in running disciplines at the stadium are measured with an accuracy of 1/100 sec., in road running with an accuracy of 1/10 sec.

Jumps are divided into vertical (high jump and pole vault) and horizontal (long jump and triple jump).

The high jump from a running start is an athletics discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing. Requires jumping ability and coordination of movements from athletes. Held in the summer and winter season. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928. High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a place for landing. The athlete at the preliminary stage and in the final is given three attempts at each height. The athlete has the right to skip a height, while unused attempts at a missed height do not accumulate. If an athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump any more at that height, he can carry over the unused (respectively two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, after informing the judges about it. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 3 x 5 meters. When trying, the athlete must push off with one foot. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the uprights with any part of his body before he cleared the bar.

A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar falls off the posts after the white flag is raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge fixes the taking of the height not earlier than the athlete left the landing place, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.

Pole vault is a discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of track and field athletics program. It requires jumping ability, sprint qualities, coordination of movements from athletes. Pole vault has been an Olympic sport for men since the First Summer Olympics in 1896, and for women since the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. Included in the athletics all-around. High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a landing area. The athlete at the preliminary stage and the final is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, it cannot be less than 5 centimeters. Usually at low altitudes the bar is raised in steps of 10-15 cm and then the step goes to 5 cm. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 5 x 5 meters. The length of the track for the run is not less than 40 meters, the width is 1.22 meters. The athlete has the right to ask the judges to adjust the position of the bar posts from 40 cm in front of the rear surface of the pole box, up to 80 cm towards the run-up point. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete has touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site located beyond the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the box for support, with any part of the body or with a pole; the athlete in the flight phase tried to keep the bar from falling with his hands. good luck trying the referee marks by raising the white flag. If the bar fell off the racks after the white flag was raised, it no longer matters - the attempt is counted. If the pole breaks during the attempt, the athlete has the right to try again.

Long jump - a discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of an athletics program. Requires jumping ability, sprint qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competitive program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is the modern Olympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included in the athletics all-around. The task of the athlete is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. Long jumps are held in the sector for horizontal jumps according to the general rules established for this variety of technical events. When performing a jump, athletes in the first stage take a run along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a sand pit. The jump distance is calculated as the distance from a special mark on the take-off board to the start of the hole from landing in the sand. The distance from the take-off board to the far edge of the landing pit must be at least 10 m. The take-off line itself must be located up to 5 m from the near edge of the landing pit. In world-class male athletes, the initial speed when pushing off the board reaches 9.4 - 9.8 m / s. The optimal angle of departure of the athlete's center of mass to the horizon is 20-22 degrees and the height of the center of mass relative to the usual position when walking is 50-70 cm. Athletes usually reach the highest speed in the last three or four steps of the run. The jump consists of four phases: run-up, repulsion, flight and landing. The greatest differences, in terms of technique, affect the flight phase of the jump.

Throwing - shot put, javelin throw, discus throw and hammer throw. In 1896, discus throwing and shot put were included in the program of the Games; in 1900 - hammer throwing, in 1906 - javelin throwing.

The All-Around is a decathlon (men's event) and a heptathlon (women's event), which are held on two consecutive days in the following order. Decathlon - Day One: 100m run, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400m run; second day: PO m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw and 1500 m run. Heptathlon - first day: 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 m run; second day: long jump, javelin throw, 800 m run. For each type, athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables or empirical formulas. All-around competitions at official IAAF starts are always held over two days. Between species, an interval for rest is necessarily determined (usually at least 30 minutes). When conducting certain types there are amendments specific to the all-around: in running events it is allowed to make two false starts (instead of one as in normal running events); in the long jump and throwing, the participant is given only three attempts each.

In addition to the listed Olympic types, running and walking competitions are held at other distances, cross-country, in the athletics arena; in throwing for young men, lightweight projectiles are used; all-around is carried out in five and seven types (men) and five (women).

The rules in athletics are quite simple: the winner is the athlete or team that performs best in the final heat or the final attempt of technical disciplines.

The first place in all types of track and field athletics, except for all-round events, marathon and walking, takes place in several stages: qualification, ½ finals, finals. Then the final is held, in which the participants who won prizes are determined. The number of participants is determined by the rules of the competition.

At the beginning of our message, we note that it is not for nothing that athletics bears the title of “Queen of Sports”. It was in it that the Olympic slogan "Faster, higher, stronger" was fully embodied. No other sports direction can boast of such a variety of disciplines.

A bit of history

Athletics originated in ancient times. According to archaeological excavations, it was practiced in ancient Greece, Egypt and Assyria.

The history of the Olympic Games began with the 192 meters race in 776 BC. e. According to legend, this distance was measured using the feet of a priest who crossed the stadium in a straight line. Later, other types of athletics were included in the program.

Track and field sports at the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece were the main ones.

Now it is a sport that everyone joins in Everyday life when jogging, walking and jumping when overcoming any obstacles (for example, when jumping over puddles after rain).

The names of remarkable athletes are known all over the world: Usain Bolt (100 meters in 9.58 seconds), Carl Lewis, Valery Borzov, Michael Johnson, Elena Isinbayeva.

Official competitions at the Summer Olympics, World and European Championships are held by the International Athletics Federation.

Running Variations

In fact, running is a fast movement with deceleration or acceleration, with alternating pushes of one leg with support on the other.

Sports and running types are divided into:

• short distances (sprint) - from 100 to 400 meters;
• medium - from 800 to 3,000 meters;
• long - 5,000 and 10,000 meters.

Women's running competition.
Photo: flickr.com/RobertVaradi.

There is a super-long discipline - a marathon for 42 kilometers and 195 meters.

Races are held without barriers and with barriers, in singles and in group relay races along separate tracks 1.25 meters wide with markings white color in a four hundred meter circle. During the relay race, representatives of one team take turns covering the same distance with the transfer of the baton from hand to hand. Since the outer lane is longer than the inner lane, according to the rules, the start places are shifted diagonally.

All fights of runners begin the same way - athletes start with their feet resting on special blocks for a sharp repulsion. Whoever crosses the finish line first is the winner of the race. If it is not clear to the judges who crossed the line first, then a “photo finish” is used - automatic detection of the runner crossing the finish line using photo fixation.

If the track runs outside the stadium, through a forest thicket or a field, then this kind of running is called cross-country, which in English means moving over rough terrain.

Race walking

In race walking, it is not allowed to take your foot off the ground. feet should always rest on the ground. To do this, one of the legs of the walker is placed on the heel, smoothly rolls onto the toe, while the leg should not bend. In the same way, the movement of the second leg is carried out. The athlete must overcome either 20 or 50 kilometers.

Race walking is based on aerobic exercise, helps to strengthen muscles.
Photo: flickr.com/Eugene Kim.

jumping

Long jump with a running start, after which the athlete pushes off with a strong foot from the ground in front of a special line. You cannot intercede for it, otherwise the attempt does not count. The jumper then extends both legs forward so that the length of the jump is as long as possible, and lands in a sand pit. With a triple jump, the athlete in front of the line accelerates with two steps, and with the third he pushes off the ground. The length of the jump is measured from the foul line to the nearest footprint of the jumper in the pit.

When jumping high, it is necessary to overcome a wooden or duralumin bar, which is located on the racks. At school, the guys jump using the “scissors” method with an emphasis on a strong leg in front of the projectile, repulsion and transfer of both legs alternately over the bar. There is also a flip (rolling) method - transferring the body with the chest side and the Fosbury flop - jumping with a turn on the back.

The jumper is given three attempts to take a certain height. After a successful jump, it is increased by several centimeters. If the last bar is taken by more than one athlete, then the winner is the one who spent fewer attempts on it.

The Fosbury Flop is a high jump technique developed and pioneered by American high jumper Dick Fosbury.
Photo: flickr.com/Sangudo.

There are also pole vaults. The athlete makes a run from 40 meters, and having reached the rack, rests the end of the pole against the so-called support box. The jumper himself pushes off the track and tries to jump over the bar, turning 180 degrees.

Throwing sports equipment

This type of athletics is divided into throwing:

• disk;
• kernels;
• hammer;
• spears.

Discus throwers (discus throwers) use in their competitions a kilogram or two-kilogram projectile made of rubber or wood with a metal edging of the body. Throwing is made from a circle with a diameter of 250 centimeters. The initial position of the discus thrower is with your back to the throwing zone. After two or three swings, a half-turn of the body is performed, and the projectile is launched into the field.

Discus throwing is carried out from a sector fenced with a net with a permitted horizontal departure angle of 35 °.
Photo: flickr.com/chuchin1983.

A metal core weighing from 3 kilograms (for 15-16-year-old girls) and up to more than 7 kilograms (for men) is also pushed by athletes towards the clearing from a circle with a diameter of 213 and a half centimeters. The athlete must bend his arm at the elbow before throwing, press the projectile to his shoulder, and after several movements back and forth, send the shot into the field with distance marks in meters.

Initially, a sports hammer was made in the shape of a cube, later its edges were rounded, and now it is a ball on a wire with a wooden handle. The length of the projectile is 122 centimeters and the weight is more than 7 kilograms. The athlete takes the handle of the projectile, spins it, makes several turns around its axis and launches it into the sector of the field. Three attempts are given with a credit for the best result.

For javelin throwers, a sports javelin consists of a wooden shaft and a steel tip. The total length of the projectile is 260 centimeters, weight - 800 grams. The javelin for women and young athletes is shorter and lighter. It is thrown at the restrictive bar - during the run-up, a swing is made and a throw is made into the field.

all-around

Consists of several types of athletics and divided into triathlon, pentathlon and decathlon. The most difficult all-around program involves only male athletes.

The formation of athletics in Russia

The spread of athletics disciplines in our country began in late XIX centuries. Near Petersburg, in one of the villages, a sports club was opened. The first Russian athletics championship took place in 1908. In 1911, several sports leagues from different cities merged into one all-Russian union. A year later, our athletes took part in the Olympics in Stockholm.

After the revolution, the development of this sport was taken up by Vsevobuch (universal military training). Over the years Soviet power our athletes have achieved outstanding success. Among the record holders we note:

• Sergei Bubka (shestovik);
• Yuri Sedykh (hammer thrower);
• Natalya Lisovskaya (shot putter).

Natalya Lisovskaya - Olympic champion and three-time world champion in shot put, world record holder since 1987. Honored Master of Sports of the USSR.

Russian athletes also set a number of records. Among the winners we name:

• Tatyana Lebedev (long jump);
• Svetlana Masterkova (running);
• Elena Isinbayeva (pole vault).

How athletics is done at school

Most of the disciplines from this sport are used in physical education classes at school. At the lessons, teachers teach their students sprinting, high and long jumps, throwing a ball and other sports equipment. In addition to visiting school lessons, teenagers can additionally enroll in sections.

Running is the most accessible and popular sport. They are engaged not only in professional athletes, but also ordinary people to maintain good physical shape.
Photo: flickr.com/Maestro Aki.

The popularity of athletics is due to its accessibility. All you need to do is dress in sportswear and at least run a couple of laps around the house. For some guys, a treadmill is suitable for showing talent, for others - a sector for long jumps, for others - a field for throwing a shot. In general, everyone can choose an athletics vocation according to their abilities and capabilities.

In children, athletics sports develop endurance, speed, excellent reaction, strengthen muscles and the whole body as a whole.

Olympic athletics are divided into five sections: running, jumping, all-around, walking, throwing. The program of men's disciplines at the Olympic Games has not changed since 1956. In total, 47 sets of awards are played, so athletics is the most medal-intensive sport.

Running disciplines: sprint, middle distances, long distances, hurdles, relay. These competitions are among the oldest in the program of the Olympic Games, they were held already in 1896.

Track and field athletics need specially equipped stadiums with tracks (8-9 in summer and 4-6 in winter). The width of each of them is 1.22 m. The lanes are provided with markings indicating the start, finish and corridor for passing the baton.

At the Olympics, judges always look at the photo finish in order to resolve controversial issues. Competitions are recorded for, then the athlete and the coach can determine their mistakes and successes. Major competitions are held in several preliminary rounds to distinguish the final group by results.

Technical disciplines summer species athletics include: vertical high jump, pole vault, horizontal long jump, triple jump, discus throw, shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw.

Vertical jumps begin with overcoming the bar at the minimum test height. The athlete is given three attempts for each of them. In this case, the athlete can transfer any number (of the three) remaining attempts to the next height. If the results of the athletes are equal, the advantage is given to the participant who spent fewer attempts. The jump is considered successful if the bar remains on the bars. The judge in this case raises a white flag.

A very difficult technical discipline is pole vaulting. It requires an athlete to have sprint qualities, jumping ability, and excellent coordination of movements. If during the attempt the pole breaks, the participant can repeat the jump with another equipment.

The task of the athlete when performing a long jump is to achieve top speed during the takeoff run and do not step over the limit line. The athlete divides the exercise into four phases: run-up, repulsion, flight and landing. The technique of athletes may differ - there is a flight "in step", "bending" and "scissors" - each athlete chooses the most effective option for himself.

All-around is a combination of several athletics disciplines. The decathlon for men consists of: 100m run, long jump, high jump, shot put, 400m run, 110m hurdles, pole vault, discus throw, javelin throw, 1500m run. Women perform seven events: 100m hurdles, shot put, high jump, 200m run, javelin throw, long jump, 800m run.

A separate athletics discipline is walking. The athlete must strictly observe the technique of its implementation - constant contact of the foot with the surface. Men compete in 20 and 50 km distances, while women run 20 km.