General underdevelopment of speech 1 2 levels. Speech therapy massage is indicated for children with alalia, dysarthria, rhinolalia, delayed speech development, stuttering, ONR, ZRR

Every parent dreams that their son or daughter would achieve significant success in life, make a brilliant career in the field of science or in business, so that he would take place as a person, so that he would feel free and confident.

Inadequate speech negatively affects the development of the child, hinders the formation of cognitive processes, and gives rise to negative character traits. There are problems with adaptation to school life.

A defect in one of the chains in the speech system entails secondary and tertiary disorders: general underdevelopment of speech, impaired writing and reading processes, impaired memory, low concentration of attention, impaired verbal and logical thinking.

The most important condition for a child to master correct speech is the speech atmosphere in which he is immersed from the first days of his existence. That's why to master The role of the family is invaluable in literate speech.

Your child will soon go to school... You want him to study with interest, joy, and diligence. But have you done everything to ensure that the child is ready for this? Is his speech developed enough? After all, his success in mastering the subjects of the school curriculum depends on it.

Word games contribute to the development of literate speech. Gianni Rodari argued that it was in the game that the child is fluent in speech, says what he thinks, and not what he needs. There are no schemes and correct images in the game, nothing fetters the child. Not to teach and teach, but to play with him, fantasize, compose, invent - that's what a child needs.

By the age of 4, children for the first time have an addiction to word games. This natural desire must be encouraged in every possible way, let the games be interesting, fun and even gambling, it is thanks to word games that the formation of a culture of speech and communication takes place. The game- This is the main activity of preschoolers. While playing, the child enriches his vocabulary, broadens his horizons, develops coherent speech, he develops literacy, and the prerequisites for writing are created.

When playing with a child, be friendly and respectful to him. He must feel that these activities are not boring inevitable duty, but interesting, exciting game in which he must win. Encourage his slightest successes and be patient with failures. If the task seems difficult to the child, give several examples of its implementation or ask them to choose the correct option from the ones you suggested. In no case do not offer to mechanically repeat a ready-made answer for you.

The following word games and exercises help to activate the speech development of children. in these games that you can play with children in the kitchen, on the way from kindergarten, going for a walk, going to the store, in the country, before going to bed, etc.

1. "The word on the palm." Name the words that are in your pocket, on the ceiling, on your face, etc.

2. "What happens?" Match the adjective with a noun that agrees with it in gender, number, and case.

Green - ... house, tomato.

Winter - ... clothes, fishing.

Homemade - ... cookies, task.

3. Tongue twisters - tongue twisters necessary for the development of clear articulation and diction.

The raven raven crowed.

The weaver weaves fabric on Tanya's dress.

5. "General words."

1. The child must name fruits…, furniture…, birds…, vegetables…, clothes…

2. The child is invited to name in one word: for example, pine, birch, maple - this is ...

6. "The fourth extra."

The child must name what is superfluous and explain why.

Nr:vase - rose - narcissus - carnation.

7. "Count." We consider everything possible

count. N-r: one appleabout , two applesa , three applesa , four applesa , five apples_.

You can add an adjective: one redoh applesabout , two reds applesa …

five reds apples etc.

8. "Say the opposite."

The adult calls a word, and the child picks up the “word on the contrary”.

Nouns laugh-…, summer-…, day-…, cold-…, north-…, etc.

Verbs: came - ..., dived - ...

Adjectives: wide- …, small-…, rich-… etc.

Adverbs: far-…, high-…

9. "Pick a word"

The child is invited to pick up a word for any sound, first - any words, and then - by lexical topic, eg: "Nazo vi fruit, the name of which begins with the sound A ”(orange, apricot, pineapple ...)

10. "Big - small."

The child is invited to call affectionately,

e.g., spoon-spoon, chair-stool, etc. In the topics "Wild and Domestic Animals" these can be the names of the cubs, or there may be affectionate words : fox, hare, cow.

11. "Guess the riddle."

Riddles teach children to think figuratively. Encourage the children to guess them as often as possible.

N-r: “Round side, yellow side, a bun sits on a bed. What is it?"(Turnip).

Give children descriptive riddles, e.g.: This is a vegetable that grows in the garden, is round, red in color, sweet in taste, it is put in a salad. (Tomato)

12. "Name what ...". Formation of adjectives. N-r, juice is made from apples, so it is apple, apple jam is apple, etc.

13. "Think and answer." Offer children verbal logical tasks.

N-r: Who is more in the forest: fir-trees or trees?

14. "Pick a word." Bird - feathers. Fish - ... Cucumber - a vegetable. Chamomile - …

15. "Tell a poem."

Memorize poems with children, they develop memory and thinking.

"Tell me a story". Read fairy tales to children, talk about the content, role-play fairy tales, draw pictures according to fairy tales.

ABC truths

In order for the speech of the child to develop correctly, parents need to observe severalconditions.

Don't try to hasten the course of nature speech development! Do not overload your child with speech activities. Games, exercises, speechThe material must be age appropriate.

When communicating with a child, watch your speech. Talk to your child slowlypronounce sounds and words clearly and clearly, do not forget about expressiveness when reading. Incomprehensible words, turns encountered in the text, be sure to explain to the baby.

Do not fake your childish speech, do not abuse it eitherdiminutive suffixes - all this slows down
child development.

Eliminate the shortcomings of the child's speech in a timely manner. Eager to indicateinaccuracies and errors encountered in his speech, be extremely carefuland never make fun of the baby. The best -tactfully correct him and show how to pronounce the word.

If the child is in a hurry to express his thoughts or speaks quietly, for examplelet him know: you need to speak clearly, clearly and slowly.

Don't leave your child's questions unanswered. And don't forget to check:Does he understand your answer?

Tape your child's speech once a month. In the first year of life, you can record cooing, babbling, the first words of the baby. In the future, conversations with the child, his speech during games, reading poetry, retelling what he read, as well as independent statements. Recording time - from 1 to 5-10 minutes, do not forget to indicate the age of the child. Such recordings will not only help in working on speech, but over time will be a good gift for a son or daughter.

Working in a comprehensive school, I faced the problem of a frivolous attitude to speech therapy classes both students and their parents. Often, only a speech therapist is involved in the automation of the delivered sound. But with this approach, the positive dynamics is delayed, and the consolidation of the sound can drag on for months, if not years. Often parents perceive a speech therapist as a doctor - "Work, and we are on the sidelines."

But after all, a speech therapist does not have a "magic pill", after drinking which the child will speak perfectly. Correction of sound pronunciation is work, first of all, the work of the child himself. Parental support during this period is very important.

To attract and interest parents, I developed a letter - a memo on behalf of the students visiting my speech center.

Dear and beloved daddy and mommy!

I know that you love me very much. More than anything, you want me to grow up successful person. a man with capital letter. I'm going through a difficult time right now and I need your help. I am learning to speak correctly. I try, but I'm a child and sometimes I forget to practice. And you are adults, and you can remind me in time. I need to learn how to pronounce the following sounds correctly: __________ (the sounds disturbed by the child are listed), therefore, with today Our family rules are:

I tell you a fairy tale "About a cheerful tongue" and do articulation exercises in front of a mirror. (3 times a day for 5-7 minutes)
I am learning proper speech breathing. (3 times a day)
I do finger exercises. (3 times a day)
I am learning how to pronounce sounds correctly. (regularly)
I highlight the corrected sound in all words. (constantly)
I speak correctly, and if you hear a wrong sound, you should ask me to correct my mistake. (constantly)
I make sure to complete the tasks given to me by a speech therapist at home. (constantly)

These rules are valid every day until the sound pronunciation is completely corrected. And for the correct execution of articulatory, respiratory and finger gymnastics I have cheat sheets:

1 Cheat sheet: ARTICULATION GYMNASTICS - in front of the mirror!!!

1. "Scapula" - stick out a wide, relaxed tongue, put it on the lower lip, hold for 10-15 seconds.
2. "Watch" - movements of the tongue to the right and left.
3. "Malyar" - moving the tongue back and forth across the palate.
4. "Swing" - up and down movements of the tongue:
a) to the upper - lower lip
b) to the upper - lower teeth
5. "delicious jam- circular movements of the tongue on the lips.
6. "Cup" - a wide tongue is raised up:
a) upper lip
b) to the upper teeth
c) to the upper alveoli
7. "Horse" - clicking the tongue.
8. "Fungus" - the tongue is wide, flat, sticks to the hard palate, the lateral edges are pressed against the upper molars, the tip of the tongue is against the upper alveoli.

2 cheat sheet: BREATHING GYMNASTICS.

1. Inhale and exhale through the nose.

Inhale through one nostril, exhale through the other.
Inhale and exhale in jerks.

2. Inhale through the nose, exhale through the mouth.
Inhale - deep, exhale - long, smooth.

Inhale through one nostril - exhale normally.
Inhale with jerks - exhale normally.
Inhale normally - exhale in jerks.
Inhale and exhale in jerks.
Inhale the usual - exhale with an increase at the end.

3 Cheat sheet: FINGER GYMNASTICS

1. "Fingers say hello"
Touch with every finger thumb, starting with index. Then in the opposite direction: from the little finger to the big one, etc. First right hand, then left, and simultaneously.

2. Tic-Tac-Toe
"Zero" - the thumb and forefinger form a circle, "Cross" - crossing the index and middle fingers. Repeat 10 times. Each hand in turn.

3. "Magic account"
Place your palm on a flat surface and tap the surface with each finger to the count of up to 5. You can count words with a fixed sound.

4. "Goat" - "Hare"
"Goat" - squeeze the fist, put up the index finger and little finger. "Hare" - squeeze the fist, put up the index and middle fingers. Perform the exercise at the expense of "goat-hare" 10 times with each hand in turn.

I really look forward to your help.
Your son/daughter _____________________ (signed by the child himself)

This memo-letter gave its results. Parents do not want to let their children down and study at home. In this regard, the process of automating the corrected sounds is moving faster.

How to deal with a child at home.

The pronunciation side of speech, the grammatical structure of speech, coherent speech are mainly formed in preschool childhood. In the classroom and everyday communication educators and a speech therapist train children in a clear pronunciation of words, teach grammatically correct speech, help to master the skills of a coherent statement. However, we must not forget that the child spends a lot of time outside the kindergarten: with his family, with peers in the yard, etc. Expressing his opinion on certain issues, the child learns to pronounce sounds correctly, build phrases. A child masters speech more successfully when they are engaged with him not only in preschool but also in the family. A correct understanding by parents of the tasks of education and training, knowledge of some methodological techniques used by a speech therapist and educators in the development of children's speech will undoubtedly help them in organizing speech lessons at home.

As K.D. Ushinsky noted, when a child sees a picture, he immediately wants to speak. That's why everything speech exercises in notebooks should be accompanied by illustrations (either you draw them with your child, or you select and paste ready-made pictures). Be sure to carefully review them with your child and discuss their content. Remember that the duration of the lesson depends on the age and performance of the child, it should not exceed 15 - 20 minutes. But if the child is carried away, do not abruptly stop him.

Having identified the difficulties that your child has when performing a particular exercise, you will be able to build classes taking into account the identified difficulties, you can choose a special set of exercises.

1. finger gymnastics- each lesson is useful to start with exercises for the fingers, because. they are the second organ of speech, which contributes to the rapid formation and consolidation of sounds. Before doing the exercise, repeat the name of the fingers with the child. Let the fingers of one hand “say hello” to the fingers of the other hand, calling them: thumb, index, middle, ring, little finger.

2. articulation gymnastics:exercise for the lips, for the tongue, breathing exercises in combination with exercises for the lips and tongue.

While doing articulatory gymnastics the following three requirements must be met:

Perform each movement in front of a mirror;

Move slowly, rhythmically, clearly;

Often compare the sample (adult's actions) with the working version (child's action);

When doing exercises for the tongue, use the palm of your hand and the child's hand, imitating the movements of the tongue;

Remember: gymnastics should not bother the child. Make sure he doesn't get tired of it.

4. fastening correct pronunciation already set sound:in onomatopoeia, syllables, words, phrases, sentences and texts. These exercises can be combined with exercises for the formation of a grammatical structure and coherent speech (answers to questions, selection of synonyms, antonyms, retelling of texts, memorization of poems, tongue twisters, tongue twisters). It is useful in the process of fixing the correct pronunciation to transfer the child to extra-verbal forms of work: making applications, drawing, coloring.

When working with a child, maintain a good, good mood, be patient and do not get irritated, not everything will work out the first time. Praise your child more often and rejoice with him every, even the most insignificant, success.

Your friendly attitude is the key to the success of the child!

Practical advice for adults

to maintain a positive emotional state in the child.

As soon as the child begins to speak and can put into words what he needs, he must be weaned from crying. Any request of the child must be immediately responded to, without leading to crying.
Regime compliance.
Every day starts in the morning, and morning - in the evening. The evening should be calm, put the child to sleep in good mood, with such a mood he will wake up.
Constant emotional contact with the child: conversations, games, classes in a benevolent mood.
Favorable climate in the family.
Practical trainings (suggestions) that instill confidence in children: “You will succeed”, “You can do everything”.

REGULATIONS:

Start with praise and recognition.
Point out mistakes not directly, but indirectly: “And I would have done this.”
First talk about your own mistakes, and then criticize, ask questions instead of orders.
Give the child the opportunity to save his prestige. Be sincere in your evaluation and generous in your praise.
Create a good reputation for children, which they will try to justify: "You are kind, I know."
Give the impression that the mistake is easily fixable: "It's okay, it can be fixed."
Make sure that the children are happy to do what you suggest. Work should be rewarded, not punished.

If, following the rules, you notice an inadequate (wrong) reaction in the behavior of the child, it is better to seek help from a specialist.

Often emotional breakdowns (outbursts of aggression) occur in the form of a developing disease, not necessarily a mental one. Child health issues are best addressed at preschool age, because. admission to school, a lot of lessons and non-compliance with the usual regime deal a blow to nervous system healthy child. And if the child is not yet completely healthy?

Main symptoms:

Babble instead of words
Violation in the construction of words
Mental impairment
Concentration disorder
Mispronunciation of sounds
Irrational use of prepositions and cases
Inability to recognize similar sounds
Limited vocabulary
Lack of interest in learning new things
Lack of understanding of the difference between numbers
Disorder of logical presentation
Difficulty connecting words into phrases
Difficulty building sentences

General underdevelopment speech - is a whole complex of symptoms in which there is a violation of all aspects and aspects of the speech system, without any exception. This means that disorders will be observed both from the lexical, and from the phonetic and grammatical side.

Such a pathology is polyetiological, the formation of which is influenced by a large number of predisposing factors associated with intrauterine development of the fetus.

Symptoms of the disease will differ depending on the severity. In total there are four levels of underdevelopment of speech. In order to determine the severity of the disease, the patient must undergo a speech therapy examination.

Treatment is based on conservative methods and involves the work of a speech therapist with the child and parents at home.

The International Classification of Diseases divides such a disorder into several ailments, which is why they have several meanings. OHP has an ICD-10 code - F80-F89.

Etiology

General underdevelopment of speech in children preschool age is a fairly common ailment, occurring in 40% of all representatives of this age category.

Several factors can lead to such a disorder:

intrauterine, which leads to damage to the central nervous system;
conflict of Rh factors in the blood of the mother and fetus;
fetal asphyxia during birth - this condition is characterized by a lack of oxygen and can lead to suffocation or imaginary death;
the child is injured directly during labor;
Pregnant woman's addiction to bad habits;
unfavorable working or living conditions for female representatives during the period of gestation.

Such circumstances lead to the fact that even during prenatal development, the child experiences violations in the formation of organs and systems, in particular the central nervous system. Such processes may lead to a wide range functional pathologies, including speech disorders.

In addition, such a disorder can develop after the baby is born. This can be facilitated by:

frequent acute diseases various etiologies;
the presence of any chronic ailments;
suffered traumatic brain injury.

It is worth noting that OHP can occur with such ailments:

rhinolalia;

In addition, the formation of speech abilities is affected by insufficient attention or lack of emotional contact between the baby and parents.

Classification

There are four degrees of speech underdevelopment:

OHP level 1 - characterized by a complete lack of coherent speech. In the medical field, this condition is called "speechless children." Toddlers communicate using simplified speech or babble, and also actively gesticulate;
OHP level 2 - observed initial development common speech, but the vocabulary remains poor, and the child makes a large number of mistakes during the pronunciation of words. In such cases, the maximum that the child can do is to say a simple sentence, which will consist of no more than three words;
level 3 speech underdevelopment - differs in that children can make sentences, but the semantic and sound load is not sufficiently developed;
OHP level 4 is the easiest stage of the disease. This is due to the fact that the child speaks quite well, speech practically does not differ from peers. Nevertheless, there are violations during pronunciation and the construction of long phrases.

In addition, clinicians distinguish several groups of this disease:

uncomplicated ONR - diagnosed in patients with minor pathology of brain activity;
complicated ONR - observed in the presence of any neurological or psychiatric disorder;
general underdevelopment of speech and delayed speech development - diagnosed in babies with pathologies of those parts of the brain that are responsible for speech.

Symptoms

The characteristics of children with general underdevelopment of speech will differ depending on the severity of the impairment inherent in the patient.

However, despite this, such children begin to pronounce their first words relatively late - at three or four years. At the same time, speech is almost incomprehensible to others and incorrectly framed. This becomes the reason that the child's verbal activity begins to be disturbed, and sometimes it can be observed:

memory impairment;
decrease in mental activity;
lack of interest in learning new things;
loss of attention.

In patients with the first level of OHP, the following manifestations are observed:

instead of words, there is babble, which is complemented by a large number of gestures and rich facial expressions;
communication is carried out by sentences consisting of one word, the meaning of which is rather difficult to understand;
limited vocabulary;
violation in the construction of words;
disorder in the pronunciation of sounds;
The child cannot distinguish sounds.

Underdevelopment of speech of the 2nd degree is characterized by the following disorders:

there is a reproduction of phrases consisting of no more than three words;
the vocabulary is very poor compared to the number of words used by the child's peers;
children are unable to understand the meaning of a large number of words;
lack of understanding of the difference between numbers;
irrational use of prepositions and cases;
sounds are pronounced with multiple distortions;
phonemic perception insufficiently formed;
child's unpreparedness sound analysis speech addressed to him.

Third level OHP parameters:

the presence of conscious phrasal speech, but it is based on simple sentences;
difficulty with the construction of complex phrases;
increased vocabulary of used words, compared with children with second-degree OHP;
making mistakes with the use of prepositions and agreement various parts speech;
minor deviations in pronunciation and phonemic perception.

Description clinical picture general speech underdevelopment of the fourth level:

the presence of specific difficulties with sound pronunciation and repetition of words in which there are a large number of syllables;
the level of phonetic understanding is lowered;
making mistakes during word formation;
wide vocabulary;
disorder of logical presentation - minor details come to the fore.

Diagnostics

Identification of this violation is carried out by communication of a speech therapist with a child.

The definition of pathology and its severity consists of:

identify opportunities oral speech- to clarify the level of formation of various aspects of the language system. Such a diagnostic event begins with the study of coherent speech. The doctor assesses the patient's ability to compose a story from a drawing, retell what he heard or read, as well as to compose an independent short story. In addition, the level of grammar and vocabulary;
assessment of the sound aspect of speech - is based on how the child pronounces certain sounds, on syllabic structure and sound-filling of words spoken by the patient. Phonetic perception, as well as sound analysis, does not go unnoticed.

In addition, it may be necessary to carry out diagnostic methods for assessing auditory memory and other mental processes.

During the diagnosis, not only the severity of ONR is clarified, but also there is a differentiation of such an ailment from ZRR.

Treatment

Since each degree of general underdevelopment of speech formation is divided into several stages, then, accordingly, the therapy will also differ.

Directions for the correction of general underdevelopment of speech in preschoolers:

Level 1 ailment - activation of independent speech and development of processes for understanding what is said to the child. In addition, attention is paid to thinking and memory. The education of such patients does not set itself the goal of achieving a normal phonetic formation of speech, but takes into account grammar part;
OHP of the second level - work is carried out not only on the development of speech, but also on the understanding of what is being said. The therapy is aimed at improving sound pronunciation, the formation of meaningful phrases and the clarification of grammatical and lexical subtleties;
Disease of the 3rd degree - the conscious coherent speech is corrected, the aspects related to grammar and vocabulary are improved, the pronunciation of sounds and phonetic understanding are mastered;
OHP level 4 - therapy is aimed at correcting age-related speech for subsequent trouble-free education in educational institutions.

Therapy for children with varying degrees of severity of such a violation is carried out in various conditions:

OHP levels 1 and 2 - in specially designed schools;
OHP level 3 - in general education institutions with the condition of remedial education;
unsharply expressed general underdevelopment of speech - in secondary schools.

Complications

Ignoring the signs of such an ailment can lead to the following consequences:

complete lack of speech;
emotional isolation of a child who notices that he is different from his peers;
further difficulties in learning, work and other social spheres that will be observed already in adults with untreated ONR.

Prevention and prognosis

In order to avoid the development of such an ailment, it is necessary:

women during pregnancy avoid bad habits and pay special attention to your health;
parents of babies to treat infectious diseases in a timely manner;
devote as much time as possible to children, not to ignore them, and also to engage in their development and education.

Because the corrective work is a time consuming and laborious process, it is best if it is started as early as possible - when the child is three years old. Only in this case can a favorable prognosis be achieved.