Presentation on the theme "Sea of Azov". Presentation for the lesson on the topic: "Sea of Azov" Download presentation Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov
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The Black Sea is a huge "bowl" filled with water (the depth reaches 2245 m) with a capacity of 547 thousand cubic kilometers (for comparison: it would take more than 2 thousand years to fill this "bowl" of the Danube). The maximum length of the Black Sea from east to west is 1167 km, from north to south - 624 km. The length of its coastline is about 4090 km, including within Ukraine - 1560 km. Crimea is the largest peninsula in the Black Sea basin, which extends far into the sea from the north. The shores of the Black Sea are steep. There are many bays - small bays that cut into the land and are separated from the sea by capes or islands.
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The salinity of the Black Sea is two times lower than that of ocean waters, but two times higher than the salinity of the Sea of Azov and one and a half times the Caspian Sea. Compared to the World Ocean, the Black Sea contains somewhat more calcium carbonate and potassium chloride, but less calcium sulfate. It has a highly desalinated and therefore lighter surface layer (it is warm in summer) overlying a denser, saltier bottom layer. The presence of two layers is constantly supported by the removal of fresh water from rivers and desalinated water from the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, as well as deep (dense) - from the Marmara. The exchange of water between these layers is very weak.
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The climatic conditions of the Black Sea are determined by its position in the subtropical zone. Winters are warm and humid, summers are dry and hot. The air temperature in January is from 0 ° ... -1 ° C to +8 ° C, in August +22 ... +25 ° C. The usual amount of precipitation increases from west to east from 200-600 to 2000 mm. The temperature of sea water on the surface in summer reaches +20 ... +25 ° С, in winter - up to +8 ... +9 ° С, except for the northwestern and northeastern parts, where the sea freezes in severe winters. The water temperature at depth is almost constant (+9 °C). Under the influence of strong winds, large waves rise in the Black Sea, the height of which during a hurricane reaches 5-6 m, sometimes 10-14 m.
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At the bottom of the Black Sea are valuable minerals. Industrial reserves of combustible gas and oil have been explored here, the water contains iron, copper, silver and other elements that enhance its healing effect. The muds of the Black Sea estuaries have medicinal value. The waters of the Black Sea at a depth of 150-200 m are deprived of oxygen, which is displaced by hydrogen sulfide. The volume of water saturated with hydrogen sulfide is 87% of the total volume of the sea. Consequently, organic life develops only in the upper layer of water. Salinity in the upper layer of the Black Sea water is 17-18 ppm, increasing with depth to 22.5 ppm.
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It is generally accepted that the main source of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea both today and in the recent past are the processes of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Organic matter, which is fixed on the bottom of the basin as organogenic-mineral sediments (sapropels), is a product of a mass kill of plankton biomass. Another important supplier of hydrogen sulfide to the Black Sea, whose role has been underestimated so far, is geological sources - faults and mud volcanoes at the bottom, as well as collapsing gas hydrate deposits, which also contain solid phases of hydrogen sulfide.
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The intrusion of the Mediterranean waters, which have a salinity of about 38%, led to the salinization of the Black Sea fresh waters and the dissolution of significant amounts of iron, sulfur and sulfur compounds. In addition to hydrogen sulfide, under conditions of anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic matter, other gases, such as methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, are formed in the water and at the bottom. Researches of scientists have shown that water contains 02 mg/l of methane, 05 mg/l of ethane and ethylene. The last two gases most likely enter the sea water due to the destruction of oil and gas and gas hydrate deposits on seabed. Most often, methane is formed during anaerobic bacterial decomposition together with hydrogen sulfide.
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The Black Sea is a natural laboratory, which harbors huge reserves of non-traditional energy resources. only 10-20% total hydrogen sulfide is in dissolved form. The rest consists of hydrosulfides, which do not burn. The amount of hydrogen sulfide per 1 ton of sea water is about 0.24 g/t at a depth of 300 m and 2.2 g/t at a depth of 2200 m. Sapropel silt from the bottom of the Black Sea is an important potential raw material for the future. They can be used as natural ecological fertilizers, biological preparations, for the recultivation of polluted lands, ceramics, for the creation of sound, heat and electrical insulating materials, filters for water and gas purification, nanotechnology, etc. Their possible use as a sorbent in the disposal of low-level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants. When exploiting deep-water sapropelic sediments, hydrogen sulfide and methane can be extracted along with it.
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The flora and fauna of the Black Sea is relatively poor and concentrated in waters that do not contain hydrogen sulfide. The animal world has about 2 thousand species. 2.5 thousand species of animals live in the Black Sea (of which 500 species are unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest are invertebrates different types). Only 180 species of fish (hamsa, gobies, flounder, horse mackerel, mullet, herring, mackerel, etc.) are of industrial importance.
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Noctilucas are small predators, they swim quickly with the help of their flagella and consume even smaller organisms. The accumulation of noctiluks creates a beautiful, unforgettable sight during the warm autumn - the glow of the sea. Several types of mollusks live at the bottom of the sea: oysters, mussels, pectin, littorina, tapes, modiolars. There are especially many mollusks in the Kerch Strait, in the northwestern part of the sea, on the Caucasian coast. Those of them that live in the surf zone are attached to the ground with strong threads - byssus. Mollusk rapana, resembles a large snail. The body of the rapana contains a special pigment that turns objects red.
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Not so long ago, a new mollusk appeared on the Black Sea - miya. Outwardly, it resembles a mussel, its length is from 3.5 to 8 centimeters. Miya is edible, it is fished in many countries, and in the USA it is bred artificially. This mollusk was found in the northwestern part of the sea at depths of 7 - 10 meters on muddy soils, even on those saturated with hydrogen sulfide. Of the coelenterates in the Black Sea, jellyfish, sea anemones and ctenophores are found. In the Black Sea, the most common jellyfish with beautiful name"Aurelia", resembling a saucer in shape, tentacles pass crosswise in the middle of it, and a jellyfish rhizostoma, or cornerot, which has a dome and long hanging tentacles. Mouth openings are placed at the ends of the tentacles. The first of the two types of jellyfish is not poisonous, while the second can cause a sting similar to a nettle sting.
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Among the echinoderms, brittle stars can be noted, resembling a starfish in shape. They feed on sludge. In the southwestern part of the sea live sea urchins. Long sharp needles on special "hinges" are attached to the hedgehog's body. Although sometimes hedgehogs are prey for crabs, big fish and sea birds(birds throw them on top of the rocks and break the shell), but still they are well protected from attack by their needles.
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Mackerel, horse mackerel, bonito, tuna come in the spring from the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, in the fall they go back: these are heat-loving fish, for them the winter Black Sea water is cold. For example, mackerel comes to the Black Sea when its water temperature rises above 8°C, and it hibernates and spawns in the Sea of Marmara. Horse mackerel sometimes winters in the southern part of the Black Sea. Mullet, herring and anchovy (anchovy) in the spring go from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov for feeding. In autumn, when the water temperature drops to 6 degrees, the fish returns back to the Black Sea. Sturgeons spawn in the rivers Don, Kuban, Dnieper, and salmon in the rivers of the Caucasian coast. Meet in the sea and eels, river and sea. River eel has a length of half a meter to one and a half meters and weighs from 2 to 6 kilograms. Eels feed on fish, crayfish, and molluscs.
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Among the fish that are not of great commercial importance, one can note the goby, sea ruff, needle, horseback, stickleback, dragon, zalenushka - a small bright fish, capable of cracking the shells of mollusks with its teeth; sea cock (or triglu) with upper fins resembling wings and lower hard fins, on which the fish rests, moving along the bottom.
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ЧЕРНОМОРСКИЕ РЫБЫ РАЗНЫХ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ГРУПП Костистые рыбы Хрящевые рыбы Придонные виды Придонно-пелагические виды Пелагические виды Налим Gaidropsarus mediterraneus L. Скорпена Scorpaena porcus L. Бычок-мартовик Mesogobius batrachocephalus Pallas Бычок-кругляк Neogobius melanostomus Pallas Мерланг Merlangus euxinus Nordmann Барабуля Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov Зеленушка Symphodus tinca L. Smarida Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque Stargazer Uranoscopus scaber L. Dark croaker Sciaena umbra L. Horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus Staidachner Catfish Raja clavata L. sea fox Dasyatis pastinaca L.
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The common dolphin is the common dolphin, while the largest is the bottlenose dolphin (3-4 meters in length). Dolphins breathe with lungs, not gills. Stay under water, using air supply, they can up to half an hour. Being pulled ashore, dolphins quickly fall asleep, but not because they have nothing to breathe, like fish. The dolphin dies from an excess of its weight, which is much less in water. On land, its insides begin to press against each other, severely deforming at the same time.
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AT southern regions Sea lives white-bellied monk seal. This is a rare animal, it is listed in the international Red Book. He was nicknamed a monk for his love of solitude. In the waters of the Black Sea, the monk seal was encountered until the end of the last century as single individuals and in small groups near the southwestern coast of Crimea. There are several pairs of these seals left on the Black Sea. They live in underwater caves off the coast of Bulgaria and Turkey.
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There are several species of gulls and terns on the Black Sea: gull-gull, sea dove, gull-nosed tern, Mediterranean gull, chenrava and others. On the Black Sea coast, you can meet a seagull with a black head, which makes loud laughing sounds. That's what they call her - the black-headed gull. In the same areas, you can also meet a loaf bird similar to these waders. Its color is dark brown. She nests in colonies, often next to herons, cormorants. They all hunt for fish.
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Another leggy, but unlike waders, a white bird with a crest on its head, similar to a heron, with a large flat beak - the spoonbill - lives in coastal areas in the north-west of the Black Sea, on the shores of the Azov. She deftly pulls small fish, frogs, aquatic insects out of the water, moving her beak to the right and left. Pelicans, now rare birds, are found on the Black Sea - pink and curly. The pink pelican has black wings, while the curly pelican has light gray wings.
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There are more than 660 species of plants in the Black Sea, including 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae (cystoseira, phyllophora, cladophora, ulva, enteromorph, etc.). In the northwestern part of the sea there is the world's largest accumulation of red algae (phyllophores). Algae cover a flat seabed at shallow depths (20-50 m) with a layer of 10-45 cm. Algae have a high iodine content. Previously, medicinal iodine was extracted from them, now fodder flour is made. Due to the deterioration environmental situation in the Black Sea, phyllophora stocks are rapidly declining.
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On the surf line, you can find pink calcareous algae - coralline. At depths of up to 20 - 30 meters, the brown alga cystoseira lives on rocky soils. It is a thallus more than a meter long and a “beard” of fibers attached to it. The density of its settlements reaches seven kilograms per square meter. In the thickets of cystoseira live bryozoans, worms and mussels. Green algae live somewhat deeper: Ulva (or sea lettuce) and Laurensia. In calm, at a depth of up to 10 meters, on sandy and silty-sandy soil, a flowering plant of zoster (or sea grass) lives. Its thickets are very common in the northwestern part of the sea. There it forms dense underwater meadows. The zoster is inhabited by a grass goby (he digs holes in the rhizomes), worms, a stingray, seahorses, sea needles and shrimps swim. All of them have a protective green or brown color. Ulva Corallina
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Deeper than others lives the commercial alga Phyllophora, or sea grapes, as it is called for its resemblance to grapes. It has a dark red color. There are among the algae and floating forms. Some of these algae, such as peridine, create the glow of the sea at night. Sea grass - zostera - is used after drying to stuff mattresses and upholstered furniture, ulva and laurencia provide delicious nutritious meals. Cystoseira serves as a fertilizer for grapes and other crops in a decayed form or in the form of ash after burning.
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The Sea of Azov washes the southeastern shores of Ukraine and the southern shores of Russia, and is connected to the Black Sea by the Kerch Strait. This is the inland sea of the pool Atlantic Ocean. The Sea of Azov is the shallowest on Earth, its area is 39 thousand square kilometers, the average depth is 7-10 m, the maximum is 15 m. Its greatest length from northeast to southwest is 360 km.
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The average salinity of the water in the central part of the Sea of Azov is 13-14% in, near the eastern shores - 2-5 ppm. The maximum salinity of the water of the Sivash Bay reaches 25 ppm. In the water of the Sea of Azov, as in the ocean, chlorides predominate. But, unlike ocean water, the salinity of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is much lower. In addition, compared to the ocean, the relative content of calcium, carbonates and sulfates in the Azov water is increased, and chlorine, sodium and potassium, on the contrary, is reduced. The salinity of the water of the sea basin and the Sivash Bay fluctuates markedly according to the seasons of the year - it is highest in summer (maximum evaporation) and low in spring, when snow melts in the river basins, flowing into the Sivash (Salgir, Churuksu, etc.). The rivers dry up in summer. Since the Sea of Azov is shallow, its waters warm up well. In winter, the sea off the coast freezes for almost 3 months in the central part, it is covered floating ice. The sea freezes completely only in severe winters.
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An important resource of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is its seafood (hamsa, tyulka, pike perch, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, beluga, herring, gobies, ram, flounder, mullet). Previously, the Sea of Azov was rich in fish resources. Here, their stocks were almost five times greater than in the Caspian Sea, which, as you know, is marked by significant fish productivity. Tyulka is the most numerous fish in the Sea of Azov, its catch in some years reached 120 thousand tons. If we distribute all the Azov seals among 6.5 billion inhabitants of the planet, then each will get 15 fish. In the Sea of Azov and in the mouths of the rivers flowing into it, as well as in the estuaries, there are 114 species and subspecies of fish.
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The following groups of fish are distinguished: - fish spawning in floodplains (anadromous fish) - sturgeons (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, fish, shemaya). These are the most valuable species of commercial fish. - fish spawning in the lower reaches of the rivers (semi-anadromous fish) - pike perch, bream, ram, carp. - fish that do not leave the sea area (marine) - sprat, goby, flounder. - fish migrating to the Black Sea (marine) - anchovy, herring. Among the Azov fish there are predators - pike perch, sterlet, beluga. But the bulk of the fish feed on plankton - sprat, anchovy, goby, bream. In the late 60-70s, the salinity of the sea reached 14 ppm due to the arrival Black Sea waters, along with which jellyfish got into the sea, the main diet of which is also plankton. The Sea of Azov is the main spawning ground for fish of the Black Sea; they come here through the Kerch Strait to lay eggs. In recent decades, due to pollution, the living conditions of marine animals in the Sea of Azov have deteriorated. However, the commercial catch of fish (especially valuable sturgeons) is growing here, which leads to a reduction in valuable species of fish resources. Reducing pollution and increasing fish productivity is the main problem of the Sea of Azov.
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Along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, on the spits of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov there are many waterfowl- geese, ducks, steppe waders, lapwings, red-breasted geese, mute swans, curlews, black-headed gulls, gull gulls, terns. The Sea of Azov is called the sea of molluscs. It is an important food source for fish. The most important representatives of molluscs are the cockle, sendesmia, mussel.
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Ecological characteristics of the bays Karantinnaya and Martynov (according to the State Inspectorate of the Black Sea)
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The main sources of pollution in the southwestern part of the Sea of Azov are bottom trawling of the pilengas, which leads to the introduction of additional pollutants that are not typical for modern bottom sediments, as well as the development and operation of gas-bearing structures. The content of CHOS in water and bottom sediments has increased significantly over last years. At one time, the active development of gas drilling rigs caused a significant increase in the concentration of toxic metals in the water and soils of this area of the Sea of Azov. The level of Hg in the water of the Arabat Bay was 0.01 µg/l, As - 0.01 µg/l, Cu - 0.03 µg/l, Pb - 0.02 µg/l, Zn - 0.037 µg/l. The value of dissolved oxygen in the study area varied within 5.79 - 8.01 ml/l (97.5-135.5% saturation). The average value of oxidizability is 5.86 mg O2 / l, at MPC - 4.0 mg O2 / l ..
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Kerch Strait The ecosystem of the Kerch Strait is under constant anthropogenic impact due to intensive shipping, dredging, operation of port and offshore transshipment complexes, emergency situations. At the same time, oil products have been one of the main pollutants of the strait for many years. Studies conducted in the summer of 2010 showed that the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface water horizon varied within 0.018 - 0.068 mg/l, near the bottom - 0.020 - 0.094 mg/l (MPC = 0.05 mg/l). The content of oil products in bottom sediments ranged from 0.273 to 1.325 mg/g of dry matter. The share of resins and asphaltenes accounted for an average of 37% of the total oil products. The oxygen concentration in the surface layer varied from 6.05 mg/l to 13.23 mg/l, BOD5 - 0.01 - 2.59 mg O2/l. The content of nitrogen compounds varied in the range of 0 - 240 µg/l, 0 - 120 µg/l and 10 - 3100 µg/l for NH4, NO2 and NO3, respectively.
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On Sunday, November 11, 2007, a severe storm occurred in the Azov-Black Sea basin, as a result of which several ships sank, dozens of people died or went missing, and the disaster area itself became the site of an ecological disaster. As a result of the shipwreck, the entire coast on the Tuzla and Chushka spits was flooded with fuel oil, oil slicks were noticed in the northern part of the Taman Peninsula on the Black Sea, as well as in the area of the villages of Ilyich and Priazovskiy on the Sea of Azov, more than 30 kilometers were contaminated with oil products. More than 30,000 birds died, and the number of dead fish cannot be counted at all. According to environmental forecasts, the consequences of an oil spill in the Kerch Strait will still be felt for up to several decades.
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The degree of toxicity of some substances The degree of toxicity 0 - absent; - very weak; 2 - weak; 3 - strong; 4 - very strong
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In marine fish, the concentration of arsenic is different. Catfish, for example, contain large amounts of arsenic, which is explained by their predatory lifestyle. The level of arsenic in fish depends greatly on the habitat. In the muscles of fish, the content of arsenic is usually less than in the fatty parts. Arsenic accumulates to a greater extent in the liver, kidneys, digestive tract, gills than in muscle and nervous tissue. In marine organisms, arsenic is present in inorganic forms (arsenites, As (III), arsenates, As (V)) and in the form of fat-soluble and water-soluble organic compounds. The concentration of inorganic arsenic is much lower.
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The aquatic environment is the most important source of arsenic. Seaweeds adsorb arsenic from water. Inside these organisms, arsenic is converted into organic forms. Fish eat algae or plankton, receiving arsenic in the form of organic compounds. Crustaceans and other food filtering organisms can absorb arsenic directly from the water, or by eating microscopic organisms. Arsenic, combined in aquatic ecosystems, is bioaccumulated by the organisms of these systems. sea plants absorb arsenic to a greater extent than freshwater. Accordingly, the bioaccumulation of arsenic freshwater fish many times less than sea water, which can be explained by the high content of this element in sea water. However, the accumulation of arsenic is not accompanied by a process of biomagnification (an increase in the concentration of the element in subsequent members of the food chain than in previous ones). Arsenic accumulates little in the soft tissues of fish, except in highly polluted areas. In unpolluted and moderately polluted waters, arsenic levels range from less than 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg wet weight. Arsenic is mainly absorbed with food. Self-purification from arsenic proceeds quickly - the half-life of purification from arsenic from eared perch muscle tissue, for example, is only one day. Arsenic compounds (arsenic anhydride, arsenites and arsenals) are highly toxic.
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From anthropogenic sources, mercury enters water systems in the form of predominantly metallic mercury, Hg(II) ions, and phenylmercury acetate. Organic mercury compounds are more toxic than inorganic ones. Fish absorb organic forms of mercury more intensively than inorganic forms. It has been shown that the predominant form of mercury found in fish is methylmercury, which is formed biologically with the participation of microbial enzymes. It is able to accumulate in the body and give not only toxic, but also mutagenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic effects. aquatic plants absorb mercury. Organic mercury compounds are excreted from the body more slowly than inorganic ones. Methylation of inorganic mercury in aquatic ecosystems proceeds quite quickly, this is manifested in the fact that the ratio of the amount of organic mercury compounds to the amount of total mercury in the muscle tissue of fish increases with distance from the places of entry. inorganic compounds mercury in the aquatic environment. Methylation of inorganic mercury can also occur in the liver and intestines of fish. Under conditions of significant pollution of the aquatic environment, an increase in the content of methylmercury in the chain of bottom sediments - mussels - fish is observed. Methylmercury, being rapidly accumulated by most of the aquatic biota, reaches its highest concentration in the tissues of fish at the top of the aquatic food chain.
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Mercury affects the life cycles, biochemistry, physiology and morphology of fish. In the mechanism toxic action mercury plays the leading role interaction with the SH-groups of proteins. By blocking them, mercury changes biological properties tissue proteins and inactivates a number of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Under the influence of mercury, metabolic processes are suppressed, fertility and survival are reduced, protective functions. Under the influence of mercury, the indicators of humoral immunity changed: the level of lysozyme decreased, the bacteriostatic activity of blood serum and the intensity of antibody production decreased. Mercury causes noticeable changes in the biochemical parameters of the blood, disrupting protein, lipid, enzyme metabolism, and contributes to the appearance of anemia.
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In aquatic systems, cadmium is taken up by organisms primarily directly from the water. The free metal ion (Cd2+) is the most accessible form for aquatic species. Marine organisms generally contain higher residual amounts of cadmium than their freshwater and terrestrial counterparts. Cadmium is characterized by the ability to concentrate in internal organs vertebrates, especially in the liver and kidneys. Cadmium concentrations tend to be higher in the tissues of older organisms. Higher residual cadmium levels are typically associated with urban and industrial sources. The analyzed species, season of capture, environmental levels of cadmium and the sex of the organism are all likely to influence the residual level of the element. The impact of cadmium on fish in general reduces their ability to osmotic regulation. The most sensitive indicator of cadmium toxicity in the early stages of fish life is inhibition of fry growth. That is, aquatic organisms in the embryonic and larval stages are more sensitive than in the adult state.
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Copper enters the body of fish with food, but its absorption rates are inversely related to the presence of chelates and inorganic ions in the water and in direct proportion to the time of exposure and concentration. At the same time, a toxic effect on the body is manifested, which is expressed in a violation of the functioning of the gill apparatus, asphyxia, anemia, changes in the processes of hematopoiesis, tissue damage and their necrosis. With acute exposure to copper in fish, necrosis of kidney cells, fatty degeneration of the liver and cerebral hemorrhage are noted. Copper ions reduce the resistance of fish to infections and change the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the formation of the immune response. However, it has been repeatedly noted that fish can adapt to low levels copper, and sufficiently high concentrations of the toxicant do not cause the death of animals.
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Zinc is a biomicroelement that is part of more than 200 metalloenzymes, including carbohydrase, alcohol hydrogenase, carboxypeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, thymidine kinase, DNA and RNA polymerase, and others. It takes part in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Zinc compounds have low toxicity. Mercury and copper are more toxic to fish than zinc. In fish that have experienced zinc intoxication, there are violations of the function of the kidney tissue, the work of the gill apparatus, a decrease in growth rates, size, and behavioral disorders.
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Aquatic plants accumulate lead in different ways. Lead accumulates insignificantly in fish; therefore, it is relatively little dangerous for humans in this link in the trophic chain. The mechanism of the toxic action of lead, like other heavy metals, is to block the functional SH-groups of proteins that inhibit vital enzymes, as well as disruption of the electrolyte balance, biosynthesis of proteins, hormones and nucleic acids. Most often, chronic poisoning occurs, associated with the ability of lead to accumulate in the body when taken in small doses. In the mechanism of the toxic action of lead big role also plays lead lactate, which is formed in the muscles when lead interacts with lactic acid. Lead is a strong polytropic poison, has cumulative properties, acts on all organs and systems of animals, and also contributes to the development cancer. It blocks the formation of reflexes in hydrobionts.
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The positive role of metals. Some heavy metals are of great biological importance, they are necessary to maintain the normal functioning of the body. So, for example, zinc, being an essential element, is found in organs and tissues mainly in an organically bound form, in the form of easily dissociating compounds with protein. It has an effect on protein metabolism, a catalytic effect on redox processes in cells. As part of various enzymes, hormones, vitamins, zinc contributes to the formation of complex organic compounds. For cadmium, the ability to replace zinc in zinc-containing enzymes was previously noted, which occurs most often in the liver. It is in this organ that cadmium accumulates to a greater extent, while in muscle tissue the content of this metal is insignificant compared to other studied metals. Copper plays an important role as a catalyst for redox processes, is part of an important enzyme - superoxide dismutase, which utilizes toxic superoxide - O2- ion in the body. About 25 copper-containing enzymes are known, which make up the group of oxygenases and hydroxylases. Copper is involved in tissue respiration and hematopoiesis. Zinc and copper, being biomicroelements necessary for the life of the organism, can play a positive role for fish, if accumulated within the maximum allowable limits. At the same time, copper is a metal with variable valence and is part of some oxidoreductases. As a result of electron donation, an oxidative process is launched, which can negatively affect the exchange of nucleic acids, the ratio of nucleotides and nucleosides.
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RESEARCH METHODS 5 Atomic absorption and polarographic methods with preliminary mineralization in determining the content of toxic elements (copper, lead, cadmium, zinc); Flameless atomic absorption method for determining the content of total mercury; Colorimetric method for determination of arsenic content.
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Seasonal dynamics of the content of toxic elements in the muscle tissues of fish of different environmental groups(mg/kg) Note. Bottom group: 1-burbot, 2-scorpionfish, 3-mart goby, 4-round goby; bottom-pelagic group: 5 whiting, 6 red mullet, 7 greenfinch, 8 smarida, 9 stargazer; pelagic group: 10-scad.
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The colossal amount of pollutant emissions in the Black Sea water area largely pollutes water and bottom soils. The saturation of the marine environment with xenobiotics disrupts the evolutionarily formed interaction between the organism and the environment, which leads to various negative consequences for the ecosystem as a whole.
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Nitrogen compounds are widely distributed in the marine environment, where they enter with household waste. sewage, washed off from the fields with fertilizers, as well as with precipitation. One of the detrimental consequences of saturation of aquatic ecosystems with biogens is their eutrophication.
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The sewage drains of the Black Sea cities, after cleaning, bring mineral salts into the sea, which contribute to the rapid growth of plants. At the end of the 20th century, too much mineral salts got into the Black Sea, putting it on the brink of an ecological disaster. Overfeeding the marine ecosystem with mineral salts is one of the causes of eutrophication. Single-celled cladophora algae inhibits the growth of seagrass (eelgrass), green underwater meadows of eelgrass once covered all the sandy shallows. Balls of unicellular cladophora shade the leaves of eelgrass, entangle and stifle its growth.
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Ecological situation in the SEA OF AZOV Prepared by biology teacher of the Rybinsk secondary school of I-III stages of the Volnovakhsky district of the Donetsk region Nekrasova Anzhela Viktorovna Sea of Azov: yesterday, today, tomorrow. General information Area 38 t.km2 Maximum depth 14 m. Average depth 8 m. Average water volume 320 km3 Water salinity 2-11‰. In summer the water column warms up to 26-280 C, in winter the sea freezes. The Kuban River carries 12 billion cubic meters of gas into the Sea of Azov annually. meters of water. Atmospheric precipitation over the Sea of Azov is about 15.5 cubic meters. km annually. Through the Kerch Strait into the Black Sea goes 66 cubic meters. km and comes 41 cubic meters. km of water. Since the arrival fresh water prevails over its consumption, then the salinity in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is small. A characteristic feature of the Sea of Azov is the presence a large number ammonia. Medium annual temperature water in the Sea of Azov is +12 degrees. In summer, the water temperature can reach +30 degrees. In winter, the sea is covered with ice. Runoff of the Don and Kuban rivers (cubic km) in the Sea of Azov for the period from 1930 to 1990 River Don Norma eats. runoff 28.9 1930 1940 27.1 1941 1950 27.5 1951 1960 24.2 1961 1970 24.9 1971 1980 22.8 1981 1990 21.1 Kuban 13.4 13.2 12.4 12.2 11.2 9.0 8.0 Increasing sea salinity ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS Industrial pollution Oil pollution As a result of shipwrecks, about 6.8 thousand tons of sulfur and about 1.3 thousand tons of fuel oil got into the water. The length of the spot along the coast is 12 km. Sea of Azov 2007 Consequences of the Kerch catastrophe Consequences of the Kerch catastrophe Resources of the Sea of Azov 1. Biological resources 2. Cheap transport routes 3. Resorts and health resorts Reasons for the high productivity of the Sea of Azov 1. Shallow sea 2. Good warming and illumination of the entire water column 3. Excellent mixing and saturation of water with oxygen The main commercial species are sturgeons (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon), pike perch, bream, carp, ram, and herring pike perch beluga sturgeon anchovies herring l e l bream / Fish species Pike perch Bream Ram Herring 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 38.9 24.9 17.2 12.5 4.5 0.9 1.5 1.1 16.3 13.5 13.4 2, 7 3.4 0.9 3.0 1.2 3.0 2.6 7.5 6.0 1.6 0.9 2.1 0.2 7.7 4.7 1.7 0.6 1 ,0 0.2 0.07 0.1 Sturgeons 2.1 3.2 2.3 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.0 as a result of the construction of reservoirs 2. Biological pollution 3. Industrial pollution 4. Agricultural pollution 5. Oil pollution 6. Increasing sea salinity THEREFORE, it can be concluded that effective environmental protection measures at industrial enterprises of Mariupol; improvement of beaches; cleaning large and small rivers (flowing into our sea); it is necessary to strengthen environmental control over shipping and port activities, reduce the volume of transportation of dangerous goods on ships, achieve the construction and modernization of treatment facilities in ports; termination of discharge into the sea, estuaries and rivers of untreated sewage, separation of domestic and industrial wastewater, and water exchange, sewerage of wastewater and ensuring their treatment before being released into the sea; fines for the discharge of untreated effluents from industrial enterprises; in coastal regions, refusal to grow crops that require the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides; significant expansion of protected areas and water areas for the conservation of genes and ecofund; restoration of migration routes and spawning grounds for fish; tightening of legislation on the management and protection of the coastal zone, constant monitoring of the state of the marine environment of coastal areas and the sea. Seashore Come to your senses, man! Come to your senses, shudder man. Your age is short on earth. But what do we leave behind? And how are we going to glorify ourselves here? THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!
Transparency and color of water. The transparency of the waters of the Sea of Azov is low. It is not the same in different regions and at different times of the year and ranges from 0.5 to 8 m. The influx of a large amount of muddy river waters, the rapid resuspension of bottom silts during sea waves and the presence of significant masses of plankton in the Azov water determine its low transparency. The lowest transparency is observed in the Taganrog Bay (0.5-0.9 m, occasionally up to 2 m). The color of the water here varies from greenish-yellow to brown-yellow. In the eastern and western regions of the sea, the transparency is much higher - on average 1.5-2 m, but can reach 3-4 m. 5 to 8 m. The water here is greenish-blue. In summer, transparency increases almost everywhere, but in some parts of the sea, due to the rapid development of the smallest plant and animal organisms in the upper layers of the water, it drops to zero and the water acquires a bright green color. This phenomenon is called the "bloom" of the sea.
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The Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is the northeastern lateral basin of the Black Sea, with which it is connected by the Kerch Strait (the Cimmerian Bosphorus in antiquity, 4.2 kilometers wide). The Sea of Azov belongs to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.
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Sea of Azov location
The extreme points of the Sea of Azov lie between 45°12′30″ and 47°17′30″ N. latitude and between 33°38′ (Sivash) and 39°18′ east. longitude. Its greatest length is 343 kilometers, its greatest width is 231 kilometers; the length of the coastline is 1472 kilometers; surface area - 37,605 square kilometers (this area does not include islands and spits, occupying 107.9 square kilometers.).
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According to morphological features, the Sea of Azov belongs to flat seas and is a shallow water reservoir with low coastal slopes. The greatest depth does not exceed 14 meters, and the average depth is about 8 meters. At the same time, depths up to 5 meters occupy more than half of the volume of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Its volume is also small and equal to 320 cubic meters. For comparison, let's say that the Aral Sea exceeds the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov in area by almost 2 times. The Black Sea is almost 11 times larger than the Sea of Azov in terms of area, and 1678 times in volume. And yet the Sea of Azov is not so small, it would freely accommodate two such European states as the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Its greatest length is 380 kilometers, and its greatest width is 200 kilometers. The total length of the coastline of the sea is 2686 kilometers. The underwater relief of the Sea of Azov is very simple, the depths generally slowly and smoothly increase with distance from the coast, and the greatest depths are in the center of the sea. Its bottom is almost flat. The Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov forms several bays, of which the largest are Taganrog, Temryuk and the strongly isolated Sivash, which is more correctly considered an estuary. There are no large islands in the Sea of Azov. There are a number of shoals, partially flooded with water and located near the coast. Such, for example, are the islands of Biryuchy, Turtle and others.
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Biryuchy Island
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Bathymetry of the Sea of Azov
The underwater relief of the Sea of Azov is relatively simple. As you move away from the coast, the depths slowly and smoothly increase, reaching 14.4 meters in the central part of the sea. The main area of the bottom of the Sea of Azov is characterized by a depth of 5-13 meters. The area of greatest depths is located in the center of the sea. The location of the isobaths, which is close to symmetrical, is disturbed by their slight elongation in the northeast towards the Taganrog Bay. The isobath of 5 meters is located about 2 kilometers from the coast, moving away from it near the Taganrog Bay and in the bay itself near the mouth of the Don. In the Taganrog Bay, the depths increase from the mouth of the Don (2-3 meters) towards the open part of the sea, reaching 8-9 meters at the border of the bay with the sea.
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In the relief of the bottom of the Sea of Azov, systems of underwater heights are noted, elongated along the eastern (Zhelezinskaya bank) and western (Marskaya and Arabatskaya banks) coasts, the depths above which decrease from 8-9 to 3-5 meters. The underwater coastal slope of the northern coast is characterized by wide shallow water (20-30 kilometers) with depths of 6-7 meters, for the southern coast - a steep underwater slope to depths of 11-12 meters. The catchment area of the Sea of Azov Basin is 586,000 square kilometers. The sea shores are mostly flat and sandy, only on the southern coast there are hills of volcanic origin, which in some places turn into steep frontal mountains. Sea currents are dependent on the very strong northeast and southwest winds blowing here and therefore change direction very often. The main current is a circular current along the shores of the Sea of Azov counterclockwise.
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Geographic Features of the Sea of Azov Major geographic features or geographic features of special interest are listed in clockwise order along the coast of the Sea of Azov, starting from the Kerch Strait. Bays and estuaries of the Sea of Azov: Ukraine: - in the south-west: Kazantip Bay, Arabat Bay; - in the west: Sivash Bay; - in the north-west: Utlyuksky estuary, Molochny estuary, Obitochny - bay, Berdyansk bay; Russia: - in the north-east: the Taganrog Bay, the Miussky Estuary, the Yeysky Estuary; - in the east: Yasenskiy bay, Beisugskiy estuary, Akhtarskiy estuary; - in the south-east: Temryuk Bay. Spits and capes of the Sea of Azov: Ukraine: - in the south-west: Cape Khroni, Cape Zyuk, Cape Chagany and Cape Kazantip (Kazantip Bay); - in the west: Arabatskaya Strelka spit (Sivash Bay); - in the north-west: Fedotova Spit and Spit Biryuchy Ostrov (Utlyuk Estuary), Obitochnaya Spit (Obitochny Bay), Berdyansk Spit (Berdyansk Bay); - in the north-east: Belosarayskaya Spit, Curve Spit; - in the Kerch Strait: Tuzla spit. Russia: - in the north-east: Beglitskaya spit; - in the east: Cape Chumbursky, Glafirovskaya spit, Long spit, Kamyshevatskaya spit, Yasenskaya spit (Beisugsky estuary), Achuevskaya spit (Akhtarsky estuary); - in the south-east: Cape Achuevsky and Cape Kamenny (Temryuk Bay). - in the Kerch Strait: Chushka spit. Rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov: Ukraine: - in the north-west: Maly Utlyuk, Molochnaya, Korsak, Lozovatka, Obitochnaya, Berda, Kalmius, Gruzsky Elanchik; Russia: - in the north-east: Wet Elanchik, Mius, Sambek, Don, Kagalnik, Wet Chuburka, Eya; - in the southeast: Protoka, Kuban.
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Salinity
Phytoplankton and benthos are developed. Phytoplankton consists (in%): diatoms - 55, peridiniums - 41.2, and blue-green algae - 2.2. Among the biomass of benthos, mollusks occupy a dominant position. Their skeletal remains, represented by calcium carbonate, have a significant share in the formation of modern bottom sediments and accumulative surface bodies. The hydrochemical features of the Sea of Azov are formed primarily under the influence of an abundant inflow of river waters (up to 12% of the water volume) and difficult water exchange with the Black Sea. The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. Its value on the surface varied from 1 ppm at the mouth of the Don to 10.5 ppm in the central part of the sea and 11.5 ppm near the Kerch Strait. After the creation of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to rise (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Average seasonal fluctuations in salinity rarely reach 1-2 percent. The water contains very little salt in the northern part of the Sea of Azov. For this reason, the sea freezes easily, and therefore, before the advent of icebreakers, it was unnavigable from December to mid-April. The southern part of the sea does not freeze and remains moderate in temperature. During the 20th century, almost all more or less large rivers flowing into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov were blocked by dams to create reservoirs. This led to a significant reduction in the discharge of fresh water and silt into the sea.
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Fauna
The ichthyofauna of the Sea of Azov currently includes 103 species and subspecies of fish belonging to 76 genera, and is represented by anadromous, semi-anadromous, marine and freshwater species. Anadromous species of fish feed in the sea until puberty, and enter the river only for spawning. The breeding period in the rivers and or on the sites usually does not exceed 1-2 months. Among the Azov anadromous fish there are the most valuable commercial species, such as beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, fish and shemaya. Semi-anadromous species for breeding come from the sea into the rivers. However, in rivers they can linger for a longer time than anadromous (up to a year). As for the juveniles, they leave the spawning grounds very slowly and often stay in the river for the winter. Semi-anadromous fish include mass species such as pike perch, bream, ram, sabrefish and some others. Marine species breed and feed in salty waters. Among them, species that constantly live in the Sea of Azov stand out. These are pilengas, flounder-kalkan, glossa, tyulka, perkarina, three-spined komashka, fish-needles and all kinds of gobies. And, finally, there is a large group of marine fish entering the Sea of Azov from the Black Sea, including those that make regular migrations. These include: Azov anchovy, Black Sea anchovy, Black Sea herring, red mullet, golden mullet, ostronos, striped mullet, Black Sea trout, horse mackerel, mackerel, etc. Freshwater species usually constantly live in one area of the reservoir and do not make large migrations. These species usually inhabit desalinated water areas of the sea. There are such fish as sterlet, silver carp, pike, ide, bleak, etc. The Sea of Azov has no equal in the world in terms of the number of plant and animal organisms. In terms of productivity, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is 6.5 times superior to the Caspian Sea, 40 times the Black Sea, and 160 times mediterranean sea. But in size it is 10 times smaller than Black.
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Economy in the 19th century, the Sea of Azov was very important for Russia XIX centuries due, on the one hand, to the abundance of fish, and on the other, to the ever-increasing trade turnover through the sea. The average annual number of ships entering the harbors of the Sea of Azov was 2662 in 1866-1871. with a total tonnage of 362,951 tons. More than half of them were in Taganrog, 558 in Berdyansk, 296 in Kerch, 263 in Mariupol. 6807 coastal boats arrived at the sea, 6832 left. At that time, the Russian merchant fleet of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov consisted of 1210 ships with a total tonnage of 40658. Trade on the Sea of Azov began to develop more actively in connection with the construction of railway transport routes: Taganrog with two railways (to Kharkov and Voronezh) was connected to the rest of the Russian Empire; railway from Kalach to Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) - a direct connection between the Don and the Volga has been achieved; a railway line was built from Berdyansk to Chaplino station (1899). In addition to Rostov-on-Don, located above the Don delta, Taganrog, Mariupol and Berdyansk were the receiving harbors.
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Rest on the Sea of Azov attracts not only with the opportunity to improve your well-being, but also to admire the amazing, unique beauty of this reserved area Krasnodar Territory. The Azov coast is not so rich in variety of landscapes, unlike the Black Sea. But in the smooth bends of the coastline, sandy spits extending far into the sea, round green hills, floodplains overgrown with reeds, there is a special charm.
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