What about hydraulic structures? Hydraulic structures as an object of real estate

The use of water resources has always been one of the basic conditions for maintaining human life. The need for them is determined not only by drinking needs, but also by economic, and nowadays more and more often by industrial tasks. Regulation of the use of water sources is provided by hydraulic structures that have different forms and functional content.

General information about hydraulic engineering

In a general sense, a hydrotechnical object can be represented as any functional structure or structure that interacts with water in one way or another. These can be not only man-made engineering systems, but also natural regulators, originally created by nature, but later exploited by people. What tasks are performed by modern objects of hydraulic structures? The main ones can be represented as follows:

• Structures intended for the use of water resources. As a rule, these are objects with water supply communications and equipment.
• Water protection facilities. Complexes, in the infrastructure of which several tasks can be performed. The most common for such objects are restrictions on the use and impact on the hydrological environment in order to prevent harmful effects on it.
• Industrial buildings. Engineering systems in which water circulation can be used as a source of energy.

Of course, this is only a part of the functions that hydraulic engineering performs. It rarely happens when one or two tasks are assigned to such structures. Typically, large complexes support several workflows at once, including environmental, protective, regulatory, etc.

Main and secondary structures of hydraulic engineering

To begin with, it is worth determining the basic classification, in which there are permanent types of hydraulic structures, and temporary ones. According to the regulations, the first group includes the main and secondary objects. With regard to the main structures, they are understood as technical infrastructure, the destruction or damage of which can lead to the cessation of the normal functioning of the economy serviced by hydro resources. This may be a shutdown of the water supply of the irrigation system, the cessation of power plants, a reduction in shipping, etc. It is important to consider that the energy of hydrological turbines can serve entire enterprises (marine, ship repair, heating). Accordingly, stopping the water supply will disrupt the performance of such facilities.

The category of secondary structures includes hydraulic engineering, the destruction or damage of which will not entail the above consequences. For example, if the main hydraulic structures supply enterprises with production resources, then the secondary ones can participate in the regulation of this process without significantly affecting the result.

It is also worth mentioning the features of temporary structures that are used during periods of repair activities. If a depressurization occurred at the same main water supply facility, for example, then the maintenance team with the designer will have to create technical conditions to eliminate the problem. The solution to this problem can be the organization of the work of a temporary hydroelectric complex.

Classification by the way of interaction with the resource

The same task can be performed in different ways. As already noted, one complex is able to support several functional processes, but it is the conditions of interaction with a reservoir or drain that fundamentally differ and, accordingly, the nature of the performance of a particular function. According to these features, the following structures are distinguished:

• Water-retaining. Designed for blocking a watercourse, fencing a reservoir or a pond due to the adoption of water pressure. When assessing the watercourse, the level is noted above the water station (upstream), and below - downstream. The difference between these levels is called the pressure on the hydrological structure.
• Multifunctional ameliorative stations. These can be outlets, locks, dams and water separators. Within this group, a classification of hydraulic structures is also provided, according to which interface and blocking complexes are distinguished.
• Plumbing. Usually a network infrastructure formed by channels, tunnels, pipelines, water trays. Their task is simple - the delivery of a resource from the collection point to the reservoir or the final place of water use.
• Water intake. They collect a resource from the same drives for transportation to consumers.
• Spillway. Unlike intake structures, such stations only remove excess water. These objects include deep spillways, drain channels, water outlets, etc.
• Regulatory. They control the interaction of the flow with the channel, preventing the exit of water beyond the fence, erosion and sedimentation.

Dangerous hydraulic facilities

This group of structures may include representatives of all hydraulic facilities, regardless of purpose. A dangerous station can be due to a high risk of an accident, an ownerless state, being in a risk zone due to the influence of external factors, etc. Lists with dangerous objects are formed by specialists from the Ministry of Emergency Situations and employees of Rosprirodnadzor. For each region, a comprehensive audit is carried out with the identification of objects that pose a threat. Dangerous hydraulic structures are recognized after the following procedures have been performed:

• The morphometric characteristics of the object are identified and specified.
• Determined technical condition facilities and their safety.
• The potential amount of damage that may occur in the event of an accident (for example, after the destruction of the dam body) is determined.
• Zoning of the area around the object is being carried out with an area that will depend on the degree of risk and threat from a particular structure.

After an object is recognized as dangerous, its observation is organized, and a schedule is drawn up for maintenance, technical repair and restoration work aimed at eliminating or minimizing the threat.

General and special hydraulic facilities

Under common facilities refers to most of the objects of hydraulic engineering related to regulation, water supply, water intake and spillway stations. They are united by a single principle of performing their functions, which technologically can be imposed on different conditions operation.

In turn, special hydraulic engineering objects are designed for use in narrow areas where it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the equipment application. This applies to design nuances, construction requirements, as well as direct operation of hydraulic structures. Examples of such objects are well demonstrated by the infrastructure of water transport:

• Shipping locks.
• Facilities for the maintenance of marine equipment.
• Ships and moorings.
• Lesospuski.
• Ship lifts.
• Ellings.
• Docks.
• Wave breakers, etc.

In the fish industry, fish ponds, fish elevators and fish passes are used. In the social and entertainment infrastructure, these can be water parks with swimming pools and aquariums. In each case, service activities will have their own specifics, which are taken into account even at the stage of project development. However, the terms of reference for the construction of hydraulic engineering should be considered separately.

Design of hydraulic facilities

The design documentation includes technical calculations of structures, characteristics of the equipment used, as well as the results of field observations of the operating conditions of the future structure for the timely detection of adverse processes and the appearance of possible defects. The environment must be comprehensively and comprehensively assessed in order to foresee and possibly prevent the threat of accidents from the outset.

In particular, the project for a hydraulic structure includes the following data:

• List of diagnostic and manageable indicators of the object and its bases, including security criteria.
• List of controlled actions and loads on structures from the environment.
• Composition of visual and instrumental observations.
• Results and operating conditions of control and measuring equipment.
• Technical and structural solutions and a block diagram of the state of the elements of the object, as well as information with predicting the behavior of the structure when interacting with man-made and natural factors.

Special attention is paid to safety criteria, on the basis of which decisions are also made on the use of equipment with certain characteristics. In addition, the main types of hydraulic structures for permanent operation are supplemented by emergency action projects. This documentation, in particular, describes measures aimed at preventing emergencies.

Security Requirements

From the moment of design development and throughout the entire period of operation, the safety of a hydraulic facility is ensured on the basis of the requirements of the relevant declaration. This is the main document that indicates the risks, threats and operational nuances that must be considered by the maintenance personnel. The main requirements for the safety of hydraulic structures include the following:

• Maintaining an acceptable degree of risk of accidents.
• Regular diagnostics of structures and equipment with subsequent adjustments to the safety declaration.
• Ensuring the continuity of operation of the facility.
• Maintenance of measures for the organization of means of protection and technical control of structures.
• Monitoring of potential threats to the object.

Construction of hydraulic structures

First of all, the means of production of construction work are determined. The question of the degree of mechanization of the process is fundamental, since in most cases the implementation of hydrotechnical station projects is carried out with the support of special equipment. At the very first stages of construction, earthworks are carried out with bulldozers, dump trucks, loaders and excavators, which allow you to quickly equip trenches, pits, wells and simply clear the work site.

In some cases, soil compaction is performed. For example, when creating reservoirs with a soil bowl. Such operations are carried out in layers on the cleared soil with the help of special rollers. On smaller sites, diesel or petrol rammers can be used. However, experts still recommend abandoning hand tools in favor of mechanics. The recommendation is connected not so much with the acceleration of the pace of the workflow, but with the quality of the result. And this is especially true for the construction of hydraulic structures at the main stage of the construction of the structure. Concrete work requires high-quality reinforcement with strapping, the use of instructional materials and the addition of water-resistant plasticizers.

At the final stage, the engineering arrangement of the structure is carried out. Functional units, technical devices are installed and communications are laid. If we are talking about an autonomous station, then non-volatile generators are used, which will also require appropriate containment conditions in the infrastructure of the complex.

Operation of hydraulic engineering

The main activity of the service personnel is related to maintaining the optimal level of the technical condition of the facility, as well as monitoring its main functions. As for the first operational part, it comes down to the tasks of updating consumables, diagnosing equipment, communications, etc. In particular, operators check the technical condition of power supply networks, units and the integrity of structural materials. In case of detection of serious malfunctions or damages, the rules for the operation of hydraulic structures require the preparation of a separate project for repair and restoration measures, taking into account the available material reserves.

The second part of operational tasks focuses on control functions. Using automation, communication and telemechanics, another team of operators regulates the operation of the structure and its functional blocks, relying on control operations in accordance with standard parameters with allowable loads.

Reconstruction of hydraulic structures

The processes of obsolescence of structures and increasing requirements for the functional and power potential of the object inevitably lead to the need for modernization. As a rule, the main working modules and units are subject to reconstruction without stopping their work. However, this will depend on the nature of the planned changes. In each case, a survey of hydraulic structures is carried out for the possibility of reconstruction. The ultimate goals may be to increase the reliability of the foundation of the object, increase bandwidth, increasing the capacity of pumping equipment, etc. After that, specific operations are implemented related to changes in the technical and operational properties of the structure. The tasks are achieved by strengthening the soil, replacing building materials and adding new structural elements.

Hydraulic engineering and environmental protection

Even at the design stage, together with the safety declaration, a report is drawn up on the measures that, during operation, will have to lead to an improvement in the environmental situation. Initially, the situation is assessed under natural conditions. natural environment, and in the future, the developers make a comprehensive adjustment to maintain the protection of natural objects after the implementation of the project. In particular, biotechnical measures are being developed aimed at protecting the population from accidents at hydraulic structures and creating conditions for neutralizing negative operational factors.

Particular attention is paid to the impact of building structures and equipment on hydrological resources. For example, in reservoirs, special beds are prepared for the storage or disposal of liquid waste. Each object also contains technical means to eliminate sources of chemical hazardous or simply dirty substances. For continuous monitoring of the environmental background, the infrastructure of hydraulic structures is supplemented with measuring instruments that record the biological and chemical indicators of water and air environments. The main characteristics of this kind include color, oxygen saturation, concentration of certain elements, sanitary indicators, etc.

Conclusion

The high responsibility of hydrological facilities is determined by the breadth of their areas of application and the significance of the tasks they solve. As a rule, hydraulic structures act only as a link in the working chain of large production and economic cycles. But the ultimate goals that are achieved with the support of such objects can be extremely important. For example, energy, land reclamation, transport, water supply are just some of the areas in which water resources are used.

Hydraulic structures(GTS) - a type of engineering structures designed to provide different types water use (water use) and/or to combat the harmful effects of water by influencing the regime and properties of natural water bodies and the water contained in them.

The first hydraulic structures

The construction of the first hydraulic structures dates back to the epoch of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. e., to the era of the Sumerian civilization. Having settled in Mesopotamia, they gradually mastered irrigation, navigation and navigation along rivers and canals. The Iturungal and I-nina-gena canals, Arakhtu, Apkallatu and Me-Enlila canals, Zubi canal were built. The appearance of the first irrigation systems relatively early formed the economic basis for the emergence of an extensive system of economic relations in Mesopotamia. The construction of canals also resulted in the construction of new cities on their banks, which became economic, political and cultural centers Sumerians. There is a legend that the destruction of Babylon in the 7th century. BC e. by the Assyrian king Sennacherib was produced using a specially created, and then lowered (by destroying the dam) reservoir on the Euphrates.

In Europe, the first reservoirs, as far as can be judged from the available data, appeared even before our era. So, in Spain, presumably in the II century. BC e. on the river Albarregas built the Carnalbo dam with a reservoir with a volume of 10 million m 3 (still exists). Probably, in this era, reservoirs were created in Greece, Italy, Southern France and other Mediterranean countries, but we do not have specific information about them. Indirectly, this can be judged, for example, by the surviving remains of hydraulic structures in the area of ​​Rome. Retaining structures were erected in the 1st millennium AD. e. in connection with the construction of mills and for irrigation. In Gaul, the first mills appeared in the 3rd-4th centuries; so, near the city of Arles, the remains of a complex of 16 mills have been preserved. The construction of mill dams gained wide scope in the 8th-9th and especially in the 12th-13th centuries. The reservoirs formed by mill dams, of course, had a small volume and modern classification artificial reservoirs, they can be attributed for the most part to ponds. Larger reservoirs in Europe appeared later, with the development of ore mining, metal processing, sawmilling, etc.

Significant waterworks were built by the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas in pre-Columbian America. Several reservoirs to collect melt water existed at the foot of the Andes, such as the reservoir in the Nepeña Valley, 1.2 km long and 0.8 km wide. Many dams for water intake were built by the Maya people; the reservoir near the ancient city of Tikal is well known. For the water supply of the Mayan cities, numerous open reservoirs were built with an impervious bottom coating; some of them survived until the 19th century. The Aztecs built hydraulic structures, grandiose at that time, for example, the 16 km long Netzoualcoyotl dam, which divided the lake. Texcoco formed the Mexico City Reservoir. The Spanish conquistadors destroyed most of the ancient hydraulic structures of the Aztecs, Incas, Mayans. Similar structures created by the Spaniards were often inferior in complexity and size to the former ones. Nevertheless, some large reservoirs were built during this period: Zhururia with a volume of 220 million m 3 and a mirror area of ​​96 km 2 (still in use) and Chalviri with a volume of 3 million m 3 for water supply to the silver mines in Potosi.

Russia is rich in water, so in ancient times there was no need for hydraulic structures. However, from the X-XI centuries. water and sewer systems were built in cities. And since the rivers were used as communication routes, there were often canals that straightened the bends - called forgive. Such channels, which have acquired a completely natural look over the centuries, exist in different places to this day. The oldest hydrotechnical project on the Volga was the expansion and deepening of the channel in the area of ​​​​Lake Sterzh (the Volga is a small stream here) to ensure the pilotage of ships in the river. Paul and further to Novgorod.

Since ancient times, hydraulic power plants - water mills - have become widespread. They often set in motion not only flour-grinding mechanisms, but also sawmills, metallurgical and other industries, still retaining the name of the mills (“saw mills”, etc.). The device of the mills involved the construction of a dam blocking the river, which was forbidden on navigable rivers (according to the Council Code of 1649 - “so that the ship’s course is not adopted along those rivers”), however, the abundance of small rivers that are not suitable for use as means of communication opened up great opportunities to use their water energy. There were water mills in the XVIII-XIX centuries. very many, they were such a familiar attribute of life and landscapes that statisticians and geographers simply did not notice them in their descriptions. In the second half of the XIX century. the shallowing of the Volga began to threaten Russia with the loss of its main communication route, "the artery of the Russian land." And the reason for shallowing was definitely called not only the reduction of forests and plowing of land in its basin, but also the destruction after the reforms of 1861 of tens of thousands of mill ponds. Despite this, at the beginning of the twentieth century. in the Volga basin there were 13,326 hydropower plants, and according to their total capacity, Russia, according to GOELRO, ranked third in the world after the USA and Canada.

Large-scale hydrotechnical construction began under Peter I - the Vyshnevolotsk shipping system was built to supply St. Petersburg with bread from the Volga. It included canals, dams, shipping locks. Since the beginning of the XIX century. up to the railway "boom" of the 1860s-1880s. the construction of navigable hydraulic systems was extremely active. Then the Volga, in addition to the Vyshnevolotsk shipping system, received two more connections with St. Petersburg: the Tikhvin (1811) and Mariinsky (1810) systems (the latter acquired dominant importance from the middle of the 19th century). A canal named after Duke Alexander of Württemberg (now the North Dvina Canal) was built, connecting the Volga with the Northern Dvina (1825–1829); the North Catherine system was completed (the connection between the Kama and the Northern Dvina through the Vychegda River); the construction of the Ivanovsky Canal, begun and abandoned by Peter I in 1711 due to the loss of the Azov Canal (connection of the Oka with the Don), was resumed; a connection between the Volga and Moscow was built along the rivers Sestra and Istra and the canal between them; connections between the Dnieper and the Western Dvina (Berezinskaya system), Neman (Oginskaya system) and Vistula (Dnieper-Bugskaya system) were built. Connections of the Kama with the Irtysh, the Volga with the Don in the Tsaritsyn region, etc. were designed.

Since both in cargo transportation and in the cares of the government, the Mariinsky system (the current Volga-Baltic Canal) from the middle of the 19th century. dominated, over a century of its repairs and reconstructions, several generations of engineers developed the optimal types of wooden hydraulic structures - dams and locks of the "Russian" or "Mariinsky" type.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Russia developed trade and military ports in the Baltic, Black and White Seas. In connection with these, large protective and mooring structures were built.

HTS classification

According to the modern classification, hydraulic structures can be divided into the following types and types:

AT depending on the water body on which the hydraulic structures are located, they can be river, lake, sea.

By location relative to earth's surface Distinguish between ground and underground hydraulic structures.

AT according to the provided types of water use hydrotechnical structures are divided into hydromeliorative (drainage, water supply, irrigation), water transport, hydropower, fisheries, for water supply and sanitation, for the use of water resources, for sports purposes, etc.

By nature of interaction with water body There are water-retaining, water-conducting, regulatory, water intake and spillway hydraulic structures.

Water-retaining structures, supporting the watercourse, create a pressure or a difference in water levels in the watercourse in front of the structure and behind it and perceive the water pressure resulting from the occurrence of pressure. These are, first of all, dams - structures that block river channels (and often upstream parts of river valleys) in order to raise the water level (for example, for the needs of navigation) or create a reserve volume of water in a reservoir (pond, reservoir). Retaining dams can be protective dams that enclose the coastal area and prevent its flooding during floods, tides, surges and storms on the seas and lakes. Retaining structures are also run-of-river buildings of hydroelectric power stations, shipping locks, and some water intake structures.

Water supply structures (water conduits) serve to transfer water (its supply or discharge) from one point to another. These are channels, tunnels (hydrotechnical), trays, pipelines.

designed to purposefully influence the conditions of the flow of watercourses, protect their channels and river banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice exposure, etc. ), structures that regulate the movement of ice and floating bodies (sinks, ice-protective walls, ice cutters, etc.).

Water intake (water intake) structures are arranged to take water from a water source and direct it to a water conduit. They are usually equipped with devices that protect water supply facilities from ice, sludge, sediment, floating bodies, etc.

Spillway structures (spillways) are used to release (“discharge”) excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins, etc. They can be channel and coastal, surface and deep, allowing partial or complete emptying of reservoirs. To control the amount of released (discharged) water, spillways are often equipped with hydraulic gates.

By appointment distinguish between general hydraulic structures that provide all types (or several types) of water use, and special, built for any one type of water use.

General-purpose hydraulic structures include all water-retaining and spillway structures and, in part, water supply, regulation and water intake structures - if they are not part of the structures special purpose.

The following are among the special (sectoral) hydraulic structures:

In some cases, general and special hydraulic structures can be combined: for example, a spillway is placed in the building of a hydroelectric power plant, a hydroelectric power plant is placed in the body of a spillway dam (“combined hydroelectric power station”), a shipping lock can serve as a spillway, etc.

In the implementation of complex water management measures, hydraulic structures, combined functionally and located in one place, constitute complexes called nodes of hydraulic structures, or hydroelectric facilities.

At present (since January 1, 2014) there is a classification of hydraulic structures according to their degree of danger. In accordance with it, all hydraulic structures are divided into four classes: low, medium, high and extremely high danger.

Depending on the class, the degree of reliability of hydraulic structures is assigned, i.e. reserves of their strength and stability, the estimated maximum water consumption, the quality of building materials, etc. are established.

Hydraulic structures differ from all civil and industrial buildings in that they are affected by water flow, ice, sediment, and other factors. These effects can be mechanical (static and hydrodynamic loads, removal of soil particles by filtration flow (suffusion), etc.), physical and chemical (abrasion of surfaces, corrosion of metals, concrete), biological (rotting of wooden structures, wear of wood by living organisms, etc.). ).

In addition, unlike civil and industrial buildings, the conditions for the construction of hydraulic structures are complicated by the need to pass through the riverbed and unfinished structures during their construction (usually several years) the so-called construction costs of the river, as well as ice, rafted timber, ships, etc. .

A feature of the maintenance and functioning of hydraulic structures in the Russian Federation is their fragmentation according to departmental and sectoral affiliation and forms of ownership. So, according to the total book value, agriculture owns 29% of all hydraulic structures, industry - 27%, housing and communal services - 20%, hydropower - about 15%, water transport - about 6%, fisheries - 2%, on the balance sheet of the structures of the Federal Agency for Water resources - less than 2%. In addition, out of 29.4 thousand pressure hydraulic structures, 1931 objects (7%) belong to federal property, 7675 objects (26%) - to regional property, 16087 objects (54%) - to municipal property, about 4 thousand objects (13%) are ownerless.

Yu.V. Bogatyryova, A.A. Belyakov

In accordance with Article 4 of the Federal Law "On the Safety of Hydraulic Structures", the Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Establish that hydraulic structures are divided into the following classes:

I class - hydraulic structures of extremely high danger;

Class II - high-risk hydraulic structures;

III class - hydraulic structures of medium danger;

Class IV - hydraulic structures of low danger.

2. Approve the attached criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures.

3. Establish that if a hydraulic structure, in accordance with the criteria approved by this resolution, can be assigned to different classes, such a hydraulic structure belongs to the highest of them.

Criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures
(approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 2, 2013 No. 986)

1. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on their height and type of foundation soil:

Notes: 1. Soils are divided into: A - rock; B - sandy, coarse-grained and clayey in solid and semi-solid state; B - clay water-saturated in a plastic state.

2. The height of a hydraulic structure and the assessment of its foundation are determined according to the design documentation.

3. In positions 4 and 7, instead of the height of the hydraulic structure, the depth of the base of the hydraulic structure is taken.

2. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on their purpose and operating conditions:

Notes: 1. The class of hydraulic structures of hydraulic and thermal power plants with an installed capacity of less than 1000 MW, indicated in position 2, is increased by one if the power plants are isolated from energy systems.

2. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in position 6 is increased by one for canals transporting water to arid regions in conditions of difficult mountainous terrain.

3. The class of hydraulic structures of the canal section from the head water intake to the first regulating reservoir, as well as the canal sections between the regulating reservoirs, provided for in position 6, is reduced by one if the water supply to the main water consumer during the period of liquidation of the consequences of an accident on the canal can be provided at the expense of the regulating reservoirs or other sources.

4. The class of hydraulic structures of river ports specified in position 10 is increased by one if damage to hydraulic structures of river ports can lead to emergencies of a federal, interregional and regional nature.

5. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in positions 13 and 14 is increased by one, depending on the complexity of ships under construction or repair.

6. The class of hydraulic structures specified in position 16 is increased by one if damage to such hydraulic structures can lead to an emergency.

7. The class of hydraulic structures specified in position 17 is increased by one in the event that damage to bank-protecting hydraulic structures can lead to emergencies of a federal, interregional and regional nature.

3. Classes of protective hydraulic structures, depending on the maximum pressure on the water-retaining structure:

4. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on the consequences of possible hydrodynamic accidents:

Document overview

Criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures have been established.

4 classes of their danger are allocated: I class - constructions of extremely high danger; II class - high danger; III class - medium danger; Class IV - hydraulic structures of low danger.

The classification is made depending on the height of hydraulic structures and the type of soil of their bases, the purpose and operating conditions, the maximum pressure on the water-retaining structures and the consequences of possible hydrodynamic accidents.

If a hydraulic structure can be attributed to different classes, it is assigned the highest of them.

Note that taking into account the class, measures are determined to ensure the safety of a hydraulic structure.

Water is the source of life. But despite the fact that from time immemorial, settlers settled near rivers and lakes, they did not cease to be afraid of the power of the stream. Floods, high waters, channel changes and other natural calamities can change the whole habitual life at once. To “domesticate” water, it is necessary to build dams and other barrage structures. In this article we will talk about hydraulic structures - what it is and what applies to such objects.

Why are hydraulic structures installed?

SP 58.13330.2012 and SNiP 33-01-2003 will help answer this question - these are the main documents that regulate all design and construction works. In the "Terms" section of the set of rules there is an indication of what water structures are. They may belong to different groups, depending on which they will help to fulfill one of the following goals:

• Protection of water resources from negative impact people and their livelihoods.
• Preventing the impact of polluted waters on environment.
• Coastal damage protection.
• Storage of liquid waste from production or agriculture.
• For mooring ships and bathing the population.
• Communication with production - water supply from a reservoir and discharge of used liquid.

There are many such goals. In fact, any structure that is located partially or completely on a water resource of natural or artificial burial is considered a hydraulic structure. Most often, when, for example, river water is used in production, the sets of measures and tasks do not converge on one production one. Also mandatory are the protective functions of hydraulic engineering, which compensate for the damage caused to the reservoir.

Due to the abundance of structures that can be attributed to this category, it is difficult to give a clear classification of all buildings. We will highlight the main features, and then give examples of projects for hydraulic structures.

Designing buildings is impossible without high-quality software. The company "ZVSOFT" offers a multifunctional CAD system. Its capabilities can also be expanded by installing modules - and . These software products allow you to automate the process of creating a project and related documentation.

Temporary and permanent hydraulic engineering

Among those hydraulic structures that operate around the clock, there are primary and secondary facilities. The former include all structures, the failure of which will lead to the failure of large enterprises. This may be the binding of a water supply system, an irrigation system, the blocking of a navigable river without such dams, and so on.

The second class of buildings usually does not affect production or any other process, but only regulates it. However, due to a breakdown, work will not completely stop.

In addition to those listed, there are temporary hydroelectric facilities. This is a technique that is installed for a certain period, for example, for the period of repair work on the main hydraulic structure.

Varieties of hydraulic structures depending on the interaction with the water resource

Most structures are a barrier that makes the level between two water streams different. The drop provides the force of pressure, and the area between the two dams can be used as a reservoir. Consider the classification according to the treatment of the river.

Water retaining

Such barriers are built against the channel. They are designed to block the flow, thereby achieving an artificial level difference. This discrepancy between the volume of water and the normal flow leads to the appearance of pressure. This mechanism is used by stations that use a hydraulic structure as an energy facility. The force of water in pressure is converted into energy.

Another function of the water-retaining structure is to create artificial backwaters, reservoirs. The lower and upper pools are the two points with the maximum difference in levels. Such buildings provide control over climate change, which can disrupt the infrastructure of an entire city if flooding occurs. Therefore, such dams are considered the most dangerous in case of improper design or construction, further maintenance.

They are also the most essential. Such an artificial barrier makes it possible to build houses along the riverbed without fear of floods and other misfortunes.

Water intake

From the name it is already clear that the function of such structures is to manage the flow. Not only to take cubic meters of water, but also to move them across certain territories, launching them into locks and diverting them from a certain channel. Such a system is used in shipping when a loaded ship needs to be stranded or, on the contrary, removed from the port.

Small water intakes regulate and remove excess fluid from reservoirs and other artificial water systems. These are small valves that have holes in the drains below.

In addition, the main purpose of water intake hydraulic structures is to supply the necessary volumes of cool river moisture to factories and large enterprises. Cubic meters are needed for cooling, filtration or other functions. A number of industries perform secondary filtration and remove the liquid back to the water canal. For other purposes, only flow is required, for example, for irrigation. Irrigation of large agricultural lands requires large water supplies. At the same time, another function is carried out - cleaning from ice, debris and other impurities. Larger or finer filtration is installed at such intake points, which removes unnecessary elements.

Water intake can be carried out:

• from the surface of a river or lake - this is easy in the design of a hydraulic structure, but often inefficient due to surface contamination, which requires more thorough cleaning;
• from depth - the level of the fence goes well below the surface, it is more difficult in construction, but this eliminates the need to build protection against ice, and also ensures that moisture supply will be carried out even during dry periods when the water level drops sharply;
• from the bottom - this is the most stable and monumental option that will last a long time, but its peculiarity is in the power of the structure (resistance to the pressure of the water mass) and deep filtration from silt; and it also becomes more difficult to carry out repairs and maintenance.

Large enterprises most often make multi-level water intake. So pipes with pumps are installed at different distances, which gives a constant pressure.

According to the method of sampling, there are also various system configurations:

• Coastal. They are mounted on a steep, steep bank with the removal of the front wall to the ground. Large, massive reinforced concrete half-rings make the cliff suitable for exploitation. Pipes come out of the concrete wall at a certain level, which are designed to pump out liquid.
• Channel. These are also systems that are located on the banks of the river, but unlike the previous ones, they are less monumental and costly, do not require such large structures. They are located on gently sloping banks, and the tip is carried out into the channel.
• Floating. Such islands are located on barges. Pumps are mounted on them, they pump water from the surface and send it through a pipeline to the shore.
• Bucket. In this design there is a bucket, that is, a large tank for a large number of liters, which goes up and down. This wicks away moisture.

All of them can be combined with pumping equipment, bring water pipes to them.

Regulatory or straightening structures

They are intended for artificial intervention in the direction of the river, that is, they change the course. Buildings are called jet guides. They are built in several stages - the banks, the width of the river are regulated, then, if necessary, the depth. This can be achieved by lining the bottom in a certain area. Restrictors and jet guides form the flow and its speed in the already prepared framework. This is how the optimal level of the fairway is maintained, the reservoir does not leave its place, and the nearest production can use the water resource.

For the construction of water intake structures or dams that provide a directional flow of high power, it is sometimes necessary to properly lay the channel. To do this, according to the previous scheme, the banks and the bottom are equipped.

By power, there are two types of regulatory structures:

• permanent - multi-tier installations for the complete straightening of the channel, curvature and flow rate;
• temporary - lighter devices that help the river find a more optimal bend rather than change it.

The former consist of large dams, dams, dams, ramparts. If necessary, they can also connect a pumping station. Such an integrated approach almost completely makes it possible to take control over the elements into human hands.

The second ones are light embankments, bank fortifications. Such measures rather protect against the wrong flow, slightly change the direction.

Irrigation systems

Among the water intakes, irrigation structures stand separately. The calculation of the hydraulic structure for the irrigation of certain areas is done even for the period of the decision on the location of the reservoir, since ponds are often artificially dug out for these purposes, and dams are also made from the channel of the nearest river. If the hydraulic structure is located on a natural water resource, then two types are distinguished:

• damless - when an optimal bend is chosen to drain water so that the current does not muddy the liquid;
• damming - a special dam is being built, which directs the channel and blocks it, forming a pressure.

Culvert systems

These are structures that free closed reservoirs from excess rainfall. When there are too many of them, the liquid flows over the crest of the linear structure. When a wider range of goals is achieved, automated processes can be established - opening and closing the spillway valve.

GTS for special purposes

Among them:

• fishing;
• hydropower;
• shipping;
• ameliorative;
• sedimentation tanks for liquid waste.

General norms and basic provisions for the design and construction of hydraulic structures (HTS)

All requirements are presented in the documents:

• SP 58.13330.2012;
• SNiP 33-01-2003.

They provide security and technical regulation of buildings. The grounds are the bills N 117-FZ "On the safety of hydraulic structures", N 184-FZ "On technical regulation" and N 384-FZ " Technical regulation on the safety of buildings and structures. Also, references are made to the rules and GOSTs for construction:

• SP 14.13330.2011 "Construction in seismic regions";
• SNiP 2.01.07-85 "Loads and impacts";
• SNiP 2.05.03-84 "Bridges and pipes";
• SNiP 2.06.07-87 "Retaining walls, shipping locks, fish passage and fish protection structures";
• SNiP 2.06.15-85 "Engineering protection of territories from flooding and flooding";
• GOST 19185-73 “Hydraulic engineering. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions";
• GOST 26775-97 "Underbridge dimensions of navigable spans of bridges on inland waterways" and others.

Basic provisions for the design of hydraulic structures

When drawing up a project, you need to consider:

• urban planning and engineering development scheme;
• technical indicators of the structure, depending on the purpose;
• results of design surveys: geological, environmental, seismic, hydrological, meteorological and others;
• the possibility of carrying out certain methods of work, construction in certain conditions;
• impact on the environment and population, the level of water pollution, etc.;
• intensity of exploitation;
• building materials - reinforced concrete, pipes, etc.;
• the need to use pumping equipment, which means supplying electricity.

Since the number of varieties of hydraulic structures is very large, it is impossible to single out a typical project and give the conditions for its development. All design decisions will be applied depending on the tasks, goals and purpose.

- helps in laying the pipeline, allows you to take into account all intersections, wells and pipe sections in the drawing.

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Types and classification of which speak of a wide range their use. Any of these structures are built on water resources- from rivers and lakes to seas or groundwater - and are necessary in order to combat the destructive power of the water element. Each of the systems has its own characteristics of construction and operation.

How are they classified?

Hydraulic structures are understood as systems that make it possible to use or prevent the harmful effects of excess water on the environment. All modern watersheds, land reclamation) are called "hydraulic structures". Their types and classification, depending on the features of installation and operation, are as follows:

• sea, lake, river or ponds;
• ground or underground;
• served by the water sector;
• used by various industries.

Modern hydraulic structures are dams, and dams, and spillways, and water intakes, and canals. In general, any systems that are installed on

Water retaining

Water-retaining hydraulic structures are structures with which you can create pressure or provide a difference in front of and behind the dam. Experts say that the water regime in the backwater zone varies depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the region. Water-supporting hydraulic structures are the most important structures for creating dams, since they bear a large load due to water pressure. If suddenly the water-retaining structure fails, the pressure front of the water will be difficult to control, and this can lead to sad consequences.

Plumbing

Water supply structures consist of water intakes, spillways, spillways and canals. These are hydraulic structures that serve to transfer water to specified points. Water intake systems that take water from a reservoir and supply it to hydropower, water supply or irrigation facilities deserve special attention. Their task is to ensure the passage of water into the conduit in the prescribed volume, quantity and quality in accordance with the water consumption schedule. Depending on the location, it may be:

• surface: water is taken at the level of the free surface;
• deep: water is taken under the level of the free surface;
• bottom: water is taken from the lowest section of the watercourse;
• longline: with such a construction, the fence is carried out from several levels of water - it depends on its level in the reservoir itself and on its quality at different depths.

Most often, water intake hydraulic structures are mounted on rivers. The photo shows that such structures can be high and low.

Water intakes for different reservoirs

Depending on the type of source, water intakes can be river, lake, sea, reservoir. Among the river structures, the most popular are coastal, floating, channel, which can be combined with pumping stations or mounted separately:

• A shore facility must be installed if the coast is steep. Such a design is water intake hydraulic structures consisting of concrete or reinforced concrete with a large diameter. The photo shows that the front wall comes ashore.
• The channel systems are placed on and are distinguished by a cap placed in
• Floating structures are a pontoon or barge with pumps installed on them, through which water is taken from the river and fed through pipes to the shore.
• Bucket water intake systems take water from the reservoir with a bucket located on the shore.

Regulatory

Regulatory hydraulic structures - what is it? In another way, they are called straightening structures, as they allow you to regulate the flow of rivers. This can be achieved through the construction of jet guides and limiting structures in the channel itself and along the banks of the reservoir. Thanks to such systems, the river flow is formed so that it moves at a relatively low speed and thereby maintains a fairway with predetermined minimum values ​​of width, depth and curvature. These hydraulic structures are popular, the types and classification of which are as follows:

• capital structures that are part of the general systems for regulating rivers and aimed at long-term use;
• light structures, which are otherwise called temporary and are used mainly on rivers of small and medium volume.

The first structures consist of dams, ramparts, dams and ideally cope with the undermining and destructive action of water. Light control structures are veils, wicker fences that simply direct or deflect the flow of the device.

Irrigation hydraulic structures

Types and classification suggest a division according to the presence of dams - damless or dammed. The first systems involve the creation of an artificial channel that departs from the river at a certain angle and takes part of the flow of the watercourse. To prevent sediment from the bottom from falling into the irrigation canal, such structures are located on concave sections of the coast. If the water flow is significant, then the construction of dam structures is required, which, in turn, can be surface or deep.

Culverts

Culvert hydraulic structures are weirs and spillways. These systems are referred to as controlled or automatic action. With the help of the spillway, excess water is discharged from the reservoir, and the spillway is a system in which water overflows freely over the crest of the water-retaining structure. Depending on the characteristics of the movement of water, such systems can be without pressure or pressure.

special purpose

Among the special-purpose hydraulic structures, one can single out: hydropower, irrigation, drainage structures, melioration systems and water transport structures. Let's take a closer look at these structures:

• Hydropower facilities are built-in, channel, dam or diversion. Such systems consist of water intake structures, pressure pipelines, turbines with generators, discharge pipelines and various types of gates. Hydroelectric power plants are needed to convert the energy of the flow of water into electricity.
• Water transport: these systems consist of locks, ship lifts, port facilities that are mounted on rivers, canals with different water levels in them.
• Ameliorative: these systems allow you to think over measures aimed at radical improvement of land. As part of land reclamation, drainage and irrigation of territories is carried out. With the help of a drainage system, excess moisture is removed, and an irrigation system provides timely watering of the territory. Drainage systems can be horizontal or vertical.
• Fish passages: these hydraulic structures ensure the passage of fish from the lower water level to the upper one, mainly during its spawning migration. Such systems are of two types: the first ones involve the independent passage of fish through special fish passages, the second - through special fish passage locks and fish elevators.
• Settling tanks: they are special storage tanks where production waste and industrial effluents are collected.

In some cases, general and special structures are combined, for example, a spillway system is placed in a power plant building. Such complex systems are called nodes of hydraulic structures.

What is the danger?

There is also a division of hydraulic structures according to their degree of danger: they can be low, medium, high or extremely high degree danger. Most often, the main factors affecting the hazard of hydraulic structures are natural loads and impacts, non-compliance of the design solution with regulatory requirements, violation of the operating conditions of structures, or consequences and damage due to an accident. Any shortcomings and unpredictable impacts can lead to the destruction of structures, a breakthrough of the pressure front.