The modern system of plants and animals is a reflection of macroevolution. Systematics of animals Principles of modern classification

"Influence of animals" - Felinotherapy - the therapeutic effect of cats. Types of therapy. The term “activities involving animals” is also used. Kinds. Now such centers have appeared in Russia in the majority major cities. Cats brighten up loneliness, soothe, lower blood pressure. History of Animal Therapy.

"Study of Animals" - Experiment Modeling Hypothesis and Theory. Zoology (according to the classification criterion). Greek scientist Aristotle (IV century. Systematics of animals. Methods of study. Differences between animals and plants. Similarities and differences between animals and plants. Main taxa: Species Genus Family Order Class Type Subtype Kingdom.

"Human impact on animals" - Poaching in the Crimean reserve In Altai On the Angara. Deforestation. Sable. Human impact on animals. Fishery -. Direct human impact. indirect impact. Laying of automobile and railway highways and pipelines. Indirect impact – change of environment and habitat.

"Animals of Kazakhstan" - People should build a new one. city, sparrows are right there. AT explanatory dictionary Dalia for hoopoe, 2 synonyms are indicated - a dummy and a pot. Eagle. Hoopoe - (Galan cockerel). Did you know that there is a sparrow that lives in deep holes? According to the World Conservation Union, the species is quite numerous.

"Plant and Animal World" - Diversity flora. Factors affecting vegetation. Birds. Herbivorous animals. Find on the vegetation map areas occupied by deserts, tundras, forests and steppes. Deserts. Predators of the Tundra. Content. Steppe animals. Steppes of the Forest. Climate Groundwater Soil Human activity Relief (altitude zonation).

"Animal World of Russia" - Food chains: sable, cedar, elk, squirrel, lynx. Lack of cover; Fast run; Burrows; Herds; Storing food for the winter. Elk. Animal world: Squirrel. Economical consumption of water; Hibernation in summer; Burrows. Animal world of Russia. Tiered distribution; Tree climbing; hibernation; Moult; nests; Burrows. forest zone. Cedar.

Total in the topic 22 presentations

Lesson 2. The system of plants and animals - a display of evolution.

The purpose of the lesson: building knowledge about modern system organic world.

Tasks:

1) educational: the formation of knowledge about the modern system of the organic world as a reflection of the evolution of the organic world;

2) developing: to develop in students the ability to highlight the main thing, summarize what has been covered, logically express their thoughts, compare, draw conclusions;

3) educational: the formation of students' scientific outlook on the evolution of the organic world.

Equipment: tables by general biology, portrait of K. Linnaeus.

Lesson plan:

1. What is systematics and classification.
2. Modern system of living nature; principles of classification.
3. The merits of K. Linnaeus in the development of taxonomy.
4. Systematic categories of plants and animals.

Structure and course of the lesson:

1. Generalizing scheme "Evidence of evolution".

Evidence for evolution

Embryological evidence:

1) Baer's Law

2) Haeckel-Muller law

Comparative anatomical evidence:

Ø homologues

Ø Analogues

Ø atavisms

Ø Rudiments

Ø Living transitional forms (echidna, platypus)

paleontological evidence:

Transitional forms (foreigners, Archeopteryx, Ichthyosteg)

2. Systematics- the science of the diversity and classification of organisms.

Classification is the distribution of organisms into related groups.

Many scientists have tried to classify. But their attempts were unsuccessful, since naturalists reflected the order established by the Creator, and not the relationship of species.

3. Consider the modern system of wildlife and the main features of the 4 kingdoms.

Cellular Non-cellular (viruses)

Superkingdom

Pokaryotes: Eukaryotes:

Kingdom Bacteria

Plant Kingdom

Kingdom Animals

Kingdom Mushrooms

4. A great contribution to the development of taxonomy was made by the scientist Carl Linnaeus. His merits:

Ø introduced 1 thousand botanical terms (pistil, stamen, calyx, etc.)

Ø used systematic categories (genus, species, class, etc.)

Ø introduced a double species name in Latin

Ø in his work "philosophy of botany" revealed the principles of classifying plants according to the number of parts of a flower.

But his system was artificial, since it did not reflect the principles of kinship between groups and was based on a few arbitrarily taken signs.

Taxa - these are the systematic categories used for classification.

Here the principle of hierarchy is taken into account - the subordination of units of lower rank to higher ones. Categories are groups of one or more taxonomic units lowest rank. Genera, families, orders, classes, types are branches of the "tree of life". The origin of the diversity of the organic world is displayed in the form of a branched tree, on which each bundle represents a group of species that arose from the original form. That is, the principles of monophyly and divergence are respected.

Conclusion: the whole variety of species of the organic world arose from the original ancestor as a result of the divergence of signs, thanks to the driving forces: natural selection, struggle for existence. The material of evolution is hereditary variability.

1. to systematize students' knowledge about the evolution of the living world on Earth, its results and significance for the development of biological science; check the formation of skills to determine the variability in plants and animals, their taxonomic categories, traits of adaptability to certain conditions of existence, to explain the causes and results of evolution;

Equipment:

"tasks"

Write down the term:

FI ___________________

Option 1.

The process of creating new breeds of animals and varieties of cultivated plants, through the systematic selection and reproduction of individuals with certain traits and properties that are valuable to humans.

The set of diverse and complex relationships that exist between organisms and environmental conditions.

What is the name of a device that allows animals to be less visible in the environment? _______________

similarity defenseless or edible type with one or more unrelated species, well protected and with warning coloration.

It means the complication of the structural and functional organization, raising it to more high level. Give an example of this direction of evolution from botany and zoology.

Divergence - ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Option 2.

FI ___________________

Processes occurring in nature of selective destruction of some individuals and preferential reproduction of others (Ch. Darwin).

List the main forms of the struggle for existence. ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________,

What is the name of the coloring that warns the predator about the futility and even the danger of an attack? ______________________________

A set of individuals that are similar in structure, have a common origin, freely interbreed with each other and give fertile offspring.

..._______________ - adaptation to special conditions environment, useful in the struggle for existence, but not changing the level of organization of animals and plants. Give an example of this direction of evolution from botany and zoology.

Convergence - ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

For example, _____________________________________________

Modern systematics.

Modern systematics.

Modern systematics.

Modern systematics.

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"lesson"

Topic: The modern system of plants and animals - a reflection of macroevolution.

Purpose: formation of ideas about the modern system of plants and animals, as a reflection of macroevolution.

to systematize students' knowledge about the evolution of the living world on Earth, its results and significance for the development of biological science; check the formation of skills to determine the variability in plants and animals, their taxonomic categories, traits of adaptability to certain conditions of existence, to explain the causes and results of evolution;

develop thought processes through the methods of mental actions;

cultivate interest in the subject.

Equipment:

Basic concepts of the topic: on the basis of knowledge of the driving forces of evolution, their biological essence, explain the reasons for the emergence of a variety of species of living organisms and their adaptability to conditions environment

During the classes:

1. Verification of previously received ZUN.

Biological dictation for knowledge of terms:

Learning new material.

1. Actualization of students' knowledge.

Who developed the foundations of the modern classification of organisms?

List the systematic groups of animals and plants known to you from the course of zoology and botany.

2. Systematic groups.

Taxonomists use these data to prove evolution, as they establish relationships between taxa.

In modern systematics, organisms are divided into a number of systematic categories: species, genus, family, order (order for plants), class, type (section for plants), etc.

Each highest systematic category, starting from the genus, unites groups that are lower in rank and have a common ancestor. The genus unites species that descended from one ancestor and, as a result of the struggle for existence and natural selection, are able to exist and successfully reproduce in various geographical and environmental conditions.

The characters (criteria) on the basis of which related species are combined into genera are clearly seen in the example of Darwin's finches. On the Galapagos Islands finches are represented by three genera: ground finches, tree finches, and warblers. Ground finches nest in the arid zone and feed for the most part in open places, arboreal nest in the arid zone and feed on trees; Warblers occupy different habitats.

The main feature by which the types of finches are distinguished is the structure of the beak, which is closely related to the characteristics of nutrition. On cactus flowers, the cactus ground finch feeds, which has a long beak and a split tongue. The large ground finch has a thick, massive beak that copes well with large seeds. The woodpecker, woody, finch got its name from the straight, like a woodpecker, beak, with which it hollows the tree bark, crawling up and down the trunk. Absence long tongue he makes up for it with a cactus needle or twig, holding it in his beak and picking out insects from a hole in the bark that he has hollowed out. All species of Darwin's finches do not interbreed; some species form subspecies - which means that speciation continues. All types of finches are descended from the same parent species.

3. Principles of modern classification.

The foundations of scientific systematics were laid back in the 18th century. K. Linnaeus. The principles of Linnaean classification are still valid today.

Every species name contains the name of the genus. The genus includes the closest species of organisms. Allocate, for example, such genera as cats, horses, oaks, etc. Initially, for the species name, phrases were added to the genus name, which described the characteristic species characteristics. For example, the red oak was called "an oak with leaves having deep slits ending in hair-like teeth." Later, after the work of Linnaeus, the double, or binomial, name of the species took root. The first word is the name of the genus, the second is the name of the species. For example, red oak. Domestic dog.

The modern classification system takes into account signs of the relationship of species with both living and already extinct. Each taxonomic category corresponds to a group of organisms that share a common ancestor. Such a classification system reflects the natural community of organisms and is therefore called natural. Natural classifications make it possible to predict the presence of certain properties in organisms depending on their position in the system.

The relationships between the main groups of modern organisms that have developed in the process of evolution are like the branches of a mighty tree. The genealogical tree as a whole and its branching clearly reveal general character macroevolution: the development of living beings from less complex to more complex, divergent and adaptive nature of evolution

Consolidation of acquired knowledge.

1. Fill in the table by entering the name of the systematic groups

Possible answers: cruciferous, cabbage, lily, dicots, monocots, plants, angiosperms, rosaceae, legumes, rosaceae, lilies, cereals, wheatgrass, currants.

2. Fill in the table by entering the name of the systematic groups

Possible answers: chordates, hares, elephants, ducks, bears, elephants, bears, proboscis, ducks, mammals, hares, ducks, animals, carnivores, hares, anseriformes.

I. Write down the numbers of statements. Sign “+” mark the correct answer, “-” the wrong answer

1. Systematics - a branch of biology that classifies living organisms.

2. Species - the basic unit in the system of organisms.

3. Dandelion is the name of a plant species.

5. Blackcurrant - the name of a plant genus.

6. Detachment is the smallest systematic unit in animals.

7. Chordates include both birds and mammals.

8. The double name of the organism indicates species characteristics

II. Choose the correct answer.

A) species B) genus C) family D) class

2. In what case is the name of the plant department indicated?

3. In what case are systematic groups arranged in the correct sequence?

A) species - genus - department - class - kingdom - family

B) genus - family - species - department - kingdom - class

C) kingdom - department - class - family - genus - species

D) family - species - genus - class - kingdom - department

4. In what case is the name of the type of animal indicated?

A) mammals; B) chordates; B) birds D) animals

5. In what case are systematic groups arranged in the correct sequence?

A) species - genus - family - squad-class-type - kingdom

B) genus - family - species - type - kingdom - class

C) kingdom - type - class - family - genus - species

D) family - species - genus - class - kingdom - detachment

Generalization.

Discussion of the results independent work and formulating conclusions.

Modern organic world- the result of a long irreversible historical development, driving force which is natural selection.

It is natural selection that is the reason for the existence of different levels of life organization, diversity of species and their adaptation to environmental conditions.

Macro- and microevolution is a single process occurring in time.

The modern system of plants and animals is a reflection of macroevolution.

Repeat pages 8-11 of the textbook

Summary of the lesson.

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How to find the information you need here

• - the distribution of living organisms into groups based on their morphological and physiological similarities and kinship.
• Systematics is the science of classifying living organisms.

• family
• squad (order for plants)
• Class
• type (plant department)
• kingdom
• empire

• Kingdom - (plants, animals, fungi,
• pellets, viruses)
• Type (in animals) Division (in plants)
• Type Chordates
• Class: Mammals
• Order: Carnivores
• Family: Feline
• Genus: Tigers
• Species: Ussuri tiger

Plant and animal system - evolution display

1. Who developed the foundations of the modern classification of organisms?
2. List the systematic groups of animals and plants known to you from the course zoology and botany.

Taxonomists use these data to prove evolution, as they establish relationships between taxa.

systematic groups.

In the modern classification system organisms distributed according to a number of systematic categories: species, genus, family, order (order for plants), class, type (section for plants), etc.

Species form genera, genera form families, families form orders, and so on. Each subsequent category reflects the similarity more and more general characteristics organisms included in it. To general properties animals belonging to the class of mammals include the following: they are all vertebrates, are characterized by a relative constancy of body temperature and have mammary glands for feeding their young. Animals that feed on animals are included in the order of predators. food and having special devices for this (fangs, claws, and others). By appearance and way of life predatory are divided into families: dogs, bears, mustelids, etc. Similar groups within the family form genera, which consist of separate species.

In the Galapagos Islands, for example, finches are represented by three genera: earthen, arboreal, and warblers. Ground finches nest in the arid zone and feed on open places; arboreal - nest in the arid zone and feed on trees; warbler - occupy different habitats. The main feature by which the types of finches are distinguished is the structure of the beak (Fig. 88); it determines the ecological specialization of the species. So, on the flowers of a cactus, a cactus ground finch feeds, which has a long beak and a split tongue. The large ground finch has a thick, massive beak that copes well with large seeds.

The Woodpecker Tree Finch gets its name from its straight, woodpecker-like beak, with which it pecks at tree bark as it crawls up and down the trunk. He makes up for the lack of a long tongue with a cactus needle or twig, holding it in his beak and picking out insects from a hole in the bark that he has hollowed out.

Principles of modern classification.

The foundations of scientific systematics were laid back in the 18th century. K. Linnaeus. The principles of Linnaean classification are still valid today.

Every species name contains the name of the genus. The genus includes the closest species of organisms. Allocate, for example, such genera as cats, horses, oaks, etc. Initially, for the species name, phrases were added to the genus name, which described the characteristic species characteristics. For example, the red oak was called "an oak with deeply slitted leaves ending in gold-like denticles."