What is non-waste technology give examples. Waste-free and low-waste production

Problems harmful influence industry on the environment has long been a concern for environmentalists. Along with modern means organization of effective methods of disposal hazardous waste options are also being developed to minimize the initial damage to the environment. In this regard, the reduction of waste emissions allows not only to reduce damage to nearby infrastructure facilities, but also to increase the economic efficiency of enterprises. True, non-waste technologies also require significant contributions in the course of implementation. The introduction of such programs often affects the production stages, forcing managers to reconsider approaches to ensuring technological processes.

What are non-waste and low-waste technologies?

In a broad view, wastelessness does not at all imply a complete rejection of the development of secondary products that remain after the main one. That is, the definition of a wasteless technology may imply such an organization of an enterprise’s work in which the most rational consumption is carried out. natural resources and energy. But it's still general definition of this concept. If we take a strict approach to the consideration of the issue, then waste-free technologies should be presented as a general production process, according to which raw materials are used completely in a closed cycle.

Low-waste technology deserves special attention. In essence, this is an intermediate link that allows you to transfer the enterprise to a full-cycle production mode at minimal cost. At the facilities where the low-waste concept was implemented, there is a level of harmful impact on the environmental background that does not exceed the permissible sanitary standards. However, if non-waste technologies involve the complete processing of secondary raw materials, then in this case, long-term storage or disposal of materials is also allowed.

How is wastelessness of production assessed?

To begin with, it should be noted that the full implementation of a completely waste-free production is not always possible. There are entire industries in which enterprises and combines, by virtue of different reasons cannot leave the low-waste status. In this regard, the estimates of non-waste deserve attention. In particular, experts use coefficients that allow determining what percentage of waste an enterprise cannot recycle and sends for recycling or storage.

For example, low-waste and waste-free technologies in the coal industry are more difficult to implement than in other industries. In this case, the waste-free ratio varies from 75 to 95%. You should also remember the very essence of the introduction of technologies that reduce the impact of harmful substances on the environment. Given this aspect, we can talk about the need to define and share useful substances contained in the waste. Sometimes this figure reaches 80%.

Technology principles

Wasteless technology is based on several principles, the main ones being the following:

It assumes that it is necessary to consider the production facility from the point of view of waste minimization without separation from the regional industrial infrastructure.
Cyclic flow. According to this principle, there must be some kind of circulation of the raw materials used, as well as the energy that ensures its processing.
Complex application of resources. This principle provides for the maximum consumption of raw materials and energy potential. Since any raw material can be considered as complex, all its components must be extracted during production cycles.
Limitation of environmental impacts. We can say that this is the main idea, in accordance with which low-waste and waste-free production technologies are being developed in various industries.
Rationality of the organization of production. In this case, it is supposed to optimize technological processes in order to save material resources, energy costs and financial investments as much as possible.

The process of introducing non-waste technologies

Any action aimed at changing the production process involves the development of a project. In this case, it may be assumed to create drainless technological systems and water circulation cycles on the platform effective methods filtration. Such schemes, for example, are used in industries One of the most effective tools recycling raw material base is the introduction of waste-free technologies that exclude the formation of secondary products in principle. For this, additional stages of processing and purification are introduced into the production processes. It is also practiced to create separate industrial complexes, which purposefully implement closed systems with the provision of processing material flows.

Zero waste in metallurgy

In the process of designing plants that will process non-ferrous and ferrous metals, the widest range of means to ensure non-waste is used. For example, liquid, gaseous and solid wastes can be involved in processing. Cleaning agents are also used as a basic tool for minimizing processed products. In addition, low-waste and waste-free technologies can operate not only within the framework of the metallurgical enterprise itself. Mountain and processing plants, where the development of large-tonnage dump waste takes place, is engaged in the production of ready-made building materials. In particular, bookmarks for mines are made from waste, wall blocks are formed and road surfaces are laid.

Wastelessness in agriculture

This area of economic activity is the most flexible in terms of the use of funds that ensure the recycling of resources. This is due to the fact that most of the agricultural waste contains products of organic origin. For example, zero-waste technologies may appear in the form reuse compost, manure, sawdust, foliage and other materials. Further, a raw material base for fertilizer is formed from these wastes, which saves costs.

Wastelessness in the energy sector

In modern energy, specialists are guided by wide application technological methods of fuel combustion. This may be the use of a fluidized bed, which helps to minimize contaminants in the exhaust gases. Also, waste-free production technology in the energy sector is manifested in the development of developments aimed at cleaning gas emissions from nitrogen and sulfur oxides. The approaches to technical equipment enterprises. Dust cleaning equipment, for example, is operated with high efficiency, and the resulting ash subsequently enters the construction industry as an ingredient in concrete solutions.

Problems of non-waste and low-waste industries

The main part of the problems that arise in the process of transition to waste-free production is due to the contradiction between the desire to minimize processed products and maintain the efficiency of enterprises. The inclusion of new stages in production processes with the utilization of secondary raw materials, for example, reduces the economic performance of industrial facilities. Also, the problems of non-waste technology are associated with the impossibility of processing a number of waste products. This mainly applies to the branches of the chemical industry, in which the volumes of hazardous gaseous wastes are increasing. However, there are also opposite examples, when the introduction of waste-free production projects contributed to an increase in economic efficiency. In the same mining industry, enterprises sell rocks with characteristics that meet the requirements of construction plants as secondary raw materials.

Zero waste management

The integration of systems that allow optimizing production capacities in terms of minimizing the generation of hazardous waste also implies the improvement of management processes. Enterprises are required to organize a whole range of functions that allow them to regulate the formation, use and placement of processed products. At the same time, it is important to take into account that non-waste technologies at enterprises affect not only the direct sources of secondary raw materials production, but also further consumers. Raw material storage and disposal systems are being improved to improve the efficiency of subsequent waste management.

Conclusion

Despite the decline in production during the crisis, harmful effect industrial enterprises on the environment remains at the same level (at best). This is explained by the fact that managers seek to save, including on environmental costs. Nevertheless, non-waste allow solving problems of this kind, offering a means of more rational consumption of the original raw material base. In other words, measures to reduce waste come into effect already at the first stages of the technological process. This makes it possible not only to optimize the volume of the final output of the secondary product, but also to save on initial costs associated with the purchase of resources for production.

Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...3
1. Wasteless production………………………………………………………………… ..4
2.Basic principles of creating waste-free industries………………………………...5
3.Requirements for non-waste production………………………………………………………7
4.Waste-free technologies……………………………………………………………………….7
5.Principles of creating a waste-free technology………………………………………………..8
6. Directions of non-waste technology in certain industries………9
6.1.Energy……………………………………………………………………………….....9
6.2. Mining. ………………………………………………………………....9
6.3. Metallurgy…………………………………………………………………………………...9
6.4. Chemical and oil refining industry. …………………………....9
6.5. Engineering.…………………………………………………………………………….10
6.6. Paper industry……………………………………………………………………10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..11
References……………………………………………………………………………….12

Introduction
With the development of modern production with its scale and growth rates, the problems of developing and implementing non-waste industries and technologies are becoming increasingly important. Their speedy solution in a number of countries is considered as a strategic direction for the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.
Waste-free production is a production in which not only the main raw materials are fully used, but also the production waste obtained along the way, as a result of which the consumption of raw materials is reduced and environmental pollution is minimized. Waste-free production can use waste from its own production process, and waste from other industries.
Wasteless technology - technology that implies the most rational use natural resources and energy in production, providing environmental protection.
A significant contribution to the concept of non-waste technologies and production was made by Soviet scientists, such as: A. E. Fersman, N. N. Semenov, I. V. Petryanov-Sokolov, B. N. Laskorin and others. By analogy with natural ecological systems, non-waste technologies and production are based on the technogenic circulation of substances and energy. The need to create waste-free technologies and industries arose in the 50s. 20th century due to the depletion of world natural resources and pollution of the biosphere as a result of rapid development, along with the chemicalization of agriculture and the growth of transport, the leading sectors of the energy and manufacturing industries (oil refining, chemical industry, nuclear energy, non-ferrous metallurgy and etc.).
The purpose of this work is to study non-waste technologies and industries.
Research objectives:
1. To study the concept of "wasteless production".
2. Consider the basic principles of creating non-waste production, requirements for non-waste production.
4. To study the concept of "non-waste technologies".
5. Analyze the principles of creating waste-free technology.
6. Consider the directions and developments of waste-free technology in certain industries.

1. Waste-free production.
Waste-free production is a production in which all raw materials are eventually converted into a particular product and which is simultaneously optimized according to technological, economic and socio-ecological criteria. The fundamental novelty of this approach to the further development of industrial production is due to the impossibility of effectively solving the problems of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources only by improving the methods of neutralization, recycling, processing or disposal of waste. The USSR was the initiator of the idea of non-waste production. An example of waste-free production is the production of marble. All waste obtained during the mechanical processing of marble blocks and substandard blocks are processed into marble chips.
The concept of non-waste production provides for the need to include the sphere of consumption in the cycle of using raw materials. In other words, products after physical or obsolescence must be returned to the sphere of production. Thus, non-waste production is a practically closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical cycle of matter. When creating and developing non-waste industries, it is mandatory to use all components of raw materials.
At present, despite the fact that almost all raw materials used in industry are multicomponent, as a rule, only one component is used as a finished product. The maximum possible is the integrated use of energy in waste-free production. Here you can also draw a direct analogy with natural ecosystems, which, being practically closed in matter, are not isolated, since they absorb energy that they receive from the Sun, transform it, binding a small part, and dissipate it into the surrounding space. The most important component of the concept of non-waste production is also the concept of the normal functioning of the environment and the damage caused to it by negative anthropogenic impact. The concept of non-waste production emphasizes that, while inevitably affecting the environment, it does not disrupt its normal functioning. The creation of waste-free production is a long and gradual process that requires the solution of a number of interrelated technological, economic, organizational, psychological and other tasks. These tasks can and should be solved, as follows from the definition of non-waste production, at various levels: process, enterprise, production association.
2.Basic principles for the creation of non-waste industries.
Production waste - the remains of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, formed upon receipt of a given product, which have partially or completely lost their qualities and do not meet the standards (technical specifications). These residues, after appropriate processing, can be used in production or consumption.
Consumption waste is industrial, technical and household products unsuitable for further use (for its intended purpose) (for example, worn-out plastic and rubber products, broken fireclay bricks for thermal insulation of furnaces, etc.).
By-products are formed during the physical and chemical processing of raw materials along with the main production products, but are not the goal of the production process. In most cases, they are marketable, they have GOST, TU and approved prices, their release is planned. Most often, these are components contained in raw materials that are not used in this production, or products that are obtained during the extraction or enrichment of the main raw materials; they are usually called by-products (for example, associated gas during oil production).
Secondary material resources (BMP) - a set of production and consumption waste that can be used as the main or auxiliary material for the production of target products.
An open type of communication still dominates between industry and the environment. The production process begins with the use of natural resources and ends with their transformation into means of production, consumer goods. The production process is followed by the consumption process, after which the used products are discarded.
Thus, an open system is based on the principle of one-time use of the source material of nature.
Each time, production activity begins with the use of some new natural resources, and each time consumption ends with the release of waste into the environment. As shown above, a very small part of natural resources is converted into target products, most of them end up in waste.
The biosphere functions according to the principle of built-in systems: each form is constructed at the expense of the destruction of other forms, constituting a link in the general circulation of matter in nature. Production activity until very recently was based on a different principle - the maximum exploitation of natural resources and ignoring the problem of destruction of production and consumption waste. This path was possible only as long as the scale of waste did not exceed the limits of the ability of ecological systems to self-repair.
Thus, there is a need for a transition to a fundamentally new form of communication - to closed systems of production, assuming the greatest possible integration of production processes into the general circulation of matter in nature.
With a closed system, production is built based on the following fundamental principles:
1. more complete use of the original natural substance is possible;
2. more complete use of waste is possible (waste recovery and their transformation into feedstock for subsequent production steps);
3. creation of end products of production with such properties that the used production and consumption wastes can be assimilated by ecological systems.
The current situation in the field of resource consumption and the scale of industrial emissions allow us to conclude that there is only one way to solve the problem of optimal consumption of natural resources and environmental protection - the creation of environmentally friendly technological processes, or waste-free, and for the first time - low-waste. This is the only way suggested by nature itself.
In November 1979 in Geneva, at a meeting on environmental protection within the framework of the United Nations (UN), a "Declaration on low-waste and zero-waste technology and the use of waste" was adopted. Low-waste production is understood as such production, the harmful consequences of which do not exceed the level permissible by sanitary standards, but for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials goes into waste and is sent for long-term storage.
The biosphere provides us with natural resources, from which end products are obtained in the sphere of production, while waste is generated. Products are used either in production or in consumption, and waste is again generated. Waste refers to substances that at first do not have consumer value. In many cases, if necessary, after appropriate processing, they can be used as secondary raw materials (secondary material resources) or as secondary energy carriers (secondary energy resources). If for technical or technological reasons it is impossible or economically unprofitable to process waste, then they must be released into the biosphere in such a way that, if possible, they do not harm the natural environment.
3.Requirements for non-waste production.
On the way to improve existing and develop fundamentally new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements:

implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since each of them generates waste and wastes raw materials;

the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy;

increase (to the optimum) unit capacity of the units;

intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;

creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy with technology makes it possible to make fuller use of the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units. An example of such production is the large-scale production of ammonia according to the energy technological scheme.

4. Waste-free technologies.
Waste-free technology is a principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. A closed cycle means a chain of primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials. The term "non-waste technology" was first proposed by the Commission for the Protection of Natural Waters of the USSR.
The primary goal of waste-free technology is to reduce the amount of unused waste output into the biosphere per unit time so that the natural balance of the biosphere is maintained and the main natural resources are preserved.
etc.................

In accordance with the legislation in force in Russia, enterprises that violate sanitary and environmental standards do not have the right to exist and must be reconstructed or closed, that is, all modern enterprises must be low-waste and waste-free. In this regard, in a number of industries in Russia there are already quantitative indicators non-waste assessments.

Zero-waste technology is an ideal production model, which in most cases is currently not fully implemented, but only partially (hence the term "low-waste technology" becomes clear). However, there are already examples of completely waste-free production. Thus, for many years, the Volkhov and Pikalevsky alumina refineries have been processing nepheline into alumina, soda, potash and cement according to practically waste-free technological schemes. Moreover, the operating costs for the production of alumina, soda, potash and cement, obtained from nepheline raw materials, are 10-15% lower than the costs of obtaining these products by others. industrial ways. When creating non-waste production, a number of complex organizational, technical, technological, economic, psychological and other tasks have to be solved. For the development and implementation of non-waste industries, a number of interrelated principles can be distinguished.

The main one is the principle of consistency. In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system. Total industrial production in the region (TPK) and more high level as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, including, in addition to material production and other economic and economic activities of man, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), as well as man and his environment. Thus, the principle of consistency underlying the creation of non-waste industries should take into account the existing and growing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

Another important principle of creating non-waste production is the complexity of the use of resources. This principle requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex, and on average, more than a third of their number are related elements that can be extracted only through its complex processing. Thus, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinoids, as well as more than 20% of gold, are already obtained as a by-product during the processing of complex ores.

The principle of complex economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank state task and is clearly articulated in a number of government decrees. Specific forms of its implementation will primarily depend on the level of organization of non-waste production at the stage of the process, individual production, production complex and ecological and economic system. One of general principles creation of non-waste production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclic material flows include closed water and gas circulation cycles. Ultimately, the consistent application of this principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the energy transformations associated with it. As effective ways of forming cyclical material flows and rational use of energy, one can point to the combination and cooperation of industries, the creation of TPK, as well as the development and production of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of its reuse.

No less important principles for creating waste-free production include the requirement to limit the impact of production on the natural and social environment, taking into account the systematic and purposeful growth of its volumes and environmental perfection. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, the surface of the earth, recreational resources, public health. It should be emphasized that the implementation of this principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level nature management.

The general principle of creating non-waste production is also the rationality of its organization. The decisive factors here are the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction of energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely associated with reducing the negative impact on the environment and causing damage to it, including related industries. National economy. The ultimate goal in this case should be considered the optimization of production simultaneously in terms of energy technology, economic and environmental parameters. The main way to achieve this goal is the development of new and improvement of existing technological processes and industries. One example of such an approach to the organization of waste-free production is the disposal of pyrite cinders - a waste product of sulfuric acid production. Currently, pyrite cinders are completely used in the production of cement. However, the most valuable components of pyrite cinders - copper, silver, gold, not to mention iron, are not used. At the same time, an economically viable technology for processing pyrite cinders (for example, chloride) with the production of copper, precious metals and the subsequent use of iron has already been proposed.

In the entire set of works related to environmental protection and the rational development of natural resources, it is necessary to single out the main directions for creating low- and non-waste industries. These include the integrated use of raw materials and energy resources; improvement of existing and development of fundamentally new technological processes and industries and related equipment; introduction of water and gas circulation cycles (based on efficient gas and water treatment methods); cooperation of production using the wastes of some industries as raw materials for others and the creation of waste-free TPK. On the way to improve new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements:

- implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since waste is generated at each of them, and raw materials are lost;
- the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy;
- increase (to the optimum) unit capacity of the units;
- intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;
- creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy with technology makes it possible to make fuller use of the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units. An example of such production is the large-scale production of ammonia according to the energy technological scheme.

With the current level of development of science and technology, it is practically impossible to do without losses. As the technology of selective separation and interconversion of various substances improves, the losses will constantly decrease.

Industrial production without material, uselessly accumulated losses and waste already exists in entire industries, but its share is still small. What new technologies can we talk about if from 1985 - the beginning of perestroika and up to the present time economic development in the transition to the market goes to the touch; the share of depreciation of fixed production assets is increasing more and more, in some industries it is 80--85%. The technical re-equipment of production facilities has been suspended. At the same time, we are obliged to deal with the problem of non-waste and low-waste production. With the increasing pace of waste accumulation, the population may be littered with industrial and domestic waste dumps and be left without drinking water, enough clean air and fertile land. The fuel and industrial complexes of Norilsk, Severonickel, Nizhny Tagil and many other cities can expand further and turn Russia into a territory poorly adapted to life.

Still, modern technology developed enough to stop the growth of waste in a number of industries and industries. And in this process, the state should assume the role of a leader and, in a planned manner, develop and implement a comprehensive state program for the introduction of non-waste industries and the processing of accumulated Russian Federation waste.

Let us name the main available directions and developments of non-waste and low-waste technology in certain industries.

1. Energy. In the energy sector, it is necessary to make wider use of new methods of fuel combustion, such as fluidized-bed combustion, which helps to reduce the content of pollutants in exhaust gases, the introduction of developments for the purification of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from gas emissions; to achieve the operation of dust-cleaning equipment with the highest possible efficiency, while the resulting ash is effectively used as a raw material in the production of building materials and in other industries. waste-free production raw materials industry
2. Mining. In the mining industry, it is necessary: to introduce the developed technologies for complete recycling waste. Both open-pit and underground mining; apply more widely geotechnological methods for the development of mineral deposits, while striving to extract earth's surface only target components; use non-waste methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the place of its extraction; more widely apply hydrometallurgical methods of processing ores.

Metallurgy. In the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, when creating new enterprises and reconstructing existing industries, it is necessary to introduce waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure the economical, rational use of ore raw materials:

- involvement in the processing of gaseous, liquid and solid waste production, reduction of emissions and discharges of harmful substances with exhaust gases and wastewater;
- in the extraction and processing of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals - the widespread introduction of the use of large-tonnage dump solid waste from mining and processing production as building materials, laying the goaf of mines, road surfaces, wall blocks, etc. instead of specially mined mineral resources;
- processing in full of all blast-furnace and ferroalloy slags, as well as a significant increase in the scale of processing of steel-smelting slags and non-ferrous metallurgy slags;
- a sharp reduction in fresh water consumption and a decrease in waste water by further development and introduction of anhydrous technological processes and non-drainage water supply systems;
- improving the efficiency of existing and newly created processes for capturing side components from waste gases and wastewater;
- the widespread introduction of dry methods of gas purification from dust for all types of metallurgical industries and the search for more advanced methods for cleaning exhaust gases;
- utilization of weak (less than 3.5% sulfur) sulfur-containing gases of variable composition through the introduction at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises effective way-- oxidation of sulfur dioxide in non-stationary mode of double contacting;
- at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, accelerating the introduction of resource-saving autogenous processes, including melting in a liquid bath, which will not only intensify the process of processing raw materials, reduce energy consumption, but also significantly improve the air basin in the area of operation of enterprises due to a sharp reduction in the volume of exhaust gases and obtain highly concentrated sulfur-containing gases used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur;
- development and widespread introduction at metallurgical enterprises of highly efficient cleaning equipment, as well as devices for monitoring various parameters of environmental pollution;
- the fastest development and implementation of new progressive low-waste and waste-free processes, meaning blast-furnace and coke-free steel production processes, powder metallurgy, autogenous processes in non-ferrous metallurgy and other promising technological processes aimed at reducing emissions into the environment;
- expanding the use of microelectronics, automated control systems, automated process control systems in metallurgy in order to save energy and materials, as well as control and reduce waste generation.

Chemical and oil refining industry. In the chemical and oil refining industries on a larger scale, it is necessary to use in technological processes: oxidation and reduction using oxygen, nitrogen and air; electrochemical methods, membrane technology for the separation of gas and liquid mixtures; biotechnology, including the production of biogas from the remains of organic products, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

5. Mechanical engineering. In mechanical engineering in the field of galvanic production, research and development activities should be directed to water treatment, to switch to closed water recycling processes and the extraction of metals from wastewater; in the field of metal processing, to introduce more widely the production of parts from press powders.
6. Paper industry. AT paper industry it is necessary, first of all, to introduce developments to reduce the consumption of fresh water per unit of production, giving preference to the creation of closed and drainless industrial water supply systems; maximum use of extracting compounds: contained in wood raw materials to obtain target products; improve pulp bleaching processes with the help of oxygen and ozone; improve the processing of logging waste by biotechnological methods into target products; ensure the creation of processing capacities paper waste including waste paper.

The main directions of waste-free and low-waste technology

Waste-free and low-waste technology is one of the modern directions in the development of industrial production. The emergence of this direction is due to the need to prevent the harmful effects of industrial waste on the environment. Waste-free production involves the development of such technological processes that provide the maximum possible integrated processing of raw materials. This allows, on the one hand, the most efficient use of natural resources, the complete processing of generated waste into marketable products, and, on the other hand, to reduce the amount of waste and thereby reduce their negative impact on environmental systems.

Waste-free and low-waste technology is used in all industries. Their development is following directions: development and implementation of fundamentally new technological processes that reduce the amount of waste; development and implementation of methods and equipment for processing waste into marketable products; creation of drainless water circulation systems in which water is purified (see Wastewater Treatment).

Low-waste and zero-waste technologies and their role in protecting the environment

Fundamentally new approach to the development of all industrial and agricultural production - creation of low-waste and waste-free technology .
The concept of non-waste technology, in accordance with the Declaration of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1979) means the practical application of knowledge, methods and means in order to provide the most rational use of natural resources and protect the environment.
In 1984, the same UN commission adopted a more specific definition of this concept: “Waste-free technology is a way of producing products (process, enterprise, territorial production complex), in which raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle of raw materials - production - consumer - secondary resources - in such a way that any impact on the environment does not disrupt its normal functioning.
Under zero waste technology they also understand such a method of production that ensures the fullest possible use of the processed raw materials and the waste generated during Tg. The term “low-waste technology” should be considered more accurate than “waste-free technology”, since in the principle “waste-free technology” is impossible, because any technological activity of a person cannot but produce waste, at least in the form of energy. Achieving complete waste-free™ is unrealistic (Reimers, 1990), because it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics, so the term "waste-free technology" is conditional (metaphorical). The technology that makes it possible to obtain a minimum of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes is called low-waste and at the present stage of development of nano-technical progress it is the most realistic. Of great importance for reducing the level of environmental pollution, saving raw materials and energy is the reuse of material resources, i.e. recycling. Thus, the production of aluminum from scrap metal requires only 5% of the energy costs of smelting from bauxite, and the remelting of 1 ton of secondary raw materials saves 4 tons of bauxite and 700 kg of coke, simultaneously reducing emissions of fluoride compounds in the atmosphere by 35 kg ( Vronsky, 1996).
The set of measures to reduce to a minimum the amount of hazardous waste and reduce their impact on the environment, on the recommendation of various authors, includes:
- development various types drainless technological systems and water circulation cycles based on wastewater treatment;
- development of systems for processing waste products into secondary material resources;
- creation and release of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of its reuse;

- creation of fundamentally new production processes that allow eliminating or reducing the technological stages at which waste is generated.

The initial stage of these complex measures aimed at creating waste-free technologies in the future is the introduction of circulating, up to completely closed, water use systems.

Recycled water supply

Recycled water supply is a technical system that provides for multiple use in the production of waste water (after purification and processing) with a very limited discharge (up to 3%) into water bodies (Fig. 20.1; Ivanov, 1991).

Rice. 20.1. Scheme of circulating industrial and urban water supply: 1 - shop; 2 - intrashop circulating water supply; 3 - local (workshop) treatment plant, including recycling of secondary waste; 4 - general plant treatment facilities; 5 - city; 6 - city sewer treatment facilities; 7 - tertiary treatment facilities; 8 - injection of treated wastewater into
underground sources; 9 - supply of purified water to the city water supply system; 10 - dispersing wastewater discharge into
body of water (sea)

Closed water cycle

A closed water cycle is a system of industrial
Daogr of water supply and sanitation, in which multiple
use of water in the same production
process, is carried out without the discharge of sewage and other waters into
native reservoirs.
One of the most important directions in the field of creating one-free and low-waste industries is the transition to no-environmental technology with the replacement of water-intensive processes with anhydrous or low-water ones.
The progressiveness of new technological schemes of water supply is determined by the extent to which they have decreased, in comparison with the previously existing ones, water consumption and the amount of buccal water and their pollution. The presence of a large amount of wastewater at an industrial facility is considered an objective indicator of the imperfection of the technological schemes used.
The development of waste-free and water-free technological pro-yuv is the most rational way to protect the environment from pollution, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the anthropogenic load. However, research in this board is just beginning, therefore, in various areas of industry and agriculture, the level of eco-gization of production is far from the same.
At present, certain successes have been achieved in our country in the development and implementation of elements of environmentally friendly technology in a number of branches of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, thermal power engineering, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry. However, the complete transfer of industrial and agricultural production to waste-free and water-free technologies and the creation of completely eco-friendly industries are associated with very complex "problems of a different nature - organizational, nano-technical, financial, and others, and therefore the current production for a long time will consume their needs great amount water, have waste and bottom emissions.

Waste-free and low-waste production
Creating even the most perfect treatment facilities can not solve the problem of environmental protection. The true struggle for a clean environment is not a struggle for sewage treatment plants, it is a struggle against the need for such facilities. It is quite obvious that the problem cannot be solved by extensive methods. An intensive way of solving the global environmental problem is a reduction in resource-intensive production and a transition to low-waste technologies.

The possibility of stabilizing and improving the quality of the environment through a more rational use of the entire range of natural resources in the context of accelerating socio-economic development is associated with the creation and development of non-waste production.

Zero waste production, strictly speaking, is such a production in which all the raw materials are eventually converted into a particular product and which is simultaneously optimized according to technological, economic and socio-ecological criteria. The fundamental novelty of this approach to the further development of industrial production is due to the impossibility of effectively solving the problems of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources only by improving the methods of neutralization, recycling, processing or disposal of waste.

The concept of non-waste production provides for the need to include the sphere of consumption in the cycle of using raw materials. In other words, products after physical or obsolescence must be returned to the sphere of production. Thus, non-waste production is a practically closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical cycle of matter.

When creating and developing non-waste production be sure to use all the components of the raw material. At present, despite the fact that almost all raw materials used in industry are multicomponent, as a rule, only one component is used as a finished product. The maximum possible is the integrated use of energy in waste-free production. Here you can also draw a direct analogy with natural ecosystems, which, being practically closed in matter, are not isolated, since they absorb energy that they receive from the Sun, transform it, binding a small part, and dissipate it into the surrounding space.

The most important component of the concept of non-waste production is also the concept of the normal functioning of the environment and the damage caused to it by negative anthropogenic impact. The concept of non-waste production emphasizes that, while inevitably affecting the environment, it does not disrupt its normal functioning.

Creation of non-waste production is a long and gradual process that requires the solution of a number of interrelated technological, economic, organizational, psychological and other tasks. These tasks can and should be solved, as follows from the definition of non-waste production, at various levels: process, enterprise, Production Association. The most complete and consistent basic principles of non-waste production can be implemented at the regional level when creating non-waste territorial production complexes. Fundamentally new technological processes and equipment should form the basis for the creation of waste-free industrial production in practice.

Waste-free production involves the cooperation of industries with a large amount of waste (the production of phosphate fertilizers, thermal power plants, metallurgical, mining and processing industries) with the production - the consumer of these waste such as building materials companies. In this case waste fully meet the definition of D. I. Mendeleev, who called them “neglected products of chemical transformations, which eventually become the starting point of new production.”

The most favorable opportunities for combining and cooperating various industries are formed in the conditions of territorial production complexes. The most important task is the creation and implementation of fundamentally new technological schemes and processes in which the generation of any waste is sharply reduced or completely disappears.

Disposing of sulfur dioxide contained in the waste gases of thermal power engineering and metallurgy, it is possible to obtain as much sulfuric acid as all the sulfuric acid plants of our country produce annually, i.e., but, in essence, to double the production of this most valuable product of large chemistry. There are already industrial installations for catalytic purification of exhaust gases, which allow you to extract up to 98-99% of sulfur dioxide from smoke at any, even the smallest, content and oxidize it, turning harmful industrial emissions into sulfuric acid. It is also not easy to use the acid obtained in this way in industry: it contains various impurities, and often turns out to be diluted. But in agriculture it can find an unlimited market, as it is a chemical preparation for soils of soda salinity. Sulfuric acid, arbitrarily diluted, with almost any impurities, is suitable for chemical reclamation. This allows you to build more economical, simplified recycling facilities sulfur dioxide.

As an example of a complex waste-free processing of mineral raw materials it is possible to give a technological scheme for the processing of nephelines. From this apatite mining waste, pure alumina is extracted for the production of metallic aluminum, excellent so-called heavy soda, potash, dicalcium belite silicate for high-quality fast-hardening cements, concentrates of rare elements in the form of minerals - sphene, arigine, etc.

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Introduction

With the development of modern production with its scale and growth rates, the problems of developing and implementing low- and waste-free technologies are becoming increasingly important. Their speedy solution in a number of countries is considered as a strategic direction for the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

"Wasteless technology is a method of production in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources, and any impact on the environment does not disrupt its normal functioning."

This formulation should not be taken absolutely, i.e. one should not think that production is possible without waste. It is simply impossible to imagine absolutely waste-free production, there is no such thing in nature. However, waste should not disrupt the normal functioning of natural systems. In other words, we must develop criteria for the undisturbed state of nature.

The creation of non-waste industries is a very complex and lengthy process, the intermediate stage of which is low-waste production. Low-waste production should be understood as such production, the results of which, when exposed to the environment, do not exceed the level allowed by sanitary and hygienic standards, i.e. MPC. At the same time, for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials may turn into waste and be sent for long-term storage or disposal.

1. The concept of non-waste production.

1.1 Non-waste criteria

Zero-waste technology is an ideal production model, which in most cases is currently not fully implemented, but only partially (hence the term "low-waste technology" becomes clear). However, there are already examples of completely waste-free production. Thus, for many years, the Volkhov and Pikalevsky alumina refineries have been processing nepheline into alumina, soda, potash and cement according to practically waste-free technological schemes. Moreover, the operating costs for the production of alumina, soda, potash and cement, obtained from nepheline raw materials, are 10-15% lower than the costs for obtaining these products by other industrial methods.

1.2 Principles of zero waste technologies

When creating non-waste production, a number of complex organizational, technical, technological, economic, psychological and other tasks have to be solved. For the development and implementation of non-waste industries, a number of interrelated principles can be distinguished. non-waste production industry waste

The main one is the principle of consistency. In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system - all industrial production in the region and, at a higher level, as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, including, in addition to material production, economic and economic human activity, the natural environment (populations living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), as well as man and his environment. Thus, the principle of consistency underlying the creation of non-waste industries should take into account the existing and growing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

The principle of the integrated economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank of a state task and is clearly formulated in a number of government decrees. Specific forms of its implementation will primarily depend on the level of organization of non-waste production at the stage of the process, individual production, production complex and ecological and economic system.

One of the general principles of creating waste-free production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclic material flows include closed water and gas circulation cycles. Ultimately, the consistent application of this principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the energy transformations associated with it. As effective ways of forming cyclical material flows and rational use of energy, one can point to the combination and cooperation of industries, the creation of TPK, as well as the development and production of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of its reuse.

No less important principles for creating waste-free production include the requirement to limit the impact of production on the natural and social environment, taking into account the systematic and purposeful growth of its volumes and environmental perfection. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, land surface, recreational resources, and public health. It should be emphasized that the implementation of this principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level nature management.

The general principle of creating non-waste production is also the rationality of its organization.

The determining factor here is the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction of energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely associated with reducing the negative impact on the environment and causing damage to it, including related industries of the national economy. economy. The ultimate goal in this case should be considered the optimization of production simultaneously in terms of energy technology, economic and environmental parameters.

The main way to achieve this goal is the development of new and improvement of existing technological processes and industries. One example of such an approach to the organization of waste-free production is the disposal of pyrite cinders - a waste product of sulfuric acid production. Currently, pyrite cinders are completely used in the production of cement. However, the most valuable components of pyrite cinders - copper, silver, gold, not to mention iron, are not used. At the same time, an economically viable technology for processing pyrite cinders (for example, chloride) with the production of copper, precious metals and the subsequent use of iron has already been proposed.

In the whole set of works related to the protection of the environment and the rational development of natural resources, it is necessary to single out the main directions for the creation of low-waste and waste-free industries.

These include:

Integrated use of raw materials and energy resources;

Improvement of existing and development of fundamentally new technological processes and industries and related equipment;

Introduction of water and gas circulation cycles;

Cooperation of production using the waste of some industries as raw materials for others and the creation of waste-free TPK.

1.3 Requirements for zero waste production

On the way to improve existing and develop fundamentally new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements:

implementation of production processes at the lowest possible

the number of technological stages (devices), since waste is generated at each of them, and raw materials are lost;

the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy;

increase (to the optimum) unit capacity of the units;

intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;

2. Main directions of non-waste technology

With the current level of development of science and technology, it is almost impossible to do without losses. As the technology of selective separation and interconversion of various substances improves, the losses will constantly decrease.

At the same time, we are obliged to deal with the problem of non-waste production, since with the increasing pace of waste accumulation, the population may be littered with industrial and domestic waste dumps and be left without drinking water, enough clean air and fertile land. The fuel and industrial complexes of Norilsk, Severonickel, Nizhny Tagil and many other cities can expand further and turn Russia into a territory poorly adapted to life.

Still, modern technology is sufficiently developed to stop the growth of waste in a number of industries and industries. And in this process, the state must assume the role of leader and, in a planned manner, develop and implement a comprehensive state program for the introduction of waste-free production and processing of waste accumulated in the Russian Federation.

Let's name the main available directions and developments of non-waste technology in individual industries:

1. Energy.

In the energy sector, it is necessary to make wider use of new methods of fuel combustion, such as fluidized-bed combustion, which helps to reduce the content of pollutants in exhaust gases, the introduction of developments for the purification of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from gas emissions; to achieve the operation of dust-cleaning equipment with the highest possible efficiency, while the resulting ash is effectively used as a raw material in the production of building materials and in other industries.

2. Mining.

In the mining industry it is necessary; to introduce the developed technologies for the complete disposal of waste, both in open and underground mining; more widely apply geotechnological methods for the development of mineral deposits, while striving to extract only target components to the earth's surface; use non-waste methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the place of its extraction; more widely apply hydrometallurgical methods of processing ores.

3. Metallurgy.

In the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, when creating new enterprises and reconstructing existing industries, it is necessary to introduce waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure the economical, rational use of ore raw materials:

involvement in the processing of gaseous, liquid and solid production wastes, reduction of emissions and discharges of harmful substances with exhaust gases and wastewater;

in the extraction and processing of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, the widespread introduction of the use of large-tonnage dump solid waste from mining and processing production as building materials, backfilling of the mined-out area of mines, road surfaces, wall blocks, etc., instead of specially mined mineral resources;

processing in full of all blast-furnace and ferroalloy slags, as well as a significant increase in the scale of processing of steel-smelting slags and non-ferrous metallurgy slags;

a sharp reduction in fresh water consumption and a decrease in wastewater through the further development and implementation of anhydrous technological processes and drainageless water supply systems;

improving the efficiency of existing and newly created processes for capturing side components from exhaust gases and wastewater;

the widespread introduction of dry methods for cleaning gases from dust for all types of metallurgical industries and the search for more advanced methods for cleaning exhaust gases;

utilization of weak (less than 3.5% sulfur) sulfur-containing gases of variable composition by introducing an effective method at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises - the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the non-stationary mode of double contacting;

at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, accelerating the introduction of resource-saving autogenous processes, including melting in a liquid bath, which will not only intensify the process of processing raw materials, reduce energy consumption, but also significantly improve the air basin in the area of operation of enterprises due to a sharp reduction in the volume of exhaust gases and obtain highly concentrated sulfur-containing gases used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur;

development and widespread introduction at metallurgical enterprises of highly efficient cleaning equipment, as well as devices for monitoring various parameters of environmental pollution;

the fastest development and implementation of new progressive low-waste and waste-free processes, meaning blast-furnace and coke-free steelmaking processes, powder metallurgy, autogenous processes in non-ferrous metallurgy and other promising technological processes aimed at reducing emissions into the environment;

expanding the use of microelectronics, automated control systems, automated process control systems in metallurgy in order to save energy and materials, as well as control and reduce waste generation.

4. Chemical and oil refining industry.

In the chemical and oil refining industries on a larger scale, it is necessary to use in technological processes:

Oxidation and reduction using oxygen, nitrogen and air;

· electrochemical methods, membrane technology for separation of gas and liquid mixtures;

· biotechnology, including the production of biogas from the remains of organic products, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

5. Mechanical engineering.

In mechanical engineering in the field of galvanic production, research and development activities should be directed to water treatment, to switch to closed water recycling processes and the extraction of metals from wastewater; in the field of metal processing, to introduce more widely the production of parts from press powders.

6. Paper industry.

The paper industry needs:

· introduce developments to reduce the consumption of fresh water per unit of production, giving preference to the creation of closed and drainless industrial water supply systems;

· maximize the use of extractive compounds contained in wood raw materials to obtain target products;

· to improve processes for pulp bleaching with the help of oxygen and ozone;

· to improve the processing of logging waste by biotechnological methods into target products;

· ensure the creation of facilities for the processing of paper waste, including waste paper.

3. Recycling and use of waste

Production waste is the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, chemical compounds formed during the production of products or the performance of works (services) and have lost their original consumer properties in whole or in part.

Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or obsolescence.

Waste production and consumption are secondary material resources (BMP), which can currently be reused in the national economy.

Waste is toxic and hazardous

Toxic and hazardous waste - containing or contaminated with materials of such a nature, in such quantities or in such concentrations that they represent a potential hazard to human health or the environment.

In the Russian Federation, about 7 billion tons of waste are generated annually, while only 2 billion tons, i.e. about 28%, are recycled. Of the total waste used, about 80% - overburden and enrichment waste - is sent for backfilling the mined-out space of mines and quarries; 2% are used as fuel and mineral fertilizers, and only 18% (360 million tons) are used as secondary raw materials, of which 200 million tons are in the construction industry.

On the territory of the country, about 80 billion tons of solid waste have been accumulated in dumps and storage facilities, while hundreds of thousands of hectares of land are withdrawn from economic circulation; waste concentrated in dumps, tailings and landfills are sources of pollution of surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, soils and plants.

Of particular concern is the accumulation of toxic and environmentally hazardous waste in dumps and landfills. total which reached 1.6 billion tons, which can lead to irreversible pollution of the environment.

In Russia, about 75 million tons of highly toxic waste is generated annually, of which only 18% is processed and neutralized. total area organized storage facilities for toxic waste is 11 thousand hectares, while not taking into account unorganized storage facilities and landfills, to which, according to some data, about 4 million tons of highly toxic waste are exported.

It should also highlight the problems associated with the formation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge.

Annually in the Russian Federation 140 million m of MSW are formed. About 10 thousand hectares of scarce suburban lands have been alienated for the placement of solid waste landfills, not counting the many "wild" landfills. The problem of MSW processing in Russia is practically not solved, the total capacity of waste processing and waste incineration plants is about 5 million m 3 /year, i.e. only 3.5% of the total volume of generated MSW.

The total annual amount of sewage sludge is 30-35 million m, or in terms of dry matter - 3-3.5 million tons; they are diverse in their qualitative composition and properties and contain significant amounts of heavy metal ions, toxic organic and mineral compounds, and petroleum products. The vast majority of treatment facilities have not resolved the issues of removal and processing of the resulting sludge, which leads to uncontrolled discharge of liquid toxic waste into water bodies.

A large proportion of environmental pollution is unorganized landfills around garden cooperatives and summer cottages. In many cities, in every yard, around every house, huge “deposits” of household waste not removed and rotting for months have formed. In a number of cities, underground lakes of oils were accidentally discovered, diesel fuel. Near the Kursk oil base, at a depth of 7 m, a “deposit” of diesel fuel and gasoline with a volume of about 100 thousand tons was discovered, covering an area of up to 10 hectares. Similar "deposits" were found in Tula, Orel, Rostov and Kamchatka.

Small rivers die from unaccounted discharges, especially in Kalmykia, Bashkiria, Belgorod, Voronezh, Saratov, Chelyabinsk, Vologda regions.

All these examples can be attributed to unaccounted for environmental pollution - this is chronic environmental mismanagement. If we conditionally take the general ecological disorder as 100%, then a significant part of it - 30-40% falls on the consequences of local mismanagement. This is a huge reserve for improving the sphere of human habitation.

The problem of processing accumulated waste is becoming modern conditions one of the priority issues that must be addressed immediately to preserve the environment and one's own health.

4. Government program"Waste"

In order to implement the norms and provisions of the Law “On Environmental Protection natural environment» The Russian State Waste Program is being developed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources. The main goal of this program is to ensure one of the conditions for the country's environmentally safe development: stabilization, and further reduction of environmental pollution with waste and saving natural resources through the maximum possible secondary involvement of waste in economic circulation.

The program provides for the following tasks:

· reducing the volume of waste generation through the introduction of low-waste and waste-free technologies;

· reduction based on the application of new technological solutions of the types and volumes of toxic and hazardous waste;

· increasing the level of waste utilization;

· efficient use of raw material and energy potential of secondary material resources;

environmentally friendly disposal of waste;

· purposeful allocation of financial and other resources for waste disposal and their involvement in economic turnover.

The program should provide for a unified scientifically substantiated system for the formation and implementation of federal, regional and sectoral programs covering a comprehensive solution to the problem at various levels of government.

For waste, the processing of which requires the creation of regional specialized enterprises or the volume of formation of which is such that enterprises cannot solve the problem of waste use on their own, regional programs are being developed.

line ministries and departments develop scientific and technical policy in the field of reducing the volume of waste generation and increasing the level of their use for waste disposal at enterprises in these industries, as well as relevant scientific, technical and environmental programs and participate in the development and implementation of federal and regional programs.

The Waste Program provides for:

l improvement of the economic mechanism of waste management;

ь development of the bases for the environmental and economic assessment of the activities included in the program;

ь improvement of legal regulation of generation, use and disposal of waste;

l creation of a waste monitoring system;

ь development of measures for environmentally safe disposal of waste;

l development of proposals for specific types of waste.

Conclusion

Contemporary ecological state territory of Russia can be defined as critical. Intensive environmental pollution continues. The decline in production did not lead to a similar reduction in pollution, because in the economic crisis, enterprises began to save on environmental costs. Environmental state and regional programs developed since the beginning of perestroika and partially implemented do not contribute to improvement in general environmental situation, and every year on the territory of Russia more and more regions, cities and towns become dangerous for the population.

In the Russian Federation over the past few decades, in the context of accelerated industrialization and chemicalization of production, environmentally dirty technologies have sometimes been introduced. At the same time, not enough attention was paid to the conditions in which a person will live, that is, what kind of air he will breathe, what water he will drink, what he will eat, what land he will live on. However, this problem worries not only Russians, it is also relevant for the population of other countries of the world. Humanity needs to realize that environmental degradation is a greater threat to our future than military aggression; that over the next few decades, humanity is able to eliminate poverty and hunger, get rid of social vices, revive culture and restore architectural monuments if only there was money, and it is impossible to revive the destroyed nature with money. It will take centuries to stop its further destruction and postpone the approach of an ecological catastrophe in the world. In this paper, the principles of non-waste technologies are considered as the most promising directions careful nature management and preservation of the environment.

Bibliography

1. the federal law Russian Federation “On production and consumption waste”.

2. Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Environment”.

3. Vinogradova N.F. "Natural management".

4. Kikawa O.Sh. "Ecology and Industry".

5. Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V. “Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia”.

6. S.A. Bogolyubov “Ecology”.

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What is non-waste technology give examples. Waste-free and low-waste production

What are non-waste and low-waste technologies?

How is wastelessness of production assessed?

Technology principles

The process of introducing non-waste technologies

Zero waste in metallurgy

Wastelessness in agriculture

Wastelessness in the energy sector

Problems of non-waste and low-waste industries

Zero waste management

Conclusion

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