How much does a mortar weigh. Mortars and recoilless rifles

SURVIVE UNDER MORTAR FIRE.

Characteristics of mortars and mines, rules of conduct under fire.

82 mm mine: Effective damage radius lying targets of 82-mm fragmentation mine, not less than 18 m. At the same time, the grass on the affected area is completely mowed. The radius of the capital destruction of growth targets - 30 m with the obligatory defeat of the target by 2-3 fragments. The spread of individual fragments can be up to 100-150 meters.
82 mm mine able to destroy only a light overlap , for example, a visor made of poles over a trench.
The funnel, when it breaks, even if the mine goes into the ground to the most favorable depth, will be small: 1 meter in diameter and about 50-60 centimeters deep. But usually such a funnel does not work, because the 82 mm mine is not designed for destructive shooting, but designed only for fragmentation , and it breaks before it penetrates the ground ...
82mm mortars are not particularly long-range weapons, but very common. Maximum firing range up to 4 kilometers. The minimum firing range is 85-100 meters. Therefore, for the purpose of camouflage, the mortar and ammunition are usually carried by hand. The mortar weighs more than 40 kilograms, a standard box with 10 mines weighs more than 30 (total 70 kg !!!) . Therefore, mortar attacks are usually sudden and short-lived: an experienced crew fires ten shots in a matter of seconds, and the last mine exits the barrel before the first one explodes. After that, the mortars immediately disassemble the mortar (up to a minute) and change their position in order to get away from return fire.

Towed or self-propelled 120mm rifled mortar type " Nona"(in service with 25 VBR) Rate of fire - up to 11 rounds per minute. It is used against manpower located in open areas, in trenches or light shelters.
Ammunition of “Nona”: The main ammunition of the gun includes 3OF49 high-explosive fragmentation shells with a contact fuse and a radio fuse. The projectiles have an initial velocity at full charge of 367 m/s and a maximum firing range of 8,855 km. When a contact fuse is set to a fragmentation action during the break, the 3OF49 projectile forms about 3500 lethal fragments weighing from 0.5 to 15 g, with an initial velocity of about 1800 m / s. The reduced area of ​​destruction of openly located manpower in the "standing" position is 2200 m², the armor penetration of homogeneous steel armor is 12 mm at a distance of 7 to 10 m from the epicenter of the projectile burst. When using the AP-5 radio fuse, the effectiveness of defeating openly located manpower increases from 2 to 3 times. When installing a contact fuse for high-explosive action, the 3OF49 projectile is capable of forming funnels up to 5 m in diameter and up to 2 meters deep. Also, “Nona” hits with all types of 120-mm mortar mines.

The mortar has several features that you must know. In-First, the mine flies at subsonic speed along a steep trajectory. This means that you can hear a shot and a characteristic whistling sound from the mine to its explosion. Experienced fighters use the sound to determine in which direction it is flying, approaching (the sound changes from low to high frequencies), or is already moving away during the flight. In combat conditions, such skills need to be acquired as quickly as possible.

Secondly, the mine explodes on impact with the ground, and fragments fly up and to the sides. Therefore, a car or a standing person is a very vulnerable target. If the fighter is lying at the time of the mine explosion, the probability of falling into him with fragments decreases sharply. Therefore, when you hear the sound of an approaching mine (or the warning cry of an experienced comrade), immediately fall to the ground and press yourself into it harder, covering your head with your hands.

Fragments of 82-mm mines are light and very "bad". When a three-kilogram mine explodes, 400-600 fragments are formed. Any obstacle - a brick, a tree, a concrete pillar - can unpredictably change the direction of their flight. For the same reason, mine fragments do not penetrate more or less serious obstacles. A stone wall, a parapet, a sandbag, a fallen tree trunk, a hard hat, body armor can all help.
If the enemy is not targeting the area, then it is advisable not to stick out for 5-10 minutes, the destruction package is usually 60-80 minutes per square.

Sometimes mortars release one sighting mine (smoke or incendiary) towards the target and at the place of its rupture, introduce amendments and turn on rapid fire with the entire battery to kill. So after the first gap in the side, there is a little time to find cover and lie down.

According to experience, they fire from a mortar in "series": 6-8 shots, a pause of several minutes, then again 6-8 shots to finish off. Usually there were no more than three such series. It is possible to fire from one, two or three mortars (three mortar crews are part of a platoon).

During the shelling, do not even think about getting up. Lie down where you fell. During a pause, you can inspect the area, move to a slot, pit, funnel. The lower you lie, the more likely you are to survive the shelling without consequences. Trenches, dugouts, structures made of concrete blocks, solid brick walls - quite reliable protection against a mortar. Even in an open field, you can come up with a shelter.

It is not a good idea to sit out the shelling in a rare planting or bushes. The mine fuse will work when it hits branches and an air explosion of the mine will result, which will increase the area affected by fragments.
In a pause, be ready for the next "series" of shelling, the approach of which will warn you all the same whistling sound.

So, the basic rules for survival during a mortar attack:
1. Listen to the sounds of flying mines, learn to recognize and analyze them.
2. When firing, immediately fall and press into the ground. Learn to do this before the mines start to fall - it's to your advantage.
4. Don't forget to open your mouth, this will save your eardrums.
5. No matter what happens, in no case should you rise, let alone stand up. Do not try to run away from the firing zone - mines and fragments are still faster than you. Wait for an example of 8-10 breaks, then wait at least three minutes, then quickly change position and go into cover. Even if someone nearby needs help, provide it after shelling and in cover, otherwise you will most likely need help soon.
6. Use artificial and natural shelters and terrain folds. You can hide in them in between series of shots.
7. Move only by crawling. If you come under fire in the field and wait it out, crawl out of the fire zone so as not to be noticed and not cause a second fire.
8. If you are in a zone where mortar shelling is possible, do not take off your body armor and helmet - if you have them, of course. Bulletproof vests of the third or fourth class stop mortar fragments quite reliably. Even a simple second-class vest and an old Soviet-style helmet will not be superfluous.
9. It happens that some of the mines do not burst (soft ground, the fuse did not work) and brazenly stick out of the ground with their tails. In no case do not touch them, do not take them out and do not beat them. The probability of an explosion is extremely high.
10. Dig trenches and build dugouts with strong ceilings. The message paths should be zigzag. In the event of a mine hitting a trench, fragmentation will be limited to a straight segment only.
11. Feel free to train and work out your actions in case of shelling in advance. Remember: hard in teaching, easy in the affected area.
12. If you come under mortar fire during the march on the “armor”, dive inside. The task of the APC driver is to get out of the fire zone at full speed. Stopping and dismounting, you turn into a perfect, motionless target for mortars.
13. Keep snipers on the ground where a mortar spotter might be. These are usually ruins, tall houses and trees in the line of sight from your location, which offer a good overview of the area. A man with binoculars and a walkie-talkie (telephone) is goal number 1.

How to determine where the mortar or gun was fired from?
By the nature of the crater from a projectile or mine, you can determine where the shooting was carried out from. The fact is that the projectile falls at an angle, and not strictly vertically, it breaks, as if on its side, so the funnel is uneven. The side facing the point of the shot will be flatter than the opposite. There are more fragments in the ground from the side where the projectile came from, since most of the fragments from the opposite side went into the air during the explosion. Usually, after removing loose soil, you can find the trace of the projectile in the ground and determine the general direction of fire.

To determine the range to the place where the shot was fired from, you can be much more accurate if you determine which ammunition formed the funnel. By measuring the angle of incidence of the projectile, it is possible, using the firing tables, to determine from what range the shot was fired. The angle is measured as follows: the earth loosened by the explosion is carefully removed, the center of its deepening (hole) is found. A stick is taken, which is placed on the edges of the funnel, freed from the soil poured by the explosion (this is how the ground plane is determined). After that, in the middle of the sloping slope of the funnel (the one on the side of the shot), a peg is driven in, reaching the ground plane. Thus, we determine the average point of contact of the projectile with the ground, after which we draw a straight line from the hole to this point - the easiest way is to put a stick or rail, getting the “trajectory” of the projectile on the last meter of flight. By measuring the angle of incidence, we can determine the angle of departure, and, consequently, the range according to the tables for firing.

When you first come under fire from a mortar, it may seem that nothing could be worse. Actually - maybe. After a week of shelling with Grads, mortar fire seems more annoying than intimidating.

The 60-mm mortar complex M224 LWCMS is carried by a crew of four. This standard armament of the army infantry and the marine corps is intended for fire support of small maneuverable units with high-explosive fragmentation, lighting and smoke mines

Mortars are part of the field artillery. They are intended for mounted firing at covered targets, as well as for destroying field fortifications, and differ from cannons, which fire directly at targets along a low, flat trajectory, and howitzers, which usually fire at covered targets, not visible from the firing position, along a hinged trajectory. .

The mortar fires its ammunition (mine) along a high trajectory, which allows it to hit targets behind hills, in narrow streets, in ravines and trenches; the latter combat quality made it particularly useful in World War I trench warfare. A mortar can be a very simple system: just throw a shell into the barrel and fire as fast as a soldier can throw shells into the barrel (20 rounds per minute; it is quite possible to throw every three seconds). Plus, mortar systems can be carried by crew forces, a light mortar can weigh up to 23 kg, and even heavy towed mortars ready to fire weigh 150 kg, which is not in favor of, for example, the 155 mm M777 light howitzer from BAE Systems, which weighs 4200 kg. In addition, the range of light mortars can reach 3.5 km, and the latest heavy systems 10 km.

The mortar appeared as a siege weapon, which could shoot over the fortress walls in order to destroy the guns and destroy the structures behind them. After the reappearance of mortars in the First World War, this class of artillery became widespread during the Second World War, where in many combat episodes it played an extremely important, although often underestimated role. For example, the doctrine of the Wehrmacht considered mortars as the main means of fire support for infantry, while "cannon" artillery was reserved for "main attacks". The mortar took place as a "pocket" artillery of a small unit - a role that it in a broad sense continues to play today.

Modern mortars fall into three categories: light mortars (typically 60mm) used at platoon and company level, medium mortars (81mm for Western models or 82mm for Russian and Chinese) used at company or battalion level, and 120mm battalion-level mortars, also used by artillery units. The trend is for dismounted infantry at battalion level to be armed with 81mm mortars, while mechanized units typically carry 120mm vehicle-mounted mortars. Modern mortars are lighter, shoot farther, have greater accuracy and lethality than systems deployed 15 years ago. All this is due to the widespread use of new alloys and composite materials in the manufacture of mortar barrels and base plates, automation and digitization of fire control, and progress in fuses and mortar ammunition. These innovations have increased the mortar's ability to perform direct fire support missions, despite the changing dynamics of ground combat with its long range, diverse operations and asymmetry. The obvious conclusion suggests itself that under these conditions, for the combat commander, the importance of the mortar as a weapon system, as well as its contribution to the outcome of the battle, increases.

Light mortars

What weapons are most suitable as standard for a unit of a particular level is determined by two main factors. First, how does it fit into the combat obligations of a unit at this level? In particular, does it correspond to the interests and range of tasks? Second, is it compatible with the units' ability to deploy the system, that is, can they move and maintain it? Although the advantage of having a longer range is obvious, if too many soldiers are needed to carry it or its components, then this may not be practical. The difficulty of moving a heavy system and providing enough ammunition can negate the value of the increased range. It is necessary to achieve a balance. Most armies around the world agree that the 60mm mortar is the best choice for a light infantry company. The U.S. Army FM7-90 Mortar Combat Operations Manual says: "The merit of the 60mm mortar ... lies in its immediate response to the orders of the company commander and the speed with which it can take action."

The US Army and Marine Corps are armed with the M224 LWCMS (Lightweight Company Mortar System) light mortar system with a range of actual fire from 70 meters to 3500 meters. A weapon's minimum range is just as important as its maximum range, as it determines how close to its own forces it can fire. This can be critical to disrupting an attack that threatens to "overwhelm" their positions, or deterring an enemy trying to cling to the positions of the allied forces and avoid artillery fire in the process. The M224 mortar and its 20 percent lighter version, the M224A1, are supplied by General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems (GDOTS). This family of mortars fires high-explosive fragmentation, smoke (white and red phosphorus), illuminating (visible and infrared) and practical mines. In turn, Saab offers its M1061 MAPAM (Multi-Purpose Anti-Personnel Anti-Materiel) mortar ammunition, which can be used with the M224 / A1 mortar and fire at a shorter distance from its forces thanks to controlled scattering of fragments; in addition, he is able to break through the most vulnerable spot of an armored vehicle - the roof, and detonate inside it with a delay.

Another light infantry 60-mm mortar under the designation M6 Mortar is produced by the Austrian company Hirtenberger. In addition to the Austrian army, it was adopted by the British army and marines under the designation M6-895 (895 barrel length in mm), the maximum range of which is 3800 meters. In the case of the British, the previous concept completely changed, according to which the light mortar was excluded in favor of a hand grenade launcher. However, combat experience during the British invasion of Afghanistan in 2001-2013 made it possible to appreciate the advantages of a light mortar, which forced us to reconsider plans to replace it. The tripod-mounted automatic grenade launcher (AG) is also sometimes seen as a replacement for the light mortar. However, the characteristics of the projectile trajectory of the AG are closer to howitzer mounted fire. In the case of the AG, this makes it difficult to shoot back slopes. In addition, they do not have such a diverse range of ammunition.

One of the features of the 60 mm mortar is that, although greater accuracy and range is achieved when mounted on a bipod and using a horizontal and vertical guidance mechanism, it allows visual aiming and firing from hands and thereby quickly hit targets. Taking this aspect into account, DSG Technology has developed an ultra-light 60-mm iMortar mortar for small units. With a weight of 5.5 kg and a length of 900 mm with an integrated aiming system, it is well suited for a small combat group, as also evidenced by its short range of 1.2 km.

Medium mortars

The 81 mm caliber (actually 81.4 mm) is the most common in Western armies, while the 82 mm caliber is typical for Russian and Chinese weapons. Although 82 mm mortars were common in the Soviet army during World War II, they were subsequently replaced by 120 mm mortars in most units. The exception was the towed and self-propelled smooth-bore mortar 2B9 "Vasilek" of 82 mm caliber on a wheeled chassis, which was put into service in 1970 and was used during the Afghan war in 1979-1989. It is also still in service with the Russian Airborne Forces. Unlike traditional mortars, this mortar fires either single shots or in automatic mode using four-round magazines. The range of the mortar, capable of firing high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, lighting and armor-piercing shells, is 4270 meters. The Chinese army is armed with Type 67, a modernized Soviet regimental mortar PM-41, adopted in 1941. This mortar was widely used in the Vietnam War.

In the United States, with the help of advanced technologies, they have improved their 81-mm mortars, among which the newest is the M252 model weighing 42.3 kg. It is the standard armament of the battalion level of the army light infantry units, and has also been adopted by the Marine Corps. This 81-mm mortar was also installed on an upgraded version of the M113 armored personnel carrier, designated M125; mortar fire was carried out through an open hatch on the roof of the hull. It is also installed on the Marine Corps LAV-M Mortar vehicle and transported in the M1129 Styker mortar transporter (the main armament is a 120-mm mortar), where it is removed from the vehicle for firing. The M252 has a range of 5608 meters when fired with all types of 81mm ammunition.

The Mo 81 LLR mortar (Leger Long Renforce - light long reinforced) developed by the French company Thales is in service with the French and Irish armies and is offered with a shortened barrel 1.1 meters long (Leger Couf) and with an elongated barrel 1.5 meters long (Leger long ). The standard range is 3100 meters, but when firing extended range mines, this increases to 5600 meters. The French company Nexter supplies mortar ammunition through its subsidiary Mecar, which manufactures several types, such as the 155 mm MPM (Metric Precision Munition) with a maximum range of 40 km. Nexter has also developed and prepared for production on the basis of its VBCI (Vehicule Blinde de Combat d "Infanterie) armored combat vehicle a 120-mm mobile mortar system, which has been ordered but not yet purchased by the French army.

All 81-mm projectiles are feathered (with stabilizing planes), and the most common type is high-explosive fragmentation. The adoption of multi-mode fuses for high-explosive fragmentation mines allows the crew to easily select the detonation mode of the projectile immediately before firing. Such fuses, such as the M734, can be installed in several modes: shock, delayed (allows you to break through a roof or shelter) or remote (undermining in the air over a target with fragments flying over a large area). For example, a temporary fuse for an illuminating mine is installed in such a way that the illuminating mixture ignites in the body descended over the target by parachute and burns for 50-60 seconds with a brightness of 525,000 candles. The lighting composition can be equipped either to create illumination in the visible range or in infrared. Smoke projectiles are filled with red phosphorus pellets, which are ignited to create a dense smoke screen. Another filler mortar shells - white phosphorus - instantly forms a smoke screen, worsening visibility in the visible and infrared spectrum. It burns strongly and can cause burns, but due to its instant action, it is ideal for marking targets.

Mortars in the XX century have become an indispensable type of infantry weapons. According to their staffing, depending on the caliber, they are designed to equip units of the company, battalion, regimental and divisional levels. Vasilek, a mortar capable of firing in bursts and, if necessary, performing tasks that were previously characteristic only of artillery pieces, became a unique means of fire destruction.

What is a mortar

In the classical sense, a mortar is a type of weapon that uses a jet stream formed when a propelling charge is ignited. The barrel of this gun sets the direction and initial speed of the projectile, called a mine, and which is a feathered ammunition. The fuse, as a rule, is contact, located in its front part. The design of the mortar usually includes a removable base plate, bipod, guidance and aiming devices. Again, in the classical sense, loading is done immediately before the shot. The mine is fed from the muzzle of the barrel, the primer located on the back of the projectile ignites the detonator, leading to the activation of the expelling charge.

However, the guards Katyushas were also called mortars in the USSR. The Tyulpan 2S4 system, despite its clearly howitzer nature, also belongs to this class of weapons, although it is often called

In the USSR in 1970, the Vasilek mortar was adopted. The photo of this means of fire destruction of enemy manpower is more likely to be associated with a cannon. However, the type and structure of the projectile clearly indicates that it is a mine. The ammunition does not have a sleeve, it is feathered. So what is this symbiosis of guns and mortars? And what is it for? What are its merits?

Mortars and guns

There are several reasons why mortars have become widespread, and all of them are important. This type of weapon is characterized by relative lightness, simplicity, manifested both in manufacturability and maintenance, high destructive power and the ability to cover the target from above, directly from the sky, that is, from the direction of the least security. For firing along a hinged trajectory, a howitzer or mortar is used. at the same time, it weighs more, is more complicated and costs the defense budget a large amount. Guns, of course, have their advantages, consisting in increased range, caliber and accuracy, but under certain conditions that occur quite often in battle, these advantages are leveled. The line between two common large-caliber weapons is almost completely erased by the Vasilek mortar, the photo of which transparently hints at its “kinship” with guns. Depending on the position of the barrel, it becomes like a mortar, a howitzer, and a regular cannon that fires flat. If we add a high rate of fire to this interesting property, then the uniqueness of the weapon becomes obvious.

The history of the creation of "Cornflower"

The idea of ​​creating rapid-fire mortars originated in the post-war Soviet Union. In 1946, the designer V.K. Filippov proposed using the recoil energy to reload a gun loaded from the breech. In itself, this technical solution is not new, except for the important point that it was applied to a mortar, and not to a rapid-fire gun. Filippov's work was crowned with success, in 1955 the KAM product was adopted by the Soviet Army. It was intended for use in stationary conditions (casemates and long-term fortifications) and was a rapid-fire automatic mortar. Four years later, the field version of the KAM was ready and tested, which received the name F-82. For reasons that are unclear today, this sample was not put into production. In 1967, after some revision, he was nevertheless accepted by the state commission. According to the tradition that has developed among artillerymen, he received the delicate flower name "Cornflower". An 82 mm automatic mortar could fire at a rate of 100 rounds per minute. at a rate of fire of 170 rounds. The difference in these two numbers is due to the time it takes to reload the cassettes.

Modification "M"

Several years of operation in the army allowed the engineers to conclude that the water cooling of the barrel can be abolished. The massive casing, which protects against overheating at a high rate of fire, was removed, the wall thickness was increased in the central part, providing the surface with ribs that improve heat transfer conditions and act as an air cooling radiator. In all other respects, it was the same "Cornflower". The mortar began to be called 2B9M (modified), outwardly it is easy to distinguish it from the previous version by the ribbed barrel. As further practice of application showed, this technical solution was justified, especially for desert conditions in which troops lack water.

What can "Cornflower"

The classic mortar suffers from a serious design flaw. The recoil energy causes a displacement of the entire system due to soil deformations and mechanical effects on the barrel. After each shot, the calculation is forced to adjust the parameters and actually re-aiming. The Vasilek mortar device makes it possible to usefully use the recoil energy to feed a new projectile into the barrel. Hydraulic shock absorbers located around the barrel serve to absorb its excess. As a result, the accuracy of hits remains high when firing in bursts. The clip contains four mines.

Application versatility

One of the advantages of "Cornflower" is its versatility. It can be fired in different ways.

2B9 can be used as a conventional mortar, in which case it is loaded from the muzzle. But the main difference of the gun is its ability to shoot like a conventional gun with a minimum and even negative (up to 1 °) elevation angle. For firing in the "mortar" mode, three types of charges can be used, with the artillery method the ammunition is unified. There are two modes: automatic and single.

Ammunition

The fragmentation shot 3V01 serves as standard ammunition for which the 120-mm Vasilek mortar is designed. Its action is fragmentation, but in addition to it, other types of charges are provided, including cumulative ones, designed to destroy armored vehicles.

The composition of the charge includes, in addition to the six-feather mine O-832DU, the main powder charge Zh-832DU. With an initial speed of 272 m/s, it provides a range of destruction from 800 to 4270 m. The radius of continuous damage is 18 meters.

In addition to the main powder charge, designed to give the initial speed to the mine and fixed in its tail, additional ones are also used. The decision on their use is made by the crew commander, having determined the target at which the Vasilek mortar will fire. The firing range depends on the choice of additional propelling charges. They are long cloth cases containing the annular tail of the projectile in front of the stabilizer and fastened with a conventional button fastener. Their power is determined by a number - from 1 to 3.

Means of mobility

The Vasilek 82-mm mortar weighs 622 kg, so a special vehicle is used to transport it. As such, an adapted GAZ-66, designated 2F54, is usually used. The gun on the march is in the back, in special cases (in case of an urgent change of position or other sudden situations), towing is allowed. The calculation consists of four people (commander, gunner, loader and driver-carrier).

The success of the design has repeatedly prompted engineers in different countries to attempt to create an automatic self-propelled mortar. "Vasilek" was installed on the MT-LB tracked chassis in the USSR and Hungary, and some craftsmen still mount it on powerful American army Hummer jeeps today.

How to shoot from "Cornflower"

The regular carriage is as light as possible, it looks like a regular cannon, the design includes a pallet and a frame. The transfer to the combat state leads to the fact that the wheels rise above the ground, and the jack and the bed with divorced coulters serve as a support. Automatic mortar "Vasilek" can be raised or lowered, depending on the conditions of firing. The maximum height of the trunk in the lower position is 78°, in the upper position 85°. When mounted shooting with a steepness exceeding 40 °, in order to avoid damage to the mechanisms from hitting the ground, it is necessary to dig a recess under the butt plate. Low elevation angles serve to point the barrel at armored targets. In this position, the Vasilek 82-mm mortar is used as a light anti-tank gun with a short range, but at the same time very powerful.

For direct fire, a panoramic sight is provided, on which in this case the standard optics (PAM-1) is changed. The guidance equipment also includes the Luch-PM2M lighting device, designed for firing at night.

Combat use

The first serious combat test for 2B9 was the Afghan war. The features of operations carried out in mountain ranges have revealed the full potential of the weapons we are considering. Its versatility and ability to hit hidden targets, combined with mobility, earned the respect that Vasilek enjoyed among the troops. The mortar was often mounted on lightly armored MT-LB transporters, which made it possible to quickly leave positions after a couple of bursts without waiting for return fire. At the same time, some design flaws were also found out. In particular, the mine cassette did not always get into its regular place, and for it to be sent, a heavy blow with a hammer was required, which was always at hand from the loader.

In general, the automatic mortar performed well. It was also used in many armed conflicts that arose on the territory of the former USSR, in particular in both Chechen wars.

Characteristics

At present, information about how the Vasilek mortar is arranged is not a secret. Its characteristics also lost the secrecy stamp due to the wide distribution of this weapon throughout the world.

Guidance mechanisms are simplified as much as possible and built on screw nodes. Manual rotation of the gate provides horizontal guidance within 60° and vertical guidance from -1° to 85° (with the jack fully raised). The maximum radius of combat damage is 4.7 km. The barrel is smooth, the rotation of the mine is provided by six tail feathers, which have a slope relative to the longitudinal axis. The cassette holds four charges. Regular ammunition contains 226 min. The total weight of the equipped vehicle exceeds six tons. It moves along the highway at a speed of 60 km / h, on rough terrain - 20 km / h. The system is brought into combat position according to the standard in one and a half minutes.

Foreign "Cornflowers"

The design of the gun is simple, original and technologically advanced. It has no analogues in the world, although these samples are now produced in the People's Republic of China. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China acquired a license for the manufacture of "type 99 guns" - that's what they called "Vasilek" in the Celestial Empire. The mortar has been produced in a gigantic edition, and now it can be seen and heard in various regions of the planet engulfed in the flames of wars.

There is currently no data on whether the "Cornflowers" are composed. Most likely, they have already been replaced by more advanced samples.

student 29-12-2003 04:59

History of creation
The first 82-mm mortar was designed by group D on the basis of
81 mm Stokes-Brandt mortar. Working drawings
82-mm mortars were sent to N.A. Dorovlev to the Artillery Directorate on November 29, 1931.
Why did group D mortars have a caliber of 82, and not 81,4 mm, like Stokes-Brandt mortars in other countries of the world? Dorovlev justified the difference in calibers as follows: the mines of battalion mortars of foreign armies could be used by our mortars when firing from our mortars, while our mines were not suitable for firing from foreign mortars. In my opinion, such a rationale is nothing more than wit on the stairs. Is it in the 30s to plan in advance the mass surrender of mortar weapons to the enemy? And during the first and second world wars, artillery systems without shells were captured more often than shells without artillery systems. Most likely, Dorovlev and K? they were afraid of jamming mines in the mortar channels, and perhaps this is due to the "tricks" with the centering belts. (Politics again? Approx. Art.)
According to the project, the mortar barrel was smooth. A breech with a ball heel is screwed onto the end of the pipe to rest against the plate. A clip is put on the barrel, connecting the barrel with the machine. The cage is equipped with shock absorber springs.
The machine is two-wheeled with mechanisms for vertical and horizontal guidance. The wheels in the combat position hung out. On the battlefield, the machine was rolled manually with the help of two shafts.
The number of charges is five, their weight is from 6 to 62 g.

Design data 82-mm mortar
Caliber, mm 82
Barrel length, mm/klb 1220/15
Angle of vertical guidance, hail +40?; +80?
Angle of horizontal guidance, hail 6?
Mortar weight in combat position, kg 75
Barrel weight with clip, kg 22
Machine weight with wheels, kg 38
Base plate weight, kg 14
Rate of fire, rds / min 15-18

With a mine weight of 3.6 kg and a maximum pressure in the bore of 250 kg / cm2, the maximum firing range was 2500 m, and the minimum (at an angle of +70?) - 150 m.
Having reviewed the working drawings, the Artillery Administration approved them and on January 7, 1932 gave a pilot order for five 82-mm mortars to the Krasny Oktyabr plant.
Field tests of 82-mm mortars manufactured at the Krasny Oktyabr plant began on June 17, 1933 at the NIAP. The weight of mortars with wheels was 81 kg. Shooting was carried out with captured mines with six-wing stabilizers. In total, about 10 thousand mines were captured from the Chinese. They were fired at distances from 1800 to 80 meters.
The quality of mortars and domestic mines was unsatisfactory, and the tests went one after another. Factories have joined the work on mortars? 13 (Bryansk) and? 7 ("Red Arsenal"). Gradually plant? 7 became the leading developer and manufacturer of mortars.
In 1935-1936, small-scale production of 82-mm battalion mortars began. By November 1, 1936, the Red Army had 73 82-mm battalion mortars, although according to the states they were supposed to have 2586 pieces.
In 1937, 1587 82-mm mortars were produced, in 1938 - 1188, in 1939 - 1678. In the 1st and 3rd quarters of 1940, three NKV plants (? 7, 106 and 393), as well as plants Kirovsky, Gorlovsky and " Red October" was given the task to produce 6700 82-mm mortars. By August 1, 1940, 5543 mortars were manufactured at a price of 6750 rubles. a piece.
The 82-mm mortar had a smooth tube, a hemispherical striker, and the breech was threaded onto the tube. Outside, the breech ended with a ball heel.
The two-legged carriage served to give the barrel angles of vertical and horizontal guidance and included lifting and turning mechanisms, a leveling mechanism and a shock absorber. The base plate is square.
82 mm mortars mod. 1936 had a number of design flaws, among which was the need for disassembly when carrying, knocking down the sight, a small change in horizontal angles using a rotary mechanism.

Data 82-mm mortar arr. 1936
Caliber, mm 82
Elevation angle, degrees +45?; +85? GN angle, deg:
during the operation of the rotary mechanism +3?
when carrying a biped +30?
Mortar weight in combat position, kg 67.7
Barrel weight with pack, kg 19.0
Bipedal weight with pack, kg 24.5
Base plate weight with pack, kg 24.2
Pack weight with three trays (9 min), kg 47
Rate of fire, rds / min up to 30
Maximum firing range, m 3000

82 mm mortar mod. 1937
Battalion 82-mm mortar arr. 1937 was a modernization of the mortar mod. 1936 In the new mortar, the striker height was reduced from 26 to 8 mm, the base plate was made round, slight changes were made to the lifting mechanism, the leveling mechanism and the shock absorber (a larger spring travel was made). Made a more reliable mount sight. In mortars arr. 1936 and arr. In 1937, the MP-1 optical mortar sight and the MP-82 mortar sight with a collimator were used.
82 mm mortar mod. 1937 in 1942, it underwent some changes, in particular, the leveling mechanism was located directly on the right leg of the biped. A number of minor changes were made to the 1942 and 1943 mortars. Finally, in mortars produced since 1944, a swinging sight was introduced and there was no precise leveling mechanism.

82 mm mortar mod. 1941
82-mm battalion mortar mod. 1941 differed from arr. 1937 by the presence of a detachable wheel travel, a base plate of an arched design (as in 107-mm and 120-mm mortars), as well as a bipedal other design. The wheels were put on the axle shafts of the legs of the biped and were removed during firing.
Design improvements were subordinated to the technological capabilities of production and aimed at reducing the weight of the mortar, labor costs in its manufacture and improving maneuverability. Ballistic characteristics of the mortar arr. 1941 were similar to the 1937 model.
82 mm mortar mod. 1941 had some convenience in transportation compared to the mortar mod. 1937, but it was less stable when firing and had worse accuracy compared to the mortar mod. 1937
In order to eliminate the shortcomings of the 82-mm mortar arr. In 1941, it was modernized. In the course of it, the design of the biped, wheel and sight mount was changed. The upgraded mortar was called the 82-mm mortar arr. 1943
That is why mortars arr. 1937 during the Great Patriotic War were produced in parallel with mortars arr. 1941 and arr. 1943

student 29-12-2003 05:08

Continuation. Now about mines.

Ammunition 82-mm mortars
For firing from 82-mm mortars of all types, fragmentation six- and ten-pronged mines and six-pronged smoke mines were used. In addition, campaign mines were occasionally used.
To scatter leaflets, an 82-mm A-832 ​​propaganda mine was used. Mines weight 4.6 kg. Fuze OM-82.
In small quantities in 1941-1942, heavy high-explosive mines weighing 7-7.5 kg were used, containing 1.8 kg of TNT. Their external difference is a two-tier plumage. Shooting from 82-mm battalion mortars with a high-explosive mine was carried out with special charges (one main and four additional). The maximum firing range of a high-explosive mine is 1100 m. When it hits medium-density soil, a high-explosive mine created a funnel with a diameter of 1.4-2 m and a depth of 0.6-0.7 m.
82-mm fragmentation mines O-832 and O-832D gave 400-600 lethal fragments weighing more than 1 g. The radius of continuous destruction was 6 m, and the actual destruction was 18 m.
The area of ​​​​continuous destruction is usually called the area on which, when one mine breaks, at least 90% of all standing targets are affected.
The area of ​​actual damage is usually called the area, on the edges of which, when one mine breaks, at least 50% of all standing targets are affected.
During the Great Patriotic War our 82mm mortars fired captured German 81mm and Lend-Lease American 81mm mortars. German mines were most often used: fragmentation twelve-finned Wgr 34, 38, 39 weighing 3.5 kg and 3.7 klb long, as well as twelve-finned smoke mines Wgr 34 Nb with the same weight and size characteristics. American 81-mm six-point fragmentation mines M.; 3 had an R.D.52 fuse, weighed 3.12 kg., and had a length of 3.12 klb.

student 29-12-2003 05:19

And finally, about what is newer.

82-mm mortar 2B14-1 "Tray"
In the early 70s, 82-mm mortars were withdrawn from service. However, one of the design bureaus of the Gorky Machine-Building Plant, on its own initiative, led the development of a "classic" 82-mm mortar.
Until the end of the 70s, the command of the ground forces did not find a place for the 82-mm mortar in the states of rifle companies. Only with the outbreak of the war in Afghanistan did it become clear that only 82-mm mortars could provide direct fire support and escort for rifle subunits during combat operations in mountainous terrain. By this time, factory tests of the new 82-mm mortar 2B14 were carried out and an order was received for urgent production of a batch of 100 pieces. Field and military tests of the 2B14 mortar took place in Afghanistan. In 1983, he was put into service. Later, its modification 2B14-1 was created, which did not have significant design changes.
Mortar 2B14-1 is made according to the scheme of an imaginary triangle. Loading is done from the muzzle. The mortar barrel is a smooth-walled pipe with a screw-on breech. Optical sight MPM-44M. A bipedal carriage consists of a bipedal carriage itself with a lifting mechanism and a leveling mechanism, a swivel mechanism, two shock absorbers and a clip for connecting the carriage to the barrel.
The round base plate is a stamped structure with lugs welded on the bottom, which ensure a stable position of the mortar barrel at the time of the shot. In the stowed position, the mortar is disassembled and carried or transported in three packs.
In 1984, the 2I27 product developed by the Central Research Institute "Burevestnik" was adopted for the supply of the ground forces, which is a set of devices designed for installing, laying and transporting two 82-mm mortars, transportable ammunition and spare parts for mortars on a UAZ-469 vehicle in order to increase maneuverability and the combat capabilities of the so-called rapid response units (parachute, air assault, etc.).
In the UAZ-469 vehicle, in addition to two 2B14-1 mortars and spare parts for them, there are:
1st option - transportable ammunition of mines - 116 pieces, of which 36 in 12 trays and 80 in eight park boxes; calculation with a driver 2 people.
2nd option - transportable ammunition of mines - 76 pieces, of which 36 in twelve trays and 40 in four park boxes; calculation with a driver 4 people.
The maximum travel speed is 100 km/h and is limited only by traffic safety.
The ammunition load includes all types of new and old 82-mm mortar mines.
Mortar data 2B14-1
Caliber, mm 82
Angle of vertical guidance, hail +45?; +85?
Angle of horizontal guidance, hail:
without swapping the biped 4?
with permutation bipedal 360?
Mortar weight in combat position, kg 42
Weight of packs in the stowed position, kg:
trunk pack 16.2
base plate pack 17.0
bipedal pack 13.9
Rate of fire, rds / min:
with pickup correction 15
without pickup correction 22
Fragmentation mine weight, kg 3.14
Maximum firing range, m:
with long-range charge 3922
with full variable charge 3100
Minimum firing range, m 85

student 29-12-2003 05:25

All. At the request of the workers! I hope I didn’t waste my time and didn’t take yours for nothing - there are still a lot of pictures. There is also a sea of ​​\u200b\u200btables for the participation of mortars in the Second World War, but if someone needs it, I will scan it later.
Shall we discuss this subject?
Sincerely, Student.

Methanol 30-12-2003 02:52

Very interesting, please tell me about this:

How is the powder charge sleeve fixed in a mine so that it is not knocked out when ignited, it only comes to mind that in the nest of the sleeve or the thread is cut or the grooves where the sleeve is pressed, by the way, the sleeve is very similar to a hunting 12k

student 30-12-2003 02:52

There is no certainty, but still: the grooves are useless - the holes in the mine tube perform the same function. And in the figure above you can see that there is a groove. In addition, when fired, the sleeve burns out precisely at the points of contact with the holes, the pressure still strongly presses it against the walls of the tube. The sleeve was indeed created on the basis of a hunting one - this is from the time of improvisations in the First World War. In the article about "Cornflower" there is a drawing, and so there you can see the expansion on the sleeve - perhaps it also helped to fix it in the tube.
And if I'm wrong, the experts will correct me
Sincerely, Student.

extractor 30-12-2003 10:29

Thank you thank you thank you! Here it is my native 82, from which I was first entrusted with firing, and even then on a charge? 0, this is how Methanolol writes quite correctly, a 12k sleeve, 20 mm in diameter, filled with 8 g of gunpowder NBL-11 (L- tape, The thickness of the burning vault 2e = 1.1 mm) plus powder bedding DRP? 2-0.4g. At an angle of 45 degrees, a 10-blade mine with an M-6 on a zero charge flies for 250 meters. The student, as always, is right, the mount in the stabilizer tube is due to "bloating" on the sleeve, and when fired, the brass is pressed into the groove in the tube. The capsule is typical "zhevelo". Now I don’t have hardware, there’s nothing to write on, I’ll post everything later, since mortars, on the one hand, are very simple, and on the other hand, you need to know the specifics to shoot, and I had to study for a long time until they learned how to shoot from them. Happy New Year 2004. And let it be a little better than the outgoing one for everyone.

student 31-12-2003 03:01

And from this place in more detail, pliz!
extractor, but what if about the technique itself and in more detail? and then x. h. What is waiting in life, suddenly someday it will come? There are tables (old, though), it remains about the methodology and rules, a brief educational program will be released on the topic "mortar shooting for dummies."
Thanks in advance!

extractor 03-01-2004 15:28

What are the methods! "And the experience of the son of difficult mistakes ..." I don't remember further. What came to mind, I send.
Notes RO.82 BM.
Mortars - artillery pieces, consisting of a barrel and a plate, nevertheless require special attention in preparation for firing.
Yesterday's student, who had already had the experience of obtaining the classic "rose" from the 57-C60 barrel, was entrusted with testing igniter primers for zero charge to 82BM at the next stage of gaining experience in the RO. Paper (folder) cartridge cases with gunpowder and an inserted primer of the "zhevelo" type are brought from the manufacturer. The desired cartridge is inserted into an inert mine weighing 3,102 kg, which is fixed by “inflating” before the shot, and then you point the barrel in the right direction, put the barrel at an angle of 45 degrees along the quadrant and lower the mine into the barrel. Under the influence of gravity, the mine descends into the barrel, the compressing air hisses, exiting through the gap between the barrel and the belt of the mine, pricking the primer on the hard striker-bamm, the mine flies out and flies 250-300 m. even having such a desire. The aiming is not checked on each shot. Bamm-bamm-bamm, mines fly one after another, I didn’t detect the rate of fire, but one mine is in the barrel, and up to four mines “hang” in the air. On the muzzle of mortars, both 82BM and 120PM, a device called a “double-loading fuse” is fixed on the thread, which looks like a cylinder with slots, where the so-called “blade” is installed on the axis, which, if there are mines in the mortar barrel, covers the barrel so that it is impossible to lower the second mine. When the mine flies out, the paddle rises and allows the next mine to be lowered into the barrel. This fuse is installed in order not to lower the second mine onto the first, while the mines burst, and the calculation naturally dies. Such cases were during the Second World War in the heat of battle. On the mortars of foreign armies, such fuses are not visible. Oh, and they do not protect their people!
Although the service manual, remember, says that the double-loading fuse has practically no effect on shooting, nevertheless, before shooting, it is necessary to check its operation. If it does not work properly, you can get undershoots. This is the first nuance - the operation of the double-loading fuse.
After some time, we were puzzled by shooting to determine the accuracy of the 82BM. Despite the outward simplicity, it was not possible to solve it on the fly. Shooting is carried out at an angle of 45 degrees, this is the most unstable position for a mortar. The charge is zero as in the previous case, plus a long-range one. When firing, the base plate creeps back all the time, the aiming goes astray. In winter, if the ground freezes, the base plate may crack. In short, the first batch was filled up and I had to go to study at the Geodesy Research Institute. There is such an institute near Moscow. We made a position based on their experience, i.e. they dug a concrete slab vertically at a distance of half a meter behind, the base plate stopped creeping, the aiming stopped, and normal accuracy was obtained. In winter, table salt mixed with sand was poured under the base plate so that there was no hard blow on the frozen ground. Of course, in combat conditions, what kind of concrete slabs are there! But before installing the base plate, IMHO, it is necessary that the stiffeners at the bottom of the plate are cleaned of adhering dirt, install the plate according to the instructions, then plant the plate with a sledgehammer so that the ribs cut into the ground. Before shooting, be sure to give a couple of shrink shots, for example, on charge? 1 (one ring) and charge? 3 (three rings) at an angle of 60-70 degrees. This will set the base plate even better. Now you can safely shoot on a long-range charge. In the case of soft marshy ground, it may be recommended to drive thick stakes on the back and sides of the base plate so that it stands more or less stable. This is the second nuance - the installation of the mortar base plate.
As a rule, the final assembly of mines was carried out at the position. Perhaps this knowledge will also be useful. We take a mine in the left hand and screw the M-6 fuse into the mine. Then use the key to pull the fuse to the stop. It is important that the fuse has a safety cap, which is fastened with a wire pin with cloth tape. Before lowering the mine into the barrel, pull the ribbon, the cap flies off. Then a charge? 0 is inserted, a 12-gauge cartridge with a "chewed" primer into the mine stabilizer tube until it stops, so that the brass part completely enters the tube. "If the hands are strong and the breasts are large", naturally not female, then you can do it with your fingers, but it's better with the help of a device - a lever
, it is important not to put pressure on the primer, cutting a recess under the primer in the pusher. And the most important thing. Charges for 82BM, both numbers 1,2,3, and 4D2, are packed in a sealed plastic bag with a notch in the corner. Pulling the corner, you will open the package and get the charges. The usual charge consists of split rings put on the stabilizer tube. It is necessary that the cuts on the rings are not located one above the other. Uniformly upsetting the rings on the stabilizer blades can reduce the spread of speeds. Long-range charge 4D2 consisting of a bag - a cap with fine powder 4/1 requires special attention. Tying caps should preferably be done by one person uniformly. The fact is that gunpowder has some ability to move in the cap, and if it is tied a little tighter, then the burning rate and, accordingly, accuracy change. There were cases when the pressure was not "knocked out" when firing from a mortar due to cold weather, so with the help of a simple technique of "setting down" the gunpowder in the cap, it was possible to increase the pressure by 80-100 kgf / cm2. If the shooting did not take place, then charges were needed remove from mines and put in a sealed container, the cartridge can be left, as it provides tightness. Lay mines on lodgements in boxes. In practice, in such cases, we practiced laying loaded mines in sealed containers so as not to do double work. Once again I looked at the pictures put up by Studentom, but I didn’t see a double-loading fuse anywhere. Have they been cancelled? In the color picture, it looks like the fuse is on, but again it's dark. In the same picture, a white stripe on the mortar barrel is clearly visible to check the zero aiming line and rough aiming at the target. You pick up a plumb line (a thread with a nut), stand behind the mortar and point the barrel at a remote point along the plumb line and the white line. The sight should look at the same point. Before each shot, the transverse level is brought to the middle, it is advisable to bring it from one side, with a mechanism located on a biped. It is desirable that the barrel is located in the middle of the swivel mechanism, and not in the extreme right or left position. And fire, fire, fire...
Eh, what can you tell on your fingers? It's better to see once ...
At one fine moment, tail cartridges began to fall out of the mines on the trajectory. Everything would be fine, yes ...
But that's another story. :upset:ipec:

student 03-01-2004 15:57

"... and genius is a friend of paradoxes"
Thank you! Now I have an idea.
As for the fuses, oh, this is generally a dark story. Soon I will scan another article by another author, there is also a fuse there. And it was all like this - during the war, it was from such mortars that they achieved simply crazy rate of fire: 8 minutes hung in the air, the ninth delighted the enemy, and the tenth flew into the barrel hissing joyfully. This is how the calculation of the Shumov brothers worked (what a surname!).
But when firing mortars, they fell silent, lost count of shots, in a fever they often threw an "extra" mine, or threw a mine over a cut-off one. The result is the detonation of two mines in the barrel, a bunch of fragments and a dead crew. In the heat of battle, such incidents were erroneously attributed to a direct hit by an enemy projectile. But a miracle happened, namely, one lucky man survived after such a double loading. I don’t know whether he survived at all, whether he died from wounds, but I managed to tell about the cause of the death of his comrades.
An urgent task was given to develop a remedy for double loading - the same "shovel" became it.
It was in 1943. They began to put on mortars almost immediately, but the old ones, those who had already fought, did not stop (because there was no time - just Kursk-Kharkov, etc.). They simply sent them to the Central Control Unit, however, they were unlikely to help much.
On the "Tray" it is definitely there. He touched it with his hands, both in the Caucasus and in his native town, at the location of the 1st training division that had died in Bose (a friend of Batin took me there when I was small).
By the way, in the states of the current SME there is no memta for such well-deserved mortars. Only 120 mm.
Although there were once, about 20 years ago, and the state of the mortar battery was of several types. For example: 8 82 mm BM and 3 Cornflower. Or: 6 BM and 3 "Cornflower".
And in my opinion, in vain hastened. And the experience of Afghanistan confirmed that in vain - it is difficult to pull a 120 mortar in the mountains on oneself, a 107 mm mountain one is also not honey, but BM is difficult, but possible. And the spirits loved them for their ease - they fell into it and disappeared. For the same, the Chinese 12-barrel MLRS were held in high esteem.
By the way, I have nothing about sights for mortars. Can you tell about them?
Sincerely, Student.

Methanol 03-01-2004 17:32

But I didn’t understand something about folder shells in mines or brass, but are they fixed before firing solely by rubbing the cartridge case flange over the tube chtoli?

student 04-01-2004 18:31

Folder sleeve. Metal is not suitable, since it will not burn out under the holes in the tube when fired.
Fixation by friction, and pressure firmly presses the sleeve against the tube from the inside, with pressing into the groove on the tube of its brass pallet.
Sincerely, Student.

extractor 04-01-2004 21:30

RO Notes. 82BM. Continuation.
At one fine moment, tail cartridges began to fall out of the mines on the trajectory. Everything would be fine, mines reach a given distance, accuracy is good
(not quite of course, but within the requirements). As Student correctly writes, the main charge, its device is very well shown in the topic "Cornflower", during assembly it is fixed in the mine stabilizer tube due to "bloating" on the paper part of the sleeve.
An annular groove is made in the mine stabilizer tube, located opposite the upper part of the brass base (pallet) of the paper sleeve, which is almost like a 12k hunting sleeve, 20 mm in diameter. At the time of the shot, a part of the brass base is pressed into the annular groove and thus fixation is ensured, and the paper sleeve also breaks through the holes in the stabilizer. Well, the sleeve popped out and God bless her. Oh no, Vasilek entered service with his rate of fire. The military immediately question: what will happen if the dropped cartridge case meets the fuse of the mine flying behind? The M6 ​​fuze has a simple safety consisting of a spring, a settling sleeve, and four balls. Cock up when leaving the barrel. The probability of meeting is small, but the safe - God saves. First, we checked the dimensions of the stabilizer tube of the manufactured mines (now this plant is owned by the Pesnyar brothers). Then we assembled the MVK and went to the north of Ukraine to watch the production of cartridges. For consumer goods, 12k hunting cartridges were also produced there, the production is identical. They gave us both cartridges and capsules. Last year, I gave the remnants of capsules, stored for more than 10 years in a glass jar under a nylon lid, to a familiar hunter, he went hunting and did not get a single misfire! As it turned out, a new mold was installed at the factory and the size of the brass base decreased by 0.02 mm, and this was enough for the sleeves to start falling out. Based on the results of the work of the MVK, the drawing was changed and on the brass base of the sleeve, opposite the groove in the stabilizer tube, three protrusions were additionally made at an angle of 120 degrees. Now, during assembly, these three protrusions began to enter the groove in the stabilizer tube and additionally fix the sleeve. After checking by shooting, the shells did not fall out.
It seems like such a trifle, but there is painstaking work behind it.
And on sights for 82BM, I remember the name, it seems, MPM-44M, the sight has a head with an optical sight, a transverse level and a mechanism for aiming angles with a level. Digitization in cases. goniometer. I checked the zero line at a remote point, then set the elevation angle on the sight corresponding to the range, gave the elevation angle with a lifting m-mom, pointed it to the side where they asked, counting from the aiming point on the goniometer scale and forward:

extractor 07-01-2004 20:19

Notes RO.82 BM. Misfire and unloading mortar.
I almost missed very important practical steps that must be performed when the mortar misfires. I had to go through a lot of unpleasant minutes when the mortar or small igniter primer (KVM) does not work, I don’t remember exactly what it’s called correctly, in one word “chewed” in the tail cartridge and the mine does not want to fly out of the barrel. The probability of operation of the KVM, like most conventional ammunition, is 0.98, that is, 2 failures are obviously allowed for 100 shots, therefore, with intensive shooting, such cases are not uncommon. A mortar is not a cannon or a howitzer, where in the event of a misfire, you can re-cock the trigger and pull the rope again, and where there is no re-cocking mechanism, then carefully open the bolt, inspect the injection site and, with a weak imprint, you can scroll the sleeve 180 degrees in the charging chamber so that the striker hits another place on the HF. Sometimes it helps. Or pulled out the sleeve, at a safe distance, unscrew and replace the KV.
In a mortar, I lowered a mine into the barrel, but it did not fly out. What to do? The main thing is not to fuss and not to panic. This operation is considered dangerous. First of all, it is desirable, from behind a shelter or, in extreme cases, at some distance, with a long stick (2-3 m) several times (2-3) to push the mortar barrel. This is done in order to release the mine if it is "hung" or caught on something in the mortar barrel. Well, how can a mine catch on a smooth barrel? In my practice, there was a case when a mine did not fly out of the barrel, the barrel was pushed with a pole: it does not fly out! We came up to look and saw that the mine was hooked by a loop from the thread, which is tied to a long-range charge 4D2, for a small lever in the safety mechanism from double loading (this lever is located below the "blade"), and hangs in the barrel. They carefully removed the mine and continued firing. But after this incident, all the threads were tied in knots, and the ends were cut off. According to the manual, IMHO, it is written that you should "thread the threads", but an extra operation to trim the winding ends will prevent accidental unwinding of the threads. After pushing the mortar barrel with a pole, you should then hit the breech with a sledgehammer several times to prevent the mine from hanging and possible ignition of the CME when unloaded, in the event that the CME was not completely pricked. Naturally, this should be done by one person and he should not be in the zone of the possible flight path of the mine. After pushing and knocking, we proceed directly to unloading the mortar. One member of the crew disconnects the biped and puts it on the ground, the second member turns the barrel, disengaging the flats of the ball at the end of the breech from engagement with the plate and carefully lifts the mortar breech up, simultaneously lowering the muzzle of the barrel down, while the second member of the crew, folded his hands, as if he wants to strangle the muzzle of a mortar, catches a mine by the head, which crawls out of the barrel, shining with a fuse membrane. It is recommended to stand sideways, so that in case of ignition, again, you will not fall under a mine and under the rollback of the barrel. Although IMHO this is unlikely to help. All! Now you can breathe freely and at a safe distance, remove an additional charge from the stabilizer tube for insurance, pull out the failed cartridge using the collet extractor available in the SPTA and replace it with a new one. For many years of practice of firing from a mortar, there were no emergency situations when unloading a mortar, as they say - God bless. For 120PM, IMHO, everything is the same, only there are more people, but I don’t have the practice of unloading 120PM.
Hello everyone, extractor.

vsamsonov 12-01-2004 16:43

Thank you, an interesting topic ... By the way, my father told how their unit came under fire from their own 82 mm mortars ...
Fortunately, no one was seriously injured, everyone was in the trenches. Unintentional fire was opened and quickly stopped. Well, this is me on the question of "dummies", or rather, poorly trained soldiers with practically knocked out officers. It was not that in December 41, not that in January 42 near Moscow. And so he reached Romania and remained alive. In general, they covered their own regularly, with or without intent, but that's another story ...

extractor 15-01-2004 23:32

Notes RO.82 BM. Ode to the mortar!
It is a pity that in the combat formations of the infantry at the present time, as Student writes, there was no place for such a well-deserved veteran as 82 BM. Let me quote some statements from the book "Weapons of Victory", the authors of which command my respect.
Mortars were created at the beginning (now of the last - approx.extr.) Century during the Russo-Japanese War. During the war, Japanese troops besieged the fortress of Port Arthur, which then belonged to Russia (history repeats itself - Sevastopol, the same Port Arthur - approx.extr.). Having met the stubborn resistance of the Russian garrison, the Japanese began a long siege of the fortress. The trenches of the Japanese were very close to the Russian positions, in places this distance was measured in tens of meters. It was impossible to fire from conventional cannons. But in September 1904, the defenders of the fortress found a way: they put a light 47-mm naval gun on wheels so that it could fire directly from the trench at a high elevation angle with makeshift pole mines. The proposal was supported by the head of the land defense of the Port Arthur fortress, General R.I. Kondratenko, who instructed the head of the art workshops, Captain L.N. Gobyato, to implement it. Within a month (!) A new gun was manufactured that fired over-caliber pole mines weighing 11.5 kg (6.2 kg of explosives) at a distance of 50 to 400 m. Firing from this gun, called a mortar, was fired at barrel elevation angles of 45-65 degrees, and thanks to the hinged trajectory, the mines fell into the Japanese trenches. The experience of using mortars did not receive further development due to the opinion of some well-known artillerymen who considered mortars to be a "substitute for artillery" (authority-authority, but your opinion is also important! - approx.extr.). In 1915, during the transition to positional warfare on all fronts of the First World War, simple and light guns with a hinged firing trajectory were again needed to destroy the enemy in the trenches, on the reverse slopes of heights and in shelters. To solve these problems, in 1915, the Russian army adopted a 58-mm FR-type mortar, reconstructed by Captain E.A. Likhonin, firing over-caliber mines weighing 36 kg and 23.4 kg at a distance of 510 m. captain M.F. Rosenberg, who fired bombs weighing 3.4 kg at a distance of 430 m. Although the mortar device is described in detail above, sorry for the repetition.
The design features of the mortar (absorption of the recoil force of a shot through the base plate by the ground, smooth barrel, feathered mine, low pressure in the bore) make it possible to ensure high firing accuracy when conducting mounted fire. The breech, screwed onto the lower end of the barrel, has a rigidly set striker in the center for pricking the mine capsule and ends with a ball heel for connection to the base plate. The bipedal carriage has mechanisms for vertical and horizontal guidance and a spring shock absorber to protect the mechanisms of the carriage from sharp shocks when fired. The bipedal is attached to the trunk with a clip. The mortar sight is mounted on the body of the rotary mechanism and has a goniometer and a sight scale. The protractor is designed to measure horizontal angles, i.e. aiming "on the side", sight - vertical angles, aiming "by range". Horizontal aiming is carried out with the help of a protractor and a rotary mechanism, vertical - with the help of a sight and a lifting mechanism, just like in a conventional gun, the difference is that the gun is stationary and the flywheels rotate smoothly, and in a mortar when the bubbles tend to scatter into different sides with poor mortar installation. But if the mortar is installed correctly, then the aiming almost does not go astray (note extr.). To aim the mortar at the target, the barrel is given the required elevation angle (but not less than 45 degrees!), Providing a given firing range. If rapid fire is fired, then aiming is not checked. When firing single shots (with aiming correction) before each shot
the correctness of the settings of the sight and goniometer is checked (if necessary, an amendment is introduced) and a shot is fired. However, in the book "Modern Artillery", published in 1933, the mortar is considered as a cheap, easily accessible "surrogate" for mass production of guns. The outstanding Soviet designer B.I. Shavyrin, in subsequent years, the chief designer of mortars, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, managed to prove, contrary to popular belief, that mortars are not some kind of surrogate for artillery used in its absence, but an independent type designed to perform combat missions which cannot be solved with the help of conventional artillery pieces. Since 1936, he supervised the work and was directly involved in the creation of a number of mortars that played an important role in the war with fascist Germany.
In order to simplify the design and ensure a high rate of fire, muzzle loading was provided for the mortars. In addition to firing a self-piercing shot from the impact of a mine igniter primer on the striker tip, 107-mm and 120-mm mortars made firing mechanisms that allow firing from cover using a trigger cord. Life has shown that it is not enough to call a weapon company, battalion or regimental_ it is necessary that this weapon organically fit into the unit and, by its presence, would contribute to the most complete fulfillment of the tasks facing the unit. 82 BM, in my opinion, fully fits into the combat formations of the infantry. For 82BM weighing 56kg, three human packs were developed, the mortar is disassembled into three parts (a barrel with a breech, a two-legged carriage and a base plate). Ammunition is also carried on human packs. This method of carrying is very convenient: with a mortar you can get everywhere where a foot man passes - through forests and swamps, along narrow winding communications, along rocky mountain paths. m. The created 82BM in terms of its effectiveness and combat characteristics significantly exceeded the German 81.4 mm caliber, which fired at a distance of 1900 m compared to our 3040 m. Germany did not have 120-mm mortars and only in 1943 adopted, copying the Soviet model of 1938.
Anyone who was at the front knows well how much love the mortar enjoyed among the soldiers. The infantry (Student!) in it, as they say, doted on the soul, and the gunners respected it as a weapon capable of performing tasks inaccessible to flat and even howitzer firing. The fact is that there is no "dead" space for a mortar, mines can hit a target everywhere: behind a building, behind a hill, in a ravine or in a deep trench. This is possible because the angle of incidence of a mine is always more than 45 degrees and is close to a straight line, i.e. the mine falls almost vertically. It was not easy for an enemy observer to determine the coordinates of a well-hidden mortar: the sound is weak, the flame is small, and it does not raise dust when fired like a cannon. ravine slopes, walls, trees in the forest, etc. The success of the mortars was especially aided by their relative lightness. Recall that the field (light) 76-mm gun has a mass of 1150 kg, and 82BM - only 56 kg, i.e. in 20 times less, besides, it is disassembled into parts.
Mortars played an important role in the battles in the North Caucasus. German troops occupied the city of Mozdok and launched an offensive against Grozny (History repeats itself again, looks like the scenario of the 1st Chechen war). We did not have enough forces in this direction, so one unit was assigned the task of delaying the advance of the enemy towards Grozny. This is where 82-mm mortars came to the rescue. When it was established by reconnaissance that the enemy was accumulating in a hollow, concentrating forces for an attack, mortar batteries opened fire on this hollow. The enemy suffered heavy losses, the plans of the Nazis were frustrated, the offensive on Grozny was suspended. (I wonder if the Chechens used this experience of the Second World War sixty years later?).
Due to their features, mortars found new applications. During the years of the Second World War, tanks were reinforced by landing forces, and mortarmen began to sit on the armor along with machine gunners. (now it’s true where you sit down, you get down there - dynamic and active protection will quickly turn the landing into a sieve). Having jumped off the armor of the tanks, the mortars would instantly set their weapons in some kind of funnel, pit or ditch and open fire. To increase mobility, 82BM was installed on motorcycles and carried out successful combat operations. In 1941, a sample 82BM was developed, in the breech of which an eccentric mechanism was provided, which allows turning the handle to raise the mine inside the barrel (in case of a misfire!) Above the sting of the striker in order to make the process of unloading the mortar safer. (For actions in the event of a misfire, see . above). In Stalingrad, mortars proved to be excellent in street battles. It was easiest for the mortarmen to adapt to the unusual situation. There were plenty of places for firing positions. Mortars were placed behind the walls of buildings, in workshops and buildings, the roofs of which were destroyed by bombs and shells. Mortar NPs were placed in the most unusual places, for example, on an overhead crane. The help of the mortars was invaluable: they hit the tops of buildings, roofs and attics, where the enemy had observers and machine gunners.
During the war years, in the most difficult conditions, Soviet industry manufactured 352,800 mortars, five times more than in Germany, and almost 1.7 times more than in the USA and in the countries of the British Empire. The most distinguished mortar units in the Second World War were converted into guards, awarded orders of the Soviet Union, many mortar soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: mortar company commander senior lieutenant I.D. Belyakov, mortar platoon commanders: guard senior lieutenant g.k. Atamanchuk, junior lieutenant N.S. Bevz, Guards Senior Sergeant V.M. Belyaev, commanders of mortar batteries: Captain I.A. Korenkov, Guards Senior Lieutenant I.G. Lapin and many others. Thousands of mortarmen were awarded orders and medals of the USSR for military exploits. The memory of their military exploits is sacred. Glory to the heroes!

P.S. And you say Super-duper-bells and whistles. You need a mortar and cumulative mines for tanks, and fragmentation mines for infantry with a radio fuse, so that it explodes right over your head and "Our cause is just, the enemy will be defeated, victory will be ours!"

Slonyar 21-01-2004 12:44

8-cm s.GR.W.34.

The main battalion mortar in the Wehrmacht was the 8 cm mortar mod. 34g. The Germans called it a heavy grenade launcher mod. 34g (Schwere Granatwerfer 34). Or 8cm s.GR.W.34.
The 8-cm mortar mod. 34 was created by Rheinmetall in 1932. by the type of mortar Stokes-Brandt. It had a scheme of an imaginary triangle - the trunk and the two-leg, made up the two sides of the triangle, and the third side, connecting the support of the biped with the slab, was absent, that is, it was imaginary. A characteristic external difference between the 8 cm sample 34 and the Soviet 82 mm was a rectangular rather than a round base plate. ***

*** By the beginning of the war, the Red Army had several dozen 82-mm mortars of 82-mm obru 36g. With rectangular plates, and all other mortars had round bases.

Changes in the firing range of the mortar were carried out by roughly selecting the charge from N1 to N4, and more precisely, by changing the elevation angle. The firing range of a 3.5 kg mine ranged from 0.6 to 2400m.

The mortar consisted of a barrel with a breech, a biped with mechanisms installed on it, a shock absorber plate and a sight. 8 cm sample 34
8-cm mod. 34 was in service with machine-gun companies of infantry divisions of the first wave. The battalion had six 8-cm mod. 34, and the entire division had 54 mortars.
8-cm sample 34 was carried in the stowed position on three human packs (trunk, base plate and tripod). The mortar did not have wheels.
8-cm mod. 34g were often installed in the Sd.Kfz 250/7 half-tracked armored personnel carrier. Self-propelled mortar installation, this system can be called a stretch, since the mortar was installed on the bottom of the armored personnel carrier using a small number of semi-handicraft devices. If necessary, the mortar was removed from the body and acted like a conventional mortar.

The presence of 8-cm mortars (without trophy ones) in the German army (pcs.)
1.09.1939 --- 4624
1.04.1940 --- 6796
1.06.1941 --- 11767
1.10.1944 --- 14900
1.01.1945 --- 16454

Production of 8-cm s.GR.W.34 mortars. (PCS)
1939---1523
1940---4380
1941-4230
1942---9780
1943---19588
1944---26341
1945---5788

The cost of one mortar 8-cm s.GR.W.34. was 810 Rm.

A significant difference in the availability and production of 8-cm s.GR.W.34 mortars. explained by their large losses. So only from June 22, 1941 to September 1, 1942, 3466 mortars were lost, all on the Eastern Front.

The command of the Wehrmacht as a whole was quite satisfied with 8-cm mortars. But the mortar had a relatively large weight (57kg) and was not suitable for airborne troops and various assault and sabotage groups. Therefore, a shortened 8-cm mortar model 42-kz.8 cm Gr.W.42 was developed specifically for the Airborne Forces. Its barrel was indeed shortened from 1143mm, as in sample 34, to 747mm. The weight of the mortar was reduced from 57 to 26 kg. The ammunition load remained the same as the 8-cm s.GR.W.34., but due to the reduction of the charge and the length of the barrel, the firing range decreased to 1100 m, with an initial speed of 110 m/s. Due to poor ballistic qualities, the production of a shortened 8-cm mortar mod. 42g was limited.
Serial production of the 8 cm mortar model 42-kz.8 cm Gr.W.42 was started in 1943 and completed in the same year. In total, the Germans produced 1591 mortars.

mortar device

The barrel consisted of a smoothbore tube and a screw-on breech.
The bipedal carriage consisted of two supporting legs identical in design. The presence of a hinged connection of the supporting legs made it possible to make a rough setting of the pointing angles, fine aiming was carried out using a lifting mechanism. In addition, it made it possible to fire from a firing position with a large lateral skew, and increased the fire maneuverability of the mortar. Each tripod had a collar for attaching a pack strap.

Mortar data 8-cm s.GR.W.34

Caliber, mm:::::::. 81.4
Barrel length, mm/clb:::1143/14
Channel length, mm/clb::...1033/12.7
HV Angle::::::+45 to +87
GN angle without rearrangement of the bipedal carriage:
At an elevation angle of 45::.9 degrees.
At an elevation angle of 87::.15deg.
Base plate area, sq.m.::2930
Base plate weight:::::::19 kg
Mortar weight, kg::::::::.57
Rate of fire, rds / min::: 25-30
Firing range, m:::::.....60-2400
Calculation, people:::::::::::.4

Ammunition and ballistics.

Fragmentation mine mod.34 8-cm Wgr.34
Mine weight, kg::::3.5
Mine length, mm:: 332

Fragmentation mine mod.38 8-cm Wgr.38
Mine weight, kg:::...3.5
Mine length, mm:: 329

Fragmentation jumping mine mod.39 8-cm Wgr.39
Mine weight, kg:::....3.5
Mine length, mm:.: 333

Smoke Model 34 8-cm Wgr.34.Nb
Mine weight, kg:::...3.5
Mine length, mm:: 332

Model 38 target designation mine 8-cm Wgr.38 Dent
Mine weight, kg:::...3.5
Mine length, mm:: 327

The main purpose of the jumping fragmentation mine was to defeat manpower located behind various shelters: terrain folds, in trenches, etc. The effectiveness of the mine in such conditions was ensured by the fact that it did not explode on the surface of the earth, like a conventional fragmentation mine, but at a certain height (1.5-2 m) from the ground. Therefore, fragments of a mine flying from top to bottom hit the sheltered manpower, and they gave a larger area of ​​\u200b\u200bdestruction than a conventional fragmentation mine.
Unlike a conventional fragmentation mine, a jumping mine had a detachable warhead, inside which was placed an expelling charge with a moderator, which was separated from the main charge by a diaphragm connecting the warhead to the mine body. The sleeve of the gas-dynamic distributor was screwed into the diaphragm, which had an opening for passage to the detonator capsule.
The action of a jumping mine at the target was as follows. When a mine met an obstacle, a fuse operated, the beam of fire of which ignited the powder retarder of the expelling charge. During the burning of the moderator, the mine continued to deepen into the ground and, at the same time, lost a significant part of the kinetic energy. After the moderator burned out, an expelling charge was ignited, under the pressure of the gases of which the head part was separated from the diaphragm, and the body of the mine with the diaphragm was thrown upwards. At the same time, powder gases broke through the hole in the sleeve into the chamber of the gas-dynamic moderator, which undermined the detonator capsule when the mine jumped to a height of 1.5-2 meters from the ground.

A 21-01-2004 18:03

And somewhere there is a link about the cumulative mini with pictures? Menia was taught on howitzers D-30, D-1, M-1, not minomiots. According to the charter, as I remember, it was powerfully beaten by cumulative interpretation of the cumulative only when aiming. And on the minomiote, you can’t provide guidance. Therefore, it is interesting how powerfully in a relatively small area the minoys are intact (as I remember, when a 122 mm shell hit + - 12 meters with mounted shooting, no corrections were introduced, but they were shot on those sights themselves).
Yours sincerely,

extractor 21-01-2004 18:12

Elephant! (well, a nickname!, It’s somehow uncomfortable to write!). Thanks for the good jumping mine!
and no pictures?

extractor 21-01-2004 18:19

Dear A! You all correctly write that they hit KUMA with direct fire. And KUM mines for mortars and firing from a hinged trajectory, these are my personal notions by analogy with bombing tanks with cumulative mines weighing only 2,5 kg. I am also interested in such a question if from the automatic machine - "Vasilka" to shoot a couple of bursts at the tank, will you hit or not? and were there such practical shootings in world practice?

Slonyar 21-01-2004 20:50

Unfortunately, only the picture of the mortar itself is on the disk. Can it be inserted somehow?
I read that one Red Army soldier hit a plane from a mortar, of course, into an enemy one and not on purpose.

BUT:
Probably these mines:

extractor 21-01-2004 21:29

We have a lot of mortars, but it would be nice to see a mine with cum.elements!

nimi 21-01-2004 21:33

to Slonyar

Everything is very interesting, but I think it was worth opening a new topic, and not posting information about the German mortar in the topic "82 mm Soviet mortars" :-) If you don't mind, post the information in a new post, and also indicate the source.

And if you can, in more detail about this:

Probably these mines:
"At the end of the 80s, the specialists of the corporation mentioned above created a 120-mm guided mine. It is equipped with a radar seeker and a cluster warhead (21-cumulative fragmentation element). The homing head turns on when the mine is about 2500 meters from the target. When reaching the target area at the optimum height, cumulative fragmentation elements are thrown out, striking armored vehicles (from above) and enemy manpower (shrapnel).The prototype mines that were tested had a passive type laser seeker.Mine length 1m, weight 15 kg, firing range 500-8500 meters."

A 22-01-2004 15:29

IMHO cumulative shells with the Geographical System of Finding can be done powerfully. It’s powerful to make IMHO and self-guided for heat, but, as we think, why does such an expensive blaster produce a long projectile if the tank is powerfully stopped by ordinary fragmentation? Hotia, if the malenkaia is intact, and it is necessary to hit the target with one whistle, then IMHO it’s worth it.

A 22-01-2004 15:42

Now I remembered. My father told me about some kind of viprigivauushuu mine, which, when the tank feels that it is approaching, it pulls up and strikes from above. But I didn't listen anywhere else. Moshet, some kind of protorip beat.

serk 22-01-2004 16:22

Dear "A", corrections are made when firing from a mortar, because there is also a sight there. Experienced mortarmen can quite accurately lay mines, I know this not by hearsay, I myself am in the former guards an ordinary airborne troops, a mortar platoon.

Slonyar 22-01-2004 19:49

Sorry article, in general, far from new. I chose only what concerns the mines themselves.

Mortars of foreign armies.
Colonel A. Fomich
Foreign military review "N 9, 1990

"Another direction in improving mortar weapons is to increase the accuracy of fire, which is achieved mainly through the introduction of modern computer technology and more advanced aiming devices. The creation of guided mines of 81 and 120 mm calibers equipped with various homing heads (infrared, semi-active laser, radar) and cumulative warheads.
Pilot developments of such mines have already passed firing tests in Great Britain ("Merlin"), Germany ("Bussard") and Sweden ("Strix"). The development of the American 106.7 mm guided mine was discontinued in 1986. R&D is currently underway in the US to create a 120 mm mine, controlled by an operator via a fiber optic cable. According to foreign press reports
Guided mines are also being developed in France and South Africa.
The effectiveness of the action of mines at the target is increased mainly through the use of ammunition with ready-made and semi-finished fragments, completing them with proximity fuses, which ensure the detonation of mines at the optimum height above the target. In a number of countries (Greece, Spain, France, South Africa) samples of cluster mines appeared, equipped, as a rule, with cumulative fragmentation submunitions.

"For a long time, British Aerospace specialists have been working on the creation of the Merlin guided mine. Since 1988, it has been tested. Armored targets (mainly tanks) are fired from standard 81-mm mortars at a distance of up to 4 km. Merlin is equipped with radar homing head, electronic control unit and cumulative warhead.
When taking off from the mortar barrel, she reveals six tail stabilizers and four control rudders (in front of the hull). As soon as the upper point of the flight path is reached, the homing head begins to work, searching first for moving armored targets, and then for stationary ones. The area on which it can detect tanks is approximately 300 * 300 m. The mine hits the tank from above in its least protected part.
According to foreign press reports, the production of "Merlin" mines may already begin in 1991. They will be delivered in airtight containers with a service life of 10 years. Estimated price of one sample is about 8 thousand pounds sterling."

"Currently, Thompson-Brandt (France), together with specialists from Great Britain, Italy and Switzerland, are developing a 120-mm Griffin guided mine. Having a mass of 20 kg and a length of 1 m, it will be fired from a regular mortar at a distance of up to 8 km. The homing head should be supplied by the British company "British Aerospace". It is a modification of the seeker of the Merlin mine. From a height of 900m, it will scan an area of ​​​​500 * 500 meters in search of moving armored targets (tanks). If it does not detect them, then the area will decrease up to the size of 150*150m and the GOS will search for stationary targets.The warhead of the mine is a tandem type.It is expected that the annual production of guided mines "Griffin" will be 5 thousand pieces at a price of 20 thousand dollars each.
The firm "Thompson_Brand" is also working on the creation of 120-mm mines with cluster warheads. In particular, one of the samples will have 20 cumulative fragmentation elements ejected from the mine body at a height of about 300m and scattered over an area within a radius of about 40m. The company's specialists are also developing a new model of a 120-mm active-reactive mine with a firing range of about 17 km (weight 25 kg, length 1.2 m).

"Since 1975, the West German company Diehl has been developing the Bussard 120-mm guided mine. Structurally, it is similar to the English and French guided mines. Its length is about 1 m, weight 17 kg, firing range 800-5000 m, warhead of the cumulative type. Mina "Bussard" is equipped with a semi-active seeker (in the future, it is possible to use a millimeter-wave radar or an infrared head. Although the first successful test was carried out back in 1983, the development of this mine is still ongoing. "

"The Spanish company mentioned above (Esperanza and Sia), along with conventional mines, produces Esprin-15 and Esprin-21 cluster 120 mm mines. The numbers indicate the number of cumulative fragmentation elements that are ejected at a certain height above the target area. Maximum range firing these mines, respectively, 5.5 and 4.6 km "

"Austrian specialists are also working on the creation of high-precision cluster mines to destroy armored targets"

"The 120-mm Strix guided mine has already been tested and practically prepared for production in Sweden. It has an infrared seeker head and a cumulative warhead. The mine is 830 cm long, weighs 16 kg, and has a firing range of 6000-8000m. A feature of this sample is the presence of microengines used to correct the trajectory in the active targeting area. The "Strix" is fired from a standard mortar. Before that, the necessary information for the flight period is entered from the program block into it.

"At the end of the 80s, the specialists of the corporation mentioned above created a 120-mm guided mine. It is equipped with a radar seeker and a cluster warhead (21-cumulative-fragmentation element). The homing head turns on when the mine is about 2500 meters from the target. When reaching the target area at the optimum height, cumulative fragmentation elements are thrown out, striking armored vehicles (from above) and enemy manpower (shrapnel).The prototype mines that were tested had a passive type laser seeker.Mine length 1m, weight 15 kg, firing range 500-8500 meters."

serk 23-01-2004 09:18

But about mines with OV, they heard about this,
so not far from Ghazni in the town of Alakadari-Shahdzhoy, where the battalion in which I served was located, our intelligence somehow found mines from a mortar with incomprehensible markings, they were sent to a regiment with turntables, so a week later the entire battalion was equipped with gas masks, here so. They say the capsules on the mines were pierced, so we must have been lucky.

A 26-01-2004 14:02

The originals would be serk:
[B] Dear bAb, corrections are made when firing from a mortar, because there is also a sight there. Experienced mortarmen can quite accurately lay mines, I know this not by hearsay, I myself am in the former guards an ordinary airborne troops, a mortar platoon.

And what is the accuracy of shooting at the minomiot about which you are talking? I remember according to the charter, but the length of the howitzers, if, for example, it is intact, then we shoot on the same sights; sometimes it’s also powerful on old shooters (though I don’t remember when).
Yours sincerely,

extractor 27-01-2004 19:17

Flight, short flight, half sight, fork!

Dottor 22-03-2006 20:19

Thanks for the nice article. But are there any images of trays for 82 mm mines? It would be quite good to look at different ones, with the opportunity to evaluate their change.

Oniks 26-03-2006 19:48

A repeat of the question from the topic "2B9. Cornflower" - mistakenly posted there.

Does anyone know anything about the real state of affairs with the 82-mm mortar system 2B24 and the 82-mm silent mortar system 2B25?

Slonyar 01-04-2006 20:21

Mortar not 120 mm? And the photo is good.

maxim wolf 14-04-2006 20:14

1. I read a few years ago (I don’t remember the source) that during the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, 82mm mortars were used against armored cars and tanks (!!!)

extractor 21-04-2006 22:05

Like this:
Slavic-Serb brothers say it's too early to write off mortars for scrap!
With SW.extr.

Undermining with planted explosives). Gradually, the name was transferred to all fixed warheads that explode when the enemy approaches - not only those buried in the ground, but also ground and sea ones. The mortar mine is so named because the first mortar ammunition used was naval mines.

mortar mine

Ammunition 81-mm mortar Brandt sample 1927/31

The Brandt company developed a wide range of mines for its model 27/31, which can be divided into three main types: mines with a high-explosive charge, mines with an increased charge (heavy, they were fired at shorter distances) and smoke mines.

1. light mine FA Mle1924 / 27: 3.31 kg (400 g of explosives)
2. light mine FA Mle1932: 3.34 kg (560 g of explosives)
3. heavy mine FA Mle1935 GC: 6.84 kg (2400 g of explosives)
4. smoke mine: 3.34 kg (225 g smoke component)
5. lighting (without and with a parachute)

The American version of the mortar used locally developed ammunition:

M43A1 light HE: 6.87 lb (3.11 kg), range min 200 yd (183 m), range max 3290 yd (3010 m); instant fuse (explodes on the surface).

M45, M45B1 Heavy HE: 10.62 pounds (4.82 kg), range max 2258 yards (2064 m); delayed fuse.

M56 Heavy HE: 15.01 pounds (6.81 kg), range max 1300 yards (1200 m); the fuse has two settings: instantaneous or delayed.

M57 WP (White Phosphorus): 10.74 lb (4.87 kg), max range 2470 yd (2260 m).

Ammunition for 82-mm mortar BM-37

For firing from an 82-mm mortar, high-explosive fragmentation, fragmentation six-finned and ten-finned mines and smoke six-finned mines, as well as a propaganda mine were used.

• 82-mm fragmentation six-pronged mine O-832 weighed 3.31 kg (equipped with additional charges - 3.4 kg) and carried 400 grams of explosives. The mine explosion gave 400-600 fragments, which ensured the defeat of manpower within a radius of sixty meters from the place of the gap.
• 82-mm fragmentation ten-finned mine O-832D also weighed 3.31 kg (equipped with additional charges - 3.4 kg) and carried 400 grams of explosives.
• 82-mm smoke six-pronged mine D-832 weighed 3.67 kg.
• 82 mm propaganda mine A-832 weighed 4.6 kg.

The case of 82-mm mortar mines of pre-war production was cast from cast iron using model-rod equipment, however, after the start of World War II, it became necessary to increase the production of mines and their manufacture at non-specialized enterprises. In 1942, a technology was developed for additional machining of the head and tail parts of the cast body of an 82-mm mortar mine using copiers mounted on multi-cutting machines.

MSPO2007-36-03.jpg

81 mm high-explosive mortar mine with contact fuse

MSPO2007-37-01.jpg

60 mm HE mortar mine with remote fuse

RIAN archive 5414 Shells for the army.jpg

Craftsmen of one of the schools make mines for the front, 1942

Write a review on the article "Mortar Mine"

Notes

Literature

see also

An excerpt characterizing the mortar mine

The famous flank march consisted only in the fact that the Russian army, retreating straight back in the opposite direction of the offensive, after the French offensive had stopped, deviated from the direct direction taken at first and, not seeing persecution behind them, naturally leaned in the direction where it attracted an abundance of food.
If we imagined not brilliant commanders at the head of the Russian army, but simply one army without commanders, then this army could not do anything other than move back to Moscow, describing an arc from the side from which there was more food and the land was more abundant.
This movement from the Nizhny Novgorod to the Ryazan, Tula and Kaluga roads was so natural that the marauders of the Russian army ran off in this very direction and that in this very direction it was required from Petersburg that Kutuzov transfer his army. In Tarutino, Kutuzov almost received a reprimand from the sovereign for having withdrawn the army to the Ryazan road, and he was pointed out the very position against Kaluga in which he was already at the time he received the sovereign's letter.
Rolling back in the direction of the push given to it during the entire campaign and in the battle of Borodino, the ball of the Russian army, when the force of the push was destroyed and not receiving new shocks, took the position that was natural to it.
Kutuzov's merit did not lie in some kind of ingenious, as they call it, strategic maneuver, but in the fact that he alone understood the significance of the event taking place. He alone understood even then the significance of the inaction of the French army, he alone continued to assert that the battle of Borodino was a victory; he alone - the one who, it would seem, by his position as commander-in-chief, should have been called to the offensive - he alone used all his strength to keep the Russian army from useless battles.
The slain beast near Borodino lay somewhere where the runaway hunter had left it; but whether he was alive, whether he was strong, or whether he was only hiding, the hunter did not know this. Suddenly, the groan of this beast was heard.
The groan of this wounded beast, the French army, denouncing her death, was the sending of Loriston to Kutuzov's camp with a request for peace.
Napoleon, with his confidence that it is not good that is good, but that it is good that came to his mind, wrote to Kutuzov the words that first came to his mind and did not make any sense. He wrote:

“Monsieur le prince Koutouzov,” he wrote, “j" envoie pres de vous un de mes aides de camps generaux pour vous entretenir de plusieurs objets interessants. Je desire que Votre Altesse ajoute foi a ce qu "il lui dira, surtout lorsqu" il exprimera les sentiments d "estime et de particuliere consideration que j" ai depuis longtemps pour sa personne… Cette lettre n "etant a autre fin, je prie Dieu, Monsieur le prince Koutouzov, qu" il vous ait en sa sainte et digne garde ,
Moscou, le 3 Octobre, 1812. Signe:
Napoleon.
[Prince Kutuzov, I am sending you one of my adjutant generals to negotiate with you on many important subjects. I ask Your Grace to believe everything he tells you, especially when he begins to express to you the feelings of respect and special respect that I have had for you for a long time. I pray to God to keep you under my sacred roof.
Moscow, October 3, 1812.
Napoleon. ]

"Je serais maudit par la posterite si l" on me regardait comme le premier moteur d "un accommodement quelconque. Tel est l "esprit actuel de ma nation", [I would be damned if they looked at me as the first instigator of any deal; this is the will of our people.] - answered Kutuzov and continued to use all his strength for that to keep troops from advancing.
In the month of the robbery of the French army in Moscow and the calm stationing of the Russian army near Tarutino, a change took place in relation to the strength of both troops (spirit and number), as a result of which the advantage of strength turned out to be on the side of the Russians. Despite the fact that the position of the French army and its numbers were unknown to the Russians, as soon as attitudes changed, the need for an offensive was immediately expressed in countless signs. These signs were: the sending of Loriston, and the abundance of provisions in Tarutino, and the information that came from all sides about the inactivity and disorder of the French, and the recruitment of our regiments, and good weather, and the long rest of Russian soldiers, and usually arising in the troops as a result of rest impatience to do the work for which everyone is gathered, and curiosity about what was being done in the French army, so long lost sight of, and the courage with which Russian outposts were now snooping around the French stationed in Tarutino, and news of easy victories over the French peasants and the partisans, and the envy aroused by this, and the feeling of revenge that lay in the soul of every person as long as the French were in Moscow, and the (most important) vague, but arising in the soul of every soldier, the consciousness that the ratio of strength has now changed and the advantage is on our side. The essential balance of forces changed and an offensive became necessary. And immediately, just as surely as the chimes begin to beat and play in the clock, when the hand has made a full circle, in the higher spheres, in accordance with a significant change in forces, an increased movement, hissing and playing of the chimes was reflected.