Audit documents based on the results of the audit. Registration of audit results

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Novomoskovsk Institute (branch)

FGBOU VPO "RCTU named after D.I. Mendeleev"

Faculty "ZiOZO"

Department of "Management"

Direction of training 080200 "Management"

COURSE WORK

discipline "Audit of the organization"

on the topic: "Documentation of the audit"

StudentA.A. Solomkin

TeacherI.O. Anosova

Novomoskovsk, 2015

Introduction

1.1 Documentation of the audit in the Russian Federation

2.2 Auditor's report

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

2. Analysis of balance sheet liquidity

Introduction

Audit is an independent form of financial control.

According to Part 3, Article 1 of the Federal Law of December 30, 2008 N 307-FZ "On Auditing" (hereinafter - Law N 307-FZ), an audit is an independent verification of the accounting (financial) statements of an audited entity in order to express an opinion on the reliability of such statements . At the same time, the concept of reliability is not provided in Law N 307-FZ. According to paragraph 6 of PBU 4/99 "Accounting statements of an organization", accounting statements formed on the basis of the rules established by regulatory acts on accounting are considered reliable and complete.

So what does the auditor confirm? It is generally accepted that reliability is understood as the degree of accuracy of accounting (financial) reporting data, on the basis of which any interested user can make the right economic and management decisions.

Every day and every hour transactions are made in the world for the purchase and sale of securities, companies, other assets, various investment projects are being implemented. And auditors are involved in the information support of persons making management and investment decisions. Determining the place and role of audit in the information support of participants in economic relations is extremely important for the subsequent determination of the criteria for the quality of audit services, as well as the conditions and extent of the responsibility of auditors if the quality of audit services turned out to be inadequate.

However, the experience of audits shows that there are still disagreements between the employees of the audited entity and auditors, which inevitably leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the audit and, as a result, the quality of its results. One of the reasons for such disagreements is the overestimated expectations of the representatives of the audited entity from the auditors, because audit is still perceived by the business community not just as an activity to confirm the reliability of accounting (financial) statements, but to a greater extent as an assessment of risks and recommendations for their reduction.

The auditor is largely perceived today as an outside expert with significant experience in various fields of activity, with extensive knowledge of the business processes of leading companies, understanding the peculiarities of the economy and its inherent risks. For the client, the auditor is, on the one hand, a source of valuable knowledge in the field of control, internal efficiency, which allows the client to review his own internal control system and business processes and, if necessary, make appropriate adjustments. On the other hand, if we proceed from the purpose of the audit, prescribed in Article 1 of Law N 307-FZ, - confirmation of the reliability of accounting (financial) statements, then audit procedures should be aimed at satisfying the requests of not individual internal users, but all interested parties.

The role of audit as an independent financial control is key in the formation of the national market economy. Being consulting-oriented at the initial stage of development, audit activity actually contributed to the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation. This determined the specifics of the domestic audit and strengthened the corresponding model of expectations from its results in the minds of the business community. Today, the crisis of the financial control system inevitably leads to the transformation of the mechanisms and procedures for its implementation. But it is audit as an independent form of financial control that is today the only tool for providing reasonable guarantees regarding the reliability of accounting (financial) statements to all interested users, one of whose representatives is the state.

A professionally executed audit is comparable to investing in a business. This is the basis for making informed management decisions and identifying the most optimal strategy for the development of the organization. It is also an opportunity to effectively optimize the taxation system and solve a whole range of other important aspects of the enterprise.

Proper documentation of an audit is a set of procedures established and well-established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Competent design indicates a high professional level and competence of the auditor, and is very important for the "life" of the audited organization.

The purpose of the course work is to tell that the design of working documentation should be carried out in such a way as to ensure the availability of questions and awareness of its content.

audit documenting

1. Documentation of the audit

.1 Documentation of the audit in the Russian Federation

Documentation of the audit was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 23, 2002 N 696. This federal standard was developed taking into account international standards and made it possible to establish uniform requirements for the execution of documents in the process of auditing an organization's financial statements.

Following Standard No. 2, the auditor must document all important information as evidence of the formation and confirmation of the audit opinion, including that the audit was conducted in accordance with federal standards.

All working documents and materials that are provided to the auditor, stored by him or prepared by the auditor himself can be combined under one term - "documentation". The customer has the right to provide documentation in any format, whether it is paper, film or electronic. The auditor should prepare working papers in a sufficiently complete and detailed form to provide a general understanding of the audit, as they are used in planning and performing the audit, to monitor the work performed, and to record audit evidence.

The working papers reflect all information about the planning of the audit work, the nature, timing and extent of the procedures performed, their results, as well as the conclusions made on the basis of the obtained audit evidence. Most importantly, they should contain the auditor's justification of all important points on which it is necessary to draw conclusions and express his professional judgment. The working papers should include the facts that were known to the auditor at the time of drawing the conclusions, and the necessary arguments, in cases where the auditor has considered complex issues of principle or expressed professional judgment on any matters important to the audit.

The volume of documentation is determined by the auditor independently, taking into account that if it becomes necessary to transfer documents to another auditor who is not working on this assignment, the information will be exhaustive. This will allow you not to resort to additional conversations and understand the work done.

The nature of the assignment, the requirements for the opinion, the profile of the entity being audited, and the status of the accounting report determine the form and content of the working papers. The effectiveness of an audit can be enhanced by the availability of scheduling and the availability of analytical documentation. Federal rules recommend compiling and systematizing documentation in such a way as to facilitate the work performed by subordinates and the auditor during the audit. At the same time, it is proposed to organize standard forms of documentation: to standardize folders, forms, questionnaires, letters and appeals.

Working papers usually contain:

information regarding the legal form and organizational structure of the audited entity;

extracts or copies of necessary legal documents, agreements and protocols;

information about the industry, economic and legal environment in which the audited entity operates;

information reflecting the planning process, including audit programs and any changes thereto;

evidence of the auditor's understanding of the accounting and internal control systems;

evidence supporting the assessment of inherent risk, the level of risk of controls, and any adjustments to those assessments;

evidence confirming the fact that the auditor analyzed the work of the audited entity on internal audit and the conclusions drawn by the auditor;

analysis of financial and economic operations and balances of accounting accounts;

analysis of the most important economic indicators and their trends;

information about the nature, time frame, scope of audit procedures and the results of their implementation;

evidence confirming that the work performed by the auditor's employees was carried out under the supervision of qualified specialists and was verified;

information about who performed the audit procedures, with an indication of the time they were performed;

detailed information on the procedures applied to the financial (accounting) statements of divisions and/or subsidiaries audited by another auditor;

copies of communications sent to and received from other auditors, experts and third parties;

copies of letters and telegrams on audit issues brought to the attention of the heads of the audited entity or discussed with them, including the terms of the audit agreement or identified significant shortcomings in the internal control system;

written statements received from the audited entity;

conclusions drawn by the auditor on the most significant audit matters, including errors and unusual circumstances that were identified by the auditor in the course of performing audit procedures, and details of actions taken in connection with this auditor;

copies of financial (accounting) statements and audit report.

The issue of privacy is one of the most important. Provided that the working papers are the property of the auditor, upon request, some of them or certain excerpts may be made available to the customer. This is at the auditor's discretion and does not replace the client's accounting records.

The rules oblige the auditor to establish appropriate procedures for ensuring confidentiality, safety of working documents, as well as for their storage for a sufficient period of time, based on the characteristics of the auditor's activities, as well as legal and professional requirements, but not less than 5 years.

1.2 Registration of an agreement for the provision of audit services

The execution of the contract for the provision of audit services and the workflow of the auditor should be negotiated before the start of the audit and be properly legally executed. A number of laws, norms and regulations serve to assist this process.

Contracts for auditing are classified as contracts for the provision of services for a fee. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation outlines the main features of such contracts, so they should be considered only as paid contracts, regardless of how they are drawn up. From the point of view of the interests of the auditor and the audited entity, it is advisable to sign an agreement for the provision of audit services in advance.

Each particular case has its own peculiarities of the execution of the contract, but as a rule the following points are indicated:

the purpose of the audit of financial (accounting) statements; responsibility of the management of the audited entity for the preparation and presentation of financial (accounting) statements;

the auditor's report and any other documents that are expected to be prepared as a result of the audit;

information that, due to the use of selective testing methods during the audit and other limitations inherent in the audit;

the requirement to ensure free access to all accounting documentation and other information requested during the audit;

the price of the audit (or the method of its determination), as well as the procedure for recognizing the service as rendered and the procedure for settlements.

The agreement may also specify: agreements related to the coordination of the work of the auditor and employees of the audited entity in the course of planning the audit; the right of the auditor to obtain from the management of the entity being audited formal written representations made in connection with the audit; the obligation of the management of the audited entity to assist in sending requests to credit institutions and counterparties of the audited entity in order to obtain information necessary for the audit; the obligation of the management of the audited entity to ensure the presence of the auditor's employees during the inventory of the property of the audited entity.

If necessary, also be given: an agreement to involve other auditors and experts in the work on any audit issues; an agreement to involve internal auditors, as well as other employees of the audited entity, in joint work; Arrangements that facilitate the interaction of the proposed auditor with the predecessor auditor (if any); any limitation of the auditor's liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and federal rules (standards) of audit activity; information about any additional agreements between the auditor and the audited entity.

If the auditor of the parent organization is also the auditor of subsidiaries, then the auditor's decision on whether to enter into a separate audit contract with these subsidiaries (whether to send a separate audit letter) is influenced by the following factors:

the procedure for appointing the auditor of subsidiaries;

the need to draw up a separate audit report on a subsidiary;

requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation;

the amount of work performed by other auditors;

share of ownership of the parent organization;

the degree of independence of the management of a subsidiary from the parent organization.

The standard contract includes the following articles:

Information about the customer and the contractor;

Subject of the contract;

Duties of the parties;

Cost of work and payment procedure;

The order of delivery and acceptance of works;

Responsibility of the parties;

Confidentiality;

Dispute resolution;

Force Majeure;

Contract time;

Other conditions;

Details of the parties;

Signatures of the parties.

The quality of the work performed by the auditor must comply with the terms of the contract. In each particular case, the conclusion of an agreement for the provision of audit services, its execution and termination will relate to specific participants in the circumstances and conditions. And in order to avoid possible disputes, the parties need to take into account all the most important points regarding the relationship of the parties when concluding an agreement.

2. Registration of the results of the audit

Based on the results of the audit, the auditor issues two documents to the client company:

a detailed auditor's report on the work performed (most often it is called "Auditor's written information to the management of the audited entity");

an auditor's report containing a conclusion on the reliability of financial statements.

2.1 Progress report

The auditor's report does not have a standard template. As a rule, it describes in detail what exactly was investigated, what errors were identified, and recommendations are given for eliminating errors. The report contains information obtained during the audit, which serves as the basis for the audit opinion. It can be addressed to the head, owner, general meeting of shareholders.

As an official document, the auditor's report must contain all the necessary details of the customer and contractor and be signed by the auditor page by page. The content of the report should include: a) title ("Auditor's Report" or "Audit Organization's Report": both names are equivalent); b) name of the addressee; c) introductory part; d) analytical part; e) the final part.

2.2 Auditor's report

The auditor's report is a document containing the auditor's opinion, expressed in the prescribed form, on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the requirements established by the regulations in force in the Russian Federation in accordance with Law N 307-FZ and standard No. 6 "Auditor's conclusion on financial (accounting) statements".

To date, the deadline for submitting annual financial statements, including an audit report (if a mandatory audit is necessary), is established not by the Tax Code, but by Law N 129-FZ. By virtue of clause 2 of article 15 of this Law, annual reports must be submitted to the tax authority within 90 days after the end of the year, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The form and content of the auditor's report must comply with the provisions of applicable regulations and the Federal Rule. The conclusion should contain a list of financial statements in respect of which the audit was carried out, indicating the period for which it was drawn up, the distribution of responsibility in relation to reporting between the audited entity and the audit organization.

Requirements for the form, content, procedure for signing and submitting an audit report are established by federal auditing standards (clause 3, article 6 of Law N 307-FZ). So, in paragraphs 25, 30 of the Federal Auditing Standard (FSAD 1/2010) it is established that the audit report on paper is accompanied by financial statements in respect of which an opinion is expressed and which is dated and signed by the audited entity in accordance with the reporting rules . The conclusion and the specified reporting must be numbered, laced, sealed with the auditor's seal indicating the total number of sheets. In this case, the audit report is prepared in the number of copies agreed upon by the auditor and the audited entity, who must receive at least one copy of the audit report with the attached financial statements.

The auditor's report, depending on whether the reporting is fully confirmed or not, may be:

unconditionally positive;

modified (with reservation, disclaimer of opinion, negative).

In practice, two types of conclusions are most often encountered: positive and with a reservation, in any case, the management of the company is responsible for the preparation and presentation of the reporting itself, and the audit does not relieve it.

2.3 An example of an audit report on financial (accounting) statements

AUDITOR'S REPORT ON THE FINANCIAL

(ACCOUNTING) REPORTING

Name: limited liability company "XXX".

License: number, date, name of the body that granted the audit organization a license to carry out audit activities, validity period.

Is a member of (indicate the name of an accredited professional audit association).

Auditee

Name: open joint stock company "YYY".

Location: zip code, city, street, house number, etc.

State registration: number and date of registration certificate.

We have audited the accompanying financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20 (XX) inclusive. The financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" consist of:

balance sheet;

income statement;

appendices to the balance sheet and income statement;

explanatory note.

Responsibility for the preparation and presentation of these financial (accounting) statements lies with the executive body of the organization "YYY". Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the accuracy in all material respects of these financial statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation based on the audit.

We have audited in accordance with:

Federal Law "On Auditing";

federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

rules (standards) of auditor's activity;

regulatory acts of the body that regulates the activities of the audited entity.

The audit was planned and conducted in such a way as to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial (accounting) statements do not contain material misstatements. The audit was carried out on a selective basis and included the study, based on testing, of evidence confirming the numerical indicators in the financial (accounting) statements and the disclosure of information about financial and economic activities in it, assessing compliance with the principles and rules of accounting used in the preparation of financial (accounting) reporting, consideration of the main estimated indicators obtained by the management of the audited entity, as well as an assessment of the presentation of financial (accounting) statements. We believe that the conducted audit provides sufficient grounds for expressing our opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

As a result of the audit, we found the following violations of the current procedure for the preparation of financial (accounting) statements and accounting. As indicated in paragraph X of the explanatory note to the financial (accounting) statements, depreciation charges for individual fixed assets were not taken into account in the relevant articles. This circumstance is the result of a decision taken by the entity's management at the beginning of the previous year, which caused us to express a qualified opinion on the financial (accounting) statements for that year. Based on the straight-line depreciation method (with an annual depreciation rate of 5 percent for buildings and 20 percent for equipment), the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment must be reduced by depreciation charges of RUB XXX in 20 (XX) and RUB XXX in 20 ( XX) year, and the loss for the year must be increased by XXX rubles in 20 (X1) and XXX rubles in 20 (X0), the uncovered loss must be increased by XXX rubles in 20 (X1) and by XXX rubles in 20 (X1) (X0) year.

In our opinion, with the exception of the circumstances set forth in the previous part of this opinion, the financial (accounting) statements of the organization "YYY" fairly reflect in all material respects the financial position as of December 31, 20 (X1) and the results of its financial and economic activities for the period from January 1 to December 31, 20 (X1), inclusive, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (and (or) specify the documents that determine the requirements for the procedure for compiling financial (accounting) statements).

"XX" month 20 (XX)

The head (or other authorized person) of an audit organization or an individual auditor (last name, first name, patronymic, signature and position).

The head of the audit (last name, first name, patronymic, signature, number, type of the auditor's qualification certificate and its validity period).

Auditor seal.

Conclusion

Audit plays an important role in making managerial decisions in a commercial structure. Important decisions can be made on the basis of the auditor's report. The extent to which the auditor treats his role in the business process conscientiously and with responsibility, this process will be just as complete, accurate and adequate.

A management (or investment) decision is understood as a decision of the owner, investor, executive body of the company or its counterparty related to the acquisition or disposal of assets (both primary investment and the sale and purchase of securities on the stock market), the conclusion of an agreement on the implementation of an investment contract, as well as refraining from certain listed actions that, under other conditions of information support, could be committed.

In a more concise form, a management (investment) decision is certain actions (or refraining from any actions) of the users of an audit report in relation to an economic entity whose reporting includes the specified report.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that it is theoretically possible to cause damage to users of the audit report due to their adoption of an incorrect management (or investment) decision.

Obviously, its adoption is based not only on the results of studying the financial statements of a particular company. Decision-making, as a rule, is preceded by the study of significant volumes of very diverse information regarding:

political situation in the world;

macroeconomic situation in the world economy;

political and macroeconomic situation in a particular country;

economic situation in the industry;

trends in the securities market;

the financial position of a particular company.

And it can be argued that the same risks are present here as those listed earlier, i.e. country, industry, strategic, operational and informational.

However, there is the risk of the person making the managerial (or investment) decision, and there is the audit risk, and these are completely different risks. If the listed risks affect the decision of the owner, investor or counterparty of the company as a whole, then when it comes to the audit, the impact of these risks should be taken into account by the auditor solely from the point of view of their impact on the reliability of reporting data.

And it is necessary to separate the responsibility of persons making management and investment decisions, and the responsibility of the auditor for the correctness of the conclusions regarding the financial statements, since these are different levels of responsibility. They cannot be mixed or replaced with one another.

The decision to conduct an audit is made, of course, by the founder, but the chief accountant also plays an important role here, who (possibly) became interested in the proposal of a sales manager from an audit firm. Then it's time to recall some points that will be of interest to organizations. There are two types of audit - mandatory and proactive.

An audit of an enterprise can be ordered by: the head of a company, plant or other commercial structure; founder or investor; shareholder; potential buyer; chief accountant, in order to check his subordinates.

The purpose of the initiative audit is to identify violations in accounting, reporting, taxation, as well as to obtain recommendations for their elimination.

The audit is intended mainly to establish the reliability of the reporting documentation of the enterprise.

Audit performs several functions at once:

) expert - to check the financial activities of the enterprise;

) analytical - to determine the reliability of information about the financial activities of the structure;

) advisory - mainly deals with issues of taxation;

) production - the task of which is to introduce innovations in the field of accounting.

A mandatory audit must be appointed and carried out within the timeframe allowing the submission of an audit report to the tax authority at the place of registration within 90 days after the end of the year.

In any case, the timing of the audit should be taken seriously, if only because during its implementation, as a rule, a sufficient number of questions arise, so it is advisable not to schedule an audit at the time of the greatest workload of the accounting department, that is, in the last days before the delivery of the accounting or tax reporting.

A clear advantage of conducting an audit is that with its help the organization will be able to reduce tax risks, confirm for partners its stable financial position and reliability as a counterparty. And managerial decisions on carrying out certain financial actions in the organization will be more structured and adequate.

Bibliography

1.Arabyan K.K. "AUDIT AS AN INDEPENDENT FORM OF FINANCIAL CONTROL: MISSION AND EXPECTATIONS OF USERS" [Text] / K.K. Arabyan, I.V. Davydova // ConsultantPlus Version 401.00.32 [Electronic resource]. - // Update date 05/18/2013. - M.: CJSC "ConsultantPlus".

2.Shilimina N.V. Topical issues of accounting and taxation [Text] / N.V. Shilimina // Journal "Actual issues of accounting and taxation" / 2012, N 24

.FEDERAL RULES (STANDARDS) OF AUDITING ACTIVITY [Text] / Decree of September 23, 2002 N 696 // ConsultantPlus [Electronic resource]. - Update date 05/18/2013. - M.: CJSC "ConsultantPlus".

.Agabekyan O.V. Audit report. Forms of opinion, compilation and presentation [Text] / O.V. Aghabekyan, K.S. Makarova // "Auditor's sheets" - 2011, N 3

.Guidelines for the organization and implementation of internal quality control of the work of an audit organization [Text] // ConsultantPlus [Electronic resource] - November 26, 2009, protocol N 80

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Applications

Annex A

Practical part

1. General assessment of balance sheet items

To analyze the balance, it is necessary to draw up a compacted analytical balance.

Based on the comparative analytical balance using the methods of horizontal and vertical analysis, draw conclusions about how the structure of the property of the enterprise has changed, and due to what these changes have occurred. To do this, in the course of horizontal analysis, absolute changes in the values ​​of articles are found, and in the course of vertical analysis, specific weights are calculated to the balance sheet total.

The analysis data are summarized in a table:

Table 1 Condensed analytical balance sheet (Asset)

Assets At the beginning of the year At the end of the year Deviation, Deviation, thousand rubles beats the weight. thousand roubles. beats the weight. thousand roubles. %one. Имущество, всего128340100116782100-11558-9,011.1 Иммобилизованные активы6297249,075488046,99-8092-12,851.2 Оборотные активы6536850,936190253,01-3466-5,31.2.1 Запасы и затраты3409426,574508738,61+10993+32,241.2.2 Дебиторская задолженность2774221,621263610,82 -15106-54.451.2.3 Cash35322.7541793.58+647+18.32

As of December 31, 2013, the company's current assets amounted to 53.01% of the balance sheet, non-current assets - 46.99%.

During the reporting period, the property of this enterprise decreased by 11,558 thousand rubles. or by 9.01%. The decrease in the value of property was due to a decrease in working capital by 5.3% or by 3466 thousand rubles. and a decrease in non-current capital by 12.85% or by 8092 thousand rubles.

A number of negative shifts can be noted in relation to current assets. Along with an increase in cash by 18.32% or 647 thousand rubles, an increase in inventories by 32.24% or 10993 thousand rubles. and a decrease in accounts receivable by 54.45% or 15,106 thousand rubles, the share of the enterprise's property decreased by 9.01%.

It should be noted that in the financial and economic activities of 2013 the company did not use long-term financial investments.

The structure of current assets in 2013 remained stable.

To characterize the sources of property formation, we will compile a table:

Table 2 Comparative balance sheet analysis (Liabilities)

Liabilities At the beginning of the year At the end of the year Deviation Deviation thous. rub. beats the weight. thousand roubles. beats the weight. thousand roubles. %12345671. Источники имущества128340100116782100-11558-9,011.1 Собственный капитал8264964,409411480,59+11465+13,871.2 Заемный капитал4569135,62266819,41-23023-50,391.2.1 Долгосрочные обязательства13011,0133442,86+2043+157,031.2.2 Краткосрочные кредиты и займы106898,3339573,39-6735 -62,981.2.3 Accounts payable3370126.261536713.16-18334-54.4

Conclusion:

During the analyzed period, the increase in equity capital was due to an increase in the balance of retained earnings in the amount of 11,465 thousand rubles.

Net assets amounted to 97,769 thousand rubles. Net assets of the enterprise on the last day of the analyzed period significantly (51.26%) exceed the authorized capital. This ratio positively characterizes the financial position of the company, which fully satisfies the requirements of the legislation for the amount of net assets.

As a positive trend, one should single out a decrease in the share of borrowed funds in the composition of short-term accounts payable from 5800 thousand rubles. up to 302 thousand rubles.

Ratio of current and non-current assets at the beginning of the year:

The ratio of current and non-current assets at the end of the year:

For a financially stable enterprise, the security ratio of non-current assets should be greater than 1. It should be noted that the financial position is quite stable.

Deviation in absolute values ​​for current assets |3466| or |5.3%|, for non-negotiable |8092| or |12.85%|. Coefficient deviation:

|5,3| / |12,85| = |0,41|.

Autonomy coefficient at the beginning of the year:

/128340 = 0.6 (optimally 0.6-0.7);

Autonomy coefficient at the end of the year:

/116782 = 0,8

Deviation in absolute values ​​for the coefficient of autonomy |0.2|.

The increase in the autonomy ratio indicates that the organization is increasingly relying on its own sources of funding.

The ratio of own and borrowed funds at the beginning of the year:

/ (44390 + 1301) = 1,8

The ratio of own and borrowed funds at the end of the year:

/ (19324 + 3344) = 4,1

Conclusion:

The deviation in absolute values ​​for the ratio of own and borrowed funds will be |2.3|

There is no debt information. It can be concluded that there are no "sick" items in the balance sheet.

As of the end of the reporting period, the company's current assets amounted to 53% of the balance sheet, non-current assets - 47%. There was a decrease in non-current assets by 8092 thousand rubles, current assets decreased by 3466 thousand rubles, thus, the balance sheet decreased by 11 558 thousand rubles.

The structure of current assets remained stable. The bulk of the assets accounted for stocks (72.81%). The share of inventories in current assets increased from 50.49% to 72.81%.

Structural analysis of the assets and liabilities of the enterprise is carried out to study the dynamics of funds and sources of their formation. Structural analysis is preliminary and helps to get acquainted with the financial condition of the enterprise as a whole. As a result of its implementation, it is still impossible to give a final assessment of the quality of the financial condition, for which it is necessary to calculate special indicators.

2. Analysis of balance sheet liquidity

Before starting the calculations, it is necessary to clarify the terms - "liquidity of the company's assets", "solvency". Describe (briefly) what the liquidity analysis of the balance sheet is.

To start the analysis, the balance is formed in the form of a table:

Table 3

Assets At the beginning of the year At the end of the year Liabilities At the beginning of the year At the end of the year Surplus (+) Shortage (-) at the beginning of the year At the end of the year -11192A23052612640P25800302+24726+12338A33409445087P313013344+32793+41743A46297254880P48753897769-24566-42889Balance1283401101282Balance1283401101282Balance

A1 >= P1 - in this case does not match - A1< П1

A2 >= P2 - matches

A3 >= P3 - matches

A4<= П4 - совпадает

.Current liquidity:

At the beginning of the year (748+30526) - (33701+5800) =31274-39501= - 8227

At the end of the year (4175+12640) - (15367+302) =16815-15669= 1146

.Prospective liquidity:

At the beginning of the year 34094-1301=32793

At the end of the year 45087-3344=41743

Conclusion:

Liquidity balance to a greater or lesser extent differs from the absolute. Return on assets in 2013 was 14.54% (normal industry value of 9% or more).

The overall dynamics in relation to all indicators is stable and positive.

The solvency and financial stability of the enterprise are at an acceptable level.

Current liquidity ratio:

At the beginning of the year (748+30526+34094) / (33701+5800) = 1.7

At the end of the year (4175+12640+45087) / (15367+302) = 4

The normal value is at least 2.

Coefficient of "critical evaluation":

At the beginning of the year (748+30526) / (33701+5800) = 0.8

At the end of the year (4175+12640) / (15367+302) = 1.07

The normal value of the coefficient falls in the range of 0.7-1.

Absolute liquidity ratio:

At the beginning of the year 748/ (33701+5800) = 0.02

At the end of the year 4175/ (15367+302) = 0.27

The value of this indicator should not fall below 0.2.

Share of working capital in assets:

The procedure for assessing business continuity is determined both by International Auditing Standard ISA 570 and by Russian Rule (Standard) of Auditing Activity No. 11 “Applicability of the Assumption of Business Continuity of an Audited Entity”.

The going concern assumption will be the main principle in the preparation of financial statements. In ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙi, under the going concern assumption, an economic entity is generally regarded as continuing its financial and economic activity for the foreseeable future and has no intention or need to liquidate, cease financial and economic activity or apply for protection from creditors in ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙand laws and regulations. Accordingly, assets and liabilities are accounted for on the basis that the economic entity is able to fulfill ϲʙᴏ and obligations and realize ϲʙᴏ and assets in the course of its activities.

The current accounting and financial reporting legislation contains a requirement that an economic entity conduct a special assessment of the ability to continue as a going concern, as well as requirements for events and conditions subject to consideration, which must be disclosed in connection with the going concern assumption. Material published on http: // site

Accounting principles may not explicitly require management to make a specific assessment of an entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

It is important to note that, however, with all this, since the assumption of going concern will be one of the main principles of financial reporting preparation, the duty of an economic entity is to assess the ability to continue as a going concern, even if the principles of financial reporting generally recognized in these conditions are not provide for requirements for ϶ᴛᴏm expressed explicitly.

If an entity has a history of profitable operations and good access to financial resources, management may make a second assessment without conducting a detailed analysis.

The assessment by the organization of the assumption of the continuity of its activities is associated with the issuance of a subjective judgment at a particular point in time about the conditional facts of economic activity, which will be uncertain at the date of preparation of the financial statements. For this reason, the following factors will be relevant:

• in a general sense, the level of uncertainty associated with the outcome of an event or condition increases significantly as the time frame of judgment about the impact of conditional facts is “pushed back”. For this reason, in most cases of accounting principles, where there is an explicit requirement for the organization's actions, the period is indicated, in relation to which management should take into account all available information;
• any future effect of a contingent fact is based on information available at the time the financial statements are prepared. Subsequent events may conflict with a subjective judgment that was reasonable at the time it was made;
• the size and complex structure of the subject, the nature and conditions of his activity, as well as the degree of exposure of the subject to the influence of external factors - all ϶ᴛᴏ influence the subjective judgment about the influence of conditional facts.

Among the conditional facts that cast doubt on the assumption of continuity of activity are the following.

Financial Conditional Facts:

• the value of net assets is less than the value of the authorized capital;
• borrowed funds, the maturity of which is approaching, with a real lack of prospects for repayment or extension of the loan term, or unreasonable use of short-term loans to finance long-term assets;
• the inability of debtors to repay the debt on time;
• unfavorable values ​​of the main financial ratios characterizing the activities of the audited entity; the inability of the economic entity to make payments to creditors on time;
• failure to secure funding for business development or other critical investments.

• dismissal of key management personnel without hiring a proper replacement;
• loss of market, franchise, license or primary supplier;
• problems with labor resources or a shortage of important means of production.

Other conditional facts:

• non-compliance with legal requirements;
• claims pending in court against the subject, decisions and requirements of those (if such claims are satisfied) are unlikely to be fulfilled;
• changes in legislation or government policy that may have a negative impact on the financial and economic activities of the entity.

The values ​​of such events or conditions often improve due to other factors. For example, the consequences of an entity's inability to make repayments of borrowed funds may be balanced by the entity's actions to secure sufficient cash flows from other sources. Similarly, the loss of a primary supplier can be mitigated by the arrival of a new supplier.

The auditor is obliged to analyze the totality of factors that have and (or) are able to influence the ability of the economic entity to continue its activities and fulfill its obligations for at least 12 months following the reporting period.

The auditor cannot predict future events or conditions that may cause the entity to cease as a going concern. Material published on http: // site
Accordingly, the absence of any mention of going concern contingencies in the auditor's report cannot be taken as a guarantee of the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

In planning the audit, the auditor should consider whether any events or conditions exist that cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

During the audit, the auditor should carefully monitor evidence of the existence of contingencies that cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

If such conditions or events are identified, the auditor should consider whether such factors affect the auditor's assessment of the components of audit risk.

The auditor considers contingent facts relating to the going concern assumption during planning, as such consideration allows more timely discussion of these issues with the management of the economic entity, as well as during the entire audit process.

In some cases, the economic entity could already conduct a preliminary assessment during the initial stages of the audit. If so, then the auditor reviews this assessment to determine whether management has identified any contingencies and plans associated with it.

If the economic entity has not yet carried out a preliminary assessment of the going concern, then the auditor asks the entity whether there are any financial, production and other contingent facts. The auditor may request an assessment from the entity, particularly where the auditor has already identified contingent facts regarding the going concern assumption. Material published on http: // site
It is worth noting that he analyzes the consequences of the identified contingent facts and their impact on the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures.

The auditor should review the audited entity's assessment of the ability to continue as a going concern over the same period that the entity used in the assessment during the financial reporting period. If the assessment of the organization, given in relation to the ability of the entity to continue its activities continuously, covers less than 12 months from the date of preparation of the previous financial statements, then the auditor must ask the organization to increase the assessment period to 12 months from the date of preparation of the financial statements.

The auditee's assessment of its ability to continue as a going concern will be a key element in the auditor's analysis of the going concern assumption. Material published on http: // site

In reviewing the entity's estimate, the auditor considers the procedure by which management made its estimate, the assumptions that support that estimate, and management's plans for future actions. The auditor considers whether the assessment took into account all the information that became known to the auditor as a result of the audit.

The auditor should ask the entity whether it is aware of any events or conditions that are outside the period covered by the assessment and that may cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

Because the degree of uncertainty associated with the consequences of any contingent fact increases the further away the fact is, the auditor should only consider whether additional action is appropriate if there are significant indications of a going concern problem.

The auditor may ask the organization to evaluate the potential significance of contingent facts in terms of their impact on the possibility of going concern. Material published on http: // site

The auditor is not required to develop procedures (other than an entity's request) to test for indications of contingent facts that cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and that go beyond the period assessed by the entity.

If contingent facts are identified that cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern, the auditor should:

• test the organization's plans for future activities based on its assessment of the going concern assumption;
• by performing the necessary audit procedures, collect reliable audit evidence in order to confirm or refute the presence of factors of material uncertainty, incl. consider the implications of any organization plans and other factors;
• ask the organization to provide written information regarding its plans for future activities.

Audit procedures may include:

• analysis and discussion with the management of the subject of forecasts regarding the movement of financial flows, income and other forecasts;
• analysis and discussion of the latest available preliminary financial statements of the enterprise;
• analysis of the terms of borrowed funds and identification of violations of the terms of repayment of such funds;
• studying the minutes of meetings of shareholders, meetings of the board of directors and committees for reference to financial difficulties in them;
• a survey of the company's lawyers regarding the presence of litigation and claims and the correctness of assessing their results and the impact on the financial condition of the company;
• checking the existence, legitimacy and enforceability of arrangements to provide or maintain funding from affiliates and third parties, as well as assessing the ability of such parties to provide additional funds;
• examining the subject's plans regarding outstanding customer orders;
• analysis of events after the balance sheet date to determine whether such events have a debilitating or other impact on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

Where cash flow analysis will be a significant factor in assessing contingent facts, the auditor should consider the reliability of the entity's systems that generate such information and the reasonableness of the assumptions underlying the forecasts.

Excluding the above, the auditor compares the expected financial information for recent prior periods with the actual results and the expected financial information for the current period with the actual results achieved to date.

On the basis of the audit evidence obtained, the auditor determines whether the auditor's subjective judgment reveals a material uncertainty related to conditions and events that, individually or in the aggregate, cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.

A material uncertainty may exist if its potential significance is such that, to the extent of the auditor's judgment, clear disclosure of the nature and consequences of such uncertainty is essential to ensure that the financial statements are not misleading.

When the going concern assumption is appropriate but there is a significant uncertainty, the auditor considers whether:

1. whether the financial statements adequately describe conditions or events that cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and what management plans are in response to such conditions or events;
2. do the financial statements clearly indicate that there is a material uncertainty related to conditions or events that cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and that in this connection the entity may not be able to realize ϲʙᴏ and assets and to fulfill its obligations in the course of its normal business.

If adequate disclosures are made in the financial statements, the auditor should express an unconditionally positive opinion, but modify the auditor's report to include a paragraph that draws attention to the situation, which notes the presence of a material uncertainty associated with conditions or events that cause significant doubts about the subject's ability to continue its activities continuously, and refers to the ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ explanatory note to the financial statements.

In the event that the financial statements do not contain adequate disclosure of information, the auditor should express an opinion with a reservation or a negative opinion, depending on the circumstances.

In the event that in ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ and with the judgment of the auditor, the entity cannot continue its activities continuously, then the auditor should express a negative opinion if the financial statements were prepared on the basis of the going concern assumption. Material published on http: // site

If the entity's management has concluded that the going concern assumption used in the preparation of the financial statements would be inappropriate, the financial statements should be prepared on the basis of alternative principles.

If management is unwilling to make an estimate or extend the period covered by such an estimate in response to the auditor's request, it is not the auditor's responsibility to clarify the situation caused by insufficient analytical work on the part of management. In this case, it is appropriate to modify the auditor's report because it may not be possible for the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence regarding the going concern assumption in preparing the financial statements.

If the financial statements are signed or approved by the management of the audited entity much later than the date of their preparation, the auditor should analyze the reasons for such a delay. If the delay could be related to contingent facts relating to the going concern assumption, the auditor considers the need for additional audit procedures.

Events after the reporting date

The procedure for the auditor's assessment of events after the reporting date is regulated both by the International Standard on Auditing ISA 560 and the Russian Rule (Standard) of Auditing Activity No. 10 "Events after the Reporting Date".

The auditor should take into account the impact on the financial statements and the auditor's report of events (favorable and unfavorable) after the reporting date.

In financial statements, these events can be of two types:

1. events confirming the existence at the reporting date of economic conditions in which the organization conducted its activities;
2. events that testify to economic conditions that have arisen after the reporting date.

Events prior to the date of the auditor's report.

The auditor must perform procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that all events that occurred prior to the date of the auditor's report that may require adjustments to, or disclosures in, the financial statements have been identified.

These procedures are performed in addition to normal procedures that may be applicable to specific transactions occurring after the end of the reporting period in order to obtain audit evidence about account balances at the end of the period, such as evaluating the correctness of attributing inventory transactions to reporting periods or testing payments to creditors. It is important to note that, however, with all this, the auditor is not required to conduct a subsequent review of all matters on which, as a result of previous procedures, satisfactory conclusions were obtained.

Procedures designed to identify events that may require adjustments to or disclosures in the financial statements are performed as close as possible to the date of the auditor's report:

• analysis of the methods established by management in order to ensure the identification of events after the balance sheet date and their impact on the financial statements;
• studying the minutes of meetings of shareholders, meetings of the board of directors (supervisory board), the audit commission and the executive body of the audited entity, held after the end of the period; inquiries regarding events, minutes of discussion of which are not yet ready;
• analysis of the most recent available preliminary financial statements and, if essential and appropriate, analysis of estimates, cash flow forecasts and other relevant management reports;
• inquiries addressed to, or repeated contact with, the entity's lawyers regarding previous written or oral inquiries regarding litigation and claims;
• inquiries addressed to management regarding subsequent events that could affect the financial statements.

If the audit of a structural unit of the entity, such as a representative office, branch or subsidiary, is performed by another auditor, the auditor should take into account the procedures followed by the other auditor in relation to events that occurred after the end of the period, and also consider the need to inform the other the auditor on the planned date of the auditor's report.

If the auditor becomes aware of events that have a material effect on the financial statements, the auditor should consider whether these events are properly reflected in

accounting and whether they are disclosed reliably in the financial statements. Events after the date of the auditor's report.

It is not the responsibility of the auditor to carry out procedures or make inquiries regarding financial statements after the date of the auditor's report. During the period beginning with the date of the auditor's report, management is responsible for informing the auditor of facts that may affect the financial statements.

If, after the date of the auditor's report, the auditor becomes aware of a fact that may have a significant impact on the financial statements, he should determine whether changes to the financial statements are necessary and discuss this issue with management.

When management makes changes to the financial statements, the auditor should provide a new auditor's report on the amended financial statements. The new auditor's report must be dated no earlier than the date of signing or approval of the amended financial statements.

If management does not make changes to the financial statements while the auditor believes that they should be made, and the auditor's report has not yet been provided to the entity, the auditor expresses a qualified opinion or an adverse opinion.

After issuing the auditor's report to the entity, the auditor must notify those responsible for the overall management of the entity that the entity should not provide financial statements and the auditor's report to third parties.

Events discovered after the release of financial statements.

After the release of the financial statements, the auditor has no obligation to send any inquiries regarding the ϶ᴛᴏth financial statements.

If, after the issuance of the financial statements, the auditor becomes aware of an event or fact that existed at the date of the auditor's report that would require the auditor to modify the auditor's report, the auditor should consider the need to revise the financial statements and discuss it with the management of the entity being audited.

When management reviews the financial statements, the auditor should perform the audit procedures necessary in the circumstances, review the actions taken by management, communicate the situation to all those who received the previously presented financial statements along with the auditor's report thereon, and issue a new opinion on the revised financial statements.

The new auditor's report should include text that draws attention to the financial statements, which sets out in more detail the reasons for revising the previously presented financial statements and the auditor's report. The new auditor's report should be dated no earlier than the date of approval of the revised financial statements.

In the event that management does not take the necessary steps to inform all those who received previously submitted financial statements and the auditor's report about the situation and does not revise the financial statements, while the auditor considers them to be revised, he should notify those responsible for general direction of the entity that the auditor will take the steps necessary to ensure that third parties do not rely on the auditor's report. The action taken will depend on the legal rights and obligations of the auditor, as well as on the advice of the auditor's lawyers.

The need to revise the financial statements and issue a new auditor's report may not arise if the date of the financial statements for the next period is approaching, provided that the information in the new statements is properly disclosed.

Decision on the issue of securities. In cases where securities are issued, the auditor should take into account the legal and related requirements imposed on the auditor by the legislation in which the placement of securities takes place. For example, the auditor may be required to perform additional audit procedures covering the period up to the date of issue of securities. This typically involves following the procedures described above, covering the period up to or as close as possible to the effective date of the final issuance document, and examining the prospectus for the correctness of the accounting information contained therein, to which auditor involved.

Evaluation of audit results

After carrying out all the necessary procedures, the auditor evaluates the completeness and quality of the execution of all points of the program. Excluding the above, the auditor considers the adequacy of financial disclosures in the financial statements.

In the ϶ᴛᴏ stage of the audit, the auditor may draft a Disclosure Letter (written on behalf of management) listing management's responses to key audit questions and acknowledging management's responsibility for the correct presentation of the information included in the financial statements.

Such a letter is signed by the management of the economic entity. If the management refuses to sign it, the auditor considers issuing an opinion other than unconditionally positive.

Excluding the above, an important part of the ϶ᴛᴏth stage of the review will be the assessment of the actual value of the materiality level. If errors and violations are found, the auditor determines their total amount in order to understand whether this amount will be significant.

Sometimes the true size of an error is unknown, therefore the auditor should estimate its possible size and materiality.

At the end of the audit, it is extremely important to review all working papers again to check the quality of the execution of that part of the procedures that was carried out by assistants, and also to make sure that the audit ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ meets the established standards.

Finally, it is very useful to submit working papers for review by a non-audit person or controller in order to identify possible weaknesses in the audit, as well as to determine the ability to protect the quality of the audit to an independent observer.

Communication of audit results to management and representatives of the owner of the audited entity

The International Auditing Standard ISA 260, as well as Russian rules (standards) establish uniform requirements for reporting information obtained from the results of an audit of financial (accounting) statements to the management (executives) of the audited entity and representatives of the owner of the ϶ᴛᴏth entity.

The auditor should communicate information obtained from the results of the audit to management and representatives of the owner of the entity being audited.

The executives (management) of the audited entity are understood as persons responsible for the day-to-day management of the audited entity, as well as the implementation of financial and business operations, accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements (for example, the general director, financial director, chief accountant)

Representatives of the owner of the audited entity are understood as persons or collegiate bodies that exercise general supervision and strategic management of the activities of the audited entity, and also, in conjunction with the constituent documents, can control the current activities of its management, incl. appoint or dismiss senior management (e.g. board of directors, board audit committee, audit committee)

The information obtained as a result of the audit means information that became known during the audit of the financial (accounting) statements, which, in the opinion of the auditor, will be important and concerning both the management and representatives of the owner when they exercise control over the preparation of reliable financial (accounting) statements of the audited face and disclosure of information in it.

Information obtained from the audit includes only those matters that come to the attention of the auditor as a result of the audit.

Proper recipients of information. The auditor must establish a circle of persons from among the management and representatives of the owner of the audited entity, to whom information obtained from the results of the audit, which is of interest to the management of the audited entity, should be reported.

The organizational structure and principles of corporate governance may be different for different audited entities.

This diversity complicates the universal definition of the circle of persons to whom the auditor communicates information obtained from the results of the audit and of interest to the management of the audited entity. The auditor uses his/her own professional judgment to determine those persons to whom audit findings should be disclosed, taking into account the management structure of the entity being audited, the circumstances of the audit engagement and the specifics of applicable law. The auditor should take into account the rights and obligations of auditors.

In the event that the management structure of the audited entity is not clearly defined or the representatives of the owner cannot be clearly identified in ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙii with the terms of the engagement or in accordance with the law, then the auditor comes to an agreement with the audited entity as to who the information obtained from the results of the audit should be communicated to.

To avoid misunderstandings, it may be clarified in the audit contract (letter) that the auditor will report only the information obtained as a result of the audit and of interest to management, to which he will pay attention as a result of the audit, and that the auditor is not obliged to develop procedures , specifically aimed at finding information relevant to the management of the entity. The audit agreement (letter) may also contain:

• an indication of the form in which information obtained as a result of the audit will be reported;
• a list of appropriate persons to whom such information will be communicated;
• a list of specific aspects of the audit that are of interest to the management of the audited entity, in relation to the communication of information on which an agreement was reached.

Efficiency in communicating audit findings is improved by establishing a constructive working relationship between the auditor and management or representatives of the entity's owner. These relationships must be developed in a manner consistent with the requirements of professional independence and objectivity.

Information obtained from the results of the audit, which should be reported to the management of the entity being audited. The auditor should consider the information obtained as a result of the audit of the financial (accounting) statements, and communicate information of interest to the management of the entity being audited to the appropriate recipients of such information. Typically, this information includes:

• the auditor's overall approach to the conduct of the audit and its scope, the auditor's concerns about any limits to the scope of the audit, and comments on the appropriateness of any additional requirements from the entity's management;
• selection or changes by the management of the audited entity of significant principles and methods of accounting policies that have or may have a significant impact on the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity;
• possible impact on the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity of any significant risks and external factors, such as litigation, which should be disclosed in the financial (accounting) statements;
• adjustments proposed by the auditor, both made and not made by the audited entity, which have or may have a significant impact on the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity;
• significant uncertainties relating to events or conditions that may materially cast doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern;
• disagreements between the auditor and the management of the audited entity on such issues, which individually or in the aggregate may be significant for the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity or the auditor's report. Information reported in this connection should include an explanation of whether the issue has been resolved or not and how significant it is;
• proposed modifications to the auditor's report;
• other issues that require the attention of the representatives of the owner:
  • significant shortcomings in the field of internal control, issues related to the integrity of the management of the audited entity, as well as cases of unfair management actions;
  • any other issues, the coverage of which is agreed upon by the auditor and the audited entity in the contract (letter) on the audit.

As part of the audit communication communicated by the auditor to appropriate persons, such persons shall be informed that:

• the information reported by the auditor includes only those matters that come to the attention of the auditor as a result of the audit;
• the audit of financial (accounting) statements is not aimed at identifying all issues that may be of interest to the management of the entity being audited.

Terms and forms of communication of information. The auditor should promptly report information obtained from the results of the audit. This enables the owner's representatives to promptly take appropriate action.

In order to communicate information ϲʙᴏ in a timely manner, the auditor should discuss with representatives of the owner the procedure, principles and timing for reporting such information. In certain cases, due to the urgency of the matter, the auditor may communicate it earlier than previously agreed.

The auditor may communicate audit findings orally or in writing to appropriate recipients. The auditor's decision to communicate orally or in writing is influenced by the following factors:

• size, structure, organizational and legal form and technical support of the audited entity;
• the nature, importance and characteristics of issues in the information obtained from the results of the audit that are of interest to the management of the audited entity;
• existing arrangements between the auditor and the auditee for regular meetings or reports;
• the procedure adopted by the auditor for communicating with representatives of the owner.

If issues of information obtained from the results of the audit that are of interest to the management of the entity being audited are communicated orally, then the auditor should document these issues and the response to them in the working papers. It must be remembered that such documents may take the form of copies of minutes of discussions held by the auditor with representatives of the owner.

In some cases, depending on the nature, importance and characteristics of the matters, it may be appropriate for the auditor to obtain written confirmation from representatives of the owner in relation to any verbal communications on audit matters of interest to management.

As a rule, the auditor first discusses with the management of the audited entity audit matters of interest to management, with the exception of those matters that call into question the competence or integrity of the management themselves. If management agrees to independently communicate an audit matter of interest to management to the owner's representatives, the auditor may not need to re-communicate the matter, provided the auditor is satisfied with the effectiveness and appropriateness of such communication.

If the auditor considers that it is extremely important to modify the audit report in accordance with the requirements of Federal Rule (Standard) No. 6 “Auditor’s Report on Financial (Accounting) Statements”, then any other written information sent by the auditor to the management or representatives of the owner of the audited entity shall not can be seen as a proper replacement for ϶ᴛᴏgo.

The auditor should analyze whether any issues of information obtained from the results of the previous audit may be important for the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the current year. If the auditor concludes that such a matter is of interest to the management of the entity being audited, he may decide to re-disclose it to the owner's representatives.

The auditor should comply with the requirements of applicable law and the data of the professional audit association, of which he is a member, regarding the confidentiality of information obtained from the results of the audit. In some cases, potential conflicts between the auditor's data and legal obligations regarding confidentiality and disclosure requirements can be complex. In these circumstances, it is advisable for the auditor to consult with a lawyer.

Legislative or regulatory acts may establish the obligations of the auditor regarding the communication of information obtained from the results of the audit, relevant to the management of the entity being audited. These additional communication requirements are not covered by the above rule (standard), but may affect the content, form and timing of the auditor's presentation of information to its appropriate recipients.

Written information of the auditor to the management of the economic entity based on the results of the audit

The preparation of an audit report (written information by the auditor to the management of the audited entity) is regulated by International Auditing Standards ISA 700 and ISA 700A, as well as the Russian rule (standard) of auditing. Material published on http: // site

In all cases of mandatory audit, audit organizations are obliged to prepare and submit written information (report) to the management (owners) of the audited economic entity based on the results of the audit. The auditor organizations can prepare and transfer in oral or written form in the course of realization of audit the intermediate information.

The purpose of written information is to bring to the management of the audited entity information about shortcomings in accounting records, accounting and internal control systems, which can lead to significant errors in financial statements, and in order to make constructive proposals for improving the accounting systems and internal control of the economic entity.

In the case of an initiative audit, audit organizations are required to prepare and provide economic entities with written information from the auditor in cases where:

• the contract for the implementation of an initiative audit provides for the preparation of an auditor's report based on the results of the audit;
• the contract for the implementation of an initiative audit does not provide for the preparation of an auditor's report, but the preparation of written information from the auditor.

The written information of the auditor must indicate everything related to the facts of the economic life of the economic entity, errors and distortions that have or may have a significant impact on the reliability of its financial statements, i.e. any information relating to the conducted audit and the facts of the economic life of the economic entity, which was considered appropriate.

The auditor's written information cannot be considered as a complete report of all existing shortcomings - it demonstrates only those of them that were discovered during the audit.

The written information of the auditor must be signed by the auditors and other specialists who directly conducted the audit. If the audit was conducted by a group consisting of a significant number of employees of the audit organization, the written information of the auditor must be signed by the head of the group of employees or the heads of individual subgroups (teams, links, etc.) as part of the general group.

The auditor's written information should be consecutively numbered pages. It is recommended to issue the first page on the letterhead of the audit organization - either with a corner stamp, or in ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙii with the requirements for official correspondence in the audit organization.

It is worth saying that each audit organization is obliged to develop uniform (intracompany) requirements for the form of preparation of the written information of the auditor, which are approved by the head of the audit organization. Compliance with these requirements ensures accurate and uniform execution of this document for various economic entities.

The written information of the auditor must contain the details of the audit organization and the details of the audited economic entity, as well as an indication of the period of time to which the documentation of the economic entity verified during the audit, the date of signing the written information of the auditor and the significant violations of the established the legislation of the Russian Federation on the procedures for maintaining accounting records and compiling financial statements that affect or may affect its reliability.

In addition to the mandatory information, depending on the volume, scale and specifics of the audit, as well as the size of the audit firm, the size and characteristics of the economic entity to be audited, the following information should be included in the written information of the auditor:

• features of the audit performance provided for by the agreement (contract, letter of commitment) between the audit organization and the economic entity, as well as the features of the performance of work that became known during the audit;
• data on the number of employees performing accounting, the structure of accounting and the features of the accounting system used;
• a list of the main areas or areas of accounting that were subject to verification;
• information on the audit methodology; confirmation that the audit organization followed the rules (standards) of audit activity in its work; an indication of which sections of the accounting documentation were checked in a continuous, and which - selectively, and on the basis of what principles the audit sample was made;
• a list of comments, indications of shortcomings and recommendations as such;
• assessment (if possible) of the quantitative discrepancy between the reporting and (or) tax indicators provided by the economic entity and the predicted indicators based on the results of the audit by the audit organization;
• in the case of an audit of large economic entities with a complex organizational structure - information on audits of branches, divisions and subsidiaries of such an economic entity, the overall results of such audits and an analysis of the impact of these particular results on the results of the audit of the economic entity as a whole;
• during subsequent audits - assessment and analysis of the implementation of recommendations or correction by the economic entity subject to audit of the shortcomings indicated in previous documents containing the written information of the auditor;
• in case of deviation from the requirements of the rules (standards) of audit activity (when conducting an audit that does not provide for the preparation of an official audit report based on its results, as well as when providing services related to the audit) - the very fact and reasons for such a deviation.

In the auditor's written information, it is mandatory to indicate which of the comments made are significant and which are insignificant, whether they affect (or may affect) the conclusions contained in the audit report. When an audit organization prepares a conditionally positive opinion, a negative opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, the written information of the auditor should contain a detailed argumentation of the reasons for the formation of the auditor's opinion.

The auditor's written information is prepared during the audit and presented to the head and (or) owner of the economic entity subject to audit at the final stage of the audit.

Written information of the auditor can be transferred only to the person who signed the agreement (contract, letter of commitment) for the provision of audit services; to the person directly indicated as the recipient of the auditor's written information in the agreement (contract, letter of commitment) for the provision of audit services, and, finally, to any other person who signed the agreement (contract, letter of commitment) for the provision of audit services - in the case of a written instructions to the audit organization.

Certain issues of the auditor's written information may be discussed orally or in the form of an exchange of letters with employees of the economic entity during its audit, taking into account the degree of responsibility, access to information and the level of competence of such employees. At ϶ᴛᴏm, all written incoming and outgoing documents of this kind must be attached by auditors to other working documentation.

Based on the results of the audit, in agreement with the management of the economic entity, a preliminary version of written information can be prepared, which may contain requirements for making (with the implementation of the rules established for the ϶ᴛᴏth) corrections to accounting data and preparing a list of clarifications to already prepared financial statements. Compliance with such requirements, if they relate to corrections of a significant nature, will be mandatory in order for the audit organization to subsequently be able to provide the economic entity with a positive audit report.

The management of the economic entity may prepare a written response to the preliminary version of the written information of the auditor, reflecting the point of view of the audited organization on the comments contained in the version of the ϶ᴛᴏth document.

It is important to understand that it can hold a meeting with the auditors, inviting from its side those persons whom it deems necessary to discuss the preliminary version of the document.

The audit organization is obliged to prepare within the same time frame (unless otherwise specified in the agreement (contract, letter of commitment) for the provision of audit services) as the audit report, the final version of the written information of the auditor. The comments of the economic entity are taken into account by the audit organization only if the auditors deem it necessary. In the event that the preliminary version of the written information of the auditor contained remarks of a material nature, in the final version of the written information it is extremely important to evaluate and analyze the corrections made by the employees of the economic entity in order to fulfill the requirements of the auditors.

The written information of the auditor is drawn up in at least two copies: one is transferred against receipt only (and exclusively) to the person indicated above, and the second copy remains at the disposal of the audit organization and is attached to other working documentation of the auditor. The disagreement of the recipient of written information with the content of its final version cannot serve as a basis for refusing to receive the ϶ᴛᴏth document. Upon agreement, written information of the auditor can be sent by mail. In this case, the second copy of the written information of the auditor during archival storage in the audit organization is filed with documents confirming the fact of posting or other means of transferring the written information.

The written information of the auditor will be a confidential document. The information contained in it is not subject to disclosure by an audit firm, its employees or an auditor working independently, except as expressly provided for by federal laws of the Russian Federation.

The economic entity has the right to dispose of the information contained in the written information of the auditor, at its discretion. The audit organization is not responsible for the disclosure of confidential information of the client, which occurred through the fault or with the knowledge of the employees of the economic entity.

The audit firm may prepare copies of a second copy of the auditor's written information for purposes related to subsequent audits. The requirements for confidentiality of information at ϶ᴛᴏm are preserved.

In the event of a change of the audit organization, the management of the audited economic entity is obliged to provide the new audit organization with copies of written information on the results of audits for at least three previous financial years, prepared by the former audit organization. The new audit organization is obliged to maintain the confidentiality of information contained in documents prepared earlier.

This article was written for a specialized magazine several years ago, but the publication unexpectedly closed. The text has been adjusted in accordance with the new wording of the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. It is assumed that even today it has not lost its relevance and practical significance regarding the issues of presenting the results of internal audit.

Presenting the results of an audit, in other words, writing an audit report, often turns into a real test for internal auditors. The requirements for the presentation of the material, report formats, the list of their recipients are individual for each company. The company itself decides what the report of its internal audit service should be. For one company in the audit report, it is enough to indicate in one sentence that such and such an internal regulation has been violated, and the guilty person will be fired from work. For the other, reasonable arguments are needed that it is precisely as a result of the identified shortcomings in control that the company loses profits, assets, does not fulfill plans, etc.

So, the initial data: two large oil companies - a public American (let's call it WorldWideOil, abbreviated as WWO) and a Russian one (let's call it PetrolUnion, or PU). Both operate worldwide, both strive for growth in capitalization and expansion of activities. Securities of an American company are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), shares of a Russian company are listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). In both companies, internal audit services are approximately equal in number. The PU Internal Audit Service was formed in 2002. WWO Internal Audit is much older, but in the same 2002, as a result of major mergers conducted by WWO, its Internal Audit Service underwent significant changes and was actually created anew.

Reporting on internal audit activities

International Professional Standards for Internal Auditing. Standard 2060 Reporting to Senior Management and the Board

The head of internal audit should report periodically to senior management and the board on the objectives, powers and responsibilities of internal audit, and on the progress of the work plan. The report must also contain information about significant risks and control issues, including fraud risks, corporate governance issues, and other information required by senior management and the Board.

Ideally, it is believed that the internal audit function should have dual accountability: functional - to the board of directors, more precisely, to its audit committee, and administrative - to the head of the organization or another head (financial director, controller ...) with the appropriate level of authority in order to ensure daily activities of the internal audit service. It is generally accepted that accountability to the audit committee of the board of directors ensures the independence of the internal audit function.

In the companies under consideration, the situation is as follows.

Administrative accountability:

WWO: The Auditor General (as the head of internal audit is called) reports to the First Vice President of Finance (CFO). That is, all issues related to the day-to-day activities of the internal audit service are resolved through the CFO.

PU: The Vice President (Head of Internal Audit) reports and reports directly to the President of the company.

Functional accountability:

Under this line of accountability, the internal audit functions of both companies report periodically to their audit committees. In addition, the head of the internal audit service of the PU reports quarterly on the results of its work to the company's board.

Both companies try to follow the requirements of the 2060 standard. In PU, the frequency of reports to the audit committee is not established, it is arbitrary, it depends entirely on the committee's work plan, which indicates the number and timing of consideration of issues related to internal audit. A special standard form of the report has not been developed. The reports contain general information on the nature of the identified deficiencies, including significant risks and control issues, as well as information on the number of inspections carried out.

The WWO Auditor General reports regularly to the Audit Committee during the year: 5-6 times during the year reports are submitted on the progress of the annual plan (in the form of a diagram - status report) and once - a report on the work of the internal audit service for the year (in the form of a report ).

The report on the work of the internal audit service for the year contains information on:

• about the strategy and goals in the field of work with the personnel of the internal audit service;
• staff qualifications;
• the results of assessing the quality of internal audit;
• internal audit budget;
• fulfillment by the internal audit service of key performance indicators and metrics;
• the annual audit planning process;
• implementation of the audit plan for the current year;
• updating the internal audit strategy;
• substantiation of the plan for the next year.

Reports on the progress of the implementation of the annual audit plan are submitted in the form established by the internal audit service and agreed with the audit committee. They contain information:

• about the conducted audits;
• on the assessment of internal control;
• about management plans to eliminate deficiencies, as well as the progress of these plans.

Schematically, it looks like this:

The status has three states: completed, in progress, due date overdue. In the report, these states are reflected in the colors of the "traffic light", respectively: green, yellow and red dots.

Information for progress reports on the implementation of the annual audit plan is collected from reports on the results of specific audit engagements. The information is shown objectively, but at the same time “dosed”. What does it mean? This means that all participants in the process, including members of the board of directors, should not be embarrassed; information about shortcomings is not inflated to the size of a “universal catastrophe” (as, for example, modern Russian television likes to do), negative is not pumped up. Everything is business-like: something is discovered, we plan to do something to improve it, something has already been done or something has not been done.

One can recall the case when once the head of the internal audit service of PetrolUnion, subordinates prepared a report to the audit committee in the form in which a report is usually made at a board meeting: biting phrases about the outrageous things that are happening, predicting the consequences of hypertrophied sizes - in a word, a picture of a real Apocalypse.

Can't do without an explanation.

It is one thing to bring information in this form to the members of the board (the executive body of the company), who are required to adequately respond to internal audit signals, and therefore, “the more terrible the story, the calmer the audit conscience”, and another thing to the members of the audit committee, who are called upon to perform supervisory, but not administrative functions.

Reporting on the results of the audit: form, content, deadlines, recipients

Group of standards 2400-2440 "Disclosure of results".

Internal auditors should report the results of completed assignments.

Results reports should contain definitions of the objectives, scope, and scope of the engagement, as well as related conclusions, recommendations, and action plans.

Messages should be accurate, clear, objective, clear, constructive, concise and timely.

The CAE should communicate the results of the engagement to the relevant parties.

WWO's standard audit report template has changed at certain stages in the development of the internal audit function. Now it is defined by the corporate internal audit regulations and the audit report looks like this:

Rice. one. Audit report of oil and gas producing subsidiary WorldWideOil

In fact, the report is the conclusion of the WWO internal audit on the state of the internal control system of those areas of the enterprise or structural unit that have been audited. The conclusions are summarized briefly.

As a rule, the auditor's report itself occupies one page. Three appendices must be included in the audit report:

BUT. Assessment of control in each focus area (see Figure 2);
AT. List of control deficiencies identified as a result of the audit;
FROM. Description of control deficiencies and management action plan to address them (see Figure 3).

Rice. 2. Exhibit A to the Audit Report of an Oil and Gas Production Subsidiary of WWO

Explanation for fig. 2 (Appendix A). The internal audit of WWO uses four assessments of control: positive - effective, reliable; negative - in need of improvement, weak. Appropriate criteria are defined for each assessment. For example, a rating of “reliable” corresponds to the level of control that can be provided with protection against material losses, distortions and errors, and non-compliance with company policies. At the same time, the control can be assigned the highest positive rating, even if certain shortcomings are revealed by audit testing, but only on condition that these shortcomings do not lead to a distortion of the reporting and do not violate the security of the information systems used.

Control is assessed as “weak”, the shortcomings of which are significant: important control procedures are ignored, not performed or objects of audit are not defined by management at all, which leads to high risks of financial losses, leakage of confidential information, and non-compliance with company policies.

Appendix B is actually the content of Appendix C, i.e. it simply lists in order all identified control deficiencies.

Rice. 3. Appendix C to the Audit Report of an Oil and Gas Production Subsidiary of WWO.

Appendix C. When describing control deficiencies, internal auditors are guided by the WWO Internal Audit Regulations, according to which the description of “weaknesses” should be short and precise (usually 2-3 sentences for each example). Minor remarks are not included in the report. It is mandatory to indicate which control procedures should be carried out, what risks the identified shortcomings lead to, which specific WWO internal control standards and provisions of other local regulations of the company are not complied with. The draft audit report is prepared by the head of the audit (working) group (Lead Auditor, Auditor In-Charge). Deadline - by the last day of the audit "in the field", by the final conference with the audited object. The draft report is sent to the management of the audited entity for final approval and inclusion in Appendix C of the Management Action Plan to eliminate deficiencies (Action Plan), in which managers set out actions to correct the situation. This part of the audit report should also be clearly articulated. It indicates the persons responsible for the implementation and the timing of the elimination of deficiencies. The implementation of the Plan is controlled by the internal audit service, including during subsequent audits.

Due to the fact that information on corrective actions is agreed with the management of the audited entity and included in the audit report, no administrative documents are issued based on the results of the audit (orders, instructions, including those at the corporate level).

The deadline for preparing the final version of the audit report in WWO is one of the indicators (metrics) for evaluating the work of the internal audit service. The goal is 14 days, but in fact, the final versions of the reports are ready on average ten days after the completion of the review!

An audit report can be generated using a special computer program (for example, TeamMate), which allows you to automatically group auditors' comments into an audit report form. But in practice, the wording of comments, their composition is largely determined by the manager of internal audit in the direction of the company, based on the results of the meetings and the opinion of all members of the audit team. Comments not included in the report are included in the audit discussion memorandum, which is also considered at the final conference with auditee managers. All deficiencies noted both in the audit report and in the memorandum are subject to unconditional elimination.

The WWO Internal Audit Policy defines the list of recipients of audit reports. These are:

• internal audit managers (by line of business);
• general auditor;
• First Vice President of Finance (CFO);
• Vice President for Controlling/Chief Accountant;
• executive vice president for line of business;
• external auditor.

At the discretion of the head of the audit team, managers of all levels, including vice presidents and executive vice presidents with relevant functional responsibilities (finance, information technology, logistics, etc.), may also be included in the mailing list.

Reports are sent to the first head of the WWO only for those audits, according to the results of which the control is rated as “weak”! Before that, they are mandatory reviewed by the General Auditor.

In other cases, the responsibility for the quality of the report lies with the managers of the internal audit service.

PU: In PU, as well as in WWO, internal audit regulations have been developed. These are both corporate internal audit standards and standards (at the level of methods) for conducting audits in areas of activity (business segments), which contain, among other things, the requirements for the formation of an audit report. So, for example, according to the corporate standard, the statement of the results of the audit assignment should include observations, conclusions (opinion), recommendations and an action plan. Observations should represent facts relevant to the audit engagement. Observations necessary to clarify (prevent misunderstanding) the conclusions and recommendations of internal auditors should be included in the final presentation of the results of the audit engagement.

PU audit reports are very voluminous, have a lot of applications, and essentially document the progress of the audit engagement. They are not easy to read, let alone write! ..

The difficulty also lies in the fact that the PU internal audit service includes in the report recommendations for eliminating deficiencies, including those for top managers of the company. These recommendations are formalized by administrative documents (orders, instructions), which require passing the approval procedure within the company and have a significant impact on the duration of the process of preparing the final report.

The requirements set by the head of the PU internal audit service for the quality of audit reports are also understandable: the president will read them! In fact, each report is the “face” of the service. (Very responsible.)

In conditions when any internal audit service objectively cannot be 100% staffed with highly qualified specialists, the quality of the audit report is directly dependent on the amount of time spent on writing it. There is no need to talk about 10 days per report! Sometimes the process drags on for several months, and one of the main qualities of the audit report is lost - its timeliness.

However, is it worth nodding to PetrolUnion, when such a situation was quite recently characteristic of the internal audit services of very large international companies.

All audit reports are sent to the president of the company, as the head of the internal audit service reports and reports directly to him. After consideration, the president decides to distribute the audit report, i.e. determines the circle of persons to whom the results of the audit engagement are communicated.

Which reporting option is best? You will have to decide on your own. The statistics are as follows: having an approximately equal number of objects in the audit base (over 500 for each company), WorldWideOil's internal audit service conducts about 120 audits per year, PetrolUnion's internal audit - a little more than thirty. And the timing of the preparation of the final version of the audit report, of course, is not the only, but a very important factor in explaining this difference. It would seem that the conclusion is obvious - to urgently change the procedure for presenting the audit results, simplify the structure of the report and not send it to the first person of the company (or send it only in exceptional cases). But here it is worth thinking about one scrupulous moment.

Let's imagine the work of internal audit in the conditions of a more or less well-functioning system of internal control, risk management, and corporate governance. This is when the remarks in the audit report may sound something like this: "no confirmation is provided that the reconciliation of accounts for March was carried out in the prescribed manner." In fact, this is a serious violation for the internal control system, and managers of various levels are well aware of this. And the most severe measures will be taken against the guilty. But this is ... a working moment. It is inconvenient to go to the very top with such remarks. And what happens? The work is debugged nowhere better, but this is not appreciated, since meetings with top management are extremely rare, and, as they say, “falling out of the cage” occurs over time. Therefore, it is a paradox: the better the results of the work, the more clearly the whole mechanism works, the more vulnerable the position is over time, and this is both a loss of authority and far-reaching conclusions.

Sometimes this seems to be what actually happens. True, this does not apply to the above companies.

And in conclusion. Theoretically, the processes of formation and presentation of the results of the completed audit assignment in PetrolUnion and WorldWideOil do not have fundamental differences, since internal audit in both companies complies with International Professional Standards. In practice, these differences are significant. The reason lies in the different tasks facing internal audit services at the current stage of development of companies.

The primary task of PetrolUnion's internal audit is to create a modern corporate governance system through recommendations (including top management) developed based on the results of audits, and systematic monitoring of their implementation.

In WorldWideOil the situation is as follows. The external environment (primarily the securities market) contributed to the development of the company's corporate governance, the formalization of risk management processes, and internal control. How? First of all, the existence of relevant legislation. Internal audit today mainly checks the compliance of the control actions of managers and executors with the adopted regulations, which is fully consistent with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Under such conditions, it is easier to standardize both the audit process and the process of reporting audit results. The WWO internal audit does not make recommendations based on the results of the audit. Compliance with International Standard 2130 is achieved by providing consulting services to subsidiaries and structural divisions, i.e. analysis to develop recommendations. However, the number of such projects per year is very small, and now the WorldWideOil auditors themselves are complaining about the decrease in efficiency, the impossibility, due to lack of time, to pay more attention to identifying new risks and preparing recommendations aimed at improving the company's efficiency.

Obviously, there is no single recipe, but there is a main principle: do not stop there, constantly strive to improve and improve methods and processes.

The audit team leader is responsible for the accuracy, completeness and reliability of the final audit report. If you follow the order of immediate reporting, then the effectiveness of the audit, the speed and accuracy of the completion of corrective actions are significantly increased.

The audit report should contain a complete, accurate, concise and clear description of the audit and, in accordance with audit procedures, include:

• audit objectives;
• scope of the audit, identification of organizational and functional units or processes where the audit took place, and the period of time when the audit took place;
• information about the audit client;
• information about the audit team and representatives of the audited organization participating in the audit;
• the dates and locations of the units audited;
• audit criteria;
• audit observations;
• conclusion on the results of the audit;
• a conclusion about the degree of compliance with the audit criteria.

The audit report may also include:

• audit plan;
• a summary of the audit process, including uncertainties and/or other obstacles that may reduce the reliability of the audit opinion;
• confirmation that the audit objectives are achieved for the given area of ​​the audit in accordance with the audit plan;
• a list of all areas not covered by the audit within the scope of the audit;
• a summary of the audit conclusion and key findings for management;
• any unresolved conflicts between the audit team and the auditee;
• opportunities for improvement, if required by the audit objectives;
• strengths and best practices identified;
• agreed action plans based on the results of the audit;
• privacy issues;
• audit report mailing list.

The report should not include minor deficiencies that are discovered and corrected during the course of the audit (information about these deficiencies should be retained in the auditor's records in case of repeat audits).

The problem of the effectiveness of quality audits (both external and internal) is of particular importance to the organization. In our opinion, one of the criteria for the effectiveness of internal audit should be the systematic reduction of non-conformities identified during audits. Another measure of the effectiveness of the internal audit process may be the number of recommendations for improvement made by the auditors during the audit process.

The audit report is drawn up within the agreed time frame, approved and distributed to the recipients specified by the customer in the audit plan. It should be remembered that the report is the property of the audit client, so the necessary confidentiality requirements must be observed. Audit materials are completed in a special case under the appropriate registration number. The audit file is kept for the period established by the organization's CM documents. The experience gained during the audit process should be used to continuously improve the auditee's QMS.

An audit is considered completed when all activities included in the audit plan have been completed. Corrective, preventive and improving actions performed based on the results of the audit in accordance with ISO 19011:2011 are not considered part of the audit and are undertaken by the auditee within the agreed time frame. Correction and corrective actions are carried out after detection of nonconformity. Correction is an action aimed at eliminating a detected nonconformity (for example, replacing a nonconforming product with a conforming product or replacing an outdated procedure with an updated one). Corrective action is the action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity, i.e. it cannot be undertaken without determining the causes of the nonconformity.

There are many methods for determining the causes of nonconformity (from simple brainstorming to more complex, systemic problem solving methods). The auditor should be familiar with these problem solving tools. The depth and effectiveness of corrective actions depend on the identification of the true cause of the nonconformity. In some cases, this will help the organization identify and resolve similar inconsistencies in other areas.

When reviewing the organization's response to a nonconformity, the auditor should confirm that the documentation and objective evidence for correction, cause analysis, and corrective action in the organization are available, appropriate, and prepared prior to the auditor's judgment. The following important elements should be considered in the analysis process:

• a report on the actions taken (is it clear and concise);
• a description of the actions (are they thorough and are they accurately directed to specific documents, procedures);
• whether they are written in the past tense as an indication that the action taken has been completed;
• date of completion of corrective actions (dates indicating the past period indicate that corrective actions have been taken; dates indicating future actions are not good practice);
• objective evidence that corrective actions are fully and effectively implemented and performed to the extent described by the organization. Effective corrective action should prevent the recurrence of the nonconformity by eliminating its causes. Corrective action should not be confused with preventive action.

action, and these actions should not replace each other. A preventive action is not applicable to a nonconformity that has already been detected. However, analyzing the causes of detected nonconformities can identify potential nonconformities in other areas of the organization and provide input for preventive action.

The algorithm for checking the implementation of corrective actions is shown in fig. 27. The fact of the implementation of corrective actions and their effectiveness must be confirmed in the manner established by the organization's standard for conducting QMS audits.

The audit of corrective actions is fairly obvious and well designed, since the results and effectiveness of these actions are usually well defined (if the organization has already identified a nonconformity, it is not particularly difficult for the auditor to evaluate the actions of the organization, check whether plans are being made and whether these actions are effective in terms of avoiding repetition of the mismatch). Preventive action audits are usually more complex.

GOST standard ISO 9001:2011 requires an organization to develop a documented procedure for preventive actions. Combining documented procedures for corrective and preventive actions into one procedure in the QMS is acceptable, but not recommended due to the special importance of preventive actions.

Rice. 27.

actions to improve the QMS K. If these procedures are combined, the auditor should check whether the organization clearly understands the difference between corrective and preventive actions. In most Russian organizations, these procedures, unfortunately, are combined, and corrective actions are described in sufficient detail, and warning actions are indicated only in outline.

The auditor should look for objective evidence that:

• the organization analyzes the causes of potential nonconformities (uses cause and effect diagrams and other possible quality tools);
• the required actions cover all relevant areas of the organization;
• responsibility for identifying, evaluating, implementing and reviewing preventive actions is clearly defined.

The analysis of preventive actions includes answers to the questions:

• whether the actions were effective (i.e. whether the occurrence of the nonconformity was prevented and whether any additional benefits were obtained);
• whether there is a need to continue preventive actions in the direction in which they were taken;
• can they be changed or new ones need to be planned

actions.

Sometimes there is a discussion between the auditor and the organization about where corrective action ends and preventive action begins. The auditor should avoid being biased in these discussions and focus on the effectiveness of the actions taken.