country bureaucracy. What

The first bureaucrat is an official of Ancient Egypt.

BUREAUOCRACY (from French bureau - bureau, office and Greek kratos - power) - 1) the highest bureaucracy, administration; 2) a management system based on formalism, the prevalence of the formal over the essential, on administrative red tape.

Raizberg B.A. Modern socioeconomic dictionary. M., 2012, p. 60.

Bureaucratic organizational structures

BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES - management structures of an organization, company, in which problems and tasks are divided into many small components in separate areas. Each specialist solves his task as something isolated from the real tasks facing the organization as a whole. At the same time, the manager of a higher level must decide how these particular tasks correspond to the tasks of the entire organization. Technical methods and means of solving problems, the rights and obligations of each functional element of a mechanistic system are predetermined and regulated.

Bureaucracy (Ilyichev, 1983)

BUREAUCRACY (French bureaucratic, literally - the dominance of the office, from the French bureau - bureau, office and Greek κράτος - strength, power, domination), a specific form of social organizations in society (political, economic, ideological, etc.), the essence of which lies in separating the centers of executive power from the will and decisions of the majority of the members of this organization, in the primacy of form over the content of activity, in subordinating the rules and tasks of the functioning of the organization to the goals of its preservation and strengthening; leads to the emergence of a privileged stratum, cut off from the masses and standing above them (see V. I. Lenin, PSS, vol. 33, p. 115). Bureaucracy is inherent in a society built on social inequality and exploitation, when power is concentrated in the hands of one narrow ruling group or another...

Bureaucracy (Akmalova, 2011)

BUREAUCRACY. A complex, contradictory socio-political phenomenon, a specific form of the universal organizational structure of society and the state. The emergence of bureaucracy is associated with the genesis of the state and the separation of a special group of people from the social strata of the population, which performs the function of managing society as a whole (officials). The place of bureaucracy in the system of managerial relations can be defined as an intermediate place between the political elite and the population, social communities of people.

Bureaucracy (NFE, 2010)

BUREAUCRACY (French bureau - bureau, office and Greek kratos - power) - an organization of professional civil servants, designed for the qualified effective implementation of public policy. One of the first critics of bureaucracy was K. Marx, who drew attention to the fact that it is associated with the organization losing the meaningful goal of its activities, with its subordination to the task of self-preservation and strengthening, with the transformation of state goals into clerical ones, and clerical ones into state ones (see. : Marx K., Engels F. Soch., v. 1, pp. 270-271). Starting from M.

Bureaucracy (Golovin, 2001)

BUREAUCRATISM - in a psychological aspect - a phenomenon that arises in the conditions of non-economic relations between the impersonal apparatus of management and a social object, excluding the influence of the people on this apparatus. The administrative apparatus, turning into a cohesive elite, opposes any social changes or seeks to adapt to them, while maintaining the existing levers of power. It can manifest itself at any level of the functioning of the social structure: at the level of organizations, primary divisions.

Bureaucracy (Chubaryan, 2014)

BUREAUCRACY [fr. bureaucracy< фр. bureau бюро, канцелярия + гр. kratos власть, букв, господство канцелярии] - 1) специфическая форма политических, экономических, идеологических и др. социальных организаций, для которых характерными чертами являются произвол, подчинение правил и задач деятельности организации прежде всего целям ее сохранения и укрепления; своеобразный социальный организм; 2) система управления, осуществляемого с помощью аппарата власти, обладающего специфическими функциями и привилегиями; 3) слой людей (чиновников), служащих в различных звеньях государственного аппарата и неразрывно связанных с системой государственного управления. Бюрократии свойственны иерархичность, строгая регламентация, разделение труда и ответственности в осуществлении формализованных функций, произвол, авторитаризм и конформизм. 4) синоним бюрократизма - отчуждение государственного аппарата по отношению к обществу, превращение средств административной деятельности в самоцель; канцелярщина, бездушность, рутина, служебная волокита...

Bureaucracy (Lopukhov, 2013)

BUREAUCRACY - a system of public administration, when, due to the underdevelopment of civil society, the actual power in the state belongs to the highest bureaucracy and the nomenclature serving it, a layer of people (officials) serving in various levels of the state apparatus and inextricably linked with the public administration system. The existence of a state bureaucracy is an inevitable and necessary condition for the functioning of public authorities, caused by the expansion and complexity of the content of their work, the obligation to possess information, prepare state decisions, exercise comprehensive control, etc. This makes a significant part of society and the highest authorities dependent on the apparatus. This dependence is the greater, the less democratic society is. The apparatus of power itself, which has specific functions and privileges, acts as a fairly autonomous and autocratic organism...

Bureaucracy (Orlov, 2012)

BUREAUCRACY - 1) a set of persons professionally engaged in management (officialdom), responsible to the state leadership and living off the wages received (salary); 2) the system of state administration through the apparatus of officials.

What is bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is a term used to define an organizational or administrative system in which control is entrusted to a hierarchical set of individuals.

What is BUREAUCRACY - meaning, definition in simple words.

In simple terms, bureaucracy is a state or company management system in which there are many different departments responsible for their area of ​​work. At the same time, they all report to higher immediate supervisors. For ease of understanding the concept of bureaucracy, you can imagine a stepped pyramid. At the top is the most important leader. On the steps below are his deputies. Below are their subordinates and so on down to the simple ones.

It is not difficult to guess that almost all modern control systems are arranged according to this principle. This is especially true of state administration. Thus, we can say that the bureaucracy is the dominant form of administration and management in the world. However, in the modern era, the term "bureaucracy" is increasingly being used in a negative context to describe the various complexities and delays that arise when using this confusing and cumbersome system. Quite often in the media and not only you can hear phrases like:

• - Because of this bureaucracy, I have not been able to resolve my issue for a year now;
• - Until this bureaucratic machine moves from its place, an eternity will pass;
• “These bureaucrats just need to shift papers;

In fact, such indignant sayings towards the bureaucracy are quite fair, especially when the system is oversaturated with a mass of useless formalities. It should also be noted that an overabundance of bureaucratic functions in the state is a good climate for the emergence of certain issues.

Who are BUREAUCRATES

The bureaucrats are a general term used to refer to administrative workers working in the field of management. In simple words, bureaucrats are all kinds of officials who can solve certain tasks in accordance with their competence. In a negative context, it is customary to call a bureaucrat a person fixated on observing all paperwork ( and not only) formalities.

Etymology and origin of the term "BUREAUCRACY"

The term "bureaucracy" comes from the fusion of the French word " bureau» ( office, office, office, department, desk) and Greek " Kratos» ( power). Presumably, this term was coined by the French economist Jacques Claude Marie Vincent at the beginning of the 18th century, but it was only used globally in the 20th century after the publications of the German sociologist Max Weber.

bureaucracy in history.

Although the term "bureaucracy" was coined in the 18th century, this system of government has been around for many thousands of years. The emergence of bureaucracy was marked by the development of writing about 4 thousand years ago. The first who began to use bureaucratic principles were the ancient Sumerians. It was they who began to write information about crops, trade, etc. on clay tablets.

Ancient Egypt also used state bureaucracy as a form of government. For this, specially trained educated people were used who held government posts and were responsible for certain aspects related to the government of the country.

In the Roman Empire, the bureaucracy was the main tool for managing various regions. These regions were led by hierarchical regional proconsuls and deputies.

Pros and cons of bureaucracy.

Benefits of bureaucracy.

The benefits of bureaucracy include the ability to manage a large, complex organization. Rules and regulations can be useful to ensure stable and systematized operation in all management sites. The presence of supervisory or higher authorities allows clients or citizens to file appeals and complaints in the event that they are not satisfied with the work of the lower level.

Disadvantages of bureaucracy.

The bureaucracy is often criticized for being inefficient and very wasteful. Quite often it happens that the connection between the individual branches of the bureaucratic machine is missing or does not work properly. Because of this, to resolve the issue, you need to perform repetitive tedious actions, and this all delays the process. Another negative aspect of bureaucracy is that low levels of management are severely limited in their decision-making independence, and everything has to be formally coordinated with management. So, for example, in order to comply with formalities, you have to wait a long time until the manager simply signs the necessary document ( often without looking at the content).

What does the term bureaucracy mean? What is this phenomenon, and why has it become the basis for the activities of many organizations and institutions? What are the types of bureaucracy...

Bureaucracy - what is it in simple words?

By Masterweb

With such a concept as bureaucracy, modern man has to face more and more often. As a rule, many perceive the essence of bureaucracy as something bad and preventing ordinary citizens from getting the desired result when communicating with officials and employees of various organizations. But what is this concept really? More on this in our article.

Definition of "bureaucracy"

This concept is a combination of two words - the French bureau, the Greek κράτος and is translated as "office" and "power", that is, the dominance of the office. What does this mean?

So, in simple words, bureaucracy is a kind of social stratum of managers who are part of a certain organizational structure, which is characterized by a vertical of information flows, a clear hierarchy and formalization of decision-making.

In addition, this concept is commonly understood as a certain layer of officials who oppose themselves to society and occupy a privileged position in it. In general, bureaucracy is not only managers, but also a system that is created in government bodies and organizations.

Thus, bureaucracy should be understood as:

1. The category of people who occupy managerial positions, are endowed with extended powers and participate in the process of making important decisions.
2. A process in which different segments of the population participate in order to achieve certain goals.

Weber's theory of bureaucracy

Max Weber (economist and sociologist) was the first to study this phenomenon and laid the foundation for its detailed study.

The scientist defined the following principles of the concept of bureaucracy:

• a hierarchy of orders that is built on legal authority;
• at the head of all subordinates there is a boss who is responsible for himself and for the actions of his employees;
• labor should be divided according to specialization and functions;
• a well-honed system for the implementation of labor processes;
• the promotion system is built on the basis of experience, skills, abilities and has its own standards.

Weber use the term as a definition of a rational organization that has clear development goals without favoritism. In his understanding, bureaucracy is an ideal system for managing social structures and their structural subdivisions.

Weber believed that the bureaucracy will give officials the opportunity to achieve the goals of the organization through a clear distribution of labor functions and following the accepted rules for their implementation.

Weber described rational bureaucracy as follows:

• cohesion of actions to achieve the goals;
• the operation of impersonal rules;
• responsibility for each area of ​​work;
• hierarchical dependency.

In the process of detailed study, Weber began to distinguish between positive and negative management styles. Under the irrational (negative) bureaucracy, he understood the system in which processes become an end in themselves, which negatively affects the success of the organization. In other words, bureaucracy is not a way to achieve the goals of an enterprise, but a senseless reproduction of its attributes (orders, instructions, instructions, etc.).

The concept of bureaucracy according to sociologists R. Merton and A. Gouldner

Merton and Gouldner argued that managers and officials often make bureaucracy an end in itself. At the same time, achieving the success of the entire company fades into the background. It becomes more important to conduct business correspondence, the introduction of standards, norms and rules, as well as monitoring their compliance.

Merton characterized bureaucracy as follows:

• as a result of the precise fulfillment of all formalities, managers lose the ability to make decisions at their level (they become dependent on the opinions of their superiors);
• the main task of employees is to strictly follow the prescribed rules and instructions;
• rigid limits force managers of all levels to abandon creative thinking: they begin to live within the framework of stereotypical thinking.

All difficulties and negative processes in organizations are often the result of exaggeration of standardized norms. Employees know how they should act in certain situations, but, as a rule, the rigidity of the framework of behavior and actions worsens interaction with the external environment.

According to this theory of bureaucracy, this management method has significant negative features:

• human nature is ignored;
• in society, alienation becomes the norm;
• a person cannot express his opinion, especially that which goes against conventional thinking;
• people begin to subordinate personal goals to those adopted by the organization;
• there is adaptability in organizations.

A. Gouldner divided the bureaucracy into two types - representative (authority is guided by knowledge, experience and skills) and authoritarian (authority turns obedience to rules into an end in itself).

Types of bureaucracy

During the study, the bureaucracy has changed significantly. This happened under the influence of the development of organizational structures in power and various institutions.

Today, there are three types of bureaucracy:

1. Classical or hardware.
2. Professional.
3. Adhocracy.

It is worth considering in detail each of these types.

Classic bureaucracy

Classical bureaucracy is full adherence to generally accepted rules and norms and the performance of general managerial functions.

The following advantages of classical bureaucracy can be distinguished:

• unification of activities;
• the stability of the organization;
• centralization of management;
• clear division of labor.

At the same time, its shortcomings are distinguished:

• psychological and mental abilities of workers are secondary factors of labor;
• low motivation of employees of the organization;
• decisions made in unforeseen situations often turn out to be untimely and ineffective.

As a rule, the classical bureaucracy is the basis of management in government bodies and enterprises that are subordinate to them. At the same time, it is also effective in companies that are poorly oriented to the external environment. This view is fully consistent with the model of M. Weber.

Adhocracy

Adhocracy is a type of bureaucracy that involves solving professional difficulties and tasks by bringing together certain workers who are needed in a particular situation, because they can apply all their skills and experience.

The difference between adhocracy and rational bureaucracy is that the former does not have a clear division of labor, a rigid hierarchy, and is conditioned by minimal formalities.

Professional bureaucracy

This type assumes that managers are clearly focused on their theoretical and practical knowledge, and that in all areas of work there are not random people, but real professionals.

A professional bureaucracy has the following characteristics:

• high level of competence of managers;
• the conditions for the flow of the management process are taken into account;
• less formalization of working relations;
• each manager can independently make decisions at his own level, while higher managers are not aware of the decisions made in some areas of work;
• workplaces are grouped according to the principle of hierarchy and functions of employees.

At the same time, the following are distinguished from the advantages of professional bureaucracy:

• tasks, including extraordinary ones, are solved much easier and faster;
• high motivation, both personal and general (organizational);
• workers have the opportunity to be more creative in solving problems.

The disadvantages of a professional bureaucracy can be:

• a sharp decrease in the efficiency of the work of employees in the absence of a trend in the development of the enterprise;
• the constant need of the organization for the correct search and placement of personnel, as it is necessary to find worthy candidates who can be responsible for their site and apply their own experience and knowledge in their workplace;
• the need to use power not only within the framework of coercion and reward, but also expert and informational power.

Russian bureaucracy

In Russia, bureaucracy, unfortunately, is the basis for organizing the work of most state institutions, departments and organizations. Therefore, most often one has to deal with such a type as an apparatus bureaucracy, but at the same time it is often distorted. Thus, on paper in the organization everything is set out almost perfectly, but the real state of affairs may be quite different. Employees may use their position for personal gain and at some point violate all norms, standards and regulations.

The manager's career becomes the core of the value system, with which he associates all his life expectations, and the very service of the organization becomes a means of achieving personal gain. Due to some peculiarities of the territory and mentality at the moment, the use of a rational (correct) bureaucracy on the territory of the Russian Federation is not possible.

Conclusion

Bureaucracy is not only the basis of the activities of organizations. It is the basis for building a system of control over the execution of tasks and the adoption of managerial decisions. Depending on the conditions, goals and opportunities, it is determined what kind of bureaucracy will prevail.

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Bureaucracy is (literally) "clerical domination". From a socio-political point of view, this concept characterizes the process of exercising power by privileged persons chosen by the ruling class. Bureaucracy is a form that arose in an exploitative society, in the process of dividing people into classes. At the same time, such a state is being formed, in the structure of which the exploiters put forward their interests as the interests of the people.

Bureaucracy and bureaucracy - a form and method of management through the bureaucracy or officials, cut off from society and standing above it. The characteristic features of this management structure are caste, isolation, standardization of duties, formalization, suppression of initiative. According to Marx, bureaucracy is the transformation of state tasks into clerical tasks or vice versa. This managerial form creates its content from formal goals, everywhere conflicting with real goals. This is the theory of bureaucracy according to Marx.

With the change in socio-economic formations, the managerial form also changed. As the researchers note, bureaucracy was already characteristic of the slave system. It was a complex hierarchy of positions and bodies. A "stationery" apparatus was also distributed. A special place was assigned to the church bureaucracy.

However, this form of management reached its greatest development in capitalist society. Along with an extensive network of military, police, administrative bodies in the conditions of this society, various non-state bourgeois associations arose, for which the division of the administrative apparatus was characteristic.

For pre-capitalist formations, the manifestation of bureaucracy was characteristic only in later years (after the formation of capitalist society), this form actively penetrated into social life.

A particular strengthening of the bureaucracy was noted in the imperialist period. This era was characterized by a merger of monopolies and thus, the state bureaucracy was united with the monopoly elite, which contributed to the concentration of economic and political power in its hands. A characteristic feature of this structure is the presence of the so-called "management institute", which was a corporate administration. In fact, he was a new bureaucratic layer. The extreme manifestations of this managerial form are autocratic structures of the fascist type.

Some sociologists (adherents of the bourgeoisie) who seek to justify the increase in bureaucracy under modern capitalism often refer to the complexity of the management structure in general and the need for a hierarchical system, ordering and rationalization. Thus, there is an identification of "clerical domination" with the principle of leadership and organization. At the same time, some authors note that the need for the formation of different arose at all stages of the development of society and will continue to arise. At the same time, the dominance of the bureaucracy has developed in a class society and disappears when the corresponding differences are eliminated.

As sociologists note, the establishment of true democracy is incompatible with "clerical domination." According to Marx, the elimination of bureaucracy becomes feasible under the condition of a real transition of general interest into a special one. In other words, the main thing is to satisfy the needs of the people. At the same time, the elimination of the remnants of bureaucracy does not happen automatically with the abolition of the form itself. To completely eradicate all its features, purposeful and systematic work should be carried out.

Economic glossary of terms

(from French bureau - office, office and Greek kratos - power) bureaucracy

the highest bureaucracy, administration;

a management system based on formalism, the prevalence of the formal over the essential, on administrative red tape.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

bureaucracy

bureaucracy, pl. no, w.

A control system in which power belongs to the bureaucratic administration (bureaucrats) without any conformity with the real interests of the masses.

collected Representatives of this management system, bureaucrats. Trade union bureaucracy (leaders of the trade unions cut off from the masses and neglecting their interests).

Excessive concern for formalities, clerical conventions, to the detriment of the essence of the matter (colloquial family name). Break up the bureaucracy.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

bureaucracy

The management system of the bureaucratic administration protecting the interests of the ruling elite.

collected Bureaucrats.

adj. bureaucratic, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

bureaucracy

BUREAUOCRACY (lit. - the dominance of the office, from the French bureau - bureau, office and ... kratiya) originally - power, influence of leaders and officials of the government apparatus; in the future - the designation of the layer of employees in large organizations that have arisen in various spheres of society. As a necessary element of administration, the bureaucracy turns into a special social stratum, which is characterized by: hierarchy, strict regulation, division of labor and responsibility in the implementation of formalized functions that require special education. Bureaucracy tends to turn into a privileged layer, independent of the majority of members of the organization, which is accompanied by an increase in formalism and arbitrariness, authoritarianism and conformism, the subordination of the rules and tasks of the organization's activities mainly to the goals of its strengthening and preservation. This finds extreme expression in authoritarian systems. A democratic society seeks to develop forms of control and management aimed at overcoming or limiting the negative features of bureaucracy.

Bureaucracy

(literally ≈ the dominance of the office, from the French bureau ≈ bureau, office and Greek krátos ≈ strength, power, domination), a specific form of social organizations in society (political, economic, ideological, etc.), the essence of which is, firstly , in isolation of the centers of executive power from the will and decisions of the majority of the members of this organization, secondly, in the primacy of form over the content of the activities of this organization, thirdly, in subordinating the rules and tasks of the functioning of the organization to the goals of its preservation and strengthening. B. is inherent in a society built on social inequality and exploitation, when power is concentrated in the hands of one or another narrow ruling group. The fundamental feature of banking is the existence and growth of a stratum of bureaucrats—a privileged bureaucratic-administrative caste that is cut off from the people.

B.'s forms have changed throughout history in connection with the change of exploitative socio-economic formations. Its beginnings arise in connection with the isolation of the sphere of state administration in the slave-owning states of the Ancient East. The most developed banking in this period was the system of power in China. Complex bureaucratic systems of government existed in the Roman Empire and Byzantium. In the Middle Ages, in the feudal states of Western Europe, the bureaucratic apparatus had royal power and the church, headed by the papal curia. The strengthening of royal power and absolutism was accompanied by the growth of B.

With the development of capitalism and the coming to state power of the bourgeoisie, the bureaucratic regime is established in the sphere of political life. Socio-political traditions had a huge influence on the degree of bureaucratization of political life in individual countries: the formation of centralized feudal states and absolutism served as the historical basis for the formation of the bourgeois bureaucratic machine of state power. So it was in the 19th century. in Europe, in contrast, for example, to the United States, where the bourgeois-democratic order arose in its “pure” form and for some time hindered the all-round development of bourgeois in the political life of the country.

If in pre-capitalist formations the bourgeoisie existed primarily as a form of political organization, then during the period of dominance of capitalist relations it also becomes a form of organization of economic life. The transition from the era of free competition to monopoly capitalism led to the emergence of banking in the field of economics as well. With the development of state-monopoly capitalism, bourgeoisie became a universal form of bourgeois social organization, beginning with monopolies and ending with various types of voluntary organizations.

In Russia, banking developed in close connection with the centralization of the state and the growth of the apparatus of the autocracy. into a military-police state machine that strangled the revolutionary movement of the working class and peasantry.

B. is not identical with organization and organization in general. In the 20th century in developed industrial countries there is a significant increase in organization in all spheres of life. In the economic field, this was expressed in the emergence of huge production complexes and the centralization of their management; in the political field, in the formation of political parties; in the field of culture, in the emergence of a centralized network of mass media, and so on. The objective course of socio-economic development in the 20th century. leads to the development of general principles for the work of social organizations, which include a clear management structure, a hierarchy of positions and posts, a strict division of functions, rules for information management at various levels, and discipline. All these rules are necessary for the work of an organization and in themselves do not yet mean B. Bureaucracy is the independence of the apparatus of power from the executors, the suppression of the initiative of individual parts of the organization. The conditions of a bureaucratic organization form a specific type of personality, the main psychological and moral features of which are political, ideological and moral conformism, orientation towards formal duties, standardization of needs and interests. B. represents a certain degeneration of social organization.

K. Marx was the first to provide a scientific understanding of the nature and essence of biology. In his work “On a Criticism of the Hegelian Philosophy of Law,” Marx showed that B. consists primarily in the loss by the organization of the meaningful goal of its activity, in the subordination of the rules of its functioning, business principles to the task of preserving and strengthening it as such. “The bureaucracy,” wrote K. Marx, “should ... defend the imaginary universality of special interest, the corporate spirit, in order to save the imaginary peculiarity of the general interest, its own spirit” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 270). B. is based on the desire of the leaders to subordinate the work of the organization to the preservation and strengthening of their dominance. It was from here that Marx derived such traits of banking as formalism, heartlessness, chicanery, and bureaucratic arbitrariness. As K. Marx wrote, the bureaucracy “... is compelled... to present the formal as content, and the content as something formal. State tasks are transformed into clerical tasks, or clerical tasks are transformed into state tasks” (ibid., p. 271). Strict rules and strict regulations in B. coexist with the ability to make voluntaristic decisions, which is especially clearly demonstrated by the practice of the work of police-bureaucratic machines.

K. Marx for the first time in history revealed the class foundations of banking as a form of political life; in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, he formulated the task of breaking down the bureaucratic bourgeois machine as the first condition for the victory of the socialist revolution. V. I. Lenin in his work “State and Revolution”, speaking of the tendency of the bureaucracy under capitalism to turn “... into bureaucrats, that is, into privileged persons cut off from the masses, into privileged persons standing above the masses” (Poln. sobr. cit., 5th ed., vol. 33, p. 115), developed the principles for the liquidation of bourgeoisie in the course of a victorious socialist revolution by successively transferring the functions of managing society to the broad masses.

The phenomenon of bureaucracy has attracted particular attention of bourgeois scholars since the beginning of the 20th century, when the growth of bureaucratic organizations assumed enormous proportions. The foundations of the non-Marxist sociological concepts of biosecurity were laid in the works of the German sociologist M. Weber, who considered biosecurity as a “natural” and “necessary” form of any social organization. The very term "B." acquired a positive character from Weber and related to the organization in general. It is used in the same sense in many non-Marxist sociological works. Impersonality, rationality, the strictest regulation, limited responsibility Weber considered the "ideal" of any organization. In the capitalist countries, Weber's ideas found application in the system of managing teams within the framework of the policy of "scientific leadership" (especially in the USA). With the increasing complexity of organizations, the growth of the qualifications of workers and the increase in the number of service and engineering personnel, the concept that emphasizes the impersonal nature of people's relations was supplemented by the concept of "human relations", according to which work efficiency is associated with the moral and psychological climate prevailing in the organization, personal relations, moods, likes and dislikes of the members of the organization. As an antidote to "bureaucracy" a program is put forward to improve people's personal relationships. The concept of "human relations" does not take into account that the streamlining and "humanization" of relations does not destroy the anti-democratism of management inherent in the bourgeois organization and thereby does not save it from turning into a bourgeois organization.

The biology of modern bourgeois society and the concepts that defend it are sharply criticized both by Marxists and by progressively minded scholars in bourgeois countries. The processes of growth of alienation in all spheres of the life of bourgeois society, the atmosphere of conformism and unscrupulousness are the direct result of the development of B.

The Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia destroyed the old police-bureaucratic machine and laid the foundation for a qualitatively new type of social organization. V. I. Lenin in his works laid the foundations for the theory of socialist organization, showing that socialism creates the preconditions for the elimination of bureaucracy.

As one of the main tasks in creating a democratic apparatus of power, V.I. Lenin put forward the task of expelling from the state apparatus "... all traces of excesses, of which so much remained in it from tsarist Russia, from its bureaucratic-capitalist apparatus" (ibid. , vol. 45, p. 405). V. I. Lenin considered the fight against bureaucracy not only as a fight against the remnants of the old social system, but also as a warning of bureaucratic distortions that are possible under socialism as a result of violations of the norms of socialist democracy. V. I. Lenin considered the all-round development of inner-party, state and economic democracy within the framework of the implementation of the principle of democratic centralism as the main tool for preventing the bureaucratic style of leadership under socialism. Under socialism, society develops not only a fundamentally different, in contrast to the bourgeois, type of social organization, but constantly, with the help of criticism and self-criticism, exercises control over the observance of the norms of democratic centralism. By developing and expanding the network of organizations (economic, political, cultural and educational, etc.), strengthening centralism and unity of command, and fighting for discipline and responsibility in the performance of their duties by each member of the organization, socialist society simultaneously expands the possibilities for drawing the masses into the management of societies. life and individual organizations.

Lit .: Marx K., On the Criticism of the Hegelian Philosophy of Law, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 1; his, Eighteenth Brumaire Louis Bonaparte, ibid., vol. 8; Lenin V. I., Closing remarks on the report on the party program on March 19. , Full coll. soch., 5th ed., v. 38; his own. Diary pages. January 2, 1923, ibid., vol. 45; Zamoshkin Yu. A., Crisis of bourgeois individualism and personality, M., 1966; his own. Ideological and theoretical discussions around the problem of bureaucracy, "Problems of Philosophy", 1970, ╧ 11; Mills P., Power Elite, trans. from English, M., 1959; Weber M., The theory of social and economic organization, L.≈ N. Y., 1947: Merton R. (eds), Reader in bureaucracy, Glencoe, 1952; Simon H. A., Administrative behavior, N. Y., 1957; Parsons, T., Structure and process in modern societies, Glencoe, 1960; Etzioni A., A comparative analysis of complex organizations, N. Y., 1961; Blau P. M., Bureaucracy in modern society, N. Y., 1961.

══N. V. Novikov.

Wikipedia

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy (disambiguation)

Bureaucracy:

• Bureaucracy is a system of government in which real power belongs to the bureaucracy.
• Bureaucracy - excessive complication of clerical procedures, delaying clerical decisions.
• Bureaucracy - a layer of clerical employees, bureaucracy, nomenklatura.

Examples of the use of the word bureaucracy in the literature.

Yes, of course, the reasons for this situation were the lack of qualified personnel, and the insufficient salaries of officials, which gave rise to callousness and bribery, but the lack of collegiality in activities also turned out to be a misfortune. bureaucracy.

But even in the republican countries, bureaucracy more than once engendered or reproduced Caesarism, Bonapartism, the personal dictatorship of fascism, as soon as the ratio of the main classes opened up for bureaucracy the possibility of higher power and crowning.

Carlos Varela performed with his sharp satirical songs, scourging bureaucracy, whose words were picked up by hundreds of thousands of voices.

The Mother of God, the Church as an all-loving mother, the Pope and priests as maternal images - and all this is hand in hand with the paternal elements of a strict patriarchal bureaucracy, headed by the same pope, but already as the bearer of power and might.

But perhaps all the other classes, with the exception of such trifles as the comprador bourgeoisie, the landlords, the top bureaucracy and village kulaks - do they really consider the Cantonese government theirs?

In fact, the essence of the letter was in a sharp attack against the party bureaucracy and in stating that it is not the party that makes any decisions, but that everything is commanded by bureaucrats - party secretaries.

This process of bourgeoisizing the tops of the working bureaucracy consciously supported and forced by the Social Democracy.

Nihilism is not an innate quality of a bad person, it is a product of the police, bureaucracy, stupid prohibitions.

In internal terms, the state in every possible way stimulated the growth bureaucracy: more and more there was a need for overseers, urgers, controllers, censors, planners, rate-setters, inspectors.

They spat with the liberal bureaucracy-- instead of harnessing it to your work.

This environment, the environment of the highest bureaucracy, like everything retrograde, had every reason not to like A.

Israeli bureaucracy- the most terrible in the world, it is worse than the Soviet one, Sevela compares it with syphilis.

General drunkenness, drinking of Soviet workers is encouraged bureaucracy and its party - the CPSU, since alcoholism puts people out of politics, and has turned into an unofficial policy of soldering the working people in order to strengthen the dominance of the bureaucracy.

Therefore, even bureaucracy, which forms all levels and structures of authoritarian power, constantly felt anxiety and fear under the Stalinist regime.

And beating his forehead, sprinkled with the black sweat of a short insanity, against an invisible wall that separated real life from the demonic kingdom of theatrical life at all levels of existence. bureaucracy playing with the fury and self-confidence of a paranoid in meetings, congresses, conferences, rallies, months of friendship, labor shifts, anniversary sessions, subbotniks, protest rallies, election of judges, demonstrations of popular enthusiasm and unprecedented unity with the native party and government, I ask in confusion: what Is this happening, comrades?