Global problems of mankind social science 8. Report "Global problems of mankind

Global problems of mankind- these are problems that concern all mankind, affect the relationship between the countries of the world community, the relationship between society and nature, issues of joint solution. Global problems do not recognize borders. No state, no matter how powerful, is able to solve these problems on its own. Only broad international cooperation is needed to solve them. Only the awareness of universal interdependence and the promotion of the tasks of society to the fore will make it possible to prevent social and economic catastrophes.

By their nature, global problems are different. These include primarily:

Problems of environmental protection are solved at three levels: state, regional, global. The global level is most important in relation to such types of natural wealth, which by their nature are common to all mankind.

3.demographic problem, generated by rapid population growth in . The solution to this global problem rests on a complex set of socio-economic problems of our time in these countries.

5.Energy and raw material problems.

First of all, these are the tasks of reliable supply of mankind with fuel and raw materials. The limited resources and their exhaustibility make mankind face the necessity of strict economy of raw materials and energy, the use of new, resource-saving technologies. Overcoming backwardness.

After gaining political independence, many states have achieved notable successes in economic and social development. However, they still feel the legacy of the colonial regime, which is manifested in their economic backwardness. The main way to overcome the backwardness of the developing countries is to carry out fundamental changes in all spheres of their life. If this problem is not resolved, the continuing situation in developing countries threatens with socio-economic upheavals on a global scale and will exacerbate other global problems.

6. Ecological, economic and social problems of the oceans.

They arose as a result of the shift of productive forces to the coast of the sea, thereby increasing the load on many areas of the oceans. Intensive economic activity has led to ocean pollution, to a decrease in its biological productivity.

Of course, global problems are not limited to the above. In fact, there are more of them. The crisis of culture, the spread of dangerous diseases, etc. are sometimes also referred to. All global problems are closely interconnected. Today, their solution has become not just a scientific policy, but also the subject of a sharp ideological struggle. Scientists have developed many global forecasts for the development of mankind, and they clearly show two fundamentally different approaches: optimistic and pessimistic.

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Slides captions:

Global problems of the present.

The concept of "global problems". 2nd floor 20th century problems of human survival - prevention of the 3rd World War, - overcoming the ecological crisis, - reduction of the difference in the level of development between developed countries and countries of the "3rd world", - stabilization of the demographic situation. , - fight against drug addiction, AIDS, etc. , - the fight against international terrorism, - the revival of cultural and moral values.

The concept of "global problems". causes of global problems The planet is a single home local conflicts and contradictions global nature Human activity = Destructive forces of nature But! Low level: - public organization, - political thinking, morality, ecological thinking.

The threat of an ecological crisis. Scientific and technological revolution Violation of the ecological balance Depletion of natural resources (40 years) Depletion of the fertile layer Deforestation

The threat of an ecological crisis. Scientific and technical revolution Violation of the ecological balance Air pollution Pollution of the waters of the oceans

Scientific and technological progress and ecological alternative. STP Violation of the ecological balance Private human activity Society must regulate Problem! Green Closure of important industrial facilities

Scientific and technological progress and ecological alternative. Scientific and technical progress Violation of ecological balance Exit Closed cycle Ecologically saving technologies Wasteless technologies Development of nature restoration technologies Ecological expertise of projects

Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. Sh. Fourier Wars - a constant companion of mankind 4500 years -300 years of peace XX century - 2 world wars 3 world - death of mankind Nuclear winter Continuation of the arms race

Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. conditions for preventing nuclear war -recognition of the priority of universal human values, -renunciation of war as a means of resolving conflicts, -recognition of the right of peoples to independently and freely choose their own destiny, -understanding of the interconnectedness of the modern world.

North-South problem. North-South Developed countries Developing countries -50-60-liberation, -70-rapid economic growth, -80-slowdown, external borrowing. A.D. 60 26:1 Ser.90 40:1

North-South problem. North-South Causes -Rapid population growth in the South, -North's policy - "The South is a resource appendage". Ways to overcome - a reasonable demographic policy, - reduction of the arms race and the direction of funds to the countries of the "third world".

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Interdisciplinary project "Global problems of our time"

Interdisciplinary project "Global problems of our time

The purpose of the lesson. To characterize the essence of the concept of "global problems of our time", analyze the causes of problems and reveal the main ways to solve them. Lesson objectives: Educational ...

Lesson in social studies in grade 8. Subject: Modern world. Global problems of our time

Humanity has entered a new era of its development. Today in the lesson we will consider the diversity of the modern world of people, as well as the important problems facing society. In modern conditions, about ...

Tasks

Educational: learn information about globalization, update students' knowledge of global

problems of the present on the basis of the previously studied material in other training courses; to focus students' attention on the importance of solving global problems by the entire human community due to their planetary nature; highlight the features of global problems and ways to solve them;

Developing: further development of students' skills of scientific thinking: the ability to analyze, generalize, argue their point of view; development of students' abilities to draw the necessary conclusions and give reasonable assessments of social events and processes; development of skills to formulate problems, offer ways to solve them;

Educational: the development of communication culture skills, the ability to work in a group, the education of humanism, tolerance, environmental culture, the expansion of social horizons, the expansion of the social experience of students in the analysis and discussion of global problems of our time.

Lesson type:learning new material.

During the classes

1. Teacher greeting:

Teacher:Let's smile at each other and start the lesson. I am sure that we will succeed today.

Today at the lesson we will work information centre. I think we will need his help more than once.

For the information center, a card with a task is to reveal the concepts: globalization, anti-globalists, problems, global problems.

2. Motivation

slide 1

Each person is responsible to all people for all people and for everything.

F.M. Dostoevsky

Teacher:As an epigraph to our lesson, I chose these words of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Think about them now - how do you understand them, do you agree or not with the words of the writer? And at the end of the lesson, we will return to them and exchange opinions.

in my hands watch and orange. Which of these items do you think characterizes the modern world, can serve as its model, and why?

The clock is a system, modern society is a supersystem, parts, the spheres of which are in close interaction with each other. The success and stability of the development of society as a whole depends on their well-coordinated work. ( slide 2- a picture of the global world).

The world of the 21st century is the unification of continents, states and peoples of the planet Earth into an inseparable whole with various interconnections. What are they?

Can you give me examples of this mutual influence, the unification of countries?

Who can imagine the modern world without TV, mobile phone? How many of you are ready to give up the Internet? How many of you are ready to lose the opportunity to travel to other countries as a tourist, student, or work? Are you ready to stop wearing jeans, listen to foreign music, watch Hollywood movies, agree to drive only domestic cars, forget about McDonald's, not eat pizza, sushi, not drink Pepsi and coffee?

3. Work on the topic of the lesson

What do we make the world one?

modern means of communication,

Transnational corporations,

Transport change,

Achievements of NTR,

International organizations.

Teacher:All this is called globalization.

Let's see, what definitions of globalization does the Internet give us, textbook.

And I offer you such a definition ( Slide #3 concept) and choose the most optimal one.

Recording the definition in a notebook.

Teacher:What examples of the unity of the world can you give?

Brainstorm.

Teacheradds and sums up: Today, every producer of goods and services is included (even if he himself does not know it) in the system of the global market. Produced goods can be delivered anywhere in the world. Electronic money and modern transport communications greatly facilitate these processes.

There is a movement of people - labor migration to work in other countries, tourism. Now any person has the opportunity to visit any corner of the Earth.

The development of mobile communications and the global Internet have opened up the opportunity for people of the 21st century to almost instantly learn about what is happening in any, the most remote corner of the planet. Millions and billions of people at the touch of a button on the remote get simultaneously into a single information space.

Film festivals and art exhibitions, theater tours and music film festivals, sports competitions (especially the summer and winter Olympic Games) - all this and much more makes our world closer, more accessible and more familiar. And this unity is manifested even in such exceptional cases as wars. Today, no war can be considered a private affair of one or two states.

This gives rise to the need to create supranational organizations (WTO, UN, EU, Red Cross, etc.) to develop rules governing relations between countries. A person today is not only a citizen of a certain state, but also citizen of the world.

Question:Think guys, is globalization a positive or negative phenomenon of modern reality?

Group work:

Groups 1 and 2: Discuss this in groups and give arguments its position (cluster on the board, red - positive, blue - negative).

Group 3 searches on the Internet for who they are anti-globalists.

Indeed, the phenomenon is ambiguous. It is no coincidence that we know about such people who call themselves anti-globalists. ( Slide 4 - photo of anti-globalists).

What did the information center find about them?

Supporters of anti-globalism advocate the search for alternative models of global development. The struggle is going on mainly under the slogans of opposing global inequality and the formation of a unipolar world, environmental pollution, and so on. Anti-globalists regularly hold actions in different countries of the world.

Today there are about 3,000 anti-globalization organizations in the world, uniting up to 35 million people from more than 50 countries.

Global problems

Globalization has given rise to problems that the world has called global. What do you think these problems are?

Reading various definitions and writing one of the definitions (slide 5).

Compilation of the cluster "Global problems"

Question:What are the signs of global problems, what makes them global?

signs (slide 5 - features of global problems).

1. Affect the activities of all mankind

2. Urgently demand a decision, and the fate of mankind depends on their decision

3. They can be solved only by joining the efforts of all countries.

What are the causes of global problems? Slide 7

What global problems can you name? "Brainstorm"

Brief description of each of the problems

Slides 8, 9, 10, 11 - the problem of war and peace, terrorism, underdevelopment and poverty in developing countries, AIDS and drug addiction.

1. The problem of war and peace relevant with the invention of nuclear weapons. 5% of the nuclear weapons on earth are enough to destroy the entire world.

2. Terrorism (examples).

3. North South(the facts are given by the teacher, including from the slide).

4. The spread of AIDS and drug addiction.

5.Exhaustibility of natural resources. The scale of human activity raises the question of resource endowment. In the next 25 years, the world economy will live under the constant threat of energy shortages.

6.demographic problem- the population is growing exponentially, the Earth is not able to feed this mass.

7. Ecological problem.

Let's watch the video and think about what the problem is ? (Slide 12 - video). What did the participants of this video applaud? What would you do, which group would you be in?

Two problems - household garbage and indifference.

A) From the beginning of the 70s to the end of the 80s, household waste in Russia doubled. These are millions of tons. The current situation appears to be the following. Since 1987, the amount of garbage in the country has doubled and amounted to 120 billion tons per year, including industry. Today, only Moscow throws out 10 million tons of industrial waste, approximately 1 ton for each inhabitant! As can be seen from the above examples, the scale of environmental pollution by urban waste is such that the severity of the problem is growing every day. Even simple disposal of waste is costly. From 1980 to 1987, the cost of waste disposal in the United States increased from $20 to $90 per 1 ton. The upward trend continues today. In densely populated areas of Europe, the method of waste disposal, as requiring too large areas and contributing to the pollution of groundwater, was preferred to another - incineration. Many cities that used these stoves soon abandoned them due to the deterioration of the air composition. Waste disposal remains among the most popular methods for solving this problem. The most promising way to solve the problem is the recycling of urban waste.

Example- Toyota (car seat padding is completely made from plastic waste, noise protection layer - from X-ray film waste), bag, bottle - demonstration.

B) I want to draw your attention to the results of a survey conducted among your peers. They were asked the question “What do they do with wrappers from various tasty things?” (Slide 13)

60% of students throw trash in bins

30% of students litter on the street

10% found it difficult to answer

I would like you to reflect on these results and information.

Slide 14 - You need to know this!

Teacher:Guys, there has been a practice in Europe for a long time - household waste is sorted and recycled. You have on the walls sets of pictures with the names of types of household waste. I have trash boxes on my desk. I propose to sort the garbage and quickly and accurately put it in boxes. Who will do it faster and correctly?

Well done. Everyone did well.

The environmental problem also includes the situation associated with the disappearance of some animals.

Slide 15 - photo of the disappeared animal.

Information about animals.

River dolphin. Baiji dolphins were declared extinct in 2006.

Western Black Rhinoceros, species became extinct in 2011. Rhino, lived mainly in Cameroon. The animal fell victim to rampant poaching, even after the start of official black rhinoceros protection in 1930. There are only three subspecies of rhinoceros left on earth, which are already endangered.

The Canarian shorebird was officially declared extinct in 1994. This species of waders lived in the Canary Islands off the coast of West Africa. The Canarian oystercatcher died out due to the depletion of shellfish, their main source of food. This is a consequence of commercial fishing on an industrial scale.

The white-billed king woodpecker lived in the southern United States in marshy areas. After draining the swamps, the last of this species of woodpecker was seen in 1940. But officially the white-billed king woodpecker was declared extinct in 1994.

The Java tiger was officially declared extinct in 1994. Loss of habitat due to agricultural development.

The Pyrenean Ibex was officially declared extinct in 2000.

The Mariana mallard was officially declared extinct in 2004.

Slide 16 - A BUTTERFLY that flaps its wings.

R. Bradbury has a wonderful story "And Thunder Crashed." 2 half of the 21st century, mankind has invented a time machine. An extreme service is becoming popular - hunting for dinosaurs in the past. All precautionary rules are observed - only those animals are killed that must die in the near future and can no longer leave offspring. But one day it all went wrong...

“Eckels slowly inhaled the air - something happened to the air, some kind of chemical change, so insignificant, elusive that only a faint voice of the subconscious spoke to Eckels about the change. And the colors - white, gray, blue, orange, on the walls, furniture, in the sky outside the window - they ... they ... yes: what happened to them? And then there's that feeling. Goosebumps ran across the skin. Hands twitched. All the pores of the body, he caught something strange, alien. It was as if somewhere someone had blown a whistle that only dogs can hear. And his body silently responded. Outside the window, behind the walls of this room, behind the person (who was the wrong person) at the partition (which was the wrong partition) is a whole world of streets and people. But how to determine from here what kind of world it is now, what kind of people? What was immediately noticeable, however, was the sign on the wall, the sign he'd already read today when he first walked in.

There was something wrong with him. Even the words were spelled with a lot of mistakes.

A/O SOFARI AT TIME

WE ORGANIZE SOFARI FOR ANY YEAR OF THE PAST

YOU CHOOSE YOUR PRODUCTION

WE GIVE YOU A LOCATION

YOU KILL HER

Eckels felt himself sinking into a chair. He began to feverishly scrape the dirt on his shoes. His trembling hand lifted the sticky lump.

No, it can not be! Because of such smallness... No!

On the wad there was a stain of green, gold and black - a butterfly, very beautiful ... dead.

Because of such smallness! Because of the butterfly! Eckels shouted.

She fell to the floor, a graceful little creature capable of breaking the balance, little dominoes fell... big dominoes... huge dominoes, connected by a chain of innumerable years that make up Time. Eckels' thoughts shifted. It can't be that she changed something. Dead butterfly - and such consequences? Impossible!

Eckels groaned. He fell to his knees. Trembling fingers reached for the golden butterfly.

Is it really impossible, he implored the whole world, himself, the employee, the Machine, to return it there, to revive it? Can't you just start over? May be...".

One butterfly. Which changed the world.

stress training:

Take small pieces of paper, write down on them what is especially valuable to you, what you value very much and are afraid to lose. Then crush these leaves ... Now smooth out.

What feelings did you experience, did you want to crush the leaves, why?

Now you were threatened with the loss of everything that is most precious and significant not in reality, but if humanity does not find a way to solve global problems, we may lose our family, health, freedom, life.

The philosopher Francis Bacon said, “The best way to get rid of a problem is to solve it.” What solutions can you suggest?

Group work: ways to solve global problems .

Checking the assignment and summarizing the teacher.

4. Reflection:

A) Make a lesson memory map - work in groups.

The song "How beautiful this world" sounds

Checking the job.

B) Working with the epigraph - slide 18.

B) Conversation:

- What did we learn at the lesson today?

What were they working on?

What competencies have been developed?

What seemed easy?

What was the most difficult?

What was the most interesting?

What didn't work?

Homework: read Bradbury's story and rewrite its end.

Homework options:

1. Paragraph 3 (pp. 23-27), "Test yourself" task or "In the classroom and at home" questions.

2. Task (increased complexity): draw up a project - a solution to a global problem (optional).

Project work plan:

1. Provide a clear definition of the problem.

2. Why did you choose this topic, why is it important for society and for you personally?

3. What steps are being taken to solve this problem today?

4. What (methods) methods of research do you offer?

5. Predict your possible personal participation in solving the chosen problem.

Final lesson

A) My memory card: globe - house - butterfly.

Why?

I want to give it to you!

B) And in conclusion - attention to the screen! Let's watch and listen!

Slide 19 - video "Forgive me, earth!".

Teacher:On that optimistic note, the lesson is over! Thanks guys for your work!

Marina Samuylenko , teacher of history, social studies, local history, Dyatkovo secondary school No. 2, Bryansk region

Materials for the lesson - in the attached files.

Global problems of mankind

and global economy

Teacher of history and social studies Klepikova Lyudmila Nikolaevna

Essence, origin and nature of global problems.

Objective prerequisites for the emergence of global problems.

Problems of population growth.

Global environmental problem.

global food problem.

The problem of military spending.

Global goals of mankind.

Essence, origin and nature of global problems

At the present stage of the development of civilization, questions have arisen as acute as never before, without the solution of which the further progressive movement of mankind along the path of economic progress is impossible. Despite the fact that the economy is only a part of universal human activity, from its development in the XXI century. the problems of security and preservation of peace, the natural and human environment, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values depend to a greater extent.

Classification

global problems

Exceptional difficulties and high costs for solving global problems require their reasonable classification.

According to their origin, nature and ways of solving global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, they are divided into three groups.

1 . Preservation of peace, cessation of the arms race and disarmament, non-militarization of outer space, creation of favorable conditions for world social progress, overcoming the backlog in the development of countries with low per capita incomes.

Main global problems:

Ecological.

2. Keeping the peace and disarmament.

3. Demographic.

4. Fuel and raw materials.

The environmental problem has now come to the fore, although until recently the struggle for the preservation of peace and disarmament occupied its place. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear.

Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of means of mass destruction, the non-proliferation of mass weapons, the development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; in the fuel and raw material problem, a real possibility of the exhaustibility of a number of non-renewable natural resources has appeared, and in the demographic problem, new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.

It is obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is exacerbated by the outpacing growth of population compared to the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations that develop and implement special assistance programs. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the standpoint of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of world development in the second half of the twentieth century. consist in the fact that the scientific and technological revolution has become a constant factor influencing all spheres of economic activity. Economic activity has spread to such territories and areas that were previously not accessible to man (the World Ocean, the polar zones, outer space, etc.).

The accelerated development of productive forces, the planned nature and global scale of technical progress, if not supported by a perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences.

In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, there will be an imbalance in the biosphere, environmental degradation can lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.

The world economy is constantly evolving, which is reflected in the change in the alignment of the main economic forces between states and subsystems of the world economy. Therefore, developing countries face big problems: inflation, unemployment, external debt, etc., the gap in the levels of economic development of industrialized and developing countries is constantly increasing. And this leads to the fact that global problems create great complications in developing countries.

Objective prerequisites for the emergence of global problems

An objective prerequisite for the emergence of global problems is the internationalization of economic activity. The worldwide development of labor has led to the interconnectedness of all states. The scale and degree of involvement of various countries and peoples in world economic relations has acquired unprecedented proportions, which contributed to the development of local, specific problems of the development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. All this indicates the presence of objective reasons for the emergence in the modern world of such problems that affect the interests of all countries. There are contradictions on a global scale, affecting the foundations of the existence of life on earth.

Founded in 1945 The United Nations is calling on all countries that if we are to get the best of globalization and avoid the worst, we must learn to govern better and learn to govern how to govern better together.

population growth problems

1. Rapid population growth.

2. Population aging.

3. Unemployment.

global environmental problem

Currently, one of the most acute and intractable is the question of how to change the already dangerous environmental situation. It is important at least not to worsen the existing state of the environment. It is necessary not only to love nature, to strive to preserve the environment, but also to be able to do this.

The main directions of the aggravation of the ecological crisis include the withdrawal from land use of saline soils subject to wind and water erosion; excessive use of chemical fertilizers, etc.; increasing chemical impact on food, water, human environment; destruction of forests, i.e., everything that in one way or another affects the life and health of people; the growing emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, leading to the gradual destruction of the protective ozone layer; the rapid growth of waste, the proximity to dumps of various industrial and domestic waste from the human environment.

Global

food problem

Food is unevenly distributed across individual countries. There are countries with a surplus of high-quality food, and countries where the bulk of the population today lacks the most essential foodstuffs. The first group includes industrialized countries, and the second - the poorest developing countries. FAO estimates that the total number of people suffering from acute hunger and malnutrition is over 1 billion people.

The lack of essential nutrients negatively affects people's health, and this reduces the quality of the labor force and, as a result, does not allow achieving high rates of economic growth.

The problem of military spending

Since the end of World War II, the world community has been making gigantic efforts to maintain peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military spending hinders economic and technological development, increases the budget deficit, promotes inflation, diverts human and natural resources from solving pressing social problems, increases external debt, and has a negative impact on international relations and their stability.

The negative impact of military spending on the economic development of the country can be long-term. Excessive military spending of the past years is a heavy burden on countries with a low level of development of the economic space, which include many developing countries at the present stage of the world economy.

Disposal

radioactive

The problem of radioactive waste disposal has been in the focus of attention of specialists and the whole society for more than 50 years, but during this time not only an acceptable way to solve it has not been found, but on the contrary, today it seems more and more insoluble. If at the dawn of the atomic era the main body of radioactive waste consisted of products of production, operation and recycling of working materials of nuclear installations for research, energy and military purposes, then at present their range has significantly expanded due to these technical devices themselves, the infrastructure and territories serving them, on which they are located, including the people living there. The nuclear industry, drowning in its waste, has already turned into one common radioactive "waste" of nuclear fusion-decay reactions, which live their own, uncontrolled physical life in the depths of the crystals of atomic reactors, a deadly substance, while "sleeping", nuclear and thermonuclear warheads and in earth strata of numerous radioactive burial grounds. The situation is so serious that the further development of such a barbarous form of exploitation of nuclear technologies becomes ecologically impossible, economically unprofitable and even technically meaningless.

Global goals of humanity

In the political sphere - reducing the likelihood and in the long term the complete exclusion of military conflicts, the prevention of violence in international relations;

2 . AT economic and environmental spheres - development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, transition to non-traditional energy sources, development and widespread use of environmental technologies;

3. In the social sphere - improving the standard of living, global efforts to preserve people's health, the creation of a world food supply system;

4. In the cultural and spiritual sphere - restructuring of the mass moral consciousness in accordance with modern realities.

taking measures towards the realization of these goals

makes a strategy for the survival of mankind

used

materials

http://www.bestreferat.ru
http://vpnews.ru
http://www.grandars.ru
http://otherreferats.allbest.ru
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.freesession.ru
http://festival.1september.ru

Open social studies lesson in grade 8 on the topic:

"Global Problems of the Present"

"Our first duty is the self-preservation of the human species, together with its planetary-universal environment"

G. Parsons, American scientist

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"An open social science lesson in the 8th grade on the topic: "Global problems of our time""

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY

LESSON ON SOCIAL STUDIES in grade 8

"Our first duty is the self-preservation of the human species, together with its planetary-universal environment"

G. Parsons,

American scientist

What is a "problem"?

problem [gr. problēma - task, task] - the subject's awareness of the impossibility of resolving the difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in a given situation by means of available knowledge and experience. P., like a task, originates in a problem situation.

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