Why is the polar bear white? Brown bear: brief description, weight, dimensions. The habits of a brown bear What is the coat of a polar bear

The polar bear is the world's largest terrestrial carnivore living in the Arctic: in the remote northern regions of Greenland, Norway, Canada, Russia.

And although polar bears traditionally look white, surprisingly, their fur is devoid of white pigment, in fact it is translucent, and its skin is black. So why is the polar bear white? The answer to this question is given by scientists' research on what the polar bear's fur consists of, as well as the study of optical phenomena that affect the color of the fur of this animal.

Interesting fact: The polar bear is the largest land predator on Earth. The length of the animal is about 3 meters, weight - up to 1 ton.

What is polar bear fur made of?

The polar bear's coat contains two layers of hairs: an outer protective layer consisting of long (5-15 cm) guard hairs; and a dense insulating undercoat, the hairs of which are shorter and finer than in the protective coat.

Properties of protective hairs:

• translucent;
• hollow, i.e. empty inside;
• rough, narrowed (gradually reach the base);
• contain particles that scatter light;
• contain salt particles;
• are made up of the protein keratin.

The translucent hairs of the bear's fur appear white also because of the density of the animal's fur.

Influence of optical phenomena

The fur of the northern bear is translucent, but due to the properties of the protective hairs that are involved in creating the optical effect, this animal's fur appears white. From an optical point of view, the reason why a polar bear appears white is due to the effect of light on the animal's hairline.

Luminescence

When the sun's rays fall on the fur of a polar bear, some of this light falls into a kind of trap in the hairs. This light energy is reflected inside the hollow part of the hairs, causing a reaction that is the emission of light - luminescence. This happens every time a beam of light comes into contact with an animal's fur.

The luminescence is accelerated by light scattering particles in the hairs, which destroy the light beam. When light hits a light-scattering particle, it breaks up into more rays that move in different directions. Light scattering particles are found both on the inner surface of the hairs and on the outer. Scattering of light causes more white to appear and be further radiated by the animal's hairline. Thus, the translucent bear fur reflects sunlight. This is the reason why polar bears are particularly bright in direct sunlight. The brighter the light, the more light is reflected by the polar bear's translucent fur.

Salt particles

Polar bears spend a lot of time in the water, which is the reason for the Latin name of these representatives of the bear family ursus maritimus, which means "sea bear". Polar bears collect salt particles while swimming or staying near salty sea water. The salt particles along the rough surface of the wool also act as light-scattering particles, which increase the amount of light rays and enhance the luminescence.

ultraviolet light

When the sun shines on a polar bear, ultraviolet light travels along the protective hairs to their base and penetrates the animal's dark skin. When ultraviolet light hits the skin, it causes a whitish color due to fluorescence (the ability to give off absorbed energy as cold light radiation). Fluorescence is a type of luminescence. Thus, ultraviolet radiation also causes the white color of the bear's coat.

Interesting fact: The ultraviolet rays, which are carried through the translucent hairs, give the polar bear's fur its insulating properties.

Keratin

Keratin is a common natural protein found in skin, nails, and hair. Like humans, bear hair contains keratin. Protein molecules of keratin give off a whitish color, which further contributes to the appearance of a white coat in a bear.

Why does the polar bear change color?

Now that we know why polar bears are white, it's interesting to know why some of their coats take on yellow, brownish, and even green hues.

With changes in the seasons, habitat, and the fur that grows throughout the year, there are subtle differences in the color of the polar bear's fur, which helps it adapt to the environment. In late autumn and winter, when polar bears are shedding their fur and growing new fur, they appear whiter than in summer, when the fur becomes yellowish due to wear and constant exposure to the sun. Bears that live on ice away from water appear whiter than bears that swim a lot. Polar bears on land where there is little or no snow wear light brown fur.

The fur of polar bears that live in warm environments (such as zoos) sometimes takes on a green tint. This is because algae growing in water bodies colonize the interior of the bear's hollow hairs and reflect the green color. In the cold Arctic north, algae does not grow, so the polar bears that live in the Arctic remain white. This helps them to camouflage themselves when hunting, blending in with the snow-white Arctic atmosphere.

Polar bears are amazing animals that even color adapted to their Arctic home.

Having black skin and translucent fur, the polar bear appears white due to the structure and properties of the hairs, which have free space inside, and the light that penetrates them and creates luminescence. The white color of the translucent bear fur is also given by ultraviolet light, which causes fluorescence, and keratin, the molecules of which give off a whitish color.

Each of these elements supports the white color of the polar bear's coat. So the polar bear's fur reflects a lot of light, which is why it's white.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

Bears are so different

Bears (lat. Ursidae) - a family of predatory mammals. They live throughout North and South America, in northern Europe and Asia.

In the 20th century, the number and ranges of all species of bears declined sharply, which required the introduction of restrictions on shooting and protection. The lists of the International Red Book include: giant panda as an endangered species (Endangered), Himalayan, spectacled, polar bears and sloth - as vulnerable species (Vulnerable).

Bears have a stocky build. Bears are omnivorous, climb and swim well, run fast, can stand and walk short distances on their hind legs. They have a short tail, long and thick hair, as well as an excellent sense of smell and hearing. They hunt in the evening or at dawn. Bears are not susceptible to bee stings. In nature, they have almost no natural enemies.

Fur with developed undercoat, rather coarse. The hairline is high, sometimes shaggy; in most species it is dense, in the Malayan bear it is low and sparse. The color is monophonic, from jet black to whitish; the giant panda has a contrasting, black and white. There are light markings on the chest or around the eyes. In some species, there is individual and geographical variability in color. The coloring does not change with the seasons; seasonal dimorphism is expressed in a change in the height and density of the fur.

Bears are favorite objects of keeping in zoos and training, including the circus. Usually fearful of humans, but can be dangerous in areas where they are not used to humans, especially the polar bear and grizzly bear. Bears with cubs are especially dangerous. In some cases, bears can harm crops, beekeeping, and livestock.

Bears (lat. Ursus) - a genus of mammals of the predatory order. Currently, there are 8 species of bears divided into 5 genera.

According to paleontological data, the genus of bears appeared 5-6 million years ago. Its first representative is currently considered to be the bear Ursus minimus, a relatively small animal whose fossil remains were found in France. All modern four species of the genus, as well as a number of extinct ones (for example, the cave bear Ursus spelaeus) come from the Etruscan bear (Ursus etruscus), who lived 2-1 million years ago. The youngest species of the genus is the polar bear, which diverged from the brown bear about 200,000 years ago.

White, or polar bear(Ursus maritimus) is the largest carnivore of all bears. Males weigh on average 450-500 kg, sometimes reaching 800 kg, in rare cases up to a ton. The weight of females averages 320 kg.

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is the most common bear species and is able to adapt to a wide variety of habitats. Brown bears feel great in the taiga, and in semi-deserts, and in the mountains and beyond the Arctic Circle. Due to the huge distribution area of ​​the brown bear, many subspecies have formed, which differ greatly from each other in size and appearance. There is no other animal on Earth that has such a variation in weight. The smallest bears of this species weigh about 100 kg, and the weight of the largest occasionally reaches a ton.

Black bear, or baribal (Ursus americanus) is found exclusively in North America, where it is much more widespread than the brown bear. Baribal is in many ways similar to its closest relative, the brown bear, but it is noticeably smaller than the brown bear, it has a narrower head and larger ears. The weight of the baribal is usually about 150-200 kg, sometimes the weight of some males exceeds 250 kg.

Himalayan, white-breasted, or Asian black bear(Ursus thibetanus) is about the size of a baribal, but differs markedly from it in the structure of the skull. The color of the coat is the same as that of the black bear, however, there is always a white spot on the chest in the form of the Latin letter "V".

The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) has a very peculiar appearance. The color of the sloth bear is similar to the Himalayan bear, with the same characteristic spot on the chest. The coat is long and shaggy. Sloths weigh an average of 80-100 kg, some males can reach 140 kg. The basis of its diet is termites and ants.

Malayan bear, or biruang (Helarctos malayanus) - the smallest of the bear family.

spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only bear in South America. The spectacled bear prefers mountain forests, but sometimes descends to more open spaces. Often climbs trees and climbs well. Along with the giant panda, it is the most herbivorous of the bears. The weight of a spectacled bear is approximately 100-150 kg, with an average of about 130 kg.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the most peculiar bear species.

Significance of bear prey

The object of trade and sport hunting is the brown bear. The benefits brought by bear hunting are very significant. Previously, heavy and lush bear skins were used for carpets and road coats. Mostly they made a cavity with which the rider on the sleigh was hiding.

The bear is a valuable hunting animal whose skins are constantly exhibited at Canadian wild fur auctions. The length of a bear skin can reach 3 meters. The wear resistance of brown bear fur is 65%.

Bear fur has a thick pile with a high thick undercoat. Bear fur can be of various lengths and colors. Rare dark brown color. Bear fur is considered the warmest. According to historical data, fur boots made of bear's wool were worn by Peter Ι himself. Bear fur - a bearskin can cure a disease such as gout: if you lie down on it during an exacerbation of the disease, the pain disappears.

If you were lucky enough to visit Denmark at the Amalienborg Castle in Copenhagen, you should have paid attention to the guards-guards in traditional bear hats. Traditionally, the Danish and British guards were supplied with black bear fur - baribals - as material for headdresses. Baribals were once caught on the territory of Russia. The very first samples of hats were presented to the Danish king by his son-in-law, Emperor Alexander III.

If during World War II the royal guard managed to at least somehow prove themselves, now it often causes ironic smiles from tourists: the young and thin keepers of Queen Margrethe II in their powerful headdresses look very funny. And in vain the onlookers laugh - they would try to stand in the sun themselves, holding half a kilogram of bear fur on their heads. Guards hat is about 40 centimeters high and weighs more than 600 grams.

The polar bear has a very special fur, water quickly drains from it, it retains heat well from the body. Thick bear fur retains warmth due to the specific arrangement of the wool hairs, creating an air cushion. The fur of a polar bear very rarely appears on sale, as it is listed in the Red Book.

Bear fur is priced based on the size of the pelt. Little bears are practically not appreciated. Bear skins are now used for interiors. The skins are hung on walls, used as carpets, or made into decorative effigies. And bearskin is also used for upholstery of ottomans, car seat covers, toys, souvenirs, hats.

The best bearskin is obtained in winter, when climatic conditions force the bear to grow thick fur. In winter, the bear stays in the den, so its skin does not have the characteristic damage caused by the activity of the animal. The skin of a bear caught in autumn is worse than winter, but still suitable for dressing. As a rule, the quality of the autumn skin increases from the beginning of September to October, which is associated with the growth of the underfur.

Bear meat is highly valued. The meat of young bears has a delicate pleasant taste, fried or smoked hams of adult fat bears are considered a delicacy. Paws are especially appreciated by gastronomes. The bear's head is also known as an excellent dish.

Bear fat is easily sold and paid dearly. The fat is white in color, does not harden or go bitter in closed vessels, and when fresh it has a nasty taste that disappears only when it is boiled with onions. Bear fat is famous as a good remedy for hair loss.

Bear bile is also highly valued, which has healing powers: it helps with fever. Therefore, after a happy hunt, its participants plentifully treat themselves to vodka, to which they mix a little bile of a dead animal. Fat and bile of bears are used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine to treat diseases of the liver and biliary tract, kidneys, and severe burns.

Bear in heraldry

In heraldry, the bear, because he foresees the weather, knows how to hide in time in a den, where he prepares a lair for himself, is considered a symbol of foresight and is revered as passing (fr. passant), if he walks, and rising (fr. leve), when he stands on his hind legs .

The bear has been the heraldic symbol of Berlin since March 22, 1280. This day is dated the message of the Guild of Berlin furriers, on which there is a seal with two bears.

The bear is depicted on the emblems of Russian ancient cities - Yaroslavl, Sergach, Volsk, Novgorod and Perm. On the coat of arms of Maloyaroslavets - a bear is depicted in a den. The Yaroslavl bear even got on a banknote with a face value of 1000 rubles.

There is also the Golden Bear of the Berlin Film Festival. He visited our country only twice, for the paintings "Ascent" by Larisa Shepitko and "Theme" by Gleb Panfilov.

Rivers, lakes - a large bear lake in Canada, waterfalls, caves, gorges, cities - Medvezhyegorsk, streets in Warsaw are named after the bear. And even the football club - the Chicago Bears, probably the owners of the team, deep down, were guided by the same motives as their distant ancestors, who chose the spirit of the bear as patrons for their tribe. In England there is a monument to a bear at the station, after which the bear is named.

In the Caucasus, one of the passes is called the Bear Gate. The surname Medvedev is widespread. The bear is the only animal that the Russians affectionately call by a human name - Misha.

In 1950, in the US, in the state of New Mexico, after a forest fire, a bear cub was delivered to the zoo with severe burns. He was cured and named Smokey. Now his image has become a symbol of the fight against forest fires. This example shows that good traditions can be born in our time.

Legends of Mount Ayu-Dag - Bear-mountain

Many rested in the Crimea and remembered Mount Ayu-Dag, translated from Turkic means Bear Mountain. It is very similar to the silhouette of a bear lying near the water. There are two legends explaining the origin of Bear Mountain.

The first legend says that a long time ago bears lived on the Black Sea coast. One day a storm washed up a boat with a little girl in it. The bears raised her. And then this girl met a young man and sailed away with him to people. And the leader of the bears lay down on the seashore and followed with his eyes the ship disappearing over the horizon. And so it still lies.

The second legend says that a long time ago people lived on the Black Sea coast. They had a deity they worshipped. Then they relaxed and stopped worshiping their god. Then the god went to the north, released a huge bear from the lair and instructed him to re-educate these people. The bear sailed to the South and began to destroy everything that came under its paws. But when he got to the Partenit valley, he really liked the local climate and decided to stay in this beautiful region forever. Then the indignant god turned the bear into stone at the moment when he drank sea water. This is such a sad story.

Bear Legends

The bear is a significant animal of Russian culture, appearing in literary works, folk tales, epics, sometimes as the main character, in Russian proverbs and sayings. In Russian folk tales, the bear is presented as a smart, playful beast that lives close to people.

In Russia, the most popular animal was the bear. One feels the people's sympathy and respect for him. “You, bear, you are my father,” was sung in an old song. The bear was called Toptygin, Mikhail Ivanovich.

In western Russia, the bear was revered, and the day before the Annunciation was dedicated to the celebration of the bear. On this day, special dishes were prepared - dried turnip and oatmeal jelly, as a sign that the bear loves oats and pea clods, and the holiday itself was called "komoeditsa". After dinner, everyone, old and young, lay down and every minute, slowly rolled from side to side, imitating a bear in a den. This lasted about 2 hours with the aim that the bear would get up more easily from his winter den. It was forbidden to work on this day.

By the way, there is an interesting view on the ancient practice of driving bears through the villages. Only in one Nizhny Novgorod town of Sergach in 1813 there were about 2 thousand "learned" bears. Bear drivers, buffoons were considered a kind of magicians, and any bear driving was intended to promote the fertility of fields and women - the bear must step over the lying woman. In Ukraine, a bear was taken around the village, women approached him to join the fertility. A pregnant woman gave him bread, if he accepts silently, there will be a boy, if he roars - a girl.

The bear is a totem among the Slavs of Kievan Rus. For many Slavs, a bear that crosses the road is good. The Ukrainians said that the bear is a turned miller. The bear protects the miller, saving him from visiting the water one, the southern Slavs believe. In legends about various saints, bears give up their lairs to them. According to another belief, God turned a man into a bear who decided to scare him with a roar. Holy hermits, as countless apocrypha testify, often lived in the same cave with a bear.

Russians believe that evil spirits cannot take the form of a bear. “The bear is from God,” they said in the Olonets province because the first bear was a god. Belarusians call the bear "forest archimandrite". The human origin of the bear explains the prohibition to kill a bear and eat its meat among the Rhodope Bulgarians. Bears attack people only at the direction of God, for their grave sins. The bear can remove damage from livestock. A bear seen in a dream portends the return of a loved one. A meeting with a bear among Russians is good luck. In Macedonia, the bear is called for dinner and they cook hominy. The bear is a pure animal, a symbol of health and strength.

In the legends and traditions of the northern peoples, the owner of dense forests is mentioned - a brown bear. The legends of many peoples rank the bear among the progenitors of man. Compared to other inhabitants of the forest - elk, roe deer, hares, foxes, which were hunted to meet the needs of life, the bear was hunted for a different purpose. The fact is that the bearskin was considered an effective protective amulet against evil spirits and all sorts of other misfortunes. Among the northern peoples, who still live in unity with nature, it is customary to close the entrance to the yaranga or chum with a bearskin to scare away evil spirits from the home. The mighty leaders of the tribe and the strongest, most successful hunters, sought to arrange a bed of bearskin in their dwelling. Only an experienced hunter, well prepared physically and enjoying universal respect, was able to get a bear. The bear skin he obtained was evidence of these qualities.

It has always been believed that shamans have an astral connection with the bear. By dressing in a bearskin, the shaman provided himself with a connection with higher spirits. The skin of a bear was an obligatory attribute of a shaman's dwelling.

There is a belief that the bear itself was once a man, and he was dressed in a brown bearskin for bad behavior and disrespect for the gods. In the Arkhangelsk province, the mole was called the "earth bear." And they were very revered, believing that he scares away a real bear.

A bear hunter in the Urals must carefully guard the skin of the beast he has killed, otherwise the girls will steal his claws. According to legend, the claw of the fourth toe of the right front foot has an extraordinary miraculous power: if a girl manages to secretly scratch his beloved guy, he will passionately love her.

The Ostyaks attribute a mysterious power to the fangs of a bear. The bear's tooth serves as a talisman for the Ostyak, saving him from illness and danger. It also tends to expose deceit and deceit.

The northern peoples especially respect the bear - Ostyaks, Ainu, Gilyaks, Samoyeds and Voguls. The Ainu call the bear the god of the mountains. The Ostyaks call him the son of heaven, who descended to earth, against the will of his father. It is believed that the soul of a bear is immortal. Among the Udmurts, the bear is a totem animal. Among the Buryats, it was forbidden for a hunter to kill more than 99 bears in his life. Evenks believe that more than 60 bears should not be killed in a person's life. The Eskimos of Greenland called the bear respectfully "grandfather" - the owner of the land, "big man".

The bear is the king of groves and forests, the Yakuts say. And yet - the bear is smart, like a man, and if he does not speak, then because he does not want to. Or - do not speak badly about the bear, do not brag, he hears everything, although he is not near him, he remembers everything, and does not forgive. The bear is a duma. There is a lot of thought in the bear, but it won’t. Among the Vilyui Yakuts, it was forbidden to attack a bear by surprise, going up to the den they woke him up. When a Nyurets accidentally ran into a bear in the forest, he took off his hat and respectfully said: "Go your own way, venerable one." The bear took off his fur coat and became a man, the Gilyaks say. The Ostyaks of the Tobolsk province, before shooting at a bear, apologize to him. The Nenets say that a polar bear taught them how to use fire. The Altaians assured that the bear hears through the ground. In Norway, it was believed that a bear that attacked a person was non-Christian, a Christian bear would never attack.

The cult of the bear is widespread among the Zyryans. On September 1, according to the old style, the holiday “Osh chualan lun” was celebrated in the Zyryan villages - which means “the day of the bear’s favorite adventures” in translation.

Among the Mari, the bear embodied the divine masculine principle. Hunting for him is prohibited, the places where he lived were preserved. Mari are known to Novgorodians in ancient times as bear worshipers - they had a system of bear calendar holidays. During one of them, people in bear skins went around the village and gave gifts. A bear is a creature equal to a man, demanding respect for himself. Who does not remember the fairy tale about the bear on a fake leg. This ancient hunting story, which Russians and Mari have, says that meanness to the beast will always be punished, as well as meanness to a person. The old man cut off the leg of a sleeping bear and paid dearly for his dishonorable act.

The Dagestanis have a curious epic "Sultan-bek and the she-bear". Once in winter, the hunter Sultan-bek was walking through the forest at night and fell into a bear's lair. There was a bear with whom he began to live as a "husband" with a "wife." For this, she helped him soon escape from the snow captivity. When Sultan-bek returned to his village and told people about everything that had happened, they brought the most well-fed bull to the she-bear as a token of gratitude.

Among the Iroquois, bears were considered holy. In India and some American tribes, the bear is treated as a baker. One Indian myth tells how a man lived with a black bear, and he taught him how to catch salmon and build boats. When there were difficulties, the man went to the bear and he always helped him. For this, a man painted an image of a bear on his house.

The predatory mammal polar bear, or polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a close relative of the brown bear and the largest land predator on the planet today.

Feature and description

The polar bear is one of the largest terrestrial mammals from the order of predatory animals.. The body length of an adult is three meters with a mass of up to a ton. The average weight of a male, as a rule, varies between 400-800 kg with a body length of 2.0-2.5 m. The height at the withers does not exceed one and a half meters. Females are much smaller, and their weight rarely exceeds 200-250 kg. The category of the smallest polar bears includes individuals inhabiting Svalbard, and the largest specimens are found near the Bering Sea.

It is interesting! A characteristic difference of polar bears is the presence of a rather long neck and a flat head. The skin is black, and the color of the fur coat can vary from white to yellowish. In summer, the fur of the animal turns yellow as a result of prolonged exposure to sunlight.

The wool of polar bears is completely devoid of pigmentation, and the hairs have a hollow structure. A feature of translucent hairs is the ability to transmit only ultraviolet light, which gives wool high thermal insulation characteristics. On the soles of the limbs there is also wool that prevents slipping. Between the fingers is a swimming membrane. Large claws allow the predator to hold even very strong and large prey.

extinct subspecies

A closely related subspecies of the now well-known and fairly common polar bear is the extinct giant polar bear or U. maritimus tyrannus. A distinctive feature of this subspecies was the significantly larger size of the body. The body length of an adult could be four meters, and the average weight exceeded a ton.

On the territory of Great Britain, in the Pleistocene deposits, it was possible to find the remains of a single ulna belonging to a giant polar bear, which made it possible to determine its intermediate position. Apparently, a large predator was perfectly adapted to hunting fairly large mammals. According to scientists, the most likely reason for the extinction of the subspecies was the lack of food by the end of the icing period.

Habitat

The polar bear's circumpolar habitat is limited by the territory of the northern coast of the continents and the southern part of the distribution of floating ice floes, as well as the border of the northern warm currents of the sea. The distribution area includes four areas:

• permanent residence;
• habitat of a high number of animals;
• place of regular occurrence of pregnant females;
• the territory of distant calls to the south.

Polar bears inhabit the entire coast of Greenland, the ice of the Greenland Sea south to the Jan Mayen Islands, the island of Svalbard, as well as Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the Barents Sea, Bear Islands, Vay-gach and Kolguev, Kara Sea. A significant number of polar bears is observed on the coast of the continents of the Laptev Sea, as well as the East Siberian, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The main range of the highest abundance of the predator is represented by the continental slope of the Arctic Ocean.

Pregnant female polar bears regularly den in the following areas:

• northwest and northeast Greenland;
• southeastern part of Svalbard;
• western part of Franz Josef Land;
• northern part of the island of Novaya Zemlya;
• small islands of the Kara Sea;
• Severnaya Zemlya;
• northern and northeastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula;
• the Lena Delta and the Bear Islands of Eastern Siberia;
• the coast and adjacent islands of the Chukotka Peninsula;
• Wrangel Island;
• southern part of Banks Island;
• the coast of the Simpson Peninsula;
• northeast coast of Baffin Island and Southampton Island.

Dens with pregnant polar bears are also observed on pack ice in the Beaufort Sea. From time to time, as a rule, in the early spring, polar bears make long-distance visits towards Iceland and Scandinavia, as well as the Kanin Peninsula, the Gulf of Anadyr and Kamchatka. With ice and when crossing Kamchatka, predatory animals sometimes get into the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Nutrition Features

Polar bears have a very well developed sense of smell, as well as organs of hearing and vision, so it is not difficult for a predator to notice its prey at a distance of several kilometers.

The diet of a polar bear is determined by the characteristics of the distribution area and the characteristics of its body. The predator is ideally adapted to the harsh polar winter and long swims in icy water, so marine representatives of the animal world, including sea urchins and walruses, most often become its prey. Eggs, chicks, baby animals, as well as carrion in the form of the corpses of marine animals and fish, which are thrown by the wave on the coast, are also used for food.

If possible, the polar bear's diet can be very selective. In captured seals or walruses, the predator primarily eats the skin and fat layer. However, a very hungry beast is able to eat the corpses of its fellows. Relatively rarely, large predators enrich their diet with berries and moss. Changing climatic conditions have had a significant impact on food, so recently polar bears are increasingly hunting on land.

Lifestyle

Polar bears make seasonal migrations, which are caused by annual changes in the territories and boundaries of the polar ice. In summer, the animals retreat towards the pole, and in winter, the animal population moves to the southern part and enters the territory of the mainland.

It is interesting! Despite the fact that polar bears mostly stay on the coast or ice, in winter the animals lie in dens located on the mainland or island part, sometimes at a distance of fifty meters from the sea line.

The duration of hibernation of a polar bear, as a rule, varies within 50-80 days, but most often pregnant females hibernate. Males and young are characterized by irregular and rather short hibernation.

On land, this predator differs in speed, and also swims excellently and dives very well.

Despite the apparent slowness, the slowness of the polar bear is deceptive. On land, this predator is distinguished by agility and speed, and among other things, a large animal swims excellently and dives very well. To protect the body of a polar bear, a very thick and dense coat is used, which prevents getting wet in icy water and has excellent heat-preserving properties. One of the most important adaptive characteristics is the presence of a massive layer of subcutaneous fat, the thickness of which can reach 8-10 cm. The white color of the coat helps the predator successfully camouflage against the background of snow and ice..

reproduction

Based on numerous observations, the rutting period of polar bears lasts about a month and usually begins in mid-March. At this time, predators are divided into pairs, but there are also females, accompanied by several males at once. The mating period lasts a couple of weeks.

polar bear pregnancy

It lasts approximately eight months, but depending on a number of conditions, it can vary between 195-262 days. It is visually almost impossible to distinguish a pregnant female from a single polar bear. Approximately a couple of months before giving birth, behavioral differences appear and females become irritable, inactive, lie on their stomach for a long time and lose their appetite. A litter often contains a pair of cubs, and the birth of one cub is typical for young, primiparous females. A pregnant female bear comes out on land in autumn, and spends the entire winter period in a snowy lair, located, most often, near the sea coast.

Bear care

In the first days after childbirth, the polar bear almost all the time lies curled up on her side.. Short and sparse hair is not sufficient for self-heating, so newborn cubs are located between the mother's paws and her chest, and the polar bear warms them with her breath. The average weight of newborn cubs most often does not exceed a kilogram with a body length of a quarter of a meter.

Bear cubs are born blind, and only at the age of five weeks open their eyes. Monthly bear cubs are fed sitting. The mass exit of bear females occurs in March. Through a hole dug outside, the she-bear begins to gradually lead her cubs for a walk, but with the onset of night, the animals return to the lair again. On walks, bear cubs play and dig in the snow.

It is interesting! In the polar bear population, approximately 15-29% of cubs and about 4-15% of immature individuals die.

Enemies in nature

Under natural conditions, polar bears, due to their size and predatory instinct, have practically no enemies. The death of polar bears is most often caused by accidental injuries as a result of intraspecific skirmishes or when hunting for too large walruses. The killer whale and polar shark also pose a certain danger to adults and young individuals. Most often, bears die of starvation..

Man was the most terrible enemy of the polar bear, and such peoples of the North as the Chukchi, Nenets and Eskimos have hunted this polar predator for centuries. Fishing operations that began to be carried out in the second half of the last century became disastrous for the population. During one season, St. John's wort destroyed more than a hundred individuals. More than sixty years ago, hunting for the polar bear was closed, and since 1965 it has been included in the Red Book.

Human danger

There are well-known cases of polar bear attacks on people, and the most striking evidence of predator aggression is recorded in the notes and reports of polar travelers, so you need to move in places where a polar bear may appear with extreme caution. On the territory of settlements located near the habitat of the polar predator, all containers with household waste must be inaccessible to the hungry animal. In the cities of the Canadian province, so-called "prisons" have been specially created, in which bears approaching the city limits are temporarily kept.

Many of us believe that polar bears have white hair, but in reality this is not so: animal hair, like the undercoat, is transparent and completely colorless. And they seem white to us because there is an air pocket inside each guard hair. When a beam of light, consisting of all the colors of the rainbow, hits the wool, the colors from the air pockets are reflected and, mixing, give a white color.

Depending on the season and the location of the Sun, the animal's coat can be not only white, but yellow or brown (bears living in captivity can even be green due to algae from artificial reservoirs). But if someone managed to shave off all the hair from the animal, he would be surprised to find that the skin of a polar bear is black. Dark-colored skin helps to absorb and retain the sun's rays, protecting the predator from the frosts of the Arctic.

The polar bear or polar bear is the largest predatory mammal that lives on the surface of the earth (second only to the sea elephant). It is the closest relative of the brown bear and belongs to the bear family. In nature, there are about fifteen species of polar bear, and the total number of animals is about twenty-five thousand.

You can meet these animals in the subpolar latitudes of the northern hemisphere, starting from Newfoundland and ending at 88 ° N. sh., and they live on ice floating in the Arctic off the coast of Eurasia and America, so they can only be conditionally classified as terrestrial inhabitants.

If you think about the natural zone in which polar bears live, you might be surprised: they are the only large predators in the Arctic, ideally adapted for normal existence in polar latitudes. For example, during snowstorms, they dig holes in snowdrifts, lie down in them and, without going anywhere, wait out the elements.

The size and weight of these animals largely depend on their place of residence: the smallest animals according to the description live in Svalbard, while the largest live in the Bering Sea. The average height of a bear at the withers reaches about one and a half meters, while the weight of males significantly exceeds the mass of females:

• The weight of males ranges from 400 to 680 kg, the length is about three meters (the mass of large lions and tigers does not exceed 400 kg);
• The weight of females is from 200 to 270 kg, the length is about two meters.

According to the description, the polar bear differs from other representatives of its species by its large weight, powerful sloping shoulders, flat head and longer neck.

On the soles of the paws there is wool, which allows the animal not to slip and not to freeze. A membrane is located between the fingers, and the structure of the paws allows polar bears to swim gracefully, gracefully and quickly. Large curved claws are not only able to hold even strong prey, but also allow it to easily move on slippery ice and climb blocks.

It is noteworthy that these animals are quite capable of reaching speeds of up to 10 km / h and swim about 160 km without stopping. They also dive very well and are able to stay under water for about two minutes.

The polar bear does not freeze thanks to a thick, about 10 cm, layer of subcutaneous fat on the back, back of the body and hips, as well as very warm fur, which retains the heat generated. The predator's coat is very thick and dense, it not only reliably retains heat, but protects the animal's body from getting wet, and the white color makes it possible to perfectly disguise.

The teeth of polar bears are also noteworthy: in the context, they form annual circles from two cement layers. The tooth is tightly attached to the jaw, as the root of the teeth is connected to it by a layer of cement that grows throughout the life of the bear. At different times of the year, the layer grows differently and, as it were, consists of two parts: the winter layer is thinner than the summer one, which is located above it, and the older the animal, the smaller the distance between the rings.

Way of life

Although polar bears give the impression of a clumsy animal, in fact, both on land and in water, they are very fast, agile, dive and swim perfectly. For example, fleeing danger, a polar bear is able to move at a speed of about 7 km / h without any problems. They are capable of overcoming considerable distances: the record for the distance of movement was recorded by the polar bear, which, together with the baby, swam through the sea 685 km from Alaska to the north in search of a new home.

The main reason why she did this was that the place where the polar bears live was no longer suitable due to the melting of the ice floes: the seals left their habitat. Unfortunately, the bear cub died during such a nine-day swim, and its weight decreased by twenty percent.

Despite their ability to develop high speeds, polar bears still prefer to move slowly and slowly: although temperatures in the Arctic can drop to minus forty, these predators usually have a problem not with freezing, but with overheating (especially when running).

Despite the fact that polar bears are solitary animals, they do not fight for their territory and have a positive attitude towards other representatives of their species: they often explore the area in groups, roam with each other. In the absence of food, they are able to eat their relative.

In one place, animals also do not live long and move along with the ice, which in summer floats closer to the pole, in winter - to the south, while being near the continent, the predator comes to land. The polar bear prefers to be either on the coast or on the glaciers, and in winter it may well equip itself with a lair at a distance of 50 km from the sea.

It is worth noting that the female sleeps the longest during pregnancy (two to three months), while males and non-pregnant she-bears hibernate for a short period, and even then not annually. When they go to bed, they always cover their nose with their paw: this helps them keep warm.

When they talk about where polar bears live, ice floes are immediately remembered - it is there that these predators are able to find food for themselves: seals, ringed seals, walrus, sea hare, and other sea animals that are included in the predator's diet live here. During the year, he walks about one and a half thousand kilometers in search of food. Due to the huge reserves of subcutaneous fat, he is able not to eat for quite a long time, but if the hunt is successful, he can easily eat up to 25 kg of meat at a time (usually a bear catches a seal every three to four days).

Thanks to its white color, excellent hearing, perfect vision and excellent sense of smell, the bear is able to smell its prey from several kilometers away (a seal - at a distance of 32 km). It catches prey, sneaking up from behind shelters, or guards it near the holes: as soon as the victim sticks its head out of the water, it stuns it with its paw and pulls it out. But for some reason, the polar bear hunts very rarely on the shore.

Sometimes, having swum up to the ice floe where the seals rest, it overturns it and catches prey in the water (it is these animals that mainly make up its diet). But with a heavier and stronger walrus, the polar bear is able to cope only on solid ground, where it becomes clumsy.

It is interesting that the polar bear does not eat its prey completely, but only fat and skin, everything else - only if it is very hungry (polar foxes, arctic foxes, seagulls eat up the carcass after it). If there is no usual food, the polar bear eats carrion, does not hesitate to eat dead fish, eggs, chicks and even algae. After a meal, a polar bear spends at least twenty minutes cleaning itself, otherwise the wool will reduce its thermal insulation properties.

Thanks to this method of feeding, the polar predator receives from prey a sufficient amount of vitamin A, which is deposited in its liver in such quantities that more than one case of liver poisoning of this animal has been recorded.

Polar bear disguise

Polar bears are able to perfectly camouflage, and they are able to become invisible not only to prey, but even to infrared cameras, with which scientists observe predators. This was discovered by zoologists during a flight over the Arctic, which was made to count the population of these animals. The equipment failed to notice the bears, as they completely merged with the ice surrounding them. Even infrared cameras could not detect them: only eyes, black noses and breath were reflected.

The bears became invisible due to the fact that infrared cameras can see not only the temperature of the surface, but also the radiation that comes from the observed objects. In the case of polar bears, it turned out that their fur has radio-emitting properties similar to those of snow, which prevented the cameras from capturing the animals.

Offspring

The mother bear for the first time brings offspring no earlier than four years old (and sometimes the first birth occurs at eight). She gives birth every two or three years, no more than three cubs. The mating season usually lasts from March to June, one female is followed by about three or four males who constantly fight with each other, and adults can even attack and kill cubs. Polar bears can interbreed with brown ones, resulting in offspring that, unlike many other animal species, are also able to reproduce.

Bears are preparing to give birth in October, starting to dig dens near the coast in snow drifts. For this, females often gather in one place, for example, about two hundred dens appear annually on Wrangel Island. They do not settle in them immediately, but in mid-November, and hibernate until April. Pregnancy lasts up to 250 days and the cubs appear blind and deaf, usually in the middle or end of the Arctic winter (eyes open after a month).

Despite the impressive size of an adult, newly born babies are not much longer than a rat, and their weight is from 450 to 750 grams. When the cubs are about three months old, and they are gaining weight, they begin to gradually leave the den with the she-bear, gradually moving to a wandering lifestyle. The cubs live with their mother for three years, and up to a year and a half she feeds them with milk, at the same time feeding them with seal fat. Mortality among babies is quite high and ranges from 10 to 30%.

Animal life in the modern world

Polar bears are listed in the IUCN Red List: despite the fact that their numbers are considered stable and even growing, the slow reproduction of white predators, poaching (about 200 animals are killed annually) and high mortality among cubs make the population easily vulnerable, and in some places they have disappeared at all.

Recently, a sharp decrease in the population has been recorded on the territory of Russia: animals living in the region of Yakutia and Chukotka have completely disappeared in some areas. The life expectancy of these predators in nature is about 25 years, while in captivity they can live up to forty-five.

In addition to poachers, global warming affects the life of polar bears: over the past century, air temperatures in the Arctic have risen by five degrees Celsius, which is why the area of ​​​​glaciers on which, in fact, these animals live, is constantly shrinking. This directly affects the population of seals, which are their main food, allowing them to accumulate the necessary fat reserves.

During melting, the ice becomes unstable, as a result of which the bears are forced to go to the coast, where there is not enough food for them, and they significantly lose weight, which negatively affects future cubs.

Another important problem is oil, which is in considerable quantities in sea water around oil rigs. While thick fur protects bears from dampness and cold, if it turns out to be stained with oil, it loses its ability to hold air, due to which the insulating effect disappears.

As a result, the animal cools down faster, and the black skin of the polar bear runs the risk of overheating. If the predator also swallows such water or simply licks it from the wool, this will lead to kidney damage and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

On earth, the bear is considered the largest predator; this species originated on the planet about 6 million years ago.

All about bears

The body length of the predator, depending on the species, varies from 1.2 to 3 meters, the weight can reach up to 1 ton, the jaws are very powerful, and the limbs are slightly curved and short.

The speed of the bear can reach up to 50 km / h, with the help of large and sharp claws it is easy to climb a tree, tear apart prey, and get plant roots from under the ground.

Most bears are good swimmers.

Life expectancy can reach 45 years. They have a good sense of smell.

The bear's coat is very hard and thick, the color has various shades from brown to black, white or black and white, gray hair may appear with age.

The tail of predators is almost invisible, only in pandas it is clearly expressed.

Varieties and photos of bears

Zoologists distinguish eight main types of bears and many varieties:

Brown bear

Its external characteristics are: a large head, a rather powerful body, small ears and eyes, an almost invisible tail, large paws with large claws.

The color of six, depending on the habitat, can be brown, gray or even reddish. There are brown bears in North America, Europe, Asia, and the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Polar bear (white)

It is the largest predator of the bear family: the weight can be more than one ton, the body length is about three meters, the head is flattened, the neck is long. The coat color can be pure white or slightly yellowish.

On the soles of the paws, the wool is very thick, which allows the bear to easily walk on the ice without slipping.

Feels comfortable in the water, swims well. It lives in regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Baribal (black)

Unlike the brown bear, it is smaller in size, the color of the coat is very black. It can be more than 2 meters long, the female is 1.5 m.

Elongated muzzle, long legs, short feet, gray or brown color. It lives in the territories of Alaska, Canada, Mexico.

Malayan bear

Very small, as a rule, the length of the body is not more than 1.3-1.5 m, the height at the withers is about 0.5 m. Stocky build, wide muzzle, small ears. Paws are high, feet are long with large claws.

The bear's coat is very hard and has a black-brown color, a white-red spot on the chest. It can be found in Thailand, China, Indonesia.

white-breasted bear

It does not differ in large sizes, the male reaches a length of up to 1.7 m, and the female is even smaller. The body of the bear is covered with dark brown or black silky hair, this bear also has very large ears and a sharp muzzle.

A distinctive feature of this species is a white or slightly yellow spot on the chest. These representatives of the bear family live in Afghanistan, Iran, and the countries of the Far East, as well as in the mountains of the Himalayas.

There is still a huge number of subspecies that can be listed and described indefinitely. Bright representatives of predators of this species include such bears as: Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), Gubach bear (Melursus ursinus), Bamboo bear, commonly known as panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), and many other.

Habitat

The habitat of these graceful representatives of the fauna is very diverse, they are present on all continents. They mostly prefer to settle in the forests and lead a solitary lifestyle.

All types of bears are tied to their territory, where they hunt and stay for the winter, the only exception to this rule is the polar bear.

Menu for the Predator

Bears eat absolutely everything, it can be berries and mushrooms, nuts and various roots, all kinds of meat and fish, ants, larvae and honey of bees can serve as a delicacy for animals, there are among bears and vegans, these are pandas and koalas.

Among all the diversity, bears, polar bears are again pure predators, whose diet includes only fish and meat.

How the animal bear is born

Mating of bears occurs during the mating season (for each of the species this is a different period). Also, depending on belonging to a particular species, the pregnancy period of bears varies and lasts from 180 to 250 days.

Childbirth occurs during wintering, when the animal hibernates. The female gives birth to 1-4 cubs, weighing from 450 grams to half a kilogram, they have neither teeth nor hair.

Milk feeding lasts about a year, and the cubs from the previous litter (parents) help the mother in raising the babies until they reach the age of two.

Bears reach sexual maturity after at least three years.

In order for the bear to feel most comfortable, spacious enclosures are created, and a habitat as close as possible to its natural habitat is created.

In addition to trees, stones and various wooden structures, such an aviary should be equipped with a sufficiently large pool.

The diet should be in accordance with the season and include all the elements that animals receive in their natural habitat.

Bear photo