Polish verbs table. Polish conjugations

The formation of past tense forms can be traced on the example of verbs czytac , chciec , zacząć , wieźć :

Singular, masculine:

Singular, neuter:

Plural, non-personal masculine form:

A feature of the Polish forms of the past tense are personal endings ( pisale-ś, writing). These endings can be attached to words preceding the verb: conjunctions ( Chcę, żebyś już szedł do domu“I want you to go home already”); interrogative pronouns ( Coście mu powiedzieli? = Co mu powiedzieliście?"What did you say to him?"); personal pronouns ( Myśmy mu nic nie mówili = Nic mu nie mówiliśmy“we didn’t tell him anything”); adverbs ( Jakżeście przyjechali? = Jakże przyjechaliście?"How did you come?").

In the forms of the 1st and 2nd person plural, the stress falls not on the second, but on the third syllable from the end ( pi`salismy, pi`saliscie).

Finite ł not pronounced after consonants could , niosl ).

In the stems of verbs, alternations are observed in cases where the stem of the infinitive ends with -e-, -ą- , as well as into a consonant:

1) -e- , this vowel changes to -a- in all forms, except for the personal-male ( mieć - miałem, mieliśmy); this is related to the softness or hardness of the next consonant.

2) if the stem ends in a consonant, then in all forms, except for the personal masculine, the root -e- changes to -o- due to the hardening of the subsequent consonant ( nieść - niosłem, niosł). 3rd person singular root -about- goes into -ó- (niosłem - niosł, compare: móc - mogłem, mogł).

3) if the stem ends in a vowel -ą- , then it changes to -ę- in all forms except the masculine singular ( wziąć - wziąłem, wzięłam, wzięliśmy). At the same time, the vowel before L (l) when pronouncing, it loses its nasal character.

However, when conjugating the verb wsiąść root vowel changes to -a- before ł (wsiadlem) and on -e- before l (wsiedlismy), in addition, the base is built up due to d . Same-root verbs also change ( usiaść, wysiąść). Similar alternations occur when the verb is conjugated jeść :

When conjugating verbs with suffixes ną/nę- this suffix may be retained or vanished:

Verb iść forms forms from another base:

Same-root verbs form the same forms: dojść, przyjść, odejść, pojść and etc.

Verbs are perfect look and imperfect form. They practically do not differ from the corresponding ones in Russian. A small number of verbs have two specific meanings at once ( ofiarowac"sacrifice", anulowac, Kazac"command, compel/compel"). There are also words that do not have an aspect pair, for example, imperfective verbs miec"have", moc"to be able" dyszec, owocowac"fruit", rozkoszowac; or perfective verbs opaść, osierocic, osłupieć"stupefied" owdowiec. There may be cases when different meanings of the same verb will correspond to different aspectual forms ( cisnąć“throw” is a perfect form, “reap” is an imperfect form).

However, most Polish verbs form aspect pairs with the help of prefixes, suffixes, changes in the stem:

Imperfective verbs can form the present and future compound tenses ( pisze, będę pisal), real participle present tense ( piszacy), a gerund with the suffix -ac (piszac), while perfective verbs form the simple future tense ( napisze), gerunds with suffixes -wszy-/-łszy- (pisawszy), and have no present tense forms. Forms of the past tense, conditional and imperative moods form verbs of both types.

With the help of suffixes, the verb also expresses the meanings of singleness and multiplicity:

• nieść"carry" - nose,
• mowic"talk" - mawiac,
• ciąć"cut" - wycinac,
• płakac"cry" - poplakiwać,
• chrapac"to snore" - pochrapywac,
• jeść"there is" - jadac,
• czytac"read" - czytywac,
• spac"sleep" - sypiac,
• widzieć sę"to see" - widywać się,
• byc"to be" - bywac,
• siedziec"sit" - siadywać,
• miec"have" - miewac,
• chodzic"walk" - chadzać,
• plynąć"float" - plywac.

Mood category

As in Russian, there are the following moods: indicative, which represents the action as actually happening ( pisze), conditional, in which the action is perceived as possible ( writing), imperative when the listener is called to perform a specific action ( pisz!).

Time category

This category combines the following grammatical meanings: present time (widze), past tense (Widzialem, napisalaś), future time (będę widzial, napiszesz). These meanings practically do not differ from those existing in Russian.

Collateral category

The active and passive coexist in sentences where the predicate is a transitive verb, i.e. a verb that combines with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. In such sentences, the subject represents either the subject performing the action or the object to which the action is directed ( on niesie sztandar"he carries the flag" - sztandar jest niesiony przez niego, koń pije wodę horse drinks water woda jest pita przez konia). The passive voice in Polish is expressed exclusively in the form of the passive participle ( niesiony, pita).

Person category

As in Russian, the grammatical meanings of 3 persons are combined here, but, unlike the Russian language, they apply to all conjugated forms, including the past tense and the conditional mood.

Number category

Genus category

This category includes values masculine, feminine and neuter and manifests itself in the past tense and conditional mood, as well as in the system of participles and gerunds. In the plural in these forms, the category of the male person is realized, which depends on the category of the male person of the subject. Participles also have a case category.

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The idea of ​​the article "100 most used verbs in the Polish language", I confess, is not mine, but one reader. And this is a great idea, I tell you! If only because I didn’t really find anything on this topic on the net - there are any number of lists of the most commonly used verbs in English and German, but - I really didn’t find it, although maybe I didn’t look well - not a single list of Polish.

There are a couple of small lists in several brochures that I have and, of course, a list of the most used words in the Polish language in general, from which I will also take some information. In order not to write here a heap of rather voluminous verb conjugation tables, I will simply list them, giving two forms in parentheses to them - for “I” and for “you”, and sometimes for “they”, if it is created as - that in a special way. If you are familiar with the butterfly rule, then it will not be difficult for you to recreate all the other forms of verbs. If you are unfamiliar, check it out! And also, to make it really cool, I’ll add an imperative mood here, but only in the second person. With an exclamation point so you don't make a mistake. If there is no word with an exclamation point, then there is no imperative mood. And - let's go!

This is a list of one hundred and one verbs, based on lists of the most common Polish verbs. Sometimes, when I wrote in parentheses the forms of conjugations of the present tense, I thought: “Yes, I have never heard in my life that someone used these forms at all!”. Therefore, you should approach the list with due attention and understanding: not all the verbs given here are used with such a high frequency in persons. Some almost always occur only in the infinitive, and some - more often in the imperative mood (for example, as with the verb wyobrazić - well, I have never heard someone say “Wyobrażę! - I’ll imagine!”, But “Wyobraź sobie!” Imagine!" - as much as you like). Therefore, forms are, of course, great, but sometimes the truth is not necessary.

But! I would like to add something else, namely, the verbs that you must know in the name of A1 Polish textbooks, which are very likely to come across in exams. Attention! This is an addition to the list above! This is not a standalone product! That is - read all the same with the above hundred (otherwise, why did they open the article at all :)).

More than 100 most popular Polish verbs

So, the list of verbs that did not make it into the "100 most common verbs in the Polish language", but which often come across in textbooks and exams (sorted alphabetically).

Wow, I didn't think there were so many! Those who thoroughly studied the first book "

Traditionally verb iść(go) is considered an exception to the rule, since in the past tense it completely changes the basis. There are not so many exceptions in the past tense of the Polish language, but there are still enough materials for memorization here. And if you can avoid extra effort, then why not do it? In order not to force myself to memorize an extra exception, I propose to use the family ties of the Russian and Polish languages. I must say that you and I really have a huge advantage over English-, French- or German-speaking students studying Polish. Today's verb example iść- far from the only one that makes it easier for us to learn the Polish language. And if you learn to see similar (not always, by the way, obvious) analogies between the Russian and Polish languages, then, I assure you, you will greatly facilitate your path to your goal - mastering the Polish language. I promise to return to this topic on the pages of this site and discover several more similar Russian-Polish secrets.

So, to business. Verb roots iść in Russian and Polish languages ​​are very similar. Judge for yourself.

In Polish, as in Russian, in the past tense in the singular masculine form in the root of the verb iść there is a letter "e" between the consonants "w" (sz) and "l" (l/ł).

And at the same time, in both languages, "e" in a similar position is absent in all other forms of the past tense.

It seems to me that this very clear and obvious analogy can help you and me with the verb iść in the past time.

Learning a foreign language can be quite challenging, especially when it comes to grammar. From the very beginning, you should start practicing different tenses, cases, and also conjugations of Polish verbs. Knowledge of conjugations of Polish verbs is really necessary in spoken Polish, as well as in any other foreign language. But refreshing knowledge in grammar, especially in conjugation of Polish verbs, is important not only for beginners, but also for those who already have a fairly high level of knowledge of the language. bab.la's Polish verb conjugation feature is a good way to learn Polish verb conjugations. After using the Polish verb conjugation search engine and searching for the correct Polish verb conjugation, you will be able to learn or brush up on your knowledge. If you're looking for a more fun way to learn Polish verb conjugations, or to review the ones you already know, you can try bab.la's games and quizzes. With Polish Tests from bab.la you can brush up on your knowledge of Polish verb conjugation by taking various Polish verb conjugation tests. Also, you can try funny Polish bab.la